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1
Sedliar, I. "Calculation the intensity of aerobic exercise in fitness." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 12(120) (December 25, 2019): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2019.12(120)19.21.
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According to the vast majority of experts, aerobic exercises are basic in fitness. Their effectiveness in the practice involves the rational regulation of load parameters, one of which is the intensity of exercises. However as practice shows the proposed methods for determining the necessary intensity of aerobic exercises do not quite adequately take into account the individual characteristics - age and fitness level.
The purpose of the research is to evaluate methods for calculating intensity of aerobic exercise in fitness. In our studies we proceeded from the fact that calculation methods should consider two main trends.
At the aging heart rate at rest slightly rises, and the upper pulse during exercises decreases.
A higher fitness connected with significant decrease in heart rate at rest and an increase in its upper rate at critical intensity (expanding the range of heart rate during exercise). According to the vast majority of specialists, aerobic exercise is basic in wellness physical culture. Their effective application in the practice of wellness work implies rational regulation of the load parameters, one of which is the intensity of work.
As a result the analysis of real situations it was demonstrated that the calculation intensity of aerobic activity according to heart rate indicators using formulas that take into account only the age of the practitioners is applicable in a certain age range (up to about 50-55 years). As age increases the correctness of such calculations decreases and loses its meaning in certain point due to the fact that calculated indicators of heart rate during exercises may be less than those at rest.
Karvonen formula which takes into account the individual level of physical fitness for heart rate at rest is more accurate for determining heart rate in aerobic exercise. Its using allows us more correctly determine the lower pulse during exercises declining it because decrease in resting heart rate. However this formula also declining the upper pulse during exercises, although it should increase as the cardiovascular system improves.
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Tordi, Nicolas, Eglantine Colin, Laurent Mourot, Malika Bouhaddi, Jacques Regnard, and Pascal Laurant. "Effects of resuming endurance training on arterial stiffness and nitric oxide production during exercise in elite cyclists." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 31, no. 3 (June 1, 2006): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h05-033.
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Exercise training improves arterial compliance due to increases in blood flow to skeletal muscle during repeated bouts of daily exercise. The effect of resuming training on arterial stiffness in previously well-trained subjects is poorly documented. Hence, the purpose of this study was to determine the vascular effects induced by return to exercise in highly trained cyclists. Pulse wave velocity (PWV), an index of arterial stiffness, was assessed at rest and during constant moderate-intensity cycle exercises before and after 16 weeks of endurance training. The impact of daily exercise on the concentration of nitric oxide (NO) measured as nitrate in plasma was examined at rest and during maximal exercise before and after the training period. At rest, PWV was significantly lower in the subjects after a training session (6.4 ± 0.4 vs. 8.1 ± 0.4 m·s-1, p < 0.05). During constant exercise, PWV was significantly and positively correlated with increases in blood pressure. The increased PWV induced by exercise was, however, significantly lower after training (9.8 ± 0.6 vs. 11.4 ± 0.6 m·s-1, p < 0.05). After the training program, nitrate plasma levels at rest were higher. During the maximal test, the plasma nitrate concentration was increased in the subjects studied before the training period, but not after. These results show that resumption of chronic endurance training rapidly induces adaptive changes in arterial stiffness and NO release that may contribute to improved physical fitness in athletes.Key words: exercise, trained subjects, pulse wave velocity, nitrate, arteries.
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Pritzlaff-Roy, Cathy J., Laurie Widemen, Judy Y. Weltman, Rob Abbott, Margaret Gutgesell, Mark L. Hartman, Johannes D. Veldhuis, and Arthur Weltman. "Gender governs the relationship between exercise intensity and growth hormone release in young adults." Journal of Applied Physiology 92, no. 5 (May 1, 2002): 2053–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01018.2001.
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We previously reported that in young adult males growth hormone (GH) release is related to exercise intensity in a linear dose-response manner (Pritzlaff et al. J Appl Physiol 87: 498–504, 1999). To investigate the effects of gender and exercise intensity on GH release, eight women (24.3 ± 1.3 yr, 171 ± 3.2 cm height, 63.6 ± 8.7 kg weight) were each tested on six randomly ordered occasions [1 control condition (C), 5 exercise conditions (Ex)]. Serum GH concentrations were measured in samples obtained at 10-min intervals between 0700 and 0900 (baseline) and 0900 and 1300 (Ex + recovery or C). Integrated GH concentrations (IGHC) were calculated by trapezoidal reconstruction. During Ex, subjects exercised for 30 min (0900–0930) at one of the following intensities [normalized to the lactate threshold (LT)]: 25 and 75% of the difference between LT and rest, at LT, and at 25 and 75% of the difference between LT and peak O2 uptake. No differences were observed among conditions for baseline IGHC. To determine whether total (Ex + recovery) IGHC changed with increasing exercise intensity, slopes associated with individual linear regression models were subjected to a Wilcoxon signed-rank test. To test for gender differences, data in women were compared with the previously published data in men. A Wilcoxon ranked-sums two-tailed test was used to analyze the slopes and intercepts from the regression models. Total IGHC increased linearly with increasing exercise intensity. The slope and intercept values for the relationship between total IGHC and exercise intensity were greater in women than in men. Deconvolution analysis (0700–1300 h) revealed that, regardless of gender, increasing exercise intensity resulted in a linear increase in the mass of GH secreted per pulse and summed GH production rate, with no changes in GH secretory pulse frequency or apparent half-life of elimination. Exercise reduced the half-duration of GH secretory burst in men but not in women. Gender comparisons revealed that women had greater basal (nonpulsatile) GH secretion across all conditions, more frequent GH secretory pulses, a greater GH secretory pulse amplitude, a greater production rate, and a trend for a greater mass of GH secreted per pulse than men. We conclude that, in young adults, the GH secretory response to exercise is related to exercise intensity in a linear dose-response pattern. For each incremental increase in exercise intensity, the fractional stimulation of GH secretion is greater in women than in men.
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Unnithan, Vishwanath, and Thomas W. Rowland. "Use of Oxygen Pulse in Predicting Doppler-Derived Maximal Stroke Volume in Adolescents." Pediatric Exercise Science 27, no. 3 (August 2015): 412–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.2014-0215.
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Clinical exercise physiologists and physicians administering stress tests in the young have used oxygen pulse as a surrogate measure of stroke volume. It is important to recognize 1) the accuracy of O2 pulse in predicting maximal stroke volume during exercise, and 2) the normal pattern of O2 pulse during a progressive exercise test. This study examined both of these issues in a cohort of 44 healthy adolescent males and females (ages 14–16 years) who performed routine progressive cycle exercise to exhaustion. Gas exchange variables were measured by standard open circuit techniques. Stroke volume at rest and during exercise was assessed by the Doppler ultrasound method. At peak exercise O2 pulse correlated closely with stroke volume (r = .73) with a SEE of 12.6 ml·beat-1. Values of maximal O2 pulse in nonathletic boys and girls were 13.3 ± 2.5 and 11.0 ± 1.7 ml·beat-1, respectively. After the initial workload, a steady rise was observed in O2 pulse, entirely reflecting an increasing arterial venous oxygen difference, with a slope of approximately 4 ml/beat per 100 watts work load. The findings support the use of O2 pulse as a valid predictor of stroke volume during exercise in youth with a moderately high level of accuracy.
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Sagher, F., and A. Hweta. "Bronchoconstrictor effect of exercise in healthy Libyan children in Tripoli." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 5, no. 2 (May 30, 1999): 350–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/1999.5.2.350.
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To study the effects of short-term exercise on pulse rate and peak expiratory flow rate in healthy Libyan schoolchildren, 650 healthy students [330 boys, 320 girls]aged 4.5 years to 14.9 years were selected from four randomly chosen Tripoli primary schools. Pulse rate and peak expiratory flow rate were measured at rest in standing position and immediately after rhythmic short-term exercise. Exercise markedly increased pulse rate [mean differences being significantly higher in girls than boys]and markedly reduced peak expiratory flow rate [mean difference being significantly higher in boys than girls]. We found 10% of the children had a reduction in peak expiratory flow rate > or = 15% from the baseline
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Tai, Yu Lun, Erica M. Marshall, Alaina Glasgow, Jason C. Parks, Leslie Sensibello, and J. Derek Kingsley. "Pulse wave reflection responses to bench press with and without practical blood flow restriction." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 44, no. 4 (April 2019): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2018-0265.
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Resistance exercise is recommended to increase muscular strength but may also increase pulse wave reflection. The effect of resistance exercise combined with practical blood flow restriction (pBFR) on pulse wave reflection is unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences in pulse wave reflection characteristics between bench press with pBFR and traditional high-load bench press in resistance-trained men. Sixteen resistance-trained men participated in the study. Pulse wave reflection characteristics were assessed before and after low-load bench press with pBFR (LL-pBFR), traditional high-load bench press (HL), and a control (CON). A repeated-measures ANOVA was used to evaluate differences in pulse wave reflection characteristics among the conditions across time. There were significant (p ≤ 0.05) interactions for heart rate, augmentation index, augmentation index normalized at 75 bpm, augmentation pressure, time–tension index, and wasted left ventricular energy such that they were increased after LL-pBFR and HL compared with rest and CON, with no differences between LL-pBFR and HL. Aortic pulse pressure (p < 0.001) was elevated only after LL-pBFR compared with rest. In addition, there was a significant (p ≤ 0.05) interaction for aortic diastolic blood pressure (BP) such that it was decreased after LL-pBFR compared with rest and CON but not HL. The subendocardial viability ratio and diastolic pressure–time index were significantly different between LL-pBFR and HL compared with rest and CON. There were no significant interactions for brachial systolic or diastolic BP, aortic systolic BP, or time of the reflected wave. In conclusion, acute bench press resistance exercise significantly altered pulse wave reflection characteristics without differences between LL-pBFR and HL.
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Kanaley, J. A., I. Giannopoulou, S. Collier, R. Ploutz-Snyder, and R. Carhart. "Hormone-replacement therapy use, but not race, impacts the resting and exercise-induced GH response in postmenopausal women." European Journal of Endocrinology 153, no. 4 (October 2005): 527–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.1.02006.
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Objective: This study examined the effect of hormone-replacement therapy (HRT) use on the incremental GH response to aerobic exercise in postmenopausal women and established whether racial differences in the GH response were seen at rest and in response to exercise. Methods: 13 white (n = 6, HRT; n = 7, no HRT) and seven black women (no HRT) were studied on two occasions, a control day and an exercise day (30 min at 70% VO2max on a cycle ergometer). Blood was sampled every 10 min for a 4-h period and analyzed for GH using an ultrasensitive chemiluminescent assay. Results: The mean 4-h GH concentration was higher on both study days in the HRT women than the non-HRT users. The integrated GH concentrations were greater in the HRT women both at rest and in response to exercise (rest, 352 ± 53 min μg l−1; exercise, 711 ± 57 min μg l−1; P < 0.01) than in the non-HRT women (rest, 157 ± 87 min μg l−1; exercise, 248 ± 94 min μg l−1). The incremental GH response was greater in the HRT users than in the non-HRT women (358 ± 130 versus 90.8 ± 94 min μg l−1, respectively; P < 0.05). GH-production rate during the 4-h period was greater in the HRT women than in the non-HRT women (P < 0.01), due to an increase in the GH mass secreted/pulse (P < 0.05), with no change in GH pulse number or GH half-life. No racial differences in the mean 4-h GH concentrations or integrated GH concentrations were found at rest or in response to exercise. Conclusion: HRT use resulted in a greater incremental exercise response compared with non-HRT users, due to changes in the secretory pulse characteristics in the HRT users. This study also demonstrated that no racial differences exist at rest and in response to exercise in the morning hours.
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Kusuma, Gusti Reka, Sri Wahyu Basuki, Erika Diana Risanti, and Budi Hernawan. "NADI ISTIRAHAT DAN NADI PEMULIHAN DIPENGARUHI OLEH RUTINITAS OLAHRAGA." Herb-Medicine Journal 3, no. 3 (November 17, 2020): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30595/hmj.v3i3.6746.
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The level of physical fitness in Indonesia is still poor. Research shows physical fitness 22 provinces inIndonesia is 56.07% middle, while the rest are stated as being moderate. Thera are any corelation betweenphysical fitness and pulse. Assessing the work of the heart can be seen fromthe pulse which is the propagationof the heart rate. The recovery rate is one indicator to determine the level of physical fitness. This Harvard stepup test measurement is to see how quickly the body's ability to recover after doing activities. The purpose of theauthors conducting this study was to determine the difference in mean resting pulse, recovery rate of minutes 1,2 and 3 in students who regularly exercise and do not. The research method is analytic observational using across-sectional approach. A sample of 65 students, 20 who regularly exercise and 45 students do not regularlyexercise. The results of this study were treated with the mann-whitney and t-independent test showing a restingpulse value p<0.05. Researchers concluded that there weresignificant differences in the mean resting pulse,recovery rate of minutes 1, 2 and 3 in students who routinely exercised and did not.
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Hosono, Minako, and Shuichi Ino. "Study on Psychological Effect of Cyclic Foot Joint Exercise as a Light Exercise for Sitting Position." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 21, no. 3 (May 19, 2017): 581–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2017.p0581.
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We present the physical and psychological effects of a foot joint exercise in a sitting position, as a preliminary experiment to design a foot exercise system for motivating sedentary adults to increase level of their physical activity. The experiment was conducted with four healthy adults performing a cyclic foot joint dorsiflexion exercise in a sitting position. Apart from changes in the blood flow and pulse rate during exercise, affective valence and perceived exertion after exercise were measured. The results indicated that the foot joint dorsiflexion exercise is a low intensity exercise, which does not lead to a change in pulse rate compared to a state of rest. However, the participants’ affective valence and perceived exertion exhibited extensive inter-individual variability. This finding suggests that the foot exercise system need to be designed to account for the possibility of significant individual variations in pleasant/unpleasant emotions, even in the context of light exercise that requires little physical burden.
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Ogoh, Shigehiko, Paul J. Fadel, Rong Zhang, Christian Selmer, Øivind Jans, Niels H. Secher, and Peter B. Raven. "Middle cerebral artery flow velocity and pulse pressure during dynamic exercise in humans." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 288, no. 4 (April 2005): H1526—H1531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00979.2004.
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Exercise challenges cerebral autoregulation (CA) by a large increase in pulse pressure (PP) that may make systolic pressure exceed what is normally considered the upper range of CA. This study examined the relationship between systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) and systolic ( Vs), diastolic ( Vd). and mean ( Vm) middle cerebral artery (MCA) blood flow velocity during mild, moderate, and heavy cycling exercise. Dynamic CA and steady-state changes in MCA V in relation to changes in arterial pressure were evaluated using transfer function analysis. PP increased by 37% and 57% during moderate and heavy exercise, respectively ( P < 0.05), and the pulsatility of MCA V increased markedly. Thus exercise increased MCA Vm and Vs ( P < 0.05) but tended to decrease MCA Vd ( P = 0.06). However, the normalized low-frequency transfer function gain between MAP and MCA Vm and between SBP and MCA Vs remained unchanged from rest to exercise, whereas that between DBP and MCA Vd increased from rest to heavy exercise ( P < 0.05). These findings suggest that during exercise, CA is challenged by a rapid decrease rather than by a rapid increase in blood pressure. However, dynamic CA remains able to modulate blood flow around the exercise-induced increase in MCA Vm, even during high-intensity exercise.
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Pritzlaff, Cathy J., Laurie Wideman, Judy Y. Weltman, Robert D. Abbott, Margaret E. Gutgesell, Mark L. Hartman, Johannes D. Veldhuis, and Arthur Weltman. "Impact of acute exercise intensity on pulsatile growth hormone release in men." Journal of Applied Physiology 87, no. 2 (August 1, 1999): 498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.87.2.498.
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To investigate the effects of exercise intensity on growth hormone (GH) release, 10 male subjects were tested on 6 randomly ordered occasions [1 control condition (C), 5 exercise conditions (Ex)]. Serum GH concentrations were measured in samples obtained at 10-min intervals between 0700 and 0900 (baseline) and 0900 and 1300 (exercise+ recovery). Integrated GH concentrations (IGHC) were calculated by trapezoidal reconstruction. During Ex subjects exercised for 30 min (0900–0930) at one of the following intensities [normalized to the lactate threshold (LT)]: 25 and 75% of the difference between LT and rest (0.25LT and 0.75LT, respectively), at LT, and at 25 and 75% of the difference between LT and peak (1.25LT and 1.75LT, respectively). No differences were observed among conditions for baseline IGHC. Exercise+recovery IGHC (mean ± SE: C = 250 ± 60; 0.25LT = 203 ± 69; 0.75LT = 448 ± 125; LT = 452 ± 119; 1.25LT = 512 ± 121; 1.75LT = 713 ± 115 μg ⋅ l−1 ⋅ min−1) increased linearly with increasing exercise intensity ( P < 0.05). Deconvolution analysis revealed that increasing exercise intensity resulted in a linear increase in the mass of GH secreted per pulse and GH production rate [production rate increased from 16.5 ± 4.5 (C) to 32.1 ± 5.2 μg ⋅ distribution volume−1 ⋅ min−1(1.75LT), P < 0.05], with no changes in GH pulse frequency or half-life of elimination. We conclude that the GH secretory response to exercise is related to exercise intensity in a linear dose-response pattern in young men.
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Bergstrom, Haley C., Terry J. Housh, Daniel A. Traylor, Robert W. Lewis, Nathaniel D. M. Jenkins, Kristen C. Cochrane, Richard J. Schmidt, Glen O. Johnson, and Dona J. Housh. "Physiologic responses to a thermogenic nutritional supplement at rest, during low-intensity exercise, and during recovery from exercise in college-aged women." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 38, no. 9 (September 2013): 988–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2013-0029.
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This study examined acute physiologic responses to a thermogenic nutritional supplement at rest, during exercise, and during recovery from exercise in women. Twelve women (mean ± SD age, 22.9 ± 3.1 years) were recruited for this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Each testing session consisted of 4 phases: 30 min of presupplementation resting, followed by the ingestion of the placebo or thermogenic nutritional supplement; 50 min of postsupplementation resting; 60 min of walking (at 3.2–4.8 km·h−1); and 50 min of postexercise resting. Energy expenditure (EE), oxygen consumption, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), oxygen (O2) pulse, and heart rate (HR) values were recorded during all 4 phases. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure were recorded during the rest, postsupplementation, and postexercise recovery phases; ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded only during exercise. There were no significant differences for EE, oxygen consumption, O2 pulse, HR, SBP, or DBP between the supplement and placebo during the presupplementation resting or postsupplementation phases. The RER, however, was higher with the supplement at 30 min postsupplementation. During exercise, EE and O2 pulse were 3%–6% greater with the supplement than placebo; there were no significant differences in RPE. Postexercise, EE, oxygen consumption, and DBP were 3%–7% greater with the supplement than placebo. These findings suggest that a thermogenic nutritional supplement, when combined with exercise, increases metabolic rate but has no effect on the perception of effort and results in only minimal changes in cardiovascular function.
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Lopedote, Mirella, Simona Valentini, Vincenzo Musella, Jose Manuel Vilar, and Giuseppe Spinella. "Changes in Pulse Rate, Respiratory Rate and Rectal Temperature in Working Dogs before and after Three Different Field Trials." Animals 10, no. 4 (April 23, 2020): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040733.
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Physiological changes (pulse rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature) induced by exercise are usually studied as physical fitness indices. The aim of this study was to investigate how these physiological parameters could be modified in a group of trained working dogs during three different field trials (rubble, search on field, obedience), in order to assess which parameter would be more useful to detect the dog response to exercise. Nine dogs were included in this study. The animals were monitored at rest, immediately before and after the working session. Pulse rate values increased significantly in all the phases compared to rest status. Respiratory rate values increased significantly after the competition, while rectal temperature was significantly increased only after search on rubbles and obedience activities. Reference values for specific competitions need to be stablished in order to promptly identify poor performance or exercise intolerance.
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Samodra, Touvan Juni. "The Differences of Pulse on The Day of Training Based on Hours Sleep." Journal Sport Area 6, no. 1 (February 22, 2021): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/sportarea.2021.vol6(1).5996.
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The quality of rest will give a good result for the adaptation of the exercise. Exercise is carried out, so that physical condition has improved. The pulse rate is an indicator that can be used to see the process or results of exercise adaptation. If the waking pulse rate is still high, it can be assumed that time is still needed to rest. This study aims to determine the difference in the pulse rate of waking up from samples who sleep more than 6 hours and 6 hours below. The research was carried out by experiment. The sample was given 75% weight training with 12 tools for 12 meetings. Pulse measurement is done independently before and upon waking. Data were analyzed using the T-test. Based on the results, it was reported that 25 people were trying to rest 6 hours down and 47 times resting above 6 hours. Based on the T-test analysis, it was found that there was a significant difference between respondents who slept less than 6 hours and more than 6 hours with a significance of .002 with a mean of -0.8 for those who rested 6 hours and less and 4.6 for those who slept more than 6 hours. This research can be replicated by considering several variables related to the acceleration of recovery, including Vo2Max, blood HB, and it is necessary to consider the differences between sons and daughters.
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Potts, J. T., and P. B. Raven. "Effect of dynamic exercise on human carotid-cardiac baroreflex latency." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 268, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): H1208—H1214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1995.268.3.h1208.
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We compared the beat-to-beat responses of heart rate (HR) after brief activation of carotid baroreceptors in resting humans with the responses obtained during mild-to-moderate levels of dynamic exercise [25 and 50% of peak O2 uptake (VO2peak)] to investigate the effect of exercise on baroreflex latency. Carotid baroreceptors were activated by a pressure pulse (5 s) of neck suction (NS, -80 Torr) and neck pressure (NP, +40 Torr) during held expiration. At rest the peak change in HR to NS/NP occurred during the first several heartbeats (1st-3rd beat), whereas during mild and moderate exercise peak HR responses occurred near the end of the NS/NP pulse (6th-8th beat). In contrast, time (s) to the peak change in HR was not different between rest and exercise (P > 0.05). Reflex tachycadia to NP progressively decreased during exercise (17 +/- 3, 10 +/- 1, and 4 +/- 1% of control, rest vs. 25% VO2peak, vs. 50% VO2peak, respectively, P < 0.05), and a strong positive correlation was found between the magnitude of the reflex tachycardia and a measure of HR variability (cardiac vagal tone index, r = 0.74, P < 0.0001). Reflex bradycardia to NS gradually increased during exercise (13 +/- 2, 17 +/- 2, and 18 +/- 2% of control, rest vs. 25% VO2peak, vs. 50% VO2peak, respectively, P = 0.10) and was negatively correlated with cardiac vagal tone (r = 0.42, P < 0.06).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Jung, Won-Sang, Sung-Woo Kim, Hun-Young Park, Jisu Kim, and Kiwon Lim. "Effects of Acute Exposure to Thermal Stress on Cardiorespiratory Function, Skeletal Muscle Oxygenation, and Exercise Performance in Healthy Males." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 11, 2021): 7404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147404.
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We investigated the effects of acute thermal stress (30 °C and 40 °C) and ordinary temperature (20 °C) on cardiorespiratory function, skeletal muscle oxygenation, and exercise performance in healthy men. Eleven healthy males (21.5 ± 2.3 years) performed a graded exercise test (GXT) using a cycle ergometer in each environmental condition (20 °C, 30 °C, and 40 °C) in a random order with an interval of 1 week between each test. Before the test, they were allowed to rest for 30 min in a given environmental condition. All dependent variables (body temperature, cardiorespiratory function parameters, skeletal muscle oxygenation profiles, and exercise performance) were measured at rest and during GXT. GXT was started at 50 W and increased by 25 W every 2 min until subjects were exhausted. Body temperature increased proportionally at rest and at the end of exercise as thermal stress increased. There were no differences in the rating of perceived exertion, oxygen uptake, respiratory exchange ratio, and carbon dioxide excretion between environmental conditions. Heart rate (HR), minute ventilation (VE), and blood lactate levels were significantly higher at 30 °C and 40 °C than at 20 °C, and oxygen pulse was significantly lower at 40 °C than at 20 °C at various exercise loads. None of the skeletal muscle oxygenation profiles showed significant changes at rest or during exercise. Maximal oxygen uptake, peak power, and exercise time significantly decreased proportionally as thermal stress increased, and this decrease was most pronounced at 40 °C. Acute thermal stress induces a decrease in exercise performance via increased body temperature, HR, VE, and blood lactate levels and decreased oxygen pulse during load-homogenized exercise. This phenomenon was more prominent at 40 °C than at 30 °C and 20 °C.
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Barak, Otto, Vesna Ivetic, Danka Filipovic, Nada Naumovic, Damir Lukac, Miodrag Drapsin, Dea Karaba-Jakovljevic, Jelena Popadic-Gacesa, Aleksandar Klasnja, and Nikola Grujic. "Event-related potentials following exercise bouts of different intensity." Medical review 60, no. 11-12 (2007): 531–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0712531b.
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Introduction. A number of articles on physical activity analyze the effects of acute bouts of physical exercise on the whole body. These experiments mainly include questionnaires and measurements of reaction time. The use of event-related potentials in laboratories for functional diagnostics is only of recent date. The aim of this experiment was to give insights into the impact of physical activity of different intensity on the amplitude and latency of P300 cognitive potentials. Material and methods. After recording cognitive event-related potentials in 17 young (21.6?1.07 yrs) healthy adults (at Fz and Cz), the participants underwent a controlled bicycle ergometer exercise. Each exercise lasted 10 minutes, with successive increase in the intensity to 60%, 75% and 90% of the maximum pulse rate and maintaining this level of intensity for six minutes. Immediately after each bout of exercise, event-related potentials were recorded. Results. The amplitude of the P300 wave, following exercise intensity at 75% of the maximum pulse (Pmax) (Fz 15.00?4.57; Cz 18.63?8.83 mV) was statistically higher (p<0.05) than the amplitude of the P300 at rest (Fz 11.21?4.15 mV; Cz 13.40?8.04 mV), at 60% (Fz 11.86?5.11 mV; Cz 14.54?8.06 mV) and at 90% of maximum pulse (Fz 13.26?4.73 mV; Cz 14.91?8.91 mV). There were no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) between amplitudes at 60% of Pmax and values obtained at rest and at 90% of Pmax. Also, no statistically significant differences were recorded (p>0.05) among the latencies of P300 recorded at rest (Fz 323.57?13.24 ms; Cz 323.57?13.24 ms) and at 60% of Pmax (Fz 321.14?22.38 ms; Cz 321.86?22.88 ms), at 75% of Pmax (Fz 321.50?16.67 ms; Cz 322.50?14.60 ms) and at 90% of Pmax (Fz 326.29?7.85 ms; Cz 325.43?7.63 ms). Discusssion and Conclusion. Physical activity has a positive impact on cognitive functions. At intermediate intensities, the amplitude of P300 increases, but at submaximal intensities it decreases to values obtained at rest. However, the latency of P300 did not show a statistically significant change after different intensities of exercise.
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Hirsch, G. L., D. Y. Sue, K. Wasserman, T. E. Robinson, and J. E. Hansen. "Immediate effects of cigarette smoking on cardiorespiratory responses to exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 58, no. 6 (June 1, 1985): 1975–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.58.6.1975.
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To determine the acute action of cigarette smoking on cardiorespiratory function under stress, the immediate effects of cigarette smoking on the ventilatory, gas exchange, and cardiovascular responses to exercise were studied in nine healthy male subjects. Each subject performed an incremental exercise test to exhaustion on two separate days, one without smoking (control) and one after smoking 3 cigarettes/h for 5 h. The order of the two tests was randomized. Arterial blood gases and pH were measured during rest and all levels of exercise; CO blood levels confirmed the absorption of cigarette smoke. In addition, minute ventilation (VE), end-tidal PCO2 and PO2, O2 uptake (VO2), CO2 production, directly measured blood pressure, electrocardiogram, and heart rate (HR) were recorded every 30 s. The dead space-to-tidal volume ratio (VD/VT), maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max), and anaerobic threshold (AT) were determined from the gas exchange data. Cigarette smoking resulted in a significantly lower VO2max, AT, and VO2/HR (O2 pulse) and a significantly higher HR, pulse-pressure product, and pulse pressure (P less than 0.05) compared with the control. Additionally, a trend toward a higher VD/VT and arterial-end-tidal PCO2 difference was found during exercise after smoking. We conclude that cigarette smoking causes immediate detrimental effects on cardiovascular function during exercise, including tachycardia, increased pulse-pressure product, and impaired O2 delivery. The acute effects on respiratory function were less striking and primarily limited to abnormalities reflecting ventilation-perfusion mismatching.
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Sugawara, Jun, Seiji Maeda, Takeshi Otsuki, Takumi Tanabe, Ryuichi Ajisaka, and Mitsuo Matsuda. "Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor on decrease in peripheral arterial stiffness with acute low-intensity aerobic exercise." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 287, no. 6 (December 2004): H2666—H2669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00077.2004.
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We previously reported that even low-intensity, short-duration acute aerobic exercise decreases arterial stiffness. We aimed to test the hypothesis that the exercise-induced decrease in arterial stiffness is caused by the increased production of NO in vascular endothelium with exercise. Nine healthy men (age: ∼22–28 yr) performed a 5-min single-leg cycling exercise (30 W) in the supine position under an intravenous infusion of NG-monomethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA; 3 mg/kg during the initial 5 min and subsequent continuous infusion of 50 μg·kg−1·min−1 in saline) or vehicle (saline) in random order on separate days. The pulse wave velocity (PWV) from the femoral to posterior tibial artery was measured on both legs before and after the infusion at rest and 2 min after exercise. Under the control condition, exercised leg PWV significantly decreased after exercise ( P < 0.05), whereas nonexercised leg PWV did not show a significant change throughout the experiment. Under l-NMMA administration, exercised leg PWV was increased significantly by the infusion ( P < 0.05) but decreased significantly after the exercise ( P < 0.05). Nonexercised leg PWV increased with l-NMMA administration and maintained a significantly higher level during the administration compared with baseline (before the infusion, all P < 0.05). The NO synthase blockade × time interaction on exercised leg PWV was not significant ( P = 0.706). These results suggest that increased production of NO is not a major factor in the decrease of regional arterial stiffness with low-intensity, short-duration aerobic exercise.
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Waldron, Mark, Stephen David Patterson, and Owen Jeffries. "Inter-Day Reliability of Finapres® Cardiovascular Measurements During Rest and Exercise." Sports Medicine International Open 02, no. 01 (November 17, 2017): E9—E15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-122081.
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AbstractThis study evaluated the inter-day test-retest reliability of the Finapres® finger pulse pressure measuring device during rest and exercise. Eight male participants visited the laboratory twice for evaluation of the inter-day reliability of the Finapres® finger-pulse pressure device to measure: heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (Q̇) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) at rest, and treadmill walking at 3 km/h on 1% and 5% inclines. There were no systematic biases for any of the variables between days. The coefficient of variation (CV%) and 95% limits of agreement (95% LoA) was smallest for MAP (CV%=1.6–3.2%; LoA total error=4.6–12 mmHg) and HR (CV%=3.2–3.9%; LoA total error=6.8–11.9 b/min), increasing with exercise intensity (gradient). The pattern of error was different for Q̇, with decreasing CV% (4.8–3.8%) and LoA (4.2–5.7 L/min) from rest to 5% gradient, with the larger errors occurring for resting SV (CV=7.4%; LoA total error=21.5 ml). The device measures MAP and HR reliably between days; however, error increases at higher intensities. The measurement of SV is less reliable, probably owing to underlying algorithmic assumptions.
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Su, Longxiang, Yinghua Guo, Yajuan Wang, Delong Wang, and Changting Liu. "No effect of artificial gravity on lung function with exercise training during head-down bed rest." International Journal of Astrobiology 15, no. 2 (August 11, 2015): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550415000245.
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AbstractThe aim of this study is to explore the effectiveness of microgravity simulated by head-down bed rest (HDBR) and artificial gravity (AG) with exercise on lung function. Twenty-four volunteers were randomly divided into control and exercise countermeasure (CM) groups for 96 h of 6° HDBR. Comparisons of pulse rate, pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2) and lung function were made between these two groups at 0, 24, 48, 72, 96 h. Compared with the sitting position, inspiratory capacity and respiratory reserve volume were significantly higher than before HDBR (0° position) (P< 0.05). Vital capacity, expiratory reserve volume, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 s, forced inspiratory vital capacity, forced inspiratory volume in 1 s, forced expiratory flow at 25, 50, and 75%, maximal mid-expiratory flow and peak expiratory flow were all significantly lower than those before HDBR (P< 0.05). Neither control nor CM groups showed significant differences in pulse rate, SpO2, pulmonary volume and pulmonary ventilation function over the HDBR observation time. Postural changes can lead to variation in lung volume and ventilation function, but a HDBR model induced no changes in pulmonary function and therefore should not be used to study AG countermeasures.
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Milatz, Florian, Sascha Ketelhut, and Reinhard G. Ketelhut. "Favorable effect of aerobic exercise on arterial pressure and aortic pulse wave velocity during stress testing." Vasa 44, no. 4 (July 2015): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000441.
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Abstract. Background: Increased central pulse wave velocity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The favorable influence of exercise on arterial stiffness (AS) and blood pressure (BP) has been reported exclusively at rest. The present study investigated the influence of a single bout of acute cycling on AS and BP during recovery and, moreover, during cold pressor stress testing. Probands and methods: 32 healthy men (33.7 ± 8 years, BMI 24 ± 2.5 kg/m²) performed a 60 minute endurance exercise on a bicycle ergometer (45 % VO2max). Before and after exercise aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV) as well as central and peripheral BP were measured non-invasively at rest and at the end of a 2 minute cold pressor test (CPT). Results: Even after 60 minutes of recovery aPWV (- 0.22 ± 0.3 m / sec) was significantly reduced (p < 0.01). Exercise decreased peripheral (- 8 ± 7 mmHg) and central (- 7 ± 8 mmHg) systolic BP as well as peripheral (- 3 ± 5 mmHg) and central (- 4 ± 7 mmHg) diastolic BP (p < 0.01). In comparison to measurements during CPT pre-exercise, there was a significant reduction in aPWV (- 0.19 ± 0.3 m / sec), peripheral (- 6 ± 10 mmHg) and central (- 5 ± 8 mmHg) systolic BP as well as peripheral (- 3 ± 6 mmHg) and central (- 3 ± 6 mmHg) diastolic BP during CPT after exercise (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The present study suggests that acute endurance exercise leads not only to decreased BP but even more reduces aPWV as a measure of AS even after 60 minutes of recovery. In particular, the investigation provides evidence that acute moderate-intensity exercise has a favorable effect on BP and aPWV during stress testing.
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Iyriboz, Y., S. Powers, J. Morrow, D. Ayers, and G. Landry. "Accuracy of pulse oximeters in estimating heart rate at rest and during exercise." British Journal of Sports Medicine 25, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): 162–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.25.3.162.
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McAuley, Sonja E., Dennis Jensen, Michael J. McGrath, and Larry A. Wolfe. "Effects of human pregnancy and aerobic conditioning on alveolar gas exchange during exercise." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 83, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 625–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y05-054.
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This study examined the effects of aerobic conditioning during the second and third trimesters of human pregnancy on ventilatory responses to graded cycling. Previously sedentary pregnant women were assigned randomly to an exercise group (n = 14) or a nonexercising control group (n = 14). Data were collected at 15–17 weeks, 25–27 weeks and 34–36 weeks of pregnancy. Testing involved 20 W·min–1 increases in work rate to a heart rate of 170 beats·min–1 and (or) volitional fatigue. Breath-by-breath ventilatory and alveolar gas exchange measurements were compared at rest, a standard submaximal [Formula: see text]O2 and peak exercise. Within both groups, resting [Formula: see text]E, [Formula: see text]A, and VT/TI increased significantly with advancing gestation. Peak work rate, O2 pulse [Formula: see text]O2/HR, [Formula: see text]E, [Formula: see text]A respiratory rate, VT/TI, [Formula: see text]O2, [Formula: see text]CO2, and the ventilatory threshold (Tvent) were increased after physical conditioning. Chronic maternal exercise has no significant effect on pregnancy-induced changes in ventilation and (or) alveolar gas exchange at rest or during standard submaximal exercise. Training-induced increases in Tvent and peak oxygen pulse support the efficacy of prenatal fitness programs to improve maternal work capacity. Key words: human gestation, respiration, chronic exercise.
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Kingwell, Bronwyn A., Karen L. Berry, James D. Cameron, Garry L. Jennings, and Anthony M. Dart. "Arterial compliance increases after moderate-intensity cycling." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 273, no. 5 (November 1, 1997): H2186—H2191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1997.273.5.h2186.
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Exercise training elevates arterial compliance at rest, but the effects of acute exercise in this regard are unknown. This study investigated the effects of a single, 30-min bout of cycling exercise at 65% of maximal oxygen consumption on indexes of arterial compliance. Whole body arterial compliance determined noninvasively from simultaneous measurements of aortic flow and carotid pressure was elevated (66 ± 26%) at 0.5 h postexercise ( P = 0.04), followed by a decline to baseline 1 h after exercise. Aortic pulse-wave velocity, which is inversely related to compliance, was reduced (4 ± 2%; P = 0.04) at 0.5 h postexercise. Pulse-wave velocity in the leg decreased by 10 ± 4% at this time ( P = 0.01). Mean arterial pressure was unchanged; however, central systolic blood pressure was reduced postexercise ( P = 0.03). Cardiac output was elevated after exercise ( P = 0.007) via heart rate elevation ( P = 0.001), whereas stroke volume was unchanged. Total peripheral resistance was therefore reduced ( P = 0.01) and would be expected to contribute to an elevation in arterial compliance. In conclusion, a single bout of cycling exercise increased whole body arterial compliance by mechanisms that may relate to vasodilation.
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Hamid, Mohebbi, Maroofi Abdulbaset, Ansari Nazanin, and Jorbonian Aboozar. "THE EFFECTS OF STRETCHING EXERCISE ON HEMODYNAMIC RESPONSES AND POST-EXERCISE HYPOTENSION IN NORMOTENSIVE WOMEN STUDENTS." Physical education of students 18, no. 5 (October 28, 2014): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2014.0510.
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Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate acute effects of SE on post-exercise hemodynamic responses for 1-h in normotensive sedentary young women. Methods: Sixteen women (21.56±1.21yr; 159.6±0.5 cm; 54.53±6.02 kg) were randomly assigned to SE (n = 8) and control (C) groups (n = 8). SE group performed 20 stretches for the whole body. Each SE was repeated 2 times. Rest interval between repetitions and movement 10 s were considered. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), mean arterial BP (MAP), rate pressure product (RPP), pulse pressure (PP) and heart rate (HR) were measured during 1-h (minutes: 0,15,30,45 and 60) in SE and C groups. Results: There were significant decreases (P
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Vanoverschelde, J. L., L. T. Younis, J. A. Melin, R. Vanbutsele, B. Leclercq, A. R. Robert, J. R. Cosyns, and J. M. Detry. "Prolonged exercise induces left ventricular dysfunction in healthy subjects." Journal of Applied Physiology 70, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 1356–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.70.3.1356.
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To determine the effects of a moderately prolonged exercise on left ventricular systolic performance, 23 healthy male subjects, aged 18 to 51 yr (mean 37 yr) were studied. The subjects exercised first on a treadmill (brief exercise) and completed, on a separate day, a 20-km run. M-mode, two-dimensional, and Doppler echocardiography, as well as calibrated carotid pulse tracings, were obtained at rest and immediately on completion of both brief and prolonged exercise. Left ventricular systolic function was assessed by end-systolic stress-shortening relationships. Heart rate increased similarly after brief and prolonged exercise (+30%). Mean arterial pressure decreased from 99 +/- 7 to 92 +/- 8 mmHg (P less than 0.001) after prolonged exercise, but it remained unchanged after brief exercise. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume was decreased after prolonged exercise (130 +/- 23 vs. 147 +/- 18 ml at rest, P less than 0.01). Both ejection fraction and rate-adjusted mean velocity of fiber shortening decreased after prolonged exercise [from 67 +/- 5 to 60 +/- 6% (P less than 0.001) and from 1.12 +/- 0.2 to 0.91 +/- 0.2 cm/s (P less than 0.001), respectively] despite a lower circumferential end-systolic wall stress (133 +/- 23 vs. 152 +/- 20 g/cm2). The relationship between ejection fraction (or mean velocity of fiber shortening adjusted for heart rate) and end-systolic wall stress was displaced downward on race finish (P less than 0.05). These changes were independent of the changes in left ventricular end-diastolic volume and hence those in preload. The data suggest that moderately prolonged exercise may result in depressed left ventricular performance in healthy normal subjects.
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Sundblad, P., and D. Linnarsson. "Slowing of carotid-cardiac baroreflex with standing and with isometric and dynamic muscle activity." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 271, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): H1363—H1369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1996.271.4.h1363.
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We hypothesized that the carotid-cardiac baroreflex becomes slowed in conditions with increased sympathetic activity. Changes in heart rate (HR) and blood pressure in response to 10-s trains of 50-mmHg pulses of neck suction (NS) were studied in six male subjects during supine rest, upright rest, isometric arm exercise at 30% of maximum voluntary contraction, and dynamic leg exercise at 100 W in the sitting position. Estimated mean carotid distending pressure increased by approximately 20 mmHg with 50-mmHg, QRS-triggered, pulsatile NS. Repeated NS sequences were performed in each condition. The amplitude of the bradycardic response was highly variable among the subjects and did not differ significantly between conditions, mean values ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 beats.min-1.mmHg-1. In supine rest, the full bradycardic response appeared within < 1 s, i.e., during or immediately after the R-R interval of the first NS pulse. In the other conditions it took significantly longer, 2-3 s or three to seven R-R intervals, for the full HR responses to develop. Our results support the notion that the carotid-cardiac baroreflex in humans becomes slowed under conditions of concurrent sympathetic stimulation.
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KENFACK, Marcel AZABJI, Federic LADOR, Marc LICKER, Christian MOIA, Enrico TAM, Carlo CAPELLI, Denis MOREL, and Guido FERRETTI. "Cardiac output by Modelflow® method from intra-arterial and fingertip pulse pressure profiles." Clinical Science 106, no. 4 (April 1, 2004): 365–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20030303.
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Modelflow®, when applied to non-invasive fingertip pulse pressure recordings, is a poor predictor of cardiac output (Q, litre·min-1). The use of constants established from the aortic elastic characteristics, which differ from those of finger arteries, may introduce signal distortions, leading to errors in computing Q. We therefore hypothesized that peripheral recording of pulse pressure profiles undermines the measurement of Q with Modelflow®, so we compared Modelflow® beat-by-beat Q values obtained simultaneously non-invasively from the finger and invasively from the radial artery at rest and during exercise. Seven subjects (age, 24.0±2.9 years; weight, 81.2±12.6 kg) rested, then exercised at 50 and 100 W, carrying a catheter with a pressure head in the left radial artery and the photoplethysmographic cuff of a finger pressure device on the third and fourth fingers of the contralateral hand. Pulse pressure from both devices was recorded simultaneously and stored on a PC for subsequent Q computation. The mean values of systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure at rest and exercise steady state were significantly (P<0.05) lower from the finger than the intra-arterial catheter. The corresponding mean steady-state Q obtained from the finger (Qporta) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that computed from the intra-arterial recordings (Qpia). The line relating beat-by-beat Qporta and Qpia was y=1.55x-3.02 (r2=0.640). The bias was 1.44 litre·min-1 and the precision was 2.84 litre·min-1. The slope of this line was significantly higher than 1, implying a systematic overestimate of Q by Qporta with respect to Qpia. Consistent with the tested hypothesis, these results demonstrate that pulse pressure profiles from the finger provide inaccurate absolute Q values with respect to the radial artery, and therefore cannot be used without correction with a calibration factor calculated previously by measuring Q with an independent method.
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Sajgalik, Pavol, Vaclav Kremen, Alex R. Carlson, Vratislav Fabian, Chul-Ho Kim, Courtney Wheatley, Vaclav Gerla, John A. Schirger, Thomas P. Olson, and Bruce D. Johnson. "Noninvasive assessment of cardiac output by brachial occlusion-cuff technique: comparison with the open-circuit acetylene washin method." Journal of Applied Physiology 121, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 1319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00981.2015.
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Cardiac output (CO) assessment as a basic hemodynamic parameter has been of interest in exercise physiology, cardiology, and anesthesiology. Noninvasive techniques available are technically challenging, and thus difficult to use outside of a clinical or laboratory setting. We propose a novel method of noninvasive CO assessment using a single, upper-arm cuff. The method uses the arterial pressure pulse wave signal acquired from the brachial artery during 20-s intervals of suprasystolic occlusion. This method was evaluated in a cohort of 12 healthy individuals (age, 27.7 ± 5.4 yr, 50% men) and compared with an established method for noninvasive CO assessment, the open-circuit acetylene method (OpCirc) at rest, and during low- to moderate-intensity exercise. CO increased from rest to exercise (rest, 7.4 ± 0.8 vs. 7.2 ± 0.8; low, 9.8 ± 1.8 vs. 9.9 ± 2.0; moderate, 14.1 ± 2.8 vs. 14.8 ± 3.2 l/min) as assessed by the cuff-occlusion and OpCirc techniques, respectively. The average error of experimental technique compared with OpCirc was −0.25 ± 1.02 l/min, Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.96 (rest + exercise), and 0.21 ± 0.42 l/min with Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.87 (rest only). Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated good agreement between methods (within 95% boundaries); the reproducibility coefficient (RPC) = 0.84 l/min with R2 = 0.75 at rest and RPC = 2 l/min with R2 = 0.92 at rest and during exercise, respectively. In comparison with an established method to quantify CO, the cuff-occlusion method provides similar measures at rest and with light to moderate exercise. Thus, we believe this method has the potential to be used as a new, noninvasive method for assessing CO during exercise.
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Dimkpa, U., E. C. Chidi, B. Unaeze, E. E. Besong, O. G. Umahi, C. I. Enemuo, E. C. Okafor, and M. C. Okeke. "A comparative study of cardio-metabolic responses to exercise between untrained non-athletic young Nigerian adults and trained soccer players." Comparative Exercise Physiology 16, no. 3 (March 23, 2020): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep190059.
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We aimed at evaluating the cardiovascular and metabolic responses to sub-maximal exercise tests in untrained non-athletic young adults and comparing them with those of trained and more active soccer players. Forty healthy young adult males (20 untrained non-athletic undergraduates and 20 trained soccer players) aged 20-35 years participated in the study. The participants performed the exercise tests using a mechanically braked magnetic ergometer bicycle. Blood pressure and heart rate (HR) of participants were measured at rest and during the exercise test. The steady-state oxygen uptake (VO2SS) of subjects was estimated from a standardised sub-maximal VO2 equation. Data indicated significantly (P<0.05) higher absolute VO2SS, relative VO2SS, work rate, exercise oxygen pulse and cardiac output, but lower steady-state HR and %HRmax among the soccer players compared with the untrained individuals. No significant differences were observed in exercise systolic blood pressure, rate pressure product, resting HR reserve and %HR reserve between the two groups. Pearson’s partial correlation test indicted independent relationships between VO2SS (relative and absolute) and oxygen pulse, steady-state HR, percentage of HRmax, percentage of HR reserve, resting HR and working HR reserve respectively. The present study indicated greater cardio-metabolic responses to sub-maximal exercise and higher aerobic fitness in trained soccer players compared with the untrained non-athletic individuals.
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Chakraborty, Arup, and G. Jutley. "Isolated Syncope – an Uncommon Presenting Feature of Pulmonary Embolism." Acute Medicine Journal 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.52964/amja.0472.
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We describe a case of a 62 year old man who presented with transient loss of consciousness following exertion. On presentation to hospital, he was haemodynamically stable and was not breathless, tachycardic or hypoxic at rest. The finding of exercise-induced desaturation on pulse oximetry triggered further investigations which confirmed the presence of PE.
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Wilkins, Brad W., William G. Schrage, Zhong Liu, Kellie C. Hancock, and Michael J. Joyner. "Systemic hypoxia and vasoconstrictor responsiveness in exercising human muscle." Journal of Applied Physiology 101, no. 5 (November 2006): 1343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00487.2006.
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Exercise blunts sympathetic α-adrenergic vasoconstriction (functional sympatholysis). We hypothesized that sympatholysis would be augmented during hypoxic exercise compared with exercise alone. Fourteen subjects were monitored with ECG and pulse oximetry. Brachial artery and antecubital vein catheters were placed in the nondominant (exercising) arm. Subjects breathed hypoxic gas to titrate arterial O2 saturation to 80% while remaining normocapnic via a rebreath system. Baseline and two 8-min bouts of rhythmic forearm exercise (10 and 20% of maximum) were performed during normoxia and hypoxia. Forearm blood flow, blood pressure, heart rate, minute ventilation, and end-tidal CO2 were measured at rest and during exercise. Vasoconstrictor responsiveness was determined by responses to intra-arterial tyramine during the final 3 min of rest and each exercise bout. Heart rate was higher during hypoxia ( P < 0.01), whereas blood pressure was similar ( P = 0.84). Hypoxic exercise potentiated minute ventilation compared with normoxic exercise ( P < 0.01). Forearm blood flow was higher during hypoxia compared with normoxia at rest (85 ± 9 vs. 66 ± 7 ml/min), at 10% exercise (276 ± 33 vs. 217 ± 27 ml/min), and at 20% exercise (464 ± 32 vs. 386 ± 28 ml/min; P < 0.01). Arterial epinephrine was higher during hypoxia ( P < 0.01); however, venoarterial norepinephrine difference was similar between hypoxia and normoxia before ( P = 0.47) and during tyramine administration ( P = 0.14). Vasoconstriction to tyramine (%decrease from pretyramine values) was blunted in a dose-dependent manner with increasing exercise intensity ( P < 0.01). Interestingly, vasoconstrictor responsiveness tended to be greater ( P = 0.06) at rest (−37 ± 6% vs. −33 ± 6%), at 10% exercise (−27 ± 5 vs. −22 ± 4%), and at 20% exercise (−22 ± 5 vs. −14 ± 4%) between hypoxia and normoxia, respectively. Thus sympatholysis is not augmented by moderate hypoxia nor does it contribute to the increased blood flow during hypoxic exercise.
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Ehrman, J., S. Keteyian, F. Fedel, K. Rhoads, T. B. Levine, and R. Shepard. "Cardiovascular responses of heart transplant recipients to graded exercise testing." Journal of Applied Physiology 73, no. 1 (July 1, 1992): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.73.1.260.
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A group of orthotopic heart transplant (OHT, n = 28) and heart surgery (n = 19) patients, with similar ejection fractions and left ventricular end-diastolic pressures, were exercised to symptom-limited maximum to describe differences in cardiovascular and gas exchange responses. Testing was performed at a mean of 3 and 6 mo after surgery, respectively (P less than 0.05). OHT patients have a greater resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P less than 0.01) and a significantly greater (P less than 0.01) heart rate (HR) at rest in the supine and standing positions and during minutes 2 through 7 of supine recovery. Peak treadmill time was significantly less (P less than 0.01) in OHT patients. No significant differences were found for systolic blood pressure (SBP) during recovery, peak HR, ventilation, relative O2 uptake (VO2), body weight, ventilatory equivalents for O2 and CO2, O2 pulse, and HR-SBP product (peak HR x peak SBP). Peak pulse pressure, heart rate reserve, total VO2, and absolute VO2 at ventilatory threshold were significantly lower (P less than 0.01) in the OHT patients. We concluded that 1) complete cardiac decentralization is evident, 2) the significantly reduced VO2 at ventilatory threshold should be considered when activities of daily living are prescribed, and 3) SBP response is more appropriate than HR for assessing recovery of the decentralized heart after maximal exercise.
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Wang, Yu-Jen, Chia-Hsien Chen, Chung-Yang Sue, Wen-Hsien Lu, and Yee-Hsuan Chiou. "Estimation of Blood Pressure in the Radial Artery Using Strain-Based Pulse Wave and Photoplethysmography Sensors." Micromachines 9, no. 11 (October 29, 2018): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9110556.
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Blood pressure (BP) is a crucial indicator of cardiac health and vascular status. This study explores the relationship between radial artery BP and wrist skin strain. A BP estimation method based on the physical model of wrist skin tissues and pulse wave velocity (PWV) is proposed. A photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor and strain gauge are used in this method. The developed strain-based pulse wave sensor consists of a pressing force sensor, which ensures consistent pressing force, and a strain gauge, which measures the cardiac pulsation on the wrist skin. These features enable long-term BP monitoring without incurring the limb compression caused by a cuff. Thus, this method is useful for individuals requiring continuous BP monitoring. In this study, the BP of each participant was measured in three modes (before, during, and after exercise), and the data were compared using a clinically validated sphygmomanometer. The percentage errors of diastolic and systolic BP readings were, respectively, 4.74% and 4.49% before exercise, 6.38% and 6.10% during exercise, and 5.98% and 4.81% after a rest. The errors were compared with a clinically validated sphygmomanometer.
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Agergaard, Jakob, Jacob Bülow, Jacob K. Jensen, Søren Reitelseder, Micah J. Drummond, Peter Schjerling, Thomas Scheike, Anja Serena, and Lars Holm. "Light-load resistance exercise increases muscle protein synthesis and hypertrophy signaling in elderly men." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 312, no. 4 (April 1, 2017): E326—E338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00164.2016.
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The present study investigated whether well-tolerated light-load resistance exercise (LL-RE) affects skeletal muscle fractional synthetic rate (FSR) and anabolic intracellular signaling as a way to counteract age-related loss of muscle mass. Untrained healthy elderly (>65-yr-old) men were subjected to 13 h of supine rest. After 2.5 h of rest, unilateral LL-RE, consisting of leg extensions (10 sets, 36 repetitions) at 16% of 1 repetition maximum (RM), was conducted. Subsequently, the subjects were randomized to oral intake of 4 g of whey protein per hour (PULSE, n = 10), 28 g of whey protein at 0 h and 12 g of whey protein at 7 h postexercise (BOLUS, n = 10), or 4 g of maltodextrin per hour (placebo, n = 10). Quadriceps muscle biopsies were taken at 0, 3, 7, and 10 h postexercise from the resting and the exercised leg of each subject. Myofibrillar FSR and activity of select targets from the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1-signaling cascade were analyzed from the biopsies. LL-RE increased myofibrillar FSR compared with the resting leg throughout the 10-h postexercise period. Phosphorylated (T308) AKT expression increased in the exercised leg immediately after exercise. This increase persisted in the placebo group only. Levels of phosphorylated (T37/46) eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 increased throughout the postexercise period in the exercised leg in the placebo and BOLUS groups and peaked at 7 h. In all three groups, phosphorylated (T56) eukaryotic elongation factor 2 decreased in response to LL-RE. We conclude that resistance exercise at only 16% of 1 RM increased myofibrillar FSR, irrespective of nutrient type and feeding pattern, which indicates an anabolic effect of LL-RE in elderly individuals. This finding was supported by increased signaling for translation initiation and translation elongation in response to LL-RE.
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Lizenberg, C., and R. G. Ketelhut. "[PP.19.02] PULSE WAVE VELOCITY AT REST AND BLOOD PRESSURE DURING EXERCISE - ADDITIVE OR ALTERNATIVE?" Journal of Hypertension 35 (September 2017): e240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000523694.11603.af.
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REID, C. "Hypertensives elicit higher pulse wave velocity at rest and during an isometric exercise grip test." American Journal of Hypertension 17, no. 5 (May 2004): S15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.03.033.
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Yan, Huimin, Sushant M. Ranadive, Kevin S. Heffernan, Abbi D. Lane, Rebecca M. Kappus, Marc D. Cook, Pei-Tzu Wu, et al. "Hemodynamic and arterial stiffness differences between African-Americans and Caucasians after maximal exercise." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 306, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): H60—H68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00710.2013.
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African-American (AA) men have higher arterial stiffness and augmentation index (AIx) than Caucasian-American (CA) men. Women have greater age-associated increases in arterial stiffness and AIx than men. This study examined racial and sex differences in arterial stiffness and central hemodynamics at rest and after an acute bout of maximal exercise in young healthy individuals. One hundred young, healthy individuals (28 AA men, 24 AA women, 25 CA men, and 23 CA women) underwent measurements of aortic blood pressure (BP) and arterial stiffness at rest and 15 and 30 min after an acute bout of graded maximal aerobic exercise. Aortic BP and AIx were derived from radial artery applanation tonometry. Aortic stiffness (carotid-femoral) was measured via pulse wave velocity. Aortic stiffness was increased in AA subjects but not in CA subjects ( P < 0.05) after an acute bout of maximal cycling exercise, after controlling for body mass index. Aortic BP decreased after exercise in CA subjects but not in AA subjects ( P < 0.05). Women exhibited greater reductions in AIx after maximal aerobic exercise compared with men ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, race and sex impact vascular and central hemodynamic responses to exercise. Young AA and CA subjects exhibited differential responses in central stiffness and central BP after acute maximal exercise. Premenopausal women had greater augmented pressure at rest and after maximal aerobic exercise than men. Future research is needed to examine the potential mechanisms.
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Mavliev, Fanis, Andrey Nazarenko, Rustam Asmanov, Ajdar Sirazetdinov, and Artem Mastrov. "FEATURES OF ARTERIAL PRESSURE RESPONSE TO EXERCISE TESTS IN ATHLETES OF VARIOUS SPORTS." SCIENCE AND SPORT: current trends 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.36028/2308-8826-2020-8-1-62-68.
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The aim – analysis of short and long-term blood pressure responses to exercise test in young people involved in various sports. Materials and methods. The study involved athletes ranked from Third-Class athletes to the Master of Sports of the Russian Federation. During exercise tests, we used the following ergometers and load protocols to simulate various physical activity: Cosmos quasar treadmill – speed increase by 1 km/h per minute; e-Bike Bicycle Ergometer – load increase by 15 watts/min; Concept 2 rowing ergometer – 30W load increase every two minutes. Results. The research revealed that the blood pressure response to exercise tests in the studied groups of young men depended little on weight and height indicators because there were practically no overweight persons among active athletes. Pulse pressure (PP) is a genetic factor. In this regard, blood pressure indicators of young men are higher at rest and after exercise tests than blood pressure indicators of girls. When considering indicators without gender differentiation, rowing was the most distinctive sport in terms of indicators of blood pressure response to exercises tests. We recorded the lowest values of diastolic pressure after rowing activity. In our opinion, this follows from the fact that the «global vasodilation» effect leads to a short-term blood pressure drop (on average by 6 mm Hg) after exercise test. This is expressed in statistically significant DP differences (p<0,05) before and after exercise test in rowers compared to athletes involved in other sports. Conclusion. Indices of blood pressure at rest and after physical activity depend on gender factors and kinds of sport. At the same time, rowers demonstrated the most distinctive data. We can explain it both by the number of muscles involved in motor activity and by the specifics of execution (body position).
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Kemps, Hareld M. C., Eric J. M. Thijssen, Goof Schep, Boudewijn T. H. M. Sleutjes, Wouter R. De Vries, Adwin R. Hoogeveen, Pieter F. F. Wijn, and Pieter A. F. M. Doevendans. "Evaluation of two methods for continuous cardiac output assessment during exercise in chronic heart failure patients." Journal of Applied Physiology 105, no. 6 (December 2008): 1822–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.90430.2008.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of two techniques for the continuous assessment of cardiac output in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF): a radial artery pulse contour analysis method that uses an indicator dilution method for calibration (LiDCO) and an impedance cardiography technique (Physioflow), using the Fick method as a reference. Ten male CHF patients (New York Heart Association class II–III) were included. At rest, cardiac output values obtained by LiDCO and Physioflow were compared with those of the direct Fick method. During exercise, the continuous Fick method was used as a reference. Exercise, performed on a cycle ergometer in upright position, consisted of two constant-load tests at 30% and 80% of the ventilatory threshold and a symptom-limited maximal test. Both at rest and during exercise LiDCO showed good agreement with reference values [bias ± limits of agreement (LOA), −1% ± 28% and 2% ± 28%, respectively]. In contrast, Physioflow overestimated reference values both at rest and during exercise (bias ± LOA, 48% ± 60% and 48% ± 52%, respectively). Exercise-related within-patient changes of cardiac output, expressed as a percent change, showed for both techniques clinically acceptable agreement with reference values (bias ± LOA: 2% ± 26% for LiDCO, and −2% ± 36% for Physioflow, respectively). In conclusion, although the limits of agreement with the Fick method are pretty broad, LiDCO provides accurate measurements of cardiac output during rest and exercise in CHF patients. Although Physioflow overestimates cardiac output, this method may still be useful to estimate relative changes during exercise.
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Pitman, Bradley M., and John G. Semmler. "Reduced short-interval intracortical inhibition after eccentric muscle damage in human elbow flexor muscles." Journal of Applied Physiology 113, no. 6 (September 15, 2012): 929–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00361.2012.
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The purpose of this study was to use paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to examine the effect of eccentric exercise on short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) after damage to elbow flexor muscles. Nine young (22.5 ± 0.6 yr; mean ± SD) male subjects performed maximal eccentric exercise of the elbow flexor muscles until maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force was reduced by ∼40%. TMS was performed before, 2 h after, and 2 days after exercise under Rest and Active (5% MVC) conditions with motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) recorded from the biceps brachii (BB) muscle. Peripheral electrical stimulation of the brachial plexus was used to assess maximal M-waves, and paired-pulse TMS with a 3-ms interstimulus interval was used to assess changes in SICI at each time point. The eccentric exercise resulted in a 34% decline in strength ( P < 0.001), a 41% decline in resting M-wave ( P = 0.01), changes in resting elbow joint angle (10°, P < 0.001), and a shift in the optimal elbow joint angle for force production (18°, P < 0.05) 2 h after exercise. This was accompanied by impaired muscle strength (27%, P < 0.001) and increased muscle soreness ( P < 0.001) 2 days after exercise, which is indicative of muscle damage. When the test MEP amplitudes were matched between sessions, we found that SICI was reduced by 27% in resting and 23% in active BB muscle 2 h after exercise. SICI recovered 2 days after exercise when muscle pain and soreness were present, suggesting that delayed onset muscle soreness from eccentric exercise does not influence SICI. The change in SICI observed 2 h after exercise suggests that eccentric muscle damage has widespread effects throughout the motor system that likely includes changes in motor cortex.
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Giordano, Ugo, Salvatore Giannico, Attilio Turchetta, Fatma Hammad, Flaminia Calzolari, and Armando Calzolari. "The influence of different surgical procedures on hypertension after repair of coarctation." Cardiology in the Young 15, no. 5 (September 16, 2005): 477–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951105001332.
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We measured resting and exercise haemodynamics, as well as 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure, so as to study the influence on development of hypertension in children after repair of coarctation by either construction of a subclavian flap or end-to-end anastamosis. The patients in both groups were studied a mean time of 13 years after surgery. Thus, we divided 43 children who had undergone surgical repair of coarctation, and who were not on antihypertensive therapy, into a group of 22 patients who had undergone subclavian flap repair, with a mean age of 14 plus or minus 2.6 years, and another group of 21 patients undergoing end-to-end anastomosis, with a mean age of 13.5 plus or minus 3.9 years. We examined blood pressure at rest and during exercise, along with the measurement of cardiac output using impedance cardiography, and during 24-hour ambulatory monitoring. We recorded systolic and diastolic blood pressures, pulse pressure, cardiac output and total peripheral vascular resistance at rest and at peak exercise. During ambulatory monitoring, we measured mean pressures over 24 hours, in daytime and nighttime, 24-hour pulse pressure, and 24-hour mean arterial pressure. Student's t test was used to judge significance, accepting this when p was less than 0.05. The group repaired using the subclavian flap showed significantly disadvantageous differences for diastolic blood pressure at rest, systolic blood pressure at peak exercise and for 24-hour systolic and diastolic blood pressure, 24-hour mean arterial pressure, and daytime and nighttime systolic blood pressure during ambulatory monitoring. Our findings suggest that, after repair using the subclavian flap in comparison to end-to-end anastomosis, patients show a higher incidence of late hypertension, both during exercise and ambulatory monitoring. The data indicate different residual aortic stiffnesses, these being lower after end-to-end anastomosis, which may be due to the greater resection of the abnormal aortic tissue when coarctation is repaired using the latter technique.
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Querry, R. G., S. A. Smith, M. Strømstad, K. Ide, N. H. Secher, and P. B. Raven. "Anatomical and functional characteristics of carotid sinus stimulation in humans." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 280, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): H2390—H2398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.2001.280.5.h2390.
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Transmission characteristics of pneumatic pressure to the carotid sinus were evaluated in 19 subjects at rest and during exercise. Either a percutaneous fluid-filled ( n = 12) or balloon-tipped catheter ( n = 7) was placed at the carotid bifurcation to record internal transmission of external neck pressure/neck suction (NP/NS). Sustained, 5-s pulses, and rapid ramping pulse protocols (+40 to −80 Torr) were recorded. Transmission of pressure stimuli was less with the fluid-filled catheter compared with that of the balloon-tipped catheter (65% vs. 82% negative pressure, 83% vs. 89% positive pressure; P < 0.05). Anatomical location of the carotid sinus averaged 3.2 cm (left) and 3.6 cm (right) from the gonion of the mandible with a range of 0–7.5 cm. Transmission was not altered by exercise or Valsalva maneuver, but did vary depending on the position of the carotid sinus locus beneath the sealed chamber. These data indicate that transmission of external NP/NS was higher than previously recorded in humans, and anatomical variation of carotid sinus location and equipment design can affect transmission results.
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Wasąg, Damian, and Małgorzata Plechawska-Wójcik. "Qualitative analysis of telemetry signals based on data gathered by dedicated mobile application." Journal of Computer Sciences Institute 5 (December 30, 2017): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/jcsi.613.
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The paper presents the analysis of the human heartbeat value under the physical exercise and rest condition. The test group was divided into four groups regarding age and sex. Measurements were performed using a mobile application and a blood pressure monitor. The phone's accuracy with respect to the blood pressure gauge was measured and the statistical significance of differences between age groups, sex and activity was also computed. Measurement inaccuracy varies from 4 to 12%. The mobile application accurately reproduces the pulse during rest.
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Desai, Kavin H., Eric Schauble, Wusheng Luo, Evangelia Kranias, and Daniel Bernstein. "Phospholamban deficiency does not compromise exercise capacity." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 276, no. 4 (April 1, 1999): H1172—H1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1999.276.4.h1172.
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Deficiency of phospholamban (PLB) results in enhancement of basal murine cardiac function and an attenuated response to β-adrenergic stimulation. To determine whether the absence of PLB also reduces the reserve capacity of the murine cardiovascular system to respond to stress, we evaluated the heart rate (HR), blood pressure, and metabolic responses of PLB-deficient (PLB−/−) mice to graded treadmill exercise (GTE). PLB−/− mice were hypertensive at rest (125 ± 19 vs. 109 ± 16 mmHg, P < 0.05) but had normal tachycardic and hypotensive responses to isoproterenol. The HR response to GTE was normal; however, the hypertension in PLB−/− mice normalized at peak exercise. Their exercise capacities, as measured by duration of exercise and peak oxygen consumption (V˙o 2), were normal. The oxygen pulse (V˙o 2/HR) curve was also normal in PLB−/− mice, suggesting an ability to appropriately increase stroke volume and oxygen extraction during GTE, despite an inability to increase β-adrenergically stimulated cardiac contractility. Thus deficiency of PLB, although resulting in diminished β-adrenergic inotropic reserve, does not compromise cardiac performance during exercise.
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Melo, Xavier, Bo Fernhall, Diana A. Santos, Rita Pinto, Nuno M. Pimenta, Luís B. Sardinha, and Helena Santa-Clara. "The acute effect of maximal exercise on central and peripheral arterial stiffness indices and hemodynamics in children and adults." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 41, no. 3 (March 2016): 266–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0204.
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This study compared the effects of a bout of maximal running exercise on arterial stiffness in children and adults. Right carotid blood pressure and artery stiffness indices measured by pulse wave velocity (PWV), compliance and distensibility coefficients, stiffness index α and β (echo-tracking), contralateral carotid blood pressure, and upper and lower limb and central/aortic PWV (applanation tonometry) were taken at rest and 10 min after a bout of maximal treadmill running in 34 children (7.38 ± 0.38 years) and 45 young adults (25.22 ± 0.91 years) having similar aerobic potential. Two-by-two repeated measures analysis of variance and analysis of covariance were used to detect differences with exercise between groups. Carotid pulse pressure (PP; η2 = 0.394) increased more in adults after exercise (p < 0.05). Compliance (η2 = 0.385) decreased in particular in adults and in those with high changes in distending pressure, similarly to stiffness index α and β. Carotid PWV increased more in adults and was related to local changes in PP but not mean arterial pressure (MAP). Stiffness in the lower limbs decreased (η2 = 0.115) but apparently only in those with small MAP changes (η2 = 0.111). No significant exercise or group interaction effects were found when variables were adjusted to height. An acute bout of maximal exercise can alter arterial stiffness and hemodynamics in the carotid artery and within the active muscle beds. Arterial stiffness and hemodynamic response to metabolic demands during exercise in children simply reflect their smaller body size and may not indicate a particular physiological difference compared with adults.
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Sedliar, Iurii. "Calculation of the intensity of health improving aerobic loads." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 5(125) (September 27, 2020): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2020.5(125).27.
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The article analyzes the methods of calculating the intensity of aerobic health-improving loads and presents own solution the problem.
The effective use of aerobic exercises is based on the formula calculation of the parameters of physical activity corresponding to the individual characteristics of the practitioners, among which one of the most important is intensity. However, the practical application of the proposed formulas indicates that they do not always adequately take into account the most important, in this case, age characteristics and the functional state of the cardiovascular system.
The purpose of the research is to develop a method for determining the intensity of aerobic health-improving loads which makes it possible to calculate the target heart rate more adequately than the currently existing options.
Among the existing formulas the most adequate for calculating heart rate in the process of health-improving aerobic exercise is Karvonen's formula which takes into account not only age but also heart rate at rest which reflect the functional state of the cardiovascular system. Its advantage lies in the more correct determination of the lower target pulse. The disadvantage of this formula is that it reduces, rather than increases, the upper target pulse due to the increased efficiency of the cardiovascular system.
During the theoretical research it was established that it was impossible to develop a single formula that would allow to correctly determine the upper and lower target pulse. In this regard we came to the conclusion that to calculate the lower heart rate it is necessary to use the Karvonen formula and the upper tagert puls should be determined by the formula developed by us. It is based on the Haskell & Fox formula (HRmax = 220 - age). The proposed additions determine the upper heart rate as the result of subtracting the individual heart rate from the average age heart rate. A procedure for calculating specific puls based on knowledge of the upper and lower heart rate is proposed.
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Iyriboz, Y., S. Powers, J. Morrow, J. Lawler, P. Rome, and D. Ayers. "ACCURACY OF PULSE-OXIMETERS (OHMEDA 3700, RADIOMETER) IN ESTIMATING HEART RATE AT REST AND DURING EXERCISE." Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21, Supplement (April 1989): S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198904001-00106.
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Goodwin, G. S., D. L. Spilter, L. R. Reider, and L. A. Strzepek. "171 RADIAL ARTERY PULSE WAVE VELOCIMETRY DURING REST AND EXERCISE: A COMPARISON BETWEEN YOUNG AND ELDERLY." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 22, no. 2 (April 1990): S29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199004000-00171.
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