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1

Pak, Ju Geon, and Kee Hyun Park. "Advanced Pulse Oximetry System for Remote Monitoring and Management." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/930582.

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Pulse oximetry data such as saturation of peripheral oxygen (SpO2) and pulse rate are vital signals for early diagnosis of heart disease. Therefore, various pulse oximeters have been developed continuously. However, some of the existing pulse oximeters are not equipped with communication capabilities, and consequently, the continuous monitoring of patient health is restricted. Moreover, even though certain oximeters have been built as network models, they focus on exchanging only pulse oximetry data, and they do not provide sufficient device management functions. In this paper, we propose an a
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2

Barker, Steven J., and Nitin K. Shah. "Effects of Motion on the Performance of Pulse Oximeters in Volunteers." Anesthesiology 85, no. 4 (1996): 774–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199610000-00012.

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Background Pulse oximetry is considered a standard of care in both the operating room and the postanesthetic care unit, and it is widely used in all critical care settings. Pulse oximeters may fail to provide valid pulse oximetry data in various situations that produce low signal-to-noise ratio. Motion artifact is a common cause of oximeter failure and loss of accuracy. This study compares the accuracy and data dropout rates of three current pulse oximeters during standardized motion in healthy volunteers. Methods Ten healthy volunteers were monitored by three different pulse oximeters: Nellco
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da Costa, João Cordeiro, Paula Faustino, Ricardo Lima, Inês Ladeira, and Miguel Guimarães. "Research: Comparison of the Accuracy of a Pocket versus Standard Pulse Oximeter." Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology 50, no. 3 (2016): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2345/0899-8205-50.3.190.

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Abstract Background: Pulse oximetry has become an essential tool in clinical practice. With patient self-management becoming more prevalent, pulse oximetry self-monitoring has the potential to become common practice in the near future. This study sought to compare the accuracy of two pulse oximeters, a high-quality standard pulse oximeter and an inexpensive pocket pulse oximeter, and to compare both devices with arterial blood co-oximetry oxygen saturation. Methods: A total of 95 patients (35.8% women; mean [±SD] age 63.1 ± 13.9 years; mean arterial pressure was 92 ± 12.0 mmHg; mean axillar te
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Yossef Hay, Ohad, Meir Cohen, Itamar Nitzan, et al. "Pulse Oximetry with Two Infrared Wavelengths without Calibration in Extracted Arterial Blood." Sensors 18, no. 10 (2018): 3457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103457.

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Oxygen saturation in arterial blood (SaO2) provides information about the performance of the respiratory system. Non-invasive measurement of SaO2 by commercial pulse oximeters (SpO2) make use of photoplethysmographic pulses in the red and infrared regions and utilizes the different spectra of light absorption by oxygenated and de-oxygenated hemoglobin. Because light scattering and optical path-lengths differ between the two wavelengths, commercial pulse oximeters require empirical calibration which is based on SaO2 measurement in extracted arterial blood. They are still prone to error, because
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Cataldo, Andrea, Enrico Cataldo, Antonio Masciullo, and Raissa Schiavoni. "Development and Metrological Characterization of Low-Cost Wearable Pulse Oximeter." Bioengineering 12, no. 3 (2025): 314. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12030314.

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Pulse oximetry is essential for monitoring arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate (HR) in various medical scenarios. However, the traditional pulse oximeters face challenges related to high costs, motion artifacts, and susceptibility to ambient light interference. This work presents a low-cost experimental pulse oximeter prototype designed to address these limitations through design advancements. The device incorporates a 3D-printed finger support to minimize motion artifacts and excessive capillary pressure, along with an elastic element to enhance stability. Unlike conventional tra
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DeSisto, Marie C. "Implementing Pulse Oximetry in the School Health Office." NASN School Nurse 27, no. 5 (2012): 256–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1942602x12456432.

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Pulse oximetry can be a useful tool for professional school nurses who daily assess students with a variety of health issues and injuries. Pulse oximeters are now smaller and more affordable and, therefore, an option for school districts to purchase. Before implementing this new tool into their practice, school nurses must have an understanding of how pulse oximeters work and how they measure the oxygen saturation of arterial hemoglobin. A review of the literature will guide a nurse in developing clinical guidelines for practice and facilitating competency in using a pulse oximeter with the ul
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Sridhar, Amalakanti, Kesava Venkata Raman Arepalli, Sri Harsha Boppana, and Jyothi Priya Jillella. "Assessment of Pulse Oximetry Accuracy in Detecting Hypoxemia in COVID-19 Pneumonia Patients: A Cohort Study." Journal of Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices and Infectious diseases 1, no. 1 (2023): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.62541/jaspi004.

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The accuracy of pulse oximeters in diagnosing hypoxemia, especially in COVID-19 and other viral pneumonia cases, still needs to be determined despite their critical role in monitoring COVID-19 patients. This study aimed to assess the dependability of pulse oximeters in accurately detecting hypoxemia in individuals with COVID-19 pneumonia. A study was undertaken on 40 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, in which pulse oximeter results were compared to arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis. The results of our study demonstrate a continuous overestimation of 1.77% in pulse oximetry values compared to a
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Sridhar, A., KVR Arepalli, SH Boppana, and JP Jillella. "Assessment of Pulse Oximetry Accuracy in Detecting Hypoxemia in COVID-19 Pneumonia Patients: A Cohort Study." Journal of Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices and Infectious diseases.(https://jaspi.saspi.in/) 01, no. 01 (2023): 9–11. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10453055.

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The accuracy of pulse oximeters in diagnosing hypoxemia, especially in COVID-19 and other viral pneumonia cases, still needs to be determined despite their critical role in monitoring COVID-19 patients. This study aimed to assess the dependability of pulse oximeters in accurately detecting hypoxemia in individuals with COVID-19 pneumonia. A study was undertaken on 40 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, in which pulse oximeter results were compared to arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis. The results of our study demonstrate a continuous overestimation of 1.77% in pulse oximetry values compared to a
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Coghill, Matthew T., Mark A. Law, Lece V. Webb, Ahmed Asfari, and Santiago Borasino. "Race and the Inaccuracy of Pulse Oximetry With Hypoxemia in a Pediatric Cardiac ICU." Critical Care Explorations 7, no. 4 (2025): e1237. https://doi.org/10.1097/cce.0000000000001237.

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OBJECTIVES: To ascertain the potential effects of hypoxemia and race on pulse oximetry in a population of patients, including those for whom hypoxemia is a normal state secondary to intracardiac mixing in an ICU setting. DESIGN: Retrospective, observational, cohort study. SETTING: A single center’s pediatric cardiac ICU (CICU). PATIENTS: Eight hundred forty-one patients undergoing bypass operations during a 52-month period (June 2019–October 2023). Predominantly, patients with congenital heart disease. The median age was 7.1 months with 58% younger than 1 year old and 88% younger than 10 years
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10

Harris, Bronwyn U., Sarah Stewart, Archana Verma, et al. "Accuracy of a portable pulse oximeter in monitoring hypoxemic infants with cyanotic heart disease." Cardiology in the Young 29, no. 8 (2019): 1025–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951119001355.

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AbstractObjective:Infants with single ventricle physiology have arterial oxygen saturations between 75 and 85%. Home monitoring with daily pulse oximetry is associated with improved interstage survival. They are typically sent home with expensive, bulky, hospital-grade pulse oximeters. This study evaluates the accuracy of both the currently used Masimo LNCS and a relatively inexpensive, portable, and equipped with Bluetooth technology study device, by comparing with the gold standard co-oximeter.Design:Prospective, observational study.Setting:Single institution, paediatric cardiac critical car
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Macnab, Andrew J., Lark Susak, Faith A. Gagnon, Janet Alred, and Charles Sun. "The Cost-Benefit of Pulse-Oximeter Use in the Prehospital Environment." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 14, no. 4 (1999): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00027710.

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AbstractIntroduction:Pulse-oximetry has proven clinical value in Emergency Departments and Intensive Care Units. In the prehospital environment, oxygen is given routinely in many situations. It was hypothesized that the use of pulse oximeters in the prehospital setting would provide a measurable cost-benefit by reducing the amount of oxygen used.Methods:This was a prospective study conducted at 12 ambulance stations (average transport times >20 minutes). Standard care protocols and paramedic assessments were used to determine which patients received oxygen and the initial flow rate used. Pu
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Reich, David L., Aleksandar Timcenko, Carol A. Bodian, et al. "Predictors of Pulse Oximetry Data Failure." Anesthesiology 84, no. 4 (1996): 859–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199604000-00013.

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Background Pulse oximeters have been reported to fail to record data in 1.12-2.50% of cases in which anesthesia records were handwritten. There is reason to believe that these may be underestimates. Computerized anesthesia records may provide insight into the true incidence of pulse oximetry data failures and factors that are associated with such failures. Methods The current study reviewed case files of 9,203 computerized anesthesia records. Pulse oximetry data failure was defined as the presence of at least one continuous gap in data > or = 10 min in duration in a case. A multivariate
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Cheung, P., J. G. Hardman, and R. Whiteside. "The Effect of a Disposable Probe Cover on Pulse Oximetry." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 30, no. 2 (2002): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x0203000215.

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The re-use of pulse oximeter probes presents the possibility of between-patient contamination. Use of a disposable polyethylene cover may reduce this risk. In a controlled, prospective study we examined the effect of such a cover on the accuracy of pulse oximetry. Each of ten volunteer subjects was monitored simultaneously by two identical Nellcor pulse oximeters, one with a plastic cover and the other, without a cover, used as a control. The pulse oximetry (SpO 2 ) reading for each probe was recorded while subjects breathed 21% O 2 and again while they breathed 10% O 2. The probe cover was th
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Cheatham, Scott, Morey J. Kolber, and Michael P. Ernst. "Concurrent Validity of Arterial Blood Oxygen Saturation Measurements: A Preliminary Analysis of an iPad Pulse Oximeter and Traditional Pulse Oximeter Using Bluetooth." International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training 19, no. 3 (2014): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijatt.2014-0005.

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Context:Pulse oximetry has become mobile with the use of smartphone and Bluetooth wireless technology. This technology offers many benefits but has not been extensively studied. There is a need to further validate its clinimetric properties for health professionals to provide proper guidance to patients.Objective:This investigation assessed the concurrent validity of the iSpO2pulse oximeter against a traditional pulse oximeter in measuring short-term resting blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) and pulse rate.Design:Observational study of reliability.Setting:University kinesiology laboratory.Partici
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Wang, Yuting. "Pulse oximetry." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 73 (November 29, 2023): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v73i.13001.

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An oximeter is a piece of medical equipment that is employed for the sole purpose of measuring the amount of oxygen that is present in the blood and can also be used to keep track of one's overall health. The optical principle serves as the primary foundation for the oximeter's detecting method, which allows it to determine the presence of oxygen in the blood. By using a method that is known as absorption, a particular color of light is shone on the blood. Next, spectral analysis is used to measure the absorption rate of oxygen in the blood after being exposed to various wavelengths of light.
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Prajapati, Vivek, Ram Sharma, Sonali Singh, and Sonia Behra. "CMOS Pulse Oximeter." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 10 (2024): 987–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.64626.

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Abstract: This paper presents the design and implementation of a non-invasive pulse oximeter based on Complementary MetalOxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) technology, aimed at enhancing the accuracy and accessibility of blood oxygen saturation measurements. Pulse oximetry is a critical tool in clinical and personal health monitoring, providing vital information about respiratory function. The integration of CMOS technology allows for miniaturization and energy efficiency, facilitating the development of compact, wearable devices capable of continuous monitoring. The proposed system utilizes advanced
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Kruger, P. S., and P. J. Longden. "A Study of a Hospital Staff's Knowledge of Pulse Oximetry." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 25, no. 1 (1997): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x9702500107.

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A selection of medical and nursing staff and anaesthetic technicians at work on a particular day at a regional Base Hospital were invited to complete a questionnaire to assess their knowledge of the principles of pulse oximetry. A 98.5% response rate (203 respondents) was achieved from staff in a broad cross section of hospital wards participating in the study. Most of the participants (nursing [N] 87%, medical [M] 91%, anaesthetic technicians [AT] 100%) used pulse oximetry regularly in their daily work. Less than half of the participants (N 36%, M 48% and AT 50%) felt they had adequate traini
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Bucher, Hans-Ulrich, Sergio Fanconi, Peter Baeckert, and Gabriel Duc. "Hyperoxemia in Newborn Infants: Detection by Pulse Oximetry." Pediatrics 84, no. 2 (1989): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.84.2.226.

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Pulse oximetry has been proposed as a non-invasive continuous method for transcutaneous monitoring of arterial oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (tcSO2) in the newborn infant. The reliability of this technique in detecting hyperoxemia is controversial, because small changes in saturation greater than 90% are associated with relatively large changes in arterial oxygen tension (PaO2). The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of pulse oximetry using an alarm limit of 95% tcSO2 in detecting hyperoxemia (defined as PaO2 greater than 90 mm Hg) and to examine the effect of varying the al
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Salyer, John W., and David D. Lewis. "Pulse Oximetry: Application in the Pediatric and Neonatal Critical Care Unit." AACN Advanced Critical Care 1, no. 2 (1990): 339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/15597768-1990-2013.

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The use of pulse oximetry in the pediatric and neonatal intensivc care units has grown tremendously in recent years. Opinions about this growth are divergent. Arriving at a generalized statement about the accuracy of pulse oximeters is difficult, but it has generally been found to be acceptably accurate in most patient populations under most conditions. However, there are limitations to its application. Pulse oximetry accuracy can be adversely affected by elevated levels of certain abnormal hemoglobin varieties as well as motion artifact and low peripheral perfusion. Some authors suggest a cav
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Lee, Yi Lin, Meng Huat Goh, and Yee Yian Ong. "Discrepancy in finger pulse oximetry reading related to positioning: a case report." Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare 29, no. 2 (2020): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2010105820908284.

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Pulse oximetry is one of the five cardinal vital signs used to monitor patients in the clinical setting, and has contributed significantly to patient safety. Unfortunately, extremes in patient positioning may lead to changes in peripheral perfusion pressures resulting in erroneous pulse oximetry readings. We present a case of a relatively well patient coming for robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy who became hypoxic in the Trendelenburg position that spontaneously resolved upon transiting to supine. The reliability of the traditional method of assessing the pulse oximeter value v
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Powers, S. K., S. Dodd, J. Freeman, G. D. Ayers, H. Samson, and T. McKnight. "Accuracy of pulse oximetry to estimate HbO2 fraction of total Hb during exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 67, no. 1 (1989): 300–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.67.1.300.

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The accuracy of two pulse oximeters (Ohmeda 3700 and Biox IIa) was evaluated during cycle ergometer incremental exercise in 10 healthy subjects. The exercise protocol began at 30 W with the power output being increased 15 W.min-1 until volitional fatigue. Ear and finger probe pulse oximetry measurements of available hemoglobin (%Spo2) were compared with arterial oxyhemoglobin fraction of total hemoglobin (%HbO2) measured directly from arterial blood samples using a CO-oximeter. To provide a wide range of %HbO2 values, four subjects exercised under hypoxic conditions [inspired partial pressure
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Giuliano, Karen K., and Thomas L. Higgins. "New-Generation Pulse Oximetry in the Care of Critically Ill Patients." American Journal of Critical Care 14, no. 1 (2005): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2005.14.1.26.

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• Objective To review the published, peer-reviewed studies to date on use of the new-generation pulse oximeters, which are manufactured with algorithms to filter out patients’ body motions, and describe the application of new-generation pulse oximetry in clinical practice in critical care. • Methods MEDLINE was used to locate appropriate articles on pulse oximetry for the years 1995 to 2003. Each article was examined for scientific merit, content, and applicability to clinical practice. • Results A total of 17 relevant articles on the clinical performance of the new-generation pulse oximeters
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Hornberger, Christoph, and Heidrun Wabnitz. "Approaches for calibration and validation of near-infrared optical methods for oxygenation monitoring." Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik 63, no. 5 (2018): 537–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmt-2017-0116.

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Abstract Pulse oximetry for arterial oxygenation monitoring and tissue oximetry for monitoring of cerebral oxygenation or muscle oxygenation are based on quantitative in vivo diffuse optical spectroscopy. However, in both cases the information on absolute or relative concentration of human tissue constituents and especially on hemoglobin oxygenation can often not be retrieved by model-based analysis. An in vivo calibration against an accepted reference measurement can be a practical alternative. Pulse oximeters and most of commercial cerebral tissue oximeters rely on empirical calibration base
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Heinle, Erin, Theodore Burdumy, and James Recabaren. "Factitious Oxygen Desaturation after Isosulfan Blue Injection." American Surgeon 69, no. 10 (2003): 899–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313480306901016.

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Profound pulse oximetery desaturations are observed following isosulfan blue dye injection during breast sentinel node biopsy. The objective of this study was to examine the effect isosulfan dye has on oxygenation status and the reliability of pulse oximetery in evaluating this parameter. After study design, institutional review board approval was obtained. A prospective 5-month study was performed between January and April 2002. Twenty-one women with invasive breast cancer were monitored during breast sentinel node biopsies. Twenty-two operative cases were analyzed by pulse oximetry and arter
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Harrell, M. D., N. R. Dobson, C. Olsen, A. Ahmed, and C. E. Hunt. "Inpatient comparison of wireless and wired pulse oximetry in neonates." Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine 15, no. 2 (2022): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/npm-210836.

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BACKGROUND: To compare oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate (HR) recorded by a reference wired pulse oximeter to a wireless pulse oximeter in inpatient neonates. METHODS: Term infants born≥37 + 0 weeks and preterm infants born≤35 + 0 weeks gestation were enrolled and time-matched data pairs were obtained. The primary outcome was intraclass correlation coefficient and r-values between the two oximeters for heart rate and oxygen saturation. RESULTS: Thirty term and 20 preterm neonates were enrolled. There was a high degree of correlation between the two oximeters for HR (r = 0.926) among all
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Stell, David, Jonathan James Noble, Rebecca Hazell Kay, et al. "Exploring the impact of pulse oximeter selection within the COVID-19 home-use pulse oximetry pathways." BMJ Open Respiratory Research 9, no. 1 (2022): e001159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2021-001159.

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BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, portable pulse oximeters were issued to some patients to permit home monitoring and alleviate pressure on inpatient wards. Concerns were raised about the accuracy of these devices in some patient groups. This study was conducted in response to these concerns.ObjectivesTo evaluate the performance characteristics of five portable pulse oximeters and their suitability for deployment on home-use pulse oximetry pathways created during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study considered the effects of different device models and patient characteristics on pulse oxime
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Nasr, Viviane G., and James A. DiNardo. "Pulse Oximetry." Pediatrics in Review 40, no. 11 (2019): 605–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.2018-0123.

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Booker, Rachel. "Pulse oximetry." Nursing Standard 22, no. 30 (2008): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2008.04.22.30.39.c6441.

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SUWA, K. "Pulse Oximetry." JAPANES JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION 62, no. 10 (1992): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.4286/ikakikaigaku.62.10_497.

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CHOHEDRI, ABDUL-HAMEED, and MOHSEN DAHGHANI. "PULSE OXIMETRY." Professional Medical Journal 13, no. 02 (2006): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2006.13.02.5031.

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Background/Aim: Pulse oximetry has emerged as a clinical tool inanesthesia and is becoming popular in developing countries. Unfortunately, its use is usually not accompanied byappropriate staff training. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge about pulse oximetry among the 7th yearmedical student Interns (MS) and nursing staff (NS) of Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Coronary Care Unit (CCU) andRecovery Room (RR) of four medical-school affiliated hospitals in Shiraz, Iran. Study Period: Feb 2001- Feb 2002Materials and Methods: A 14-item questionnaire (4 demographic and 10 knowledge), mu
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Keenan, Jan. "Pulse oximetry." Nursing Standard 9, no. 35 (1995): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.9.35.55.s48.

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Woodrow, Philip. "Pulse oximetry." Nursing Standard 13, no. 42 (1999): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns1999.07.13.42.42.c2636.

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Grap, MJ. "Pulse oximetry." Critical Care Nurse 18, no. 1 (1998): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn1998.18.1.94.

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Madigan, R. "Pulse oximetry." Critical Care Nurse 18, no. 3 (1998): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn1998.18.3.26.

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Grap, Mary Jo. "Pulse Oximetry*." Critical Care Nurse 22, no. 3 (2002): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn2002.22.3.69.

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Grint, Nicki. "Pulse oximetry." Veterinary Nursing Journal 22, no. 5 (2007): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17415349.2007.11013579.

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Ortega, Rafael, Christopher J. Hansen, Kelly Elterman, and Albert Woo. "Pulse Oximetry." New England Journal of Medicine 364, no. 16 (2011): e33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmvcm0904262.

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Gross, Jeffrey B. "Pulse Oximetry." Anesthesia & Analgesia 80, no. 2 (1995): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199502000-00057.

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Koh, Shin Ok. "Pulse Oximetry." Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 23, no. 4 (1990): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.4097/kjae.1990.23.4.549.

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Park, Jong Min. "Pulse Oximetry." Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 25, no. 5 (1992): 798. http://dx.doi.org/10.4097/kjae.1992.25.5.798.

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Scuderi, Phillip E., David L. Bowton, Randy L. Anderson, and Donald S. Prough. "Pulse Oximetry." Anesthesia & Analgesia 74, no. 2 (1992): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199202000-00001.

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Safar, Heba, and Hanaa El-dash. "Pulse Oximetry." Clinical Pediatrics 54, no. 14 (2015): 1375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009922815584217.

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Tremper, Kevin K., and Steven J. Barker. "Pulse Oximetry." Anesthesiology 70, no. 1 (1989): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-198901000-00019.

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Clutton-Brock, T. "Pulse Oximetry." BMJ 310, no. 6993 (1995): 1545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.310.6993.1545.

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Tremper, Kevin K. "Pulse Oximetry." Chest 95, no. 4 (1989): 713–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.95.4.713.

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Schnapp, Lynn M., and Neal H. Cohen. "Pulse Oximetry." Chest 98, no. 5 (1990): 1244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.98.5.1244.

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Nimbalkar, Somashekhar M. "Pulse Oximetry." Journal of Neonatology 29, no. 3 (2015): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973217920150308.

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Gross, Jeffrey B. "Pulse Oximetry." Anesthesia & Analgesia 80, no. 2 (1995): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199502000-00057.

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Schlesinger, Joseph. "Pulse Oximetry." Anesthesia & Analgesia 122, no. 5 (2016): 1253–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ane.0000000000001203.

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Letko, Martina D. "Pulse oximetry." Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing 21, no. 5 (1992): 350–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.1992.tb01748.x.

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