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Journal articles on the topic 'Pulverised fuel ash concrete'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Iqbal Khan, Mohammad. "Prediction Model and Relationship of Compressive and Tensile Strengths for High Performance Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 377 (August 2013): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.377.92.

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Analytical models for compressive strength and tensile strength of high performance concrete are presented. High performance concrete was developed using binary and ternary blending combinations consisting of ordinary Portland cement, pulverised fuel ash and silica fume. Pulverised fuel ash and silica fume were incorporated as partial cement replacements for the preparation of various combinations of blended systems. Compressive strength and tensile strength of concrete containing ordinary Portland cement, pulverised fuel ash and silica fume at various ages are reported. Based on the experimentally obtained results, analytical prediction models were developed. These models enabled the establishment of isoresponse contours showing the interactive influence between the various parameters investigated.

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2

Mizal Azzmi, Norazura, Jamaludin Mohamad Yatim, Hazlan Abdul Hamid, Azmahani Abdul Aziz, and Adole Michael Adole. "Mechanical properties of kenaf fibrous pulverized fuel ash concrete." MATEC Web of Conferences 250 (2018): 05007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825005007.

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The main objective of the experimental work is to identify the mechanical properties of Kenaf Fiber incorporate with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Pulverised Fuel Ash (PFA) in the mix proportions of concrete. Kenaf Fibrous Concrete (KFC) and Kenaf Fibrous Pulverised Fuel Ash Concrete (KFPC) will be measured on physical and mechanical properties in order to investigate the suitability of this natural fiber as a composite material. A comparison of properties between these two composites will determine the density, workability, compressive, tensile, and flexural strength of the concrete. Eight different mixes with varying percentage of Kenaf fiber were prepared with 30N/mm2 strength at 28days ,56 days and 90 days. Short fiber with 25mm and 50mm length were randomly distribute in composite to enhance the tensile and durability. PFA was obtained by the process of burning in the Power Station Coal Ash at Tanjung Bin, Johor. The unburning powder from the process is called as a PFA generally suitable for cement replacement in the concrete mix. The pozzolanic reaction will improve the adhesion of cement gel, hence increased the properties of concrete in a long-term strength development. The result shows that the inclusion of Kenaf fiber improve tensile strength of composite, furthermore the 25% PFA mix increase the durability of concrete.

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3

Lam, Katherine K. Y. "Coral recruitment onto an experimental pulverised fuel ash–concrete artificial reef." Marine Pollution Bulletin 46, no. 5 (May 2003): 642–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(02)00482-4.

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4

Wai-chung, Peter Leung. "Strength Development of Concrete Made with Locally Produced Pulverised Fuel Ash." HKIE Transactions 3, no. 2 (January 1996): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1023697x.1996.10667699.

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5

Duraman, Saiful Baharin, and Md Fadhil Hakim Haji Omar. "Durability of pulverised fuel ash (PFA) concrete exposed to acidic and alkali conditions." MATEC Web of Conferences 258 (2019): 05015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925805015.

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Pulverised Fuel Ash (PFA) is becoming an important component in concrete due to potentially improved properties such as workability, later age strength and durability. Concrete structures may be susceptible to acid attack due to exposure to acid rain, acidic soil or polluted water. Concrete structures exposed to high alkaline environments, in addition to the alkalinity level of the cement and aggregates, may promote alkali-silica reaction (ASR) leading to swelling and reduction in durability. This study looks into the durability properties of PFA incorporated concrete at various replacement levels when exposed to highly acidic and alkali conditions. Compressive strengths and water absorption tests were compared between concrete cured under normal conditions with concrete exposed to highly acidic and highly alkali conditions. All specimens exposed to acidic conditions showed significant decreases in mass and compressive strengths compared to specimens cured normally. Higher PFA replacement resulted in improved resistance to acid attack. All specimens exposed to alkali conditions showed minor increases in mass suggesting ASR occurring. Reductions in compressive strengths were found at lower replacement levels. At higher replacement levels, increases in compressive strengths were found, suggesting the possibility of increased pozzolanic reaction of the PFA due to the high alkalinity.

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6

Kamau, Jhon, Ash Ahmed, Paul Hirst, and Joseph Kangwa. "Performance of Class F Pulverised Fuel Ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag in Ternary Concrete Mixes." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 2, no. 6 (June 20, 2017): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2017.2.6.363.

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Cement is the most utilised material after water, and the processes that are involved in making it are energy intensive, contributing to about 7% of the total global anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2). Energy efficiency can however be achieved by using Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) such as Pulverised Fuel Ash (PFA) and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) which demand less process heating and emit fewer levels of CO2. This work examined the advantages of substituting cement using PFA and GGBS in ternary (2 SCMs) concrete at steps of 0%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%. It was found that PFA increased the workability of GGBS, whereas GGBS improved the strength of PFA. The densities of the resultant concrete were below those of the 0% replacement as well as those of individual binary (1 SCM) concretes. The tensile strengths of the ternary concrete were lower than those of the binary concretes, whereas the gains in compressive strengths over curing time were higher at lower replacements for the ternary concrete compared with the 0% replacement and the binary concretes, but lower at higher replacements. The findings indicate that PFA and GGBS could be used together to improve the properties of concrete where each falls short.

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7

Zhu, Xun Guo, and Kai Cao. "The Inhibition Studying of Many-Doped Mineral Admixture for Concrete Alkali Silicate Reaction." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 771–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.771.

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In the theoretical basic of only mixing the pulverized fuel ash, the slag or the silicon ash experiments, carrying on concrete alkali-aggregate reaction experiment separately that double-doped the pulverized fuel ash and the silicon ash, double-doped the pulverized fuel ash and the slag, double-doped the slag and the silicon ash, three-mixed the pulverized fuel ash, the slag and the silicon ash. The result indicated the effect of mixing pulverized fuel ash and the silicon ash is better than the mixing silicon ash and slag or pulverized fuel ash and slag. Besides three-mixed the pulverized fuel ash, the slag and the silicon ash can effectively suppress the reaction of concrete alkali-silica acid response（ASR）

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8

WOOLEY, GR, RM CONLIN, and RE JOYCE. "DISCUSSION. PULVERISED FUEL ASH CONCRETE IN CONSTRUCTION OF NATURAL DRAUGHT COOLING TOWERS." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 86, no. 6 (December 1989): 1205–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1989.3663.

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9

Ahmed, Ash, and John Kamau. "Performance of Ternary Class F Pulverised Fuel Ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Concrete in Sulfate Solutions." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 2, no. 7 (July 11, 2017): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2017.2.7.401.

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Durability of concrete is defined as its ability to resist deterioration after it has been exposed to the environment of its intended use. This work examined the performance of combined (ternary) Pulverised Fuel Ash (PFA) and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) concrete in sulfate solutions of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) and mixed Na2SO4 and MgSO4, as well as its performance in water absorption. Investigations were carried out on replacements that were found to have achieved the highest compressive strengths as well as on 30% replacements from a previous study. From the results obtained, it was also found that at highest compressive strengths, the ternary concrete could be used with an advantage over the individual binary concretes in MgSO4 environments, whereas at a higher replacement, the ternary concrete could be used with an advantage over individual binary specimens in Na2SO4 and MgSO4 environments. For visual observations, it was concluded that the ternary concrete could be used with an advantage over the individual binary concretes in Na2SO4 and MgSO4 environments, whereas for strength deterioration, the results showed that the ternary specimens could be used with an advantage over individual binary concretes in both the MgSO4 and the mixed sulfate solutions. Generally, the ternary specimens showed some complimentary effect from the two materials.

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10

Eymael, M. M. Th, and H. A. W. Cornelissen. "Processed pulverized fuel ash for high-performance concrete." Waste Management 16, no. 1-3 (January 1996): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0956-053x(96)00063-3.

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11

Mavroulidou, M., and S. Awoliyi. "A study on the potential use of paper sludge ash in concrete with glass aggregate." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 36, no. 11 (October 5, 2018): 1061–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18801196.

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This short communication focuses on the potential use of paper sludge ash, a waste product of the paper making industry, as an innovative binder partially replacing cement in concrete with glass aggregate. After preliminary testing using binary or ternary CEM-II mixes with paper sludge ash/pulverised fly ash, a suitable mix for concrete with glass aggregate was identified. Concrete mixes with partial or full natural sand replacement by waste glass aggregate were then produced and showed appropriate strengths and overall similar or better water absorption characteristics than control mixes with natural aggregates, without manifest alkali-silica reaction problems. This shows potential for applications in precast dry mix concrete units based on the required strengths that were achieved.

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12

Barbhuiya, Salim, and Hamid Nikraz. "A Review on the Effects of Various Supplementary Cementitious Materials on Physical Properties of Hardened Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 905 (April 2014): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.905.287.

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The global development and current trends in social attitude are resulting in an increase in the amount of waste generated by society, the treatment and disposal of which are becoming a serious problem. Therefore, waste management is one of the most important aspects in ensuring sustainable development in todays world. Some of the industrial by-products, such as pulverised-fuel ash (PFA), ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) and microsilica (MS) can be used in concrete to improve its properties. In this paper the influence of various by-products on the physical properties of concrete is reviewed.

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13

Azzmi, N. M., J. M. Yatim, D. Mazlan, Norhidayah Md Ulang, S. Z. Hashim, and N. A. S. Kamarudin. "Effect of reduction of heat using Kenaf fibrous pulverised fuel ash concrete in hydration process." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1153, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1153/1/012010.

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14

Khan, Mohammad Iqbal. "Comparison of Diffusion and Chloride Ion Penetration of High-Performance Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 2171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.2171.

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This paper reports the results of an investigation of chloride ion penetration and diffusion for high performance concrete. Concrete was prepared incorporating pulverised fuel ash (PFA) and silica fume (SF) with various water-binder ratios. Chloride ion penetration was measured at various ages using rapid chloride permeability test in accordance with ASTM C1202-91. Based on experimentally obtained results, isoresponse contours for chloride permeability were developed showing the interactive and optimized effect between the various parameters investigated. Diffusion coefficient of concrete was determined applying Fick’s law of diffusion. The results show that the inclusion of PFA and SF reduced both chloride permeability and chloride concentration of concrete. It was found that rapid chloride permeability values were consistent with diffusion coefficient of concrete.

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15

Khan, Mohammad Iqbal. "Carbonation of High Strength Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 117-119 (October 2011): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.117-119.186.

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High strength concrete consisting of binary and ternary blended cementitious systems based on ordinary Portland cement, pulverised fuel ash and silica fume were investigated for carbonation. PFA up to 40% was used and to these blends 0, 5, 10, and 15% SF was incorporated as partial cement replacement. Results of carbonation of concrete cured in mist and air are reported. It was found that carbonation linearly increases with an increase in PFA content. Concrete with OPC only and concrete with 10% SF content showed insignificant change in carbonation when comparing air cured and mist cured concrete. The maximum carbonation depth observed for air cured concrete (containing 40% PFA) was less than 4 mm while in the case of mist cured concrete it was less than 2 mm. This depth is still far less than the cover of reinforced steel bars to cause corrosion.

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16

Ng, P. L., I. Y. T. Ng, Wilson Wai Sin Fung, Jia Jian Chen, and A. K. H. Kwan. "Adiabatic Temperature Rise of Pulverized Fuel Ash (PFA) Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 570–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.570.

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Owing to the less exothermic pozzolanic reaction of pulverized fuel ash (PFA) compared to cement hydration, the addition of PFA can reduce the heat generation of concrete during its hardening. However, as the water to binder (W/B) ratio would affect the proportions of cement and PFA that could react with water, the conventional practice of determining concrete temperature rise solely based on the cement and PFA contents may not yield accurate estimations. An experimental programme was launched to investigate the adiabatic temperature rise of PFA concrete mixes. Seven concrete mixes without PFA added and 14 concrete mixes with PFA dosages at 20% and 40% were tested with the recently developed semi-adiabatic curing test method. The adiabatic temperature rise was obtained by applying heat loss compensation to the test results. It was found that the incorporation of PFA could suppress the adiabatic temperature rise by 4°C to 14°C. The test results revealed the dependence of adiabatic temperature rise on both PFA dosage and W/B ratio, whose combined effects can be accurately addressed via the prediction formula and design chart developed herein.

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17

Murad, Yasmin, Yousef Abu-Haniyi, Ala AlKaraki, and Zeid Hamadeh. "An experimental study on cyclic behaviour of reinforced concrete connections using waste materials as cement partial replacement." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 46, no. 6 (June 2019): 522–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2018-0555.

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A series of cyclic tests on unconfined beam–column connections with composite concrete materials are conducted. Cement is partially replaced by waste materials using two different percentages of 15% and 20%. The proper percentage of cement replacement is found to be 15% for the pulverized fuel ash, silica fume, and iron filings. Increasing the percentage to 20% tends to relatively decrease concrete compressive strength, weaken the joint, and reduce its ductility. It is recommended using pulverized fuel ash to enhance the performance of beam–column connections under cyclic loading. Silica fume and iron filings have also enhanced the joint response, but the enhancement is most remarkable when using 15% pulverized fuel ash. The implementation of composite concrete has increased the joint’s ductility and reduced its level of damage based on the type and percentage of the implemented waste material. Furthermore, the disposal of waste materials into the concrete mix is a good solution for reducing environmental pollution.

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18

DHIR, R. K., M. R. JONES, and M. J. MCCARTHY. "PULVERIZED-FUEL ASH CONCRETE: CARBONATION-INDUCED REINFORCEMENT CORROSION RATES." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings 94, no. 3 (August 1992): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/istbu.1992.20293.

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19

Bai, J., S. Wild, B. B. Sabir, and J. M. Kinuthia. "Workability of concrete incorporating pulverized fuel ash and metakaolin." Magazine of Concrete Research 51, no. 3 (June 1999): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/macr.1999.51.3.207.

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20

Yu, K. N. "Radon emanation from concrete with pulverized fuel ash (PFA)." Building and Environment 29, no. 4 (October 1994): 545–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-1323(94)90014-0.

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21

Mehmannavaz, Taha, Mohammad Ismail, Salihuddin Radin Sumadi, Muhammad Aamer Rafique Bhutta, Mostafa Samadi, and Seyed Mahdi Sajjadi. "Binary Effect of Fly Ash and Palm Oil Fuel Ash on Heat of Hydration Aerated Concrete." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/461241.

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The binary effect of pulverized fuel ash (PFA) and palm oil fuel ash (POFA) on heat of hydration of aerated concrete was studied. Three aerated concrete mixes were prepared, namely, concrete containing 100% ordinary Portland cement (control sample or Type I), binary concrete made from 50% POFA (Type II), and ternary concrete containing 30% POFA and 20% PFA (Type III). It is found that the temperature increases due to heat of hydration through all the concrete specimens especially in the control sample. However, the total temperature rises caused by the heat of hydration through both of the new binary and ternary concrete were significantly lower than the control sample. The obtained results reveal that the replacement of Portland cement with binary and ternary materials is beneficial, particularly for mass concrete where thermal cracking due to extreme heat rise is of great concern.

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22

Davies, D. R., and J. N. Kitchener. "Massive use of pulverised fuel ash in concrete for the construction of a U.K. power station." Waste Management 16, no. 1-3 (January 1996): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0956-053x(96)00039-6.

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23

Sonebi, Mohammed, and Abdulkadir Cevik. "Genetic programming based formulation for fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concrete containing pulverised fuel ash." Construction and Building Materials 23, no. 7 (July 2009): 2614–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.02.012.

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24

Dhir, R. K., M. J. McCarthy, M. C. Limbachiya, I. El Sayad, and D. S. Zhang. "Pulverized fuel ash concrete: air entrainment and freeze/thaw durability." Magazine of Concrete Research 51, no. 1 (February 1999): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/macr.1999.51.1.53.

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25

Liu, Miao. "Self-compacting concrete with different levels of pulverized fuel ash." Construction and Building Materials 24, no. 7 (July 2010): 1245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.12.012.

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26

Mohammad, Iqbal Khan. "Measurement and Prediction of Absorption of Cementitious Systems Using RILEM Vacuum Saturation Method." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.156.

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Measurement and prediction of absorption of concrete by saturation method is presented. Measurement of absorption of concrete consisting of supplementary cementitious materials was conducted by using vacuum saturation method in accordance to RILEM. Pulverized fuel ash and silica fume were incorporated as partial cement replacements for the preparation of various combinations of cementitious composite systems. Absorption of cement matrix containing ordinary Portland cement, pulverized fuel ash and silica fume at various ages is reported. Based on the experimentally obtained results, analytical prediction models were developed. These models enabled the establishment of isoresponse contours showing the interactive influence between the various parameters investigated.

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27

Oti, J. E., J. M. Kinuthia, B. O. Adeleke, and N. Billong. "Durability of Concrete Containing PFA-GGBS By-products." Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction 9, no. 3 (August 15, 2020): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32732/jcec.2020.9.3.165.

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Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS) and Pulverised Fuel Ash (PFA) were used to replace up to 60% of Portland cement (PC) in concrete. The testing program of the concrete included the determination of the consistency of fresh concrete, the measurement of the density and compressive strength of the hardened products cured for up to 56 days and the evaluation of their durability via visual inspections and strength loss calculations after the freeze and thaw cycles. The results showed that the blend proportion and type had affected the consistency of the fresh concrete. Replacing the PC with 20% for PFA or 40% for GGBS had similar performances as the control mix. The durability of concrete subject to freeze and thaw had little effect on the concrete specimens. It was observed that the concrete without blends suffered the worst, resulting in chips along the edges of the cube and scaling of the faces compared to mixes with 20% GGBS and 20% PFA which resulted in increased durability. However, blended concrete exhibited more loss in strength compared to the concrete without cement blends.

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28

Hubbard, F. H., R. K. Dhir, and M. S. Ellis. "Pulverized-fuel ash for concrete: Compositional characterisation of United Kingdom PFA." Cement and Concrete Research 15, no. 1 (January 1985): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(85)90025-0.

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29

Sibbick, R. G., and C. L. Page. "Effects of pulverized fuel ash on alkali-silica reaction in concrete." Construction and Building Materials 9, no. 5 (October 1995): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0950-0618(95)00032-b.

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30

Mohd Ariffin, Mohd Azreen, and Mohd Warid Hussin. "Chloride Resistance of Blended Ash Geopolymer Concrete." Journal of Civil Engineering, Science and Technology 6, no. 2 (September 1, 2015): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/jcest.148.2015.

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Chloride attack on concrete is a mechanism of deterioration which causes corrosion of steel reinforcement. Geopolymer, an alternative aluminosilicate binder material, has attracted attention for its structural and durability performance as well as for environmental benefits in reducing the CO2 emissions associated with concrete production. However, the understanding of its behaviour in the chloride resistance of geopolymer concrete especially from mixtures of pulverized fuel ash (PFA) and palm oil fuel ash (POFA) is scarce. In this study, geopolymer concrete using blended ashes from agro-industrial waste were tested for chloride content using ASTM 1543-10a (Standard Test Method for Determining the Penetration of Chloride Ion into Concrete). The geopolymer concrete samples were prepared using a mix of the PFA and POFA as the main binder components at the range of alkaline/binder ratio of 0.4 together mixed with coarse and fine aggregates. The ambient temperature (26-30°C) of curing regimes was used. The specimens were cast in 100mm3 molds. After achieving the targeted compressive strength (25-30 MPa), the specimens were immersed for 18 months to 2.5% solution of sodium chloride (NaCl). The normal OPC concrete with similar compressive strength were also prepared for direct comparison. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR), Thermogravimetry analyser (TGA-DTG) and Field Emission Scanning electron microscopy images with energy dispersive X-ray (FESEM-EDX) were performed to analyze the microstructural characterisation of the materials. In particular, geopolymer concrete had shown a better resistance to chloride penetration as compared to OPC concrete

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31

Chen, Jian Jian, Hong Niao Chen, and Gu Li. "Packing Density Improvement for Improving Strength of Cement Paste." Materials Science Forum 943 (January 2019): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.943.124.

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To design a mix for high-strength concrete is not easy, one of the methods is to improve the packing density of the cementitious materials. To study the effect of packing density on strength, a comprehensive research program using superfine pulverized fuel ash and silica fume was carried out. Results showed that a high superfine pulverized fuel ash and silica fume ratios could result in a lower optimum W/CM ratio for maximum strength. Depth analysis illustrated that the optimum water film thickness for maximum strength is always at around 0.01 to 0.05 μm, regardless of the SPFA and SF ratios.

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32

Saad, Siti Asmahani, Mohd Fadhil Nuruddin, Nasir Shafiq, and Maisarah Ali. "Pozzolanic Reaction Mechanism of Rice Husk Ash in Concrete – A Review." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 1143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.1143.

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Recently, incorporation of cement replacement material (CRM) in concrete has gained considerable attention throughout the world. It is known that the commonly used CRM in current concrete industry is silica fume (SF), pulverized fuel ash (PFA) and rice husk ash (RHA). RHA is an agricultural waste from rice milling process. Rice farming activities is one of the main crops planted in Malaysia and therefore, the rice husk abundantly generated every year. RHA exhibits positive pozzolanic reaction during concrete strength development. The material contains amorphous silica and hence it contributed towards enhancement of various concrete properties. This paper presents a short review of RHA properties as CRM and pozzolanic reaction determination.

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33

A. Othuman Mydin, M., and N. Mohd Zamzani. "Coconut Fiber Strengthen High Performance Concrete: Young’s Modulus, Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity and Ductility Properties." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.23 (April 20, 2018): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.23.11933.

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This paper emphasis on experimental investigation to govern the engineering properties such as young’s modulus, pundit ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and ductility of High Performance Concrete (HPC) with grade M60 with addition of coconut fibre (CNF) together with silica fume (SF) and pulverised fuel ash (PFA). For this study, 3 mixes were prepared. First was the CNFRC without any additives, secondly the CNFRC made by 10% replacement of cement weight with PFA and thirdly composition of 10% of cement weight was exchanged with SF. It should be pointed out that for each mix; CNF was included in the mixture (0.5% of the mix volume). The investigational results had shown that the Young’s modulus of CNFRC, CNFR SFC and CNFR PFAC enhanced by about 6%, 3%, and 12% correspondingly. In terms of ductility, when control HPC specimens were subjected to axial compressive strength, slight preliminary cracks shaped on the surface of specimens. Among all HPC specimens tested, CNFR PFAC attained the utmost UPV at 28 day.

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34

Balendran, R. V., and H. W. Pang. "Strength development, deformation properties and mix design of pulverized fuel ash concrete." Structural Survey 13, no. 1 (March 1995): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630809510089810.

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35

WOOLLEY, GR, and RM CONLIN. "PULVERIZED FUEL ASH CONCRETE IN CONSTRUCTION OF NATURAL DRAUGHT COOLIN -G TOWER." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 86, no. 1 (February 1989): 59–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1989.1142.

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36

Hon-wah, Pang, and Fu Wai-yuen. "The Use of Pulverized Fuel Ash (PFA) Concrete in Public Housing Projects." HKIE Transactions 2, no. 3 (January 1995): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1023697x.1995.10667686.

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37

Butler, A. K., and A. M. Harrisson. "An investigation of some alternative aggregates for use in concrete." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 13, no. 1 (1998): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.eng.1998.013.01.15.

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AbstractThe use of some waste materials as aggregate for concrete has been investigated. Three specific materials were examined, china clay waste, slate waste and pulverized fuel ash. The project investigated methods of utilising alternative materials as aggregate either by low cost processing, novel mix design or by the use of admixtures.

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38

Bature, A. S., M. Khorami, and A. Lawan. "Effects of ground granulated blast furnace slag and pulverized fuel ash on rheology of concrete." Nigerian Journal of Technology 39, no. 1 (April 3, 2020): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v39i1.10.

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The rheology of concrete containing Pulverized Fuel Ash (PFA) and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) has been scarcely studied and reported, despite their increase application as Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM) that drives improvement of sustainability of the construction industry. This work studied the effect of these SCMs and Superplasticizer proportions on rheological properties of concrete using rate controlled concrete rheometer. Two groups of mixes containing replacement or addition on mass basis using either PFA or GGBS or their combinations were derived from the control mix. The dynamic yield stress, plastic viscosity and 28 day compressive strength of the control mix are 1258 Pa, 6 PaS, and 40.5 MPa respectively. The results of the rheology tests of the various binary mixes (PFA and Portland cement) and ternary mixes (Portland cement, PFA and GGBS) structural concrete shows wide disparity in the measured rheological parameters. The results show that the decrease in dynamic yield stress of the ternary mix containing 20% GGBS is 4.1%, whereas the decrease in dynamic stress of the ternary mix containing 20% PFA is 35.9% compared to the control ternary mix. The high volume Portland cement replaced ternary concrete can therefore be effectively characterized as a workable and pumpable concrete. Keywords: Rheology, PFA, GGBS, superplasticizer, concrete.

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Ganesan, Shankar, Md Azree Othuman Mydin, Mohd Yazid Mohd Yunos, and Mohd Nasrun Mohd Nawi. "Thermal Properties of Foamed Concrete with Various Densities and Additives at Ambient Temperature." Applied Mechanics and Materials 747 (March 2015): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.747.230.

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This paper will focus on experimental investigation to observe the effects of different densities and additives on the thermal properties of foamed concrete by means of Hot Disk Thermal Constant Analyzer, so as to obtain a few fundamental thermal properties for prediction of its fire resistance performance. For this study, samples of three different densities of 700kg/m3, 1000kg/m3 and 1400kg/m3 and various additives were investigated to study the effects of densities and additives on the thermal properties of foamed concrete. The additives used in this research were pulverized fuel ash (PFA), silica fume, palm oil fuel ash (POFA), wood ash, polypropylene fibre, steel fibre and coir fibre. It should be pointed out that the lowest density of foamed concrete (700kg/m3) has provided best thermal insulation properties due to large amount of pores and high percentage of air entrapped because air is poorest conductor of heat than solid and liquid. Also, foamed concrete with coir fibre achieved lowest thermal conductivity because it possess high heat resistance due to its large percentage of hemicellulose and lignin and exhibited high heat capacity as well due to the formation of uniform pores and voids in foamed concrete.

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Mohd Ariffin, Mohd Azreen, Mohd Warid Hussin, and Muhammad Aamer Rafique Bhutta. "Mix Design and Compressive Strength of Geopolymer Concrete Containing Blended Ash from Agro-Industrial Wastes." Advanced Materials Research 339 (September 2011): 452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.339.452.

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Geopolymer concrete is a type of amorphous alumino-silicate cementitious material. Geopolymer can be polymerized by polycondensation reaction of geopolymeric precursor and alkali polysilicates. Compared to conventional cement concrete, the production of geopolymer concrete has a relative higher strength, excellent volume stability and better durability. This paper presents the mix design and compressive strength of geopolymer concrete manufactured from the blend of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and pulverized fuel ash (PFA) as full replacement of cement with a combination of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide solution used as alkaline liquid. The density and strength of the geopolymer concrete with various PFA: POFA ratios of 0:100, 30:70, 50:50 and 70:30 together with sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide solution by mass at 2.5 and 1.0, are investigated. The concentrations of alkaline solution used are 14 Molar and 8 Molar. Tests were carried out on 100x100x100 mm cube geopolymer concrete specimens. Specimens were cured at room temperature and heat curing at 60°C and 90°C for 24 hours, respectively. The effects of mass ratios of PFA: POFA, the alkaline solution to PFA: POFA, ratio and concentration of alkaline solution on fresh and hardened properties of concrete are examined. The results revealed that as PFA: POFA mass ratio increased the workability and compressive strength of geopolymer concrete are increased, the ratio and concentration of alkaline solution increased, the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete increases with regards to curing condition.

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Azree Othuman Mydin, Md, Noridah Mohamad, Mohd Nasrun Mohd Nawi, Abdul Aziz Abdul Samad, and Izwan Johari. "Experimental Study to Establish Compressive and Flexural Strength of High Performance Concrete (HPC) with Addition of Treated Cocos Nucifera Fiber." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.23 (April 20, 2018): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.23.15340.

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This paper focuses on laboratory investigation to establish the mechanical properties of High Performance Concrete (HPC) of grade M60 with addition of treated cocos nucifera fiber (CNF) together with silica fume (SF) and pulverised fuel ash (PFA). There are 3 diverse mix designs of CNF strengthened concrete (CNFRC) were prepared accordingly. Foremost CNFRC deprived of any additive, subsequent CNFRC made by 10% replacement of cement mass with PFA, followed by arrangement of 10% of ordinary cement (by weight) was supplanted with SF. For respective mix design, CNF was included in the mix 0.5% from the total volume. Test results had indicated that by adding CNF lead to 3% decrease in axial compressive strength of the HPC which was due to dropping the quality of compaction. Through the axial compression test performed, the strength of CNFRC PFAC was about 8% greater associated to the control specimen as PFA by means of its globular element form. Moreover, the inclusion of fiber in the mix had develops the strength under flexure load of CNFRC, CNFRC SFC, CNFRC PFAC by about 10%, 8%, and 25% correspondingly.

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Sua-iam, Gritsada, and Natt Makul. "Use of Unprocessed Rice Husk Ash and Pulverized Fuel Ash in the Production of Self-compacting Concrete." IERI Procedia 5 (2013): 298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ieri.2013.11.107.

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Ali, Maisarah, Siti Asmahani Saad, Noor Farah Elyani Khairuddin, Ammar Hamzi Sidek, and Muhammad Faiz Md Salim. "Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Fibre Composite Incorporating Pulverized Fuel Ash." Advanced Materials Research 1115 (July 2015): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1115.270.

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This study reports the findings of an experimental investigation for bamboo fibre (BF) reinforced concrete board. In this research, all specimens were prepared at 0.4 water/binder ratio. There were two series of specimens namely A series and B series. The A group utilizes only ordinary portland cement (OPC) as binder. Meanwhile, series B specimens uses binary binders, which were combination of OPC and pulverized fuel ash (PFA) with PFA to OPC ratio of 0.2. The performance of flat board plates with different percentage of bamboo fiber ranging from 0% to 5% and 20% PFA incorporation of cement weight were tested for bending strength (flexural) and compressive strength in accordance to BS 5669: Part 1 for particleboards. Specimens are cured in water curing tank and tested at 3, 7 and 28 days for compression test. Meanwhile for flexural strength test, the specimens are tested at 28 days. It is found that flexural and compressive strength increases with addition of BF. The optimum compressive and flexural strength at 28 days are recorded with 3% incorporation of BF for both PFA and control samples. Therefore, utilizing natural fibre and waste material for partial substitution of cement content in producing internal wall paneling system could contributes to the economic appeal and promoting sustainable construction approach.

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Azreen, M., and M. W. Hussin. "Durability of Blended PFA and POFA Geopolymer Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.359.

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Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials globally, though its production in construction has negative environmental impact. About 0.9 ton of CO2is emitted for every one (1) ton of cement produced. In order to reduce the amount of CO2emission from cement industry, the utilization of supplementary cementitious materials such as pulverized fuel ash (PFA), blast-furnace slag and natural pozzolans is common and effective. Geopolymer is an inorganic binder material and can be produced by a geopolymeric reaction of alkali activating solution with silica and alumina rich source materials such as PFA and blast-furnace slag. In this study, the durability of concrete such as the resistance to sulfuric acid and sulfate solutions due to the effect of blended as of PFA and palm oil fuel ash (POFA), along with alkaline activators were investigated. Consequently, the optimum mix design of the blended ash geopolymer (BAG) concrete and OPC concrete specimens were prepared with water to cement ratio of 0.5 by mass as control. The micro structural analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) was done. BAG concrete showed better performance in 2% sulfuric acid and 5% sulfate solutions. From micro structural analysis, it was evident that BAG binder gel (N-A-SH) produced more durable material compared with C-S-H binder gel of OPC. The BAG concrete is strongly recommended to be used as an alternative to OPC concrete in addition to its environmental friendliness. Abundant PFA and POFA can be efficiently utilized to produce a high performance concrete.

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McCarthy, M. J., P. A. J. Tittle, and R. K. Dhir. "Characterization of conditioned pulverized fuel ash for use as a cement component in concrete." Magazine of Concrete Research 51, no. 3 (June 1999): 191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/macr.1999.51.3.191.

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46

Man, C. K., and H. S. Yeung. "The effects of using pulverized fuel ash as partial substitute for cement in concrete." Science of The Total Environment 196, no. 2 (March 1997): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(96)05418-6.

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McCarthy, M. J., P. A. J. Tittle, and R. K. Dhir. "Influences of conditioned pulverized-fuel ash as a cement component on the properties of concrete." Magazine of Concrete Research 52, no. 5 (October 2000): 329–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/macr.2000.52.5.329.

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J. Chen, J. "Effects of Pulverized Fuel Ash and Condensed Silica Fume on Heat Generation of Curing Concrete." International Journal of Materials Science and Applications 5, no. 6 (2016): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20160506.16.

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THOMAS, MDA. "AN INVESTIGATION OF CONVENTIONAL ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT AND PULVERIZES FUEL ASH CONCRETES IN 10-YEAR-OLD CONCRETE BRIDGES." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 86, no. 6 (December 1989): 1111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1989.3656.

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50

Hooton, RD, and MG Grantham. "Determination of Slag and Pulverized Fuel Ash in Hardened Concrete—The Method of Last Resort Revisited." Cement, Concrete and Aggregates 17, no. 1 (1995): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/cca10340j.

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