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Journal articles on the topic 'Pulvinus'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Sheriff, DW, and MM Ludlow. "Diaheliotropic Responses of Leaves of Macroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro." Functional Plant Biology 12, no. 2 (1985): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9850151.

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Diaheliotropic movements in Macroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro caused the adaxial surfaces of leaflets to orient towards a light by the flexing of secondary pulvini at the base of the leaflets, and to a lesser extent by petiole bending and flexing of the primary pulvinus at the base of the petiole. Secondary pulvini flexed more in response to light than did primary pulvini. This flexing was in response to blue light such that the illuminated side of the pulvinus contracted, and the leaflet reoriented with its adaxial surface facing the light. This response was enhanced by the following: a light gradient along the length of the illuminated surface of the pulvinus, the presence of additional low-intensity diffuse light, a photon irradiance greater than 0.5 mmol m-2 s-1, and a change of photon irradiance. The abaxial surface of a pulvinus was more sensitive to light than was its adaxial surface. The stimulus for movement was transmitted from an illuminated primary pulvinus to the shaded secondary pulvini of the same leaf, and this caused re-orientation of both individual leaflets and the whole leaf. Similarly, a stimulus was transmitted to the primary pulvinus from secondary pulvini (or from the adjacent petiole) when illuminated, resulting in a deflection of the petiole by the primary pulvinus and re-orientation of the adaxial surface of the whole leaf towards the light. Secondary pulvini have the ability to move individual leaflets in three dimensions because the plane of the leaflet is at right angles, in two dimensions, to the axis of the distal end of the pulvinus. Terminal leaflets showed a greater three-dimensional movement than did lateral leaflets. Movement of a light through large angles resulted in leaflet re-orientation proportional to, but less than, the change in angle of the light. On the other hand, secondary pulvini caused leaflets to track, though imperfectly, a light source that simulated the movement of the sun. A circumnutational circadian rhythm is partly responsible for the diaheliotropic movements of Siratro leaves outdoors, and the ability of an individual leaflet to track the sun depends upon its orientation with respect to the sun.

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2

Kong, Yiming, Zhe Meng, Hongfeng Wang, Yan Wang, Yuxue Zhang, Limei Hong, Rui Liu, et al. "Brassinosteroid homeostasis is critical for the functionality of the Medicago truncatula pulvinus." Plant Physiology 185, no. 4 (January 26, 2021): 1745–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab008.

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Abstract Many plant species open their leaves during the daytime and close them at night as if sleeping. This leaf movement is known as nyctinasty, a unique and intriguing phenomenon that been of great interest to scientists for centuries. Nyctinastic leaf movement occurs widely in leguminous plants, and is generated by a specialized motor organ, the pulvinus. Although a key determinant of pulvinus development, PETIOLULE-LIKE PULVINUS (PLP), has been identified, the molecular genetic basis for pulvinus function is largely unknown. Here, through an analysis of knockout mutants in barrelclover (Medicago truncatula), we showed that neither altering brassinosteroid (BR) content nor blocking BR signal perception affected pulvinus determination. However, BR homeostasis did influence nyctinastic leaf movement. BR activity in the pulvinus is regulated by a BR-inactivating gene PHYB ACTIVATION TAGGED SUPPRESSOR1 (BAS1), which is directly activated by PLP. A comparative analysis between M. truncatula and the non-pulvinus forming species Arabidopsis and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) revealed that PLP may act as a factor that associates with unknown regulators in pulvinus determination in M. truncatula. Apart from exposing the involvement of BR in the functionality of the pulvinus, these results have provided insights into whether gene functions among species are general or specialized.

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3

Vázquez, M. D., C. Poschenrieder, and J. Barceló. "Pulvinus structure and leaf abscission in cadmium-treated bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris)." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 9 (September 1, 1989): 2756–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-355.

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The effects of a phytotoxic cadmium concentration (4.45 × 10−5 M) on the structure of primary and secondary pulvini of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) leaves were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. Pulvini were also analysed for dry weight, water content, and cadmium, calcium and potassium concentrations. Relatively high amounts of Cd accumulated in the pulvini. The Cd treatment affected Ca more intensively than K concentrations, resulting in increased K/Ca molar ratios. Increase in the density of covering, glandular, and hydathode trichomes on the pulvini and internodes was observed in Cd-treated plants. Cadmium caused premature leaf abscission. Within both primary and secondary pulvini of unifoliolate and first trifoliolate leaves, Cd induced formation of a secondary abscission zone, which involved cortical cells parallel to the vascular cylinder. Cytological alterations associated with this zone were similar to those of normal plants in which the abscission zone lies at the pulvinus–petiole junction. Results suggest that Cd probably indirectly induces the conversion to cells with the competence of abscission zone cells in the cortex of pulvini.

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4

Szczepkowski, Andrzej, Błażej Gierczyk, and Anna Kujawa. "Buglossoporus pulvinus, a rare wood-inhabiting fungus on ancient oak trees in Poland: ecology, distribution and extinction risk assessment." BALTIC FORESTRY 25, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.46490/vol25iss2pp178.

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Buglossoporus pulvinus is widely distributed across Europe, within the range of Quercus robur. Throughout the area in which it appears, it is rare or very rare. It is listed as an endangered species in Europe and has been added to the Red Lists of fungi in a number of countries, along with awaiting inclusion in the IUCN Red List. In this study we have critically analysed the existing data about the occurrence of B. pulvinus in Poland. We have presented two new localities of the species in question in Poland, as well as new occurrences on the territory of the Białowieża National Park, the only place where this species had been previously recorded in Poland. Selected trees and logs inhabited by B. pulvinus have been characterized. We have indicated the number of observed basidiomata, their phenology, and the sizes of the largest specimens. We have identified 8 fungus species (Bisporella citrina, Daedalea quercina, Hapalopilus croceus, Hymenochaete rubiginosa, Laetiporus sulphureus, Mycena galericulata, M. inclinata, Xylobolus frustulatus) that coexist with B. pulvinus. Based on the new distribution data for B. pulvinus in Poland, according to IUCN Red List criteria this species should be classified as Endangered (EN).

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5

Virgona, JM, and EWR Barlow. "Drought Stress Induces Changes in the Non-Structural Carbohydrate Composition of Wheat Stems." Functional Plant Biology 18, no. 3 (1991): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9910239.

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The effect of drought stress on the non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) composition and water relations of the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stem has been investigated. Five separate parts of the stem were sampled: the unsheathed portion of the peduncle (Stem 1a), the sheathed portion of the peduncle (Stem 1b), the penultimate internode (Stem 2), the lower internodes (Stem 3+4) and the flag-leaf-pulvinus (pulvinus). The NSC was analysed as two fractions, an ethanol-soluble carbohydrate (ESC) fraction containing mono- and di-saccharides and some low molecular weight oligosaccharides, and a water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) fraction containing mostly fructans and some high molecular weight oligosaccharides. In Stems 1b, 2 and 3 +4, the imposition of drought midway through grain filling resulted in a shift in soluble carbohydrate from the WSC to the ESC fraction indicating hydrolysis of fructans. In Stem 2 on day 29 of grain filling, the WSC/ESC ratio was 7.6 � 1.5 in well watered plants in contrast to 0.5 � 0.1 in droughted plants on day 30, even though NSC concentration did not differ. The NSC content of Stem la and the pulvinus increased threefold under drought, although levels were significantly lower than in the rest of the stem. The WSC/ESC ratio in these tissues was low com- pared to the rest of the stem but still declined noticeably under drought stress. Turgor (P) was fully maintained in Stem 2 and the pulvinus of droughted plants. Under drought, P in the pulvinus was maintained at higher levels (1.9-2.4 MPa) than in Stem 2 (0.8-1.2 MPa).

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6

Mayer, W. E., W. A. Rüge, N. Starrach, and R. Hampp. "Chloride Availability Affects the Malate Content and its Control by the Circadian Clock in Pulvini of Phaseolus coccineus L." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 42, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): 553–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1987-0510.

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Abstract In soil-grown 3-to 4-weeks-old Phaseolus coccineus L. plants the chloride content changed antagonistically in the extensor and flexor of the laminar pulvinus during the circadian leaf movement in continuous light. This is as expected for an osmoticum involved in the volume changes of pulvinar cells. H ow ever, the malate content of extensor and flexor cells was not altered in a circadian manner. Furthermore, during light/dark cycles the malate content in both, extensor and flexor, was higher in the light than in the dark. This indicates that malate was not used in the osmotic motor of leaf movement and that its level was not controlled by the circadian clock in 3-to 4-weeks-old soil-grown plants. When leaves were cut from 14-days-old soil-grown plants and cultured in distilled water the pulvini were depleted of chloride and the malate content was increased. In these chloride de prived leaves malate, and to a lesser extent citrate (about 1/10 of malate), changed antagonistically in a circadian manner in the extensor and flexor, indicating that these organic anions were now involved in the osmotic motor and under the control of the circadian clock. The similar properties of pulvinar and stomatal movements of starch-containing guard-cells are evident: in both cases, depending on the availability of chloride, CL- and/or organic anions are used for the compensation of the electrical charge of K+.

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7

Fisher, F. J. F., D. L. Ehret, and J. Hollingdale. "The pattern of vascular deployment near the pulvinus of the solar-tracking leaf of Lavatera cretica (Malvaceae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 10 (October 1, 1987): 2109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-290.

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Distinguishable files of xylem and phloem elements that originate in first-order branches of the seven palmate major veins of Lavatera cretica leaves become separated from files unique to the radially aligned sections of the same veins before entering the pulvinus at the distal end of the petiole. The major veins initially merge to form a double coaxial tube: the outer cylinder comprises files unique to the major veins and the inner cylinder comprises files from lateral branches. Subsequent splitting, unfolding, and recombining of these cylinders results in the single narrow flexible tube constituting the hinge of the pulvinus. Proximal to this point, in L. cretica, the files reseparate into six alternately large and small petiolar bundles. The observed vascular pattern offers a means whereby signals from the lamina that elicit sun-tracking movements by the pulvinus can be integrated.

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8

Ismarrubie, Z. N., Han Lin Goh, S. Masuri, and Hanafiah Yussof. "Bio-Mechanism Response of Mimosa Pudica against External Stimulation." Advanced Materials Research 1125 (October 2015): 588–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1125.588.

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Mimosa Pudica (also known as Pokok Semalu) is an action plant with unique biological cell mechanism that has great potential to be explored for next generation biomechatronics devices. The motion principle of each petiole movement occurs by an organ of motion, called pulvinus. The behavior analysis of the Mimosa Pudica plant main pulvinus and petiole against external stimulations has been investigated. The response of the plant cell was observed by optical and scanning electron microscopes (SEM). External stimulation tests on Mimosa Pudica plant such as mechanical, electrical and light stimulations were conducted. Optical microscopy and SEM observations revealed the existence of red cells in the tertiary pulvinus. Mechanical stimulation results had shown a response time of approximately 2 seconds and a recovery time of 10 to 12 minutes for the leaves and 20 minutes for the petiole. Bending force of the petiole of Mimosa Pudica was also measured. The torque generated by the bending of petiole was found to increase exponentially as the pulvinus diameter increased. A torque of 30.91 g mm was generated from the bending of a petiole with 1.5 mm pulvinus diameter. The lifting potential of the Mimosa Pudica was tested using loadings with increments of 0.42 gram. The plant responded to electrical stimulation of 1.3 Ampere and displayed side effect. The light sensitivity region of Mimosa Pudica was obtained through light stimulation using a full spectrum daylight bulb, and ranges from 50 to 300 lux. Signal transmission to neighbouring structures was observed when the leaf was stimulated with threatening stimulus, with the signal speed achieving 0.8 cm/s. Movement mechanism of Mimosa Pudica is believed to be triggered by signal through receptor cells. It was found that the torque generated during petiole lifting is relatively higher than that during petiole bending.

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9

Lou, Yanhong, Liang Chen, Qingguo Xu, and Xunzhong Zhang. "Genotypic Variation of Morphological Traits in Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) Accessions." HortScience 50, no. 4 (April 2015): 512–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.4.512.

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Tall fescue is an important cool-season grass widely used for forage and turf, and its genotypic variation for morphological traits has not been well documented. One hundred and fifteen tall fescue accessions, including 25 commercial cultivars, were divided into five groups based on their origination. The morphological traits, including plant height, spike length, pulvinus distance, spikelet count, branch count per spike, spike count per plant, and spike weight in different accessions were determined under field conditions in 2013 and 2014. There was significant genotypic variation in morphological traits among the 115 tall fescue accessions. Wild accessions exhibited a greater variation in the morphological traits than commercial cultivars. Close correlations were found among plant height, spike length, pulvinus distance, and spikelet count. The results of this suggest plant height, spike length, pulvinus distance, and spikelet count could be used as key morphological traits for evaluating all fescue germplasm effectively.

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10

Chen, Ming-Lin, Wen-Bin Mao, and Mei-Chen Cui. "Adaptive anatomical structure for nastic movement in Mimosa pudica L." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 42, no. 1 (July 28, 2013): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v42i1.15876.

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In order to study the adaptive anatomical structures during nastic movement of Mimosa pudica L., anatomical structures of main pulvinus, common petioles, rachis and leaflets were compared with Albizia julibrissin Durazz. (taken as control). The anatomical structures of main pulvinus and common petiole of M. pudica were different from that of A. julibrissin. Upon stimuliti, the protoplast volume of M. pudica in the lower cortical parenchyma cells become smaller than that in upper ones, a feature seldom found in A. julibrissin. There were found many reticulate lacunas on the two side of adaxial petiole of M. pudica, but nil in A. julibrissin. Similarly some ill developed lacunas were found in the pulvinus of rachis and leaflet of M. pudica, but absent in A. julibrissin. It appears that reticulate lacunas in common petiole of M. pudica are responsible for its strong nastic movement. The main sensitivity position lies at the base of common petiole, where the lower cortex is more sensitive than the upper cortex, and the ordinal sensitivity positions are rachis and leaflets. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v42i1.15876 Bangladesh J. Bot. 42(1): 131-137, 2013 (June)

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11

Białczyk, Jan, and Zbigniew Lechowski. "Influence of different spectral ranges of light and Ca2+ -channel blockers on Ca2+ and K+ levels in Phaseolus coccineus L. pulvini." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 61, no. 2 (2014): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1992.022.

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The effect of different spectral ranges of light on the modification of transport processes in isolated parts of <i>Phaseolus coccineus</i> pulvini was analysed in a bath medium by determining the Ca<sup>2+</sup> and K<sup>+</sup> contents. After 1 h incubation of separated fragments of the extensor and flexor in solutions containing deionized water, medium, or medium with verapamil or nifedipine, the investigated material was irradiated with monochromatic light of different wavelengths. The concentration of Ca<sup>2+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup> and the pH value were determined in the medium. The obtained results suggest the occurrence of a specific coupling between the concentration of Ca<sup>2+</sup> and K<sup>+</sup> dependend on the wavelength of the applied light and part of the pulvinus. Certain spectral ranges of light brought about opposite effects on ion transport in opposite parts of the pulvinus. Changes in the pH of mediums containing isolated parts of the pulvini part to different effects of blue, red, and far-red light on the activity of H<sup>+</sup>-pumps located in the motor cells. The use of verapamil and nifedipine, specific Ca<sup>2+</sup>-channel blockers, made it possible to demonstrate the significant effect of Ca<sup>2+</sup> on the activity and functioning of K<sup>+</sup> -channels. The two types of inhibitors decreased the influx of Ca<sup>2+</sup> and K<sup>+</sup> to motor cells of the pulvini, however they did not limit the efflux of ions to the medium. The obtained results suggest that Ca<sup>2+</sup> ions take part in transduction of the light signal. It seems probable that the action of blue light is also mediated by part of the Ca<sup>2+</sup> ions.

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12

Hagihara, Takuma, and Masatsugu Toyota. "Mechanical Signaling in the Sensitive Plant Mimosa pudica L." Plants 9, no. 5 (May 4, 2020): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9050587.

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As sessile organisms, plants do not possess the nerves and muscles that facilitate movement in most animals. However, several plant species can move quickly in response to various stimuli (e.g., touch). One such plant species, Mimosa pudica L., possesses the motor organ pulvinus at the junction of the leaflet-rachilla, rachilla-petiole, and petiole-stem, and upon mechanical stimulation, this organ immediately closes the leaflets and moves the petiole. Previous electrophysiological studies have demonstrated that a long-distance and rapid electrical signal propagates through M. pudica in response to mechanical stimulation. Furthermore, the spatial and temporal patterns of the action potential in the pulvinar motor cells were found to be closely correlated with rapid movements. In this review, we summarize findings from past research and discuss the mechanisms underlying long-distance signal transduction in M. pudica. We also propose a model in which the action potential, followed by water flux (i.e., a loss of turgor pressure) in the pulvinar motor cells is a critical step to enable rapid movement.

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13

Robbins, PA. "The morphology of Catenellopsis (Catenellopsidaceae, fam. nov.; Rhodophycota)." Australian Systematic Botany 3, no. 4 (1990): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9900689.

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Catenellopsis oligarthra, a small caespitose red alga endemic to New Zealand, is currently classified with the Gymnophloeaceae (Gigartinales), but it exhibits patterns of vegetative and reproductive morphology previously unknown in the Rhodophycota that suggest the removal of Catenellopsis to a new monotypic family. The plants originate from a basal pulvinus that includes rhizoidal and other secondary filaments. Numerous erect triaxial reproductive branches that lack any capacity for secondary development arise from individual filaments of the pulvinus. Gametophytic branches develop a single constriction, within which superficial cells fuse to form a reticulum that gives rise to an external annulus composed of catenate sporangia. Cruciate tetrasporangia are transformed from terminal cells throughout the cortex of unconstricted tetrasporophytes.

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14

Teixeira, Simone de Pádua, and Antonio Carlos Gabrielli. "Taxonomic value of foliar characters in Dahlstedtia Malme: Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Millettieae." Acta Botanica Brasilica 20, no. 2 (June 2006): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33062006000200014.

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Dahlstedtia Malme (Leguminosae) is a neotropical genus, native to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, and comprises two species, D. pinnata (Benth.) Malme and D. pentaphylla (Taub.) Burk., although it has been considered a monotypic genus by some authors. Leaf anatomy was compared to verify the presence of anatomical characters to help delimit species. Foliar primordium, leaflet, petiolule, petiole and pulvinus were collected from cultivated plants (Campinas, SP, Brazil) and from natural populations (Picinguaba, Ubatuba and Caraguatatuba, SP, Brazil - D. pinnata; Antonina, PR, Brazil - D. pentaphylla). Studies on leaflet surface assessment (Scanning Electron Microscopy), as well as histology and venation analyses were carried out of dehydrated, fresh and fixed material from two species. Leaflet material was macerated for stomatal counts. Histological sections, obtained by free-hand cut or microtome, were stained with Toluidine Blue, Safranin/Alcian Blue, Ferric Chloride, Acid Phloroglucin. Secretory cavities are present in the lamina, petiolule, petiole, pulvinus and leaf primordium in D. pentaphylla, but not in D. pinnata, and can be considered an important character for species diagnosis. Other leaf characters were uninformative in delimiting Dahlstedtia species. There is cambial activity in the petiolule, petiole and pulvinus. This study, associated with other available data, supports the recognition of two species in Dahlstedtia.

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15

Sharma, Vijay Kumar, Wolfgang Engelmann, and Anders Johnsson. "Effects of Static Magnetic Field on the Ultradian Lateral Leaflet Movement Rhythm in Desmodium gyrans." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 55, no. 7-8 (August 1, 2000): 638–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2000-7-824.

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Abstract The rhythmic leaflet movements of the plant Desmodium gyrans (L.f.) DC slow down in the presence of a static magnetic field. The leaflet positions were digitally retrieved from sequential CCD camera images of the moving leaflets. The experiments were performed under constant light (ca. 500 lux) and temperature (about 20 °C) conditions. The period of the leaflet was then around 5 min. Leaflets moving up and down in a magnetic field of approximately 50 mT flux density increased the period by about 10% due to a slower motion in the “up” position. Since during this position a rapid change of the extracellular potentials of the pulvinus occurs, it is proposed that the effects are mediated via the electric processes in the pulvinus tissue.

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16

Grignon, Nicole, Bruno Touraine, and Claude Grignon. "INTERNAL PHLOEM IN THE PULVINUS OF SOYBEAN PLANTS." American Journal of Botany 79, no. 3 (March 1992): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1992.tb14547.x.

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17

Koller, D., and E. Zamski. "The Phototropic Pulvinus of BeanPhaseolus vulgarisL. - Functional Features." Plant Biology 4, no. 5 (September 2002): 584–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-35442.

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18

Ruge, W. A., and R. Hampp. "K+Gradients in the Pulvinus ofPhaseolus coccineusduring Leaf Movement*." Botanica Acta 107, no. 5 (October 1994): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1994.tb00806.x.

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19

YOSHIDA-ARNS, KARLA NORYE, FERNANDA RIBEIRO DE MELLO FRAGA, TALVANIS LORENZETTI FREIRE, and JOÃO MARCELO ALVARENGA BRAGA. "Maranta sophiana (Marantaceae), a new species from the Brazilian Amazon." Phytotaxa 388, no. 3 (January 18, 2019): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.388.3.4.

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A new species of Maranta (Marantaceae) from the Brazilian Amazon is described and illustrated. This species belongs to Maranta subg. Maranta and has close affinities with M. linearis, from which it differs in its caulescent habit, absent petiole, pulvinus with deciduous tufts of erect trichomes on the adaxial side, very long inflorescence with many florescences, and longitudinally ridged ovary and capsule.

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20

Sharma, Vijay Kumar, Christer Jensen, and Anders Johnsson. "Phase Response Curve for the Ultradian Rhythm of the Lateral Leaflets of Desmodium gyrans Using DC Current Pulses." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 56, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2001): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2001-1-213.

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Abstract In the present study the leaf movement rhythm was perturbed by the application of DC current pulses 15 μA, 10 seconds, voltage applied: 10 V) to the upper part of the pulvinus, passing through the pulvinus and its stalk. The pulses were applied at four different positions of the leaflets: when the leaves were at the lowermost position, when moving up, at the uppermost position and when moving down. The pre-perturbed and the post-perturbed rhythms were compared. We found that the rhythms were shifted in phase and the phase shifts observed at the four different positions of the leaflets were significantly different in magnitude as well as direction. Furthermore, we could also observe phase advances, which is in contrast to an earlier finding. A phase response curve (PRC) was constructed to illustrate the sensitivity of the oscillating leaflet system to DC pulses. Substantial delays of about 50 s (as compared to the period of about 200 s) were obtained when pulses were administered at the lowermost position and when leaflet were moving upwards, while advances or no phase shifts were recorded in the uppermost position and when leaflet were moving down respectively.

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21

Sattler, Rolf, Doris Luckert, and Rolf Rutishauser. "Symmetry in plants: phyllode and stipule development in Acacia longipedunculata." Canadian Journal of Botany 66, no. 7 (July 1, 1988): 1270–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b88-182.

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Both phyllodes and so-called stipules develop on a whorl platform that surrounds the shoot apex. Phyllodes usually are initiated as radial primordia. During their development, although they become acrovergent and show a slight differentiation gradient from the abaxial towards the adaxial side, they retain a circular outline in transection until maturity. Longitudinally they differentiate into a basal pulvinus, a photosynthetic zone, and a terminal mucro. While only one concentric vascular bundle is formed in the pulvinus region, a cylindrical vascular network differentiates in the photosynthetic zone and only one collateral bundle surrounded by sclerenchyma develops in the mucro. In terms of both external symmetry and internal organization, phyllodes show a striking resemblance to stems, whereas so-called stipules appear more leaf-like because of their dorsiventral symmetry. After a detailed discussion of the role symmetry plays in various complementary interpretations of phyllodes and so-called stipules, symmetry transformations in angiosperms in general are illustrated. It is concluded that symmetry, growth pattern, and position do not constitute criteria that allow us to assign all known developmental pathways to mutually exclusive categories such as caulome or phyllome. Transformational analysis is suggested as a more adequate and dynamic tool for understanding the diversity of plant form.

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22

Zhou, Shaoli, Tianquan Yang, Yawen Mao, Ye Liu, Shiqi Guo, Ruoruo Wang, Genwang Fangyue, et al. "The F-box protein MIO1/SLB1 regulates organ size and leaf movement in Medicago truncatula." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 8 (January 28, 2021): 2995–3011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab033.

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Abstract The size of leaf and seed organs, determined by the interplay of cell proliferation and expansion, is closely related to the final yield and quality of forage and crops. Yet the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying organ size modulation remain poorly understood, especially in legumes. Here, MINI ORGAN1 (MIO1), which encodes an F-box protein SMALL LEAF AND BUSHY1 (SLB1) recently reported to control lateral branching in Medicago truncatula, was identified as a key regulator of organ size. We show that loss-of-function of MIO1/SLB1 severely reduced organ size. Conversely, plants overexpressing MIO1/SLB1 had enlarged organs. Cellular analysis revealed that MIO1/SLB1 controlled organ size mainly by modulating primary cell proliferation during the early stages of leaf development. Biochemical analysis revealed that MIO1/SLB1 could form part of SKP1/Cullin/F-box (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, to target BIG SEEDS1 (BS1), a repressor of primary cell division, for degradation. Interestingly, we found that MIO1/SLB1 also played a key role in pulvinus development and leaf movement by modulating cell proliferation of the pulvinus as leaves developed. Our study not only demonstrates a conserved role of MIO1/SLB1 in the control of organ size in legumes, but also sheds light on the novel function of MIO1/SLB1 in leaf movement.

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23

West, John A., Giuseppe C. Zuccarello, Joseph L. Scott, Kathryn A. West, and Susan Loiseaux de Goer. "Pulvinus veneticus gen. et sp. nov. (Compsopogonales, Rhodophyta) from Vanuatu." Phycologia 46, no. 3 (May 2007): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2216/06-66.1.

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24

Lucas, Neide M. C., and I. F. M. Valio. "Inhibition of Rooting in Bean Leaf Cuttings by the Pulvinus." Journal of Plant Physiology 127, no. 1-2 (March 1987): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0176-1617(87)80040-8.

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25

KAGAWA, Hiroyuki, and Eiji SAITO. "A Model on the Main Pulvinus Movement of Mimosa Pudica." JSME International Journal Series C 43, no. 4 (2000): 923–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmec.43.923.

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26

Moysset, Luisa, and Esther Simón. "SECONDARY PULVINUS OF ROBINIA PSEUDOACACIA (LEGUMINOSAE): STRUCTURAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL FEATURES." American Journal of Botany 78, no. 11 (November 1991): 1467–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1991.tb11426.x.

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27

Irving, M. S., Sigalit Ritter, A. D. Tomos, and D. Koller. "Phototropic Response of the Bean Pulvinus: Movement of Water and Ions." Botanica Acta 110, no. 2 (April 1997): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1997.tb00618.x.

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28

Basir, Siti Nora, Hanafiah Yussof, and Nur Ismarrubie Zahari. "Simulation Analysis of Mimosa Pudica Main Pulvinus Towards Biological Tactile Sensing Modelling." Procedia Computer Science 76 (2015): 425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.12.282.

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29

Brock, Thomas G., Casey R. Lu, Najati S. Ghosheh, and Peter B. Kaufman. "Localization and Pattern of Graviresponse across the Pulvinus of Barley Hordeum vulgare." Plant Physiology 91, no. 2 (October 1, 1989): 744–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.91.2.744.

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30

Owens, Shirley A., Patrick F. Fields, and Frank W. Ewers. "Degradation of the upper pulvinus in modern and fossil leaves of Cercis (Fabaceae)." American Journal of Botany 85, no. 2 (February 1998): 273–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2446316.

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31

Mitsuno, Tamaki, and Takao Sibaoka. "Rhythmic Electrical Potential Change of Motor Pulvinus in Lateral Leaflet of Codariocalyx motorius." Plant and Cell Physiology 30, no. 8 (December 1989): 1123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a077853.

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32

HOSOKAWA, Y., and K. KIYOSAWA. "Diurnal Rb+ Transport from Roots to the Laminar Pulvinus in Phaseolus vulgaris L." Annals of Botany 55, no. 2 (February 1985): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a086891.

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33

Masner, L., and J. Denis. "THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF IDRIS FOERSTER. PART I: THE MELLEUS-GROUP (HYMENOPTERA: SCELIONIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 128, no. 1 (February 1996): 85–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent12885-1.

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AbstractThe state of taxonomy of Idris, egg parasitoids of spiders, in Nearctic North America is reviewed. The concept of Idris is discussed and Ceralobaeus Ashmead is considered a junior synonym (new synonymy). The melleus-group of Idris is defined and 11 Nearctic species are keyed and described: I. castaneus sp.nov. (south and southeastern USA), I. chrysion sp.nov. (southeastern USA), I. costatus sp.nov. (eastern USA), I. lacunatus (Baja California, Mexico). I. leedsi sp.nov. (midsouthem USA), I. melleus (Ashrnead) (south and southeastern USA and southern Canada), I. onychion sp.nov. (southeastern USA), I. ornatus sp.nov. (eastern USA), I. pulvinus sp.nov. (south and southeastern USA), I. spartinae sp.nov. (southeastern USA), and I. triticola sp.nov. (midwestern USA). Extra-limital Nearctic members of the melleus-group are briefly discussed.

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34

SALGADO, ALEXANDRE, and GUSTAVO R. S. RUIZ. "Ten new species of Amphidraus Simon, 1900 (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini) and three new combinations." Zootaxa 4312, no. 3 (August 30, 2017): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.1.

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Ten new species of Amphidraus Simon, 1900 from Brazil are described: A. belzonte sp. nov. (♂), A. bifidus sp. nov. (♂♀), A. caxiuanan sp. nov. (♂), A. draconicaudatus sp. nov. (♂♀), A. janauari sp. nov. (♂), A. loxodontillus sp. nov. (♂), A. mysticetus sp. nov. (♂♀), A. nigrigenu sp. nov. (♂), A. pulvinus sp. nov. (♂) and A. simplex sp. nov. (♂♀). A new diagnosis is proposed for the genus and three new combinations are established for species presently misplaced in Amphidraus: Titanattus parvus (Mello-Leitão, 1945) comb. nov., Truncattus manni (Bryant, 1943) comb. nov. and Truncattus mendicus (Bryant, 1943) comb. nov. Several new records for A. santanae Galiano, 1967 are provided, enabling brief comments on the morphological variations in this species.

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35

Yao, Heng, Qiangyi Xu, and Ming Yuan. "Actin dynamics mediates the changes of calcium level during the pulvinus movement ofMimosa pudica." Plant Signaling & Behavior 3, no. 11 (November 2008): 954–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/psb.6709.

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36

Brock, Thomas G., E. H. Kapen, Najati S. Ghosheh, and Peter B. Kaufman. "Dynamics of Auxin Movement in the Gravistimulated Leaf-sheath Pulvinus of Oat (Avena sativa)." Journal of Plant Physiology 138, no. 1 (May 1991): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0176-1617(11)80730-3.

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37

Brock, Thomas G., and Peter B. Kaufman. "COMPETENCY FOR GRAVIRESPONSE IN THE LEAF-SHEATH PULVINUS OF AVENA SATIVA: ONSET TO LOSS." American Journal of Botany 75, no. 11 (November 1988): 1672–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1988.tb11244.x.

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38

Roblin, G., and P. Fleurat-Lessard. "Redistribution of potassium, chloride and calcium during the gravitropically induced movement of Mimosa pudica pulvinus." Planta 170, no. 2 (February 1987): 242–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00397894.

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39

Saeedi, Saed, Françoise Rocher, Janine Bonmort, Pierrette Fleurat-Lessard, and Gabriel Roblin. "Early membrane events induced by salicylic acid in motor cells of the Mimosa pudica pulvinus." Journal of Experimental Botany 64, no. 7 (March 13, 2013): 1829–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert048.

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40

Marler, Thomas E., and Patrick J. Lawton. "123 MOVEMENT PROTECTS CARAMBOLA LEAFLETS FROM HIGH LIGHT AND TEMPERATURE STRESS." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 446a—446. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.446a.

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Leaflets of carambola were restricted to a horizontal position for 3.5-h during late morning and early afternoon on sunny days to determine the influence of natural leaflet movement on temperature and chlorophyll fluorescence. Adaxial temperature of these horizontal leaflets was 5-9 C higher than that of leaflets that were allowed to move in response to high light. Chlorophyll fluorescence was similarly affected. Leaflets that were allowed to move had a higher Fv/Fm than leaflets that were restricted in movement The results indicate that the presence of a pulvinus at the base of each leaflet of carambola leaves allows movement of the leaflet to avoid incident light. This natural leaflet movement under sunny conditions results in a lower temperature and a higher level of photochemical efficiency when compared with leaflets that are exposed to high light due to restricting their movement.

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41

Rodrigues, T. M., and S. R. Machado. "The Pulvinus Endodermal Cells and their Relation to Leaf Movement in Legumes of the Brazilian Cerrado." Plant Biology 9, no. 4 (July 2007): 469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-955917.

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42

Li, Jianxin, Ximei Dai, Linyu Li, Zhen Jiao, and Qunce Huang. "Metabolism of Reactive Oxygen Species in Cytoplasmic Male Sterility of Rice by Marking Upmost Pulvinus Interval." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 175, no. 3 (November 8, 2014): 1263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-014-1346-8.

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43

Mayer, W. E., B. Bok, and A. Rieger. "Age-dependent changes of the ion content and the circadian leaf movement period in thePhaseolus pulvinus." Journal of Biosciences 24, no. 2 (June 1999): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02941201.

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44

Lowen, Cara Zucker, and Ruth L. Satter. "Light-promoted changes in apoplastic K+ activity in the Samanea saman pulvinus, monitored with liquid membrane microelectrodes." Planta 179, no. 4 (November 1989): 421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00397580.

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45

Gibeaut, D. M., N. Karuppiah, Chang S-R, T. G. Brock, B. Vadlamudi, D. Kim, N. S. Ghosheh, D. L. Rayle, N. C. Carpita, and P. B. Kaufman. "Cell wall and enzyme changes during the graviresponse of the leaf-sheath pulvinus of oat (Avena sativa)." Plant Physiology 94, no. 2 (October 1, 1990): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.94.2.411.

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46

Lee, Youngsook, and Ruth L. Satter. "Effects of white, blue, red light and darkness on pH of the apoplast in the Samanea pulvinus." Planta 178, no. 1 (1989): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00392524.

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47

Cheruvathur, Meena K., John Britto, and T. Dennis Thomas. "Pulvinus: an ideal explant for plant regeneration in Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb., an important ethnomedicinal woody climber." Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 34, no. 2 (October 19, 2011): 693–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11738-011-0869-7.

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48

Rodrigues, Tatiane Maria, and Sílvia Rodrigues Machado. "Anatomia comparada do pulvino, pecíolo e raque de Pterodon pubescens Benth. (Fabaceae - Faboideae)." Acta Botanica Brasilica 18, no. 2 (June 2004): 381–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33062004000200018.

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Em Pterodon pubescens, os pulvinos primário e secundário, órgãos responsáveis pelos movimentos foliares, apresentam peculiaridades estruturais em relação ao pecíolo e raque. Estas peculiaridades incluem cutícula mais espessa, córtex mais desenvolvido formado por células parenquimáticas de formas variáveis, sistema vascular em posição central, floema circundado por fibras septadas não lignificadas e medula parenquimática reduzida ou ausente. Pecíolo e raque apresentam córtex reduzido constituído por células parenquimáticas isodiamétricas, sistema vascular periférico, floema envolvido por calota de fibras gelatinosas e medula ampla. Compostos fenólicos foram detectados no vacúolo das células corticais dos pulvinos, enquanto que no córtex e medula do pecíolo e da raque foram observados amiloplastos em abundância e ausência de compostos fenólicos. Em geral, as características estruturais do pulvino de P. pubescens são comuns aos pulvinos das demais espécies de Fabaceae e têm sido relacionadas com a intensificação de trocas laterais de íons e água entre células do córtex e sistema vascular, além de proporcionar maior flexibilidade e capacidade de movimento desta região. Já as características do pecíolo e da raque conferem maior rigidez a estas estruturas foliares.

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49

Dong, Yan, Michelle Man Suet Law, JiBao Jiang, and JiangPing Qiu. "Three new species and one subspecies of the Amynthas corticis-group from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae)." ZooKeys 884 (October 30, 2019): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.884.30988.

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Three new species and one subspecies of the genus Amynthas are described from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China: The new species are: Amynthas maximus Qiu & Dong, sp. nov. and Amynthas tortuosus Qiu & Dong, sp. nov., and Amynthas shengtangmontis Dong & Jiang, sp. nov., the subspecies is Amynthas shengtangmontis minusculussubsp. nov. All have four pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6–8/9, which indicates that they should belong to the corticis-group. Their morphological characteristics are compared to other similar species in the corticis-group from China and other Asian countries, such as Amynthas pulvinus Sun & Jiang, 2013, Amynthas homosetus (Chen, 1938), Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867), Amynthas dorsualis Sun & Qiu, 2013, and Amynthas carnosus (Goto & Hatai, 1899). In addition, the results presented are confirmed by the pairwise comparison of COI barcode sequences. The pairwise distances between each new species and the other eighteen corticis-group species are greater than 14.7% on average. Furthermore, the pairwise distance between A. shengtangmontis shengtangmontis and A. shengtangmontis minusculus is 10.7–11.4%.

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50

Paiva, Elder A. S., and Sílvia R. Machado. "Collenchyma in Panicum maximum (Poaceae): localisation and possible role." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 1 (2003): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02046.

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This work relates the occurrence and distribution of collenchyma in Panicum maximum Jacq. P.�maximum leaves were collected at different phases of development and sampled from both the base of the sheath and from the sheath–leaf blade transition area. For the stems, the study was made by using hand-cut sections of the internodal base. In the leaves, analyses of serial sections showed, at the base and sheath–leaf blade transition area, a sudden change of tissue at vascular bundle. The vascular bundles are surrounded by sclerenchyma, both in the sheath and the leaf blade, as well as by fibrous threads that occur on the adaxial side of the central bundles. However, at the base of the sheath and at the sheath–leaf blade transition area, sclerenchyma was substituted for collenchyma. In the stem, the substitution of sclerenchyma associated with vascular bundles for collenchyma occurs at the base of the internode, in the pulvinus region. The analyses from transmission electron microscopy showed the presence of lamellated cell wall and active protoplast in collenchyma cells.

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