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Kim, I. E. "Russian Punctuation as a Sign System." Critique and Semiotics 37, no. 2 (2019): 302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2307-1737-2019-2-302-318.
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The Russian punctuation is a system of signs with its own functions and its own formal organization, different from the organization of alphabetic characters, numbers and other written signs of the Russian language. In terms of formal organization, punctuation marks differ from two-dimension characters in geometry and in onedimensionality or even zero-dimensionality. In terms of function, they are used as signs of articulation and organization of the text (as the metatext by A. Wierzbicka). Punctuation marks are located between graphic (linguistic-visual) and paragraphic (nonlinguistic visual) systems of writing. They perform their function in combination with the system of spaces (word space, arbitrary line end, empty part of the page, empty page) and paragraph tools. The punctuation is similar in function to road signs and computer text markup but unlike them punctuation marks are situated on the line alternately with the main objects of the writing.
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Nwike, Christopher Chinedu. "Punctuation Relevance in Subtitle: The Foreign Audience Example." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 11, no. 3 (2021): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1103.14.
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This study looked at punctuation mark and their relevance in written information although; the objective of the study is to discover the relevance of punctuation mark in subtitle: The Foreign audience example and to re-echo the need to have a well punctuated write-up in literary genres. The study sees language as a system of human communication. The problem of the study sets in from lots of poor and wrongly applied punctuations, as various forms of signs are seen to be used in some of the movies of the entertainment industry – Nollywood, which in turn, gives rise to wrong interpretation to the foreign audience of that language, and as such, the foreign learner of a particular language, the Igbo example will not enjoy the supposed information. The study adopted the framework of Vinay and Darbelnet principles and strategies as a guide to solving the problem as one of its principles – equivalence was used to relate the movie wrong punctuated subtitles to their supposed target language. The methodology of explication is equally adopted while the study concludes that punctuation errors are involved with wrong application of punctuation mark to written discourses on where it is not supposed to be since punctuation occurs only in written discourses and not spoken.
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Son, Hyun Ik. "A Comparative Study of the Punctuation System of Korean and Russian Punctuation." East European and Balkan Institute 40, no. 1 (2016): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.19170/eebs.2016.40.1.45.
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PRУKHODKO, N. S. "AUTHOR’S INDIVIDUAL PUNCTUATION AS AN ELEMENT OF TEXT GRAPHICS." Movoznavstvo 319, no. 4 (2021): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33190/0027-2833-319-2021-4-004.
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The article sheds light on the concept of text graphics and the importance of punctuation in the graphic system of the text, in particular, poetic text. The author elucidates various scholars’ approaches to the definition of the term author’s individual punctuation, with a focus on the system-structural features of some punctuation marks and the most important functions of punctuation as a stylistic device. The article analyzes the expressive and stylistic means used to produce the greatest emotional influence on the listener or reader and classifies them into constructive, emotive, combined, and contaminated groups. The multi-functionality of the author’s punctuation embraces strengthening the aesthetic loading of punctuation marks and expanding the boundaries of their use. The unregulated use of punctuation mark is determined by historical changes and the semantic principles concerning the location of punctuation marks. Author’s punctuation can be interpreted as a substitution of some normatively motivated signs/marks with the unregulated ones; as a text devoid of any marks; as an excessive use of either some particular punctuation marks or only one of them and, on the contrary, their complete absence in the text. The article outlines the main functions of the author’s punctuation: emotional, emphatic, logical, evaluative, semantic, dividing. The individual style, dependence on the functional style, genre, traditions, and norms of a definite historical epoch are the factors that influence the author’s individual punctuation system formation. The author’s punctuation is an interstyle phenomenon because it is inherent in texts of different functional styles. The research findings argue that the author’s individual punctuation system should be interpreted in a broad sense as any conscious, deliberate choice of the unregulated punctuation mark, not fixed in the spelling rules, and in a narrow understanding — all the punctuation marks in the author’s manuscript, which are different from the normative use.
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Kirchhoff, Frank, and Beatrice Primus. "The architecture of punctuation systems." Written Language and Literacy 17, no. 2 (2014): 195–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.17.2.02kir.
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Punctuation systems are explained by three architectural designs in the pertinent literature. The first one is rooted in rhetoric and ties punctuation solely to intonation; the second is pluralistic and considers not only intonation but also style, semantics, and grammar, i.e. syntax. The third model links punctuation solely to grammar, i.e. syntax. These distinctions are meant to explain both typological and historical variation in punctuation systems. The different punctuation types are mainly distinguished by the comma or virgule, which, therefore, will be the main topic of this paper. Linguistic research has shifted its focus from rhetoric to grammar and consequently, modern comma systems, including those that were previously analyzed as intonation-driven, are explained in grammatical terms by an increasing number of researchers. However, there are only few studies dealing with historical punctuation from a grammatical perspective and no study which is based on a more extensive corpus analysis. This article will fill this gap by analyzing the use of the virgule in Matthew’s Gospel in Luther’s bible (1545). In order to capture the major and systematic uses of the comma or virgule as well as its minor and less systematic uses, we propose a layered multi-dimensional model. Keywords: architecture of punctuation; historical punctuation system; comma; virgule; typology
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Primus, Beatrice. "The typological and historical variation of punctuation systems." Constraints on Spelling Changes 10, no. 2 (2007): 103–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.10.2.07pri.
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In the literature on punctuation we find a broad typological and historical distinction between prosodically and grammatically determined punctuation. The mainstream historical assumption is that the prosodic system changed into to a grammatical system in some languages. We will show that this view is confronted with serious empirical and conceptual problems. Our assumption is that the typological and historical variation at issue is motivated syntactically in all punctuation systems. The different punctuation systems are mainly distinguished by the comma, which is, therefore, the main topic of the present paper. The major use of the comma will be explained by four constraints, whose interaction may be congenially formulated in optimality-theoretic terms. The close relationship of the comma to prosody arises indirectly from the fact that syntactic structures are marked prosodically in many instances. The stylistic freedom of the comma, that is traditionally assumed for some languages and contexts of use, is a reflex of syntactic optionality.
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Barranco, Jesús Romero. "Punctuation in Early Modern English Scientific Writing: The Case of Two Scientific Text Types in Gul, Ms Hunter 135." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 54, no. 1 (2019): 59–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/stap-2019-0004.
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AbstractAmong the different topics studied by palaeography, punctuation has traditionally been disregarded by scholars for being considered arbitrary and unsystematic (Salmon 1988: 285). However, some studies carried out over the last few decades have demonstrated that the English punctuation system underwent a process of standardisation which started in the Middle English period, from a purely rhetorical to a grammatical function. Moreover, it was towards the sixteenth century when a set of punctuation marks was introduced (i.e. the semicolon), a fact that restricted the functions of major punctuation marks up to that time, such as the period and the comma (Salmon 1999: 40). The present paper analyses the punctuation system in Glasgow University Library, MS Hunter 135 (ff. 34r–121v), a volume that is most suitable for such a study as it contains two different text types belonging to the genre of medical writing: a surgical treatise and a collection of medical recipes. The results confirm that the different punctuation marks are unevenly distributed in the texts under study and, more importantly, their main functions are found at different levels within the text.
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Criado-Peña, Miriam. "Punctuation Practice in Early Modern English Scientific Writing: The Case of MS 3009 at the Wellcome Library, London." Miscelánea: A Journal of English and American Studies 61 (January 25, 2021): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/ojs_misc/mj.20205140.
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The study of punctuation has traditionally been overlooked by some scholars for being considered haphazard and unpredictable. In medieval manuscripts, every scribe was free to use their own repertory of symbols. However, the establishment of the printing press along with the proliferation of professional scriveners resulted in a process of standardization of the system in such a way that by the end of the 16th century a repertory of punctuation symbols was fully developed (Salmon 1999: 15; Calle-Martín 2019: 179-200). The present study seeks to examine the punctuation system of a 17th-century recipe book housed in the Wellcome Library in London, MS Wellcome 3009. This paper has therefore been conceived with a twofold objective: a) to assess the inventory of punctuation marks in the text; and b) to analyze the use and pragmatic functions of these symbols.
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Shiyab, Said. "The Pragmatics of Punctuation and Its Problematic Nature in Translation." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 46, no. 2 (2000): 112–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.46.2.03shi.
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This article attempts to describe some of the pragmatic and semantic functions of two important punctuation marks. These are the semicolon (;) and the colon (:). The reason for this description is that no studies have provided a detailed description of the pragmatic and semantic functions of these marks. These marks are mostly used in Arabic for intonational or decorative purposes. It was found that the system of punctuation marks in Arabic is inadequate as it does not specify rules for using them. However, in this study, it was found that the punctuation marks have linguistic implications that are not recognized by linguists nor by translators. The implications discussed here are the emphatic, additive, contrastive, and substantiative functions.This article attempts to describe some of the pragmatic and semantic functions of two important punctuation marks. These are the semicolon (;) and the colon (:). The reason for this description is that no studies have provided a detailed description of the pragmatic and semantic functions of these marks. These marks are mostly used in Arabic for intonational or decorative purposes. It was found that the system of punctuation marks in Arabic is inadequate as it does not specify rules for using them. However, in this study, it was found that the punctuation marks have linguistic implications that are not recognized by linguists nor by translators. The implications discussed here are the emphatic, additive, contrastive, and substantiative functions.
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Кудряшова and N. Kudryashova. "Didactic Use of Visual Aids in School and University: Table infographics on the Punctuation Theory and Punctuation Teaching Methods." Socio-Humanitarian Research and Technology 5, no. 3 (2016): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/20932.
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The article presents the concept of interconnected learning
 of the Russian language (punctuation) and the Russian language
 teaching methods through the unified lingua-didactic information
 graphics (infographics). The use of table infographics in the process
 of teaching of Russian punctuation and Russian punctuation teaching
 methods to students has been updated. In accordance with
 scientific-methodical typological description of the tables the author
 illustrates various forms of standard table educational-didactic
 infographics. Punctuation tables are linguistic: language ones, speech
 ones or mixed ones. Punctuation teaching methods tables are didactic-
 methodical and lingua-methodical. They are represented by
 tables-schemes in ascending or descending order and blank tables
 that can be filled in with necessary information by the students. It
 has been shown that the table infographics is one of the most powerful
 means in the system of visual instruction aids.
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Androsova, Fekla Semenovna. "PUNCTUATION SYSTEM OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE: HISTORY AND MODERN STATE." Philological Sciences. Issues of Theory and Practice, no. 5-2 (May 2018): 300–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/filnauki.2018-5-2.19.
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Karapets, V. V. "Flaubert’s Semicolon in English Translations of "Madame Bovary"." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 21, no. 4 (2019): 1105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2019-21-4-1105-1113.
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The paper considers the peculiarities of translation of such a stylistic feature in G. Flaubert’s novel "Madame Bovary" as a semicolon. The research featured extracts from six English translations and focused on the use of semicolons in complex sentences in position between clauses without conjunction and before et. The continuous sampling method and the comparative method were employed to detect and analyze the punctuation mark and its use. The research objective was to verify whether the author’s punctuation was translated and to what extent. The analysis of the corpus shows that, despite some individual preferences, translators respected isomorphism in punctuation in the great majority of cases, i.e. they used semicolon and equivalent conjunctions. Isomorphism’s percentage appeared higher than in Russian translations, which was possibly due to the fact that English punctuation system has more in common with the French than with the Russian one. The degree of fidelity can possibly be explained by the strategies used by a particular translator rather than by the contemporary punctuation tendencies. The results of this research can be used in preparation of multilingual corpora of parallel texts, as well as in textbooks on comparative grammar and syntax.
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Yеskermessova, Gulnar, Tynyshtyk Yermekova, Karlygash Nurmuhametova, Raikhan Abnassyrova, and Orynaу Zhubaeva. "Interviewing students about the significance of punctuation marks among modern youth." XLinguae 13, no. 4 (2020): 163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18355/xl.2020.13.04.12.
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In the modern linguistic literature, without taking into account new qualitative changes in contemporary syntactic theory, the theory of text science and speech activity, the view of the consideration of punctuation as a separate section of syntax still prevails. If the linguistic environment changes and the language has the ability to adapt to changes in real life, changes that are observed in a particular speech practice must first be seen as a new but standard, communicative, and pragmatic phenomenon (pauses, deviations). After all, speech and language are interrelated phenomena. Both are two other units of the system. From this point of view, changes made in the syntactic structure of speech should be recognized as consequences of non-verbal communication in non-oral (written) communication. Despite the recognition of the importance of many definitions and studies presented for punctuation, the generally recognized values of textbooks, the emergence of various additional clarifications, and changes relating to punctuation indicate the need to take into account the qualitative changes occurring in the practice of punctuation marks and punctuation-graphic means. In particular, the results of the survey among students clarify this opinion.
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Mikhailovskaia, E. V., and O. V. Sapunova. "Contemporary methodology of teaching English punctuation: problems and new vistas." Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology 27, no. 1 (2021): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0445-2021-27-1-95-102.
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The article outlines the way the English system of punctuation marks is presented in contemporary ELT research and practice. The following types of sources are considered and analyzed in the article: grammar books for teaching English as the first, second or foreign language; reference books and web-sites aimed at preparing students for IELTS and TOEFL; books belonging to the genre known as popular science; purely scientific works on punctuation in general and the semicolon in particular. The main goals of the research are to reveal the central tendencies in teaching English punctuation on the example of the so-called weighty stops of vertical segmentation, namely the semicolon, and to see whether they manage to present a certain norm of using the stop. Thus, the present paper focuses on the semicolon one of the most controversial stops in the system, which has been proved to function both at the syntactic and stylistic levels. It is shown that a formal / grammatical approach is the most common way to treat punctuation in ELT literature; however, it does not take into account stylistic and prosodic peculiarities of the stops and thus fails to show the whole spectrum of its usage, as well as its phonetic and stylistic potential. Consequently, such an approach should not be applied to English one of the languages exhibiting a semantic-stylistic type of punctuation. It is proposed that the approach to be used in teaching English punctuation most effectively is pragmalinguistics, since it exploits a wide range of methods and means of analyzing a text, and also considers and highlights all the aspects of using the stops (their syntactic function, stylistic capacities and prosodic characteristics). Moreover, the article poses the question that the current methodology of the approach has to be further developed.
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Pacheco, Vera. "Percepção dos Sinais de Pontuação enquanto Marcadores Prosódicos ( Punctuation Signals Perception while Prosody Markers )." Estudos da Língua(gem) 3, no. 1 (2006): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.22481/el.v3i1.1016.
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Considerando que a percepção da fala consiste na extração de significado do sinal acústico e que os sinais de pontuação funcionam como marcadores prosódicos, no sentido de que fornecem ao leitor informações de como devem ser as variações melódicas durante a leitura em voz alta, o presente trabalho busca investigar se o ouvinte, ao ouvir uma leitura, é capaz de perceber as variações melódicas incitadas visualmente pelos sinais de pontuação. Para isso, foi realizado um experimento que avaliou a tarefa de percepção dos sinais de pontuação. Investigou-se, neste trabalho, se há percepção das variações melódicas incitadas pelos sinais de pontuação. Investigou –se também em que medida o conhecimento gramatical prévio das regras de pontuação e as variações de F0, intensidade, duração e pausa contribuem para a percepção dos diferentes sinais de pontuação.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Leitura em voz alta. Percepção. Prosódia. Sinais de PontuaçãoABSTRACTConsidering that the perception of speech consists of the extraction of meaning from the acoustic signal and that the punctuation signals function as prosody markers in the sense of they supply to the reader the information about the melody variations that will occur during the aloud reading, we have searched weather the listener is capable to perceive the melody variations that are related to reading and marked with punctuation system in the text. We carried out an experiment that consisted on the task of relating perception with corresponding punctuation signals. We have investigated in this work if the listener notices the melody variations that the punctuation signals incite and if the previous grammatical knowledge of the punctuation rules and variations of F0, intensity, duration and pause contributes to the perception of (the) different punctuation signals KEYWORDS: Perception. Prosody. Punctuation. Reading. Signals.
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Voeste, Anja. "Interpunktion und Textsegmentierung im frühen deutschsprachigen Prosaroman." Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 140, no. 1 (2018): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bgsl-2018-0001.
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AbstractOn the threshold of the sixteenth century, publishers met the demands of a ready market: They provided a selection of German prose novels and adapted their publications to a broader, less homogeneous readership. Against this backdrop, the article discusses the still evolving system of segmentation (primarily punctuation). When punctuation was inserted into a text, it might have been the typesetter’s task to work out a system of usage. The typesetters reacted to this new challenge by using several, even contradicting principles in a bottom-up-process of bricolage: They separated prosodic, semantic, syntactic or memory units while simultaneously considering aesthetic demands (justification).
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Bouayad-Agha, Nadjet, Donia R. Scott, and Richard Power. "Integrating content and style in documents." Information Design Journal 9, no. 2-3 (2000): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/idj.9.2-3.05bou.
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We envisage a novel computer tool for producing technical documentation, in which the author specifies the desired content and style, but the exact wording and layout is determined by the system (including versions in languages the author need not know); a prototype of such a system is being developed in the ICONOCLAST project. Among other things, the system must adapt the wording of the generated document to its punctuation and layout. By studying a corpus of patient information leaflets, we have found many detailed examples of this interaction, some of which are described here. In particular, we focus on ways in which the use of special layout patterns (e.g., vertical lists, boxes) changes the options for wording, sometimes licensing departures from normal conventions of grammar and punctuation.
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Fiddienika, Arief. "Proofing Tools in Microsoft Office Word 2019: The Application in Indonesian Language." TEKNOSASTIK 18, no. 2 (2020): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.33365/ts.v18i2.490.
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Microsoft Office Word 2019 has grammar correction in various languages, one of which is Indonesian. This paper aims to explore the features of the spelling and inspection tools of Microsoft Office Word 2019. This verification tool was tested with Indonesian linguistic units, compound words, affixes, and particles. In addition, the testing was also carried out on Indonesian punctuation. From this research it was found that the Microsoft Office Word 2019 system proofing tools only works best when errors occur in words and reduplication. This tool cannot detect errors in using punctuation, errors at the syntactical level and at the semantic level. The realm of sentences and meanings did not pass this test.
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Xie, Xiao Hui, Cui Cui Zhao, Ru Xu Du, Xiao Fang Yu, and Yue Zhang. "Virtual Reality Based Auxiliary Robot System for Liver." Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (July 2011): 2682–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.2682.
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During the liver intervention surgery, the excellent doctor with the help of CT image need puncture the patient several times to find the correct tumor position. Thus, the pain increases for the patient. For the problem a low-cost auxiliary robot system with the help of virtual reality technology for liver invasion surgery is introduced. The auxiliary arm can indicate the punctuation path for doctor and the virtual reality system can find the difference between the planning path of simulation and actual indication path of robot. Then the error can be compensated by modifying and updating the simulation model. Thus the system based on virtual reality is more accuracy and more effective.
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LEE, Jeon Kyung. "The Korean Punctuation Systems." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 4, no. 1 (2014): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.4.1.29-41.
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Currently, the concept of punctuation marks organized by the National Institute of Korean Language involves minimum punctuation marks that help communication between a writer and a reader. There are no traditional marks and instead, all of them reflect the Western punctuation marks. The former reflects the writer’s situation and functions in a sentence unit while the latter functions in a text unit which is related to the reading activity. The Korean traditional punctuation marks indicate the result of understanding the text. This means that Korean punctuation marks were developed in connection with learning. The punctuation was developed, at first, from making the punctuation marks in order to understand Chinese when the Koreans accepted Chinese letters. Further, whenever they faced new letters, they developed several kinds of marking. This is why there is a conceptual gap between the traditional punctuation and the current punctuation marks. This research thoroughly examines Korean traditional punctuation marks and discusses how Korean traditional punctuations can be classified in the same category with the current punctuation marks.
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Kim, Ji-Hwan, and Philip C. Woodland. "A combined punctuation generation and speech recognition system and its performance enhancement using prosody." Speech Communication 41, no. 4 (2003): 563–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-6393(03)00049-9.
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Fortanet, Immaculada, Juan Carlos Palmer, and Santiago Posteguillo. "The Emergence of a New Genre: Advertising on the Internet (netvertising)." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 12, no. 23 (2017): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v12i23.25551.
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This article describes the specific characteristics of internet genres. These genres are characterized by the net system, a specific interlanguage, hypertext, the multimedia effect and an interactive audience. Netvertising is analysed as a representative example of an internet genre. A set of 20 first web pages of banner ads has been studied. The parameters considered are the following ones: http linkers, images used, integration of visuals with text, objectives of the ad, register, audience, overall page length, sentence length, verb tenses, punctuation marks and personal pronouns. Results show that most net ads are short texts. This conciseness is offset by a wider use of other devices such as punctuation marks, images and http linkers. Banner ads are based on an elaboration of images, with the text used, mainly a variety of brief sentences and noun phrases.
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Calle-Martin, J., and A. Miranda-Garcia. "The punctuation system of Elizabethan legal documents: The case of G.U.L. MS Hunter 3 (S.1.3)." Review of English Studies 59, no. 240 (2007): 356–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/res/hgm088.
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Sylvia Putri Gunawan, Lucia Dwi Krisnawati, and Antonius Rachmat Chrismanto. "Analysis of Stylometric Features and Segmentation Strategies in Intrinsic Plagiarism Detection System." Jurnal RESTI (Rekayasa Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi) 4, no. 5 (2020): 988–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.29207/resti.v4i5.2486.
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Two different paradigms in the field of plagiarism detection resulting in External Plagiarism Detection (EPD) and Intrinsic Plagiarism Detection (IPD) systems. The most common applied system is EPD, which requires its algorithm to make a heuristic comparison between a suspicious document with documents in a corpus. In contrast, given a suspicious document only, an algorithm of IPD should be able to find the plagiarism section by looking for text segments having different writing styles. Previous researches for Indonesian texts fell only in the field of the EPD development system. Therefore, this research focuses on and contributes to experimenting and analyzing the stylometric features and segmentation strategies to build an IPD system for Indonesian texts. The experimentation results show that the paragraph segment performs better by scoring 0.92 for Macro Averaged-Accuracy and 0.54 for Macro Averaged-F1. The stylometric features achieving the highest scores of F-1 and Accuracy are the frequency of punctuation, the average paragraph length, and the type-token ratio.
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Ahmed, Paryshan H. "Major Writing Challenges Experienced by EFL Learners in Soran University." Journal of University of Human Development 5, no. 3 (2019): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v5n3y2019.pp120-126.
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The current research aims to investigate the challenges that EFL learners face in essay writing skills and the common errors they make in their English writing. One of the major aspects of language development and academic achievement among students at all levels of the education system is the capacity to achieve communicative competence in writing skills. Though, one of the essential problem learner faces at university is, learning to master essay writing skills. A descriptive survey research design was adopted in this study. The sample of the study are 32 randomly chosen third year students of English Department at the Soran University. To achieve the aims of the research, a mixed methodology was selected, through which data was collected through the students' questionnaire, and a collection analysis of thirty-two randomly chosen essays. A research results obtained from students' questionnaires indicated that major difficulties that student' encounter are in grammar, organizing ideas, punctuations, and vocabulary. The challenges that students face in writing essay include: incorrect use of grammar, first language interference, limited vocabulary, punctuation marks, and word order. Based on these results, it is important for teachers to take into account students' writing challenges, and the explanation of more writing sessions are among the pedagogical implications.
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Ariani, Nina, and Muhammad Arham. "An Analysis of EFL Test Takers’ Problems in IELTS Writing Task." Tamaddun 19, no. 2 (2020): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33096/tamaddun.v19i2.81.
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IELTS (International English Language Testing System) is one of the English proficiency tests which consists of 4 skills that should be tested including Writing which has two types “writing task 1 and task 2. However, there are many problems that testees face in doing writing such as problem in language use, word choice, punctuation and so on that make them could not pass the test. in this case, the researcher focueses on writing task 1 to know the problems that testees faced. The present study aims at (i) finding out the problems are faced by the testees,(ii) to find out the most frequent problems; and cause of error in language use made by the participants in ELC-IDP Makassar. This study employs a descriptive qualitative approach, and the total number of the samples were 17. The instrument used for this study was archival documents (testees’ writing). In this case the authors clasify the problems of the testee’s writting into four categories: problem in word choice, punctuation, spelling and language use, then language use is identified and clasified into grammatical area: error of verb, noun, pronoun, adjective, adverb, article, preposition, and conjuntion, after that the error analized using procedure of error analysis. The finding indicates that:a total of whole problems are 88 numbers which made by the testees (i) the percentage of problems in word choice is 5 % (4), punctuation 10% (9), spelling 7% (6); (ii) the most frequent problem is error in language use about 78% (69) which the most frequent error is verb area (73%) 50 errors from 69 of total error and; (iii) the causes or error are interference of the learner’s mother tounge, overgeneralization, and false concept hypothesis.
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Shuvalov, Petr. "Die Blonden des 11. Buches des Pseudo-Maurikios." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 80, no. 1-2 (2020): 108–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340182.
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Abstract This analysis of the text of Pseudo-Maurice’s Strategikon ch. xi,3, discussing the “light-haired peoples,” is based on a new investigation of the MSS by the on-line photocopies, and shows that in the text there are many inner citations and paraphrases as well as some traces of redactions previous to the archetype (i.e. common ancestor of the MSS). The analysis of the punctuation allows to propose the hypothesis that the cola in Leo’s Problemata do reflect directly the system of punctuation in the hyparchetype α (i.e. the ancestor of β, which is the progenitor of the main MSS). The text’s development before the first split of the tradition between MSS families could be separated into the following phases for ch. xi,3: (1) Xanth (the Urtext of the chapter), (2) Kairos (many interpolations and possible extraction of the text of Xanth including the first part of the title), and (3) Abar (some additional interpolations, including the names of the Franks and Lombards). The blonds (xantha ethne) of the first phase are neither Franks nor Lombards. More likely they are different gentes of the Middle Danube between the time of Attila and the appearance of the Avars – like Ostrogoths, Gepids, Heruls, etc.
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Pander Maat, Henk, Kay Raaijmakers, Dennis Vermeulen, and Kees de Glopper. "Tekstkenmerken en tekstkwaliteit van leerlingteksten." Tijdschrift voor Taalbeheersing 41, no. 2 (2019): 331–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tvt2019.2.001.pand.
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Abstract Text features and quality of learner text: an annotation studyManually annotated corpora of writing products may greatly contribute to writing research: they offer detailed insights in the quality of these texts, in the text features actually attended to by human text raters, in possibilities and difficulties for the use of automatic writing analytics and writing tools, and in the relations between different text quality dimensions. This paper presents the Utrecht System for Annotation of Learner text (USALT), that covers both general features (orthography, punctuation, wording, coherence) and genre-specific elements (such as openings, endings, structuring devices and politeness). The annotations contain up to three items (annotation unit; problem type; part-of-speech tag). USALT reflects various text quality dimensions, notably correctness, comprehensibility and appropriateness (both stylistically and in terms of genre conventions).We present an USALT analysis of 371 texts produced by Dutch students from grades 7-9 (aged 12-15 years), taken from the so-called Schrijfmeters-corpus. The assignment concerned a letter about ‘typically Dutch things’ to a Swedish girl about to emigrate to The Netherlands. USALT reliabilities were adequate. In terms of problem frequency, we were struck by the pervasiveness of punctuation problems. Furthermore, the orthography and punctuation problems together present considerable difficulties for automatic analysis of original learner texts at this level. A remarkable result regarding relations between various text quality dimensions is that the frequency of orthography problems correlates higher with genre convention problems than with lexico-grammatical problems. We also used the annotations as predictors of the holistic scores assigned to the texts by human raters. Standardized annotation frequencies by themselves may account for 45% of the score variance, with a prominent role for annotations regarding genre elements; text length by itself explains 52%. The best model includes both text length and annotations (65% explained variance). In ongoing work, USALT is being extended to handle argumentative writing assignments.
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Lock, Charles. "On roman letters and other stories." Journal of World Literature 1, no. 2 (2016): 158–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24056480-00102003.
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This essay questions the assumption that the roman alphabet is more purely phonetic than any other, and that other scripts and writing-systems are less efficient, whether for the production of texts or for their comprehension. Those who habitually use roman letters are asked to consider their competence to understand other writing systems. The work of Stanley Morison emphasizes the ideological significance of alphabets and of particular letter-forms. M.B. Parkes and Paul B. Saenger are cited to indicate how punctuation and spacing are aspects of the roman-letter writing system that cannot be treated as purely phonetic. Beyond the world of roman letters there is a focus on Syriac and the Xi’an stele, which was printed by Athanasius Kircher in 1667 and marks the first publication in the west of a substantial text in Chinese.
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Dillak, Rocky Yefrenes, Folkes Laumal, and Ledy Jen Kadja. "SISTEM DETEKSI DINI PLAGIARISME TUGAS AKHIR MAHASISWA MENGGUNAKAN ALGORITMA NGRAMS DAN WINNOWING." Jurnal Ilmiah Flash 2, no. 1 (2016): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32511/jiflash.v2i1.19.
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The problem of plagiarism has been widely found in the various area of academic research. It became more complicated when the resources used were taken from a different language with a suspicious document. The aim of this paper is to develop a system that can be used as early warning system in plagiarism detection. The method work as follows: do some preprocessing steps, such as: removing punctuation, removing numbers, removing stopwords, removing repeated words, and doing a process called lemmatization of words. The next process is to extract its characteristic features using improved n-Gram method and the last step is to compare the content from translated document against downloaded documents. Based on experiments, the result is indicated that the method can be used as an early warning system for plagiarism detection.
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Annila, Arto, and Erkki Annila. "Why did life emerge?" International Journal of Astrobiology 7, no. 3-4 (2008): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550408004308.
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AbstractMany mechanisms, functions and structures of life have been unraveled. However, the fundamental driving force that propelled chemical evolution and led to life has remained obscure. The second law of thermodynamics, written as an equation of motion, reveals that elemental abiotic matter evolves from the equilibrium via chemical reactions that couple to external energy towards complex biotic non-equilibrium systems. Each time a new mechanism of energy transduction emerges, e.g., by random variation in syntheses, evolution prompts by punctuation and settles to a stasis when the accessed free energy has been consumed. The evolutionary course towards an increasingly larger energy transduction system accumulates a diversity of energy transduction mechanisms, i.e. species. The rate of entropy increase is identified as the fitness criterion among the diverse mechanisms, which places the theory of evolution by natural selection on the fundamental thermodynamic principle with no demarcation line between inanimate and animate.
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Putri, Audini Nifira, and I. Putu Gede Hendra Suputra. "Hijaiyah Letter Segmentation Using Connected Component Labeling Method." JELIKU (Jurnal Elektronik Ilmu Komputer Udayana) 9, no. 2 (2020): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jlk.2020.v09.i02.p12.
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Arabic letters or Hijaiyah letters recognition is a challenge in itself because one letter consists of more than one character, namely the main character, companion character such as dots and lines, and punctuation called harakat. The image segmentation process is the most important in a character recognition system because it affects the separation of objects in an image. In this research, Hijaiyah letter segmentation aims to separate the letters according to the character of each letter using the Connected Component Labeling (CCL) method. Merging labels on each character will be done by looking for the Euclidean distance value from adjacent centroids. The experiment succeeded in segmenting each Hijaiyah character with an accuracy value of 86%.
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Ecky Syahrullah. "KRITIK ATAS KRITIK IGNAZ GOLDZIHER TENTANG QIRĀ’ĀT." AL ITQAN: Jurnal Studi Al-Qur'an 3, no. 2 (2017): 118–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47454/itqan.v3i2.674.
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Goldziher went to great length to impose the Qur'an as scripture by critisizing the Qirā'āt aspect. He argued that the existence of Qirā'āt was an evidence of inconsistency of the Qur'an in its reading variants. Goldziher also revealed that Muslims previously tried to equate the Qirā'āt, but this was not realized because it was hampered by the lack of punctuation system at that time. This article describes and analyzes some of the scholars' criticisms which has criticized Goldziher's opinion. From the analysis, it is found that Goldziher's argument is not supported by strong evidence and data, and tends to ignore historical data.
 Keywords: Qirā'āt, al-Qur`an, Ignaz Golziher, Criticism of opinion
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Ovchinnikova, Irina Germanovna. "Working on Сomputer-Assisted Translation platforms: New advantages and new mistakes". Russian Journal of Linguistics 23, № 2 (2019): 544–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9182-2019-23-2-544-561.
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The paper presents analysis of errors in translation on the CAT platform Smartcat, which accumulates all tools for computer-assisted translation (CAT) including a machine translation (MT) system and translation memory (TM). The research is conducted on the material of the translation on Smartcat platform (a joint project of a tourist guide translation (35,000 words) from Hebrew to Russian, English, and French). The errors on the CAT platform disclose difficulties in mastering text semantic coherence and stylistic features. The influence of English as lingua franca appears in peculiar orthographic and punctuation errors in the target text in Russian. Peculiar errors in translation on the CAT platform reveal the necessity of advanced technological competence in translators. The peculiar errors uncover problems associated with a source text segmentation into sentences. The segmentation can trigger a translator to preserve the sentence boundaries and use a Russian complicated compound sentence that provoke punctuation errors. Difficulties of the anaphora resolution in distant semantically coherent segments are also associated with the source text segmentation and working window formatting. A joint project presupposes different translators to translate different files of the source document. To generate the coherence, contiguity and integrity of the whole document, the files have to be revised by a third-party editor to avoid conflict of interest. The editor-reviser is also responsible for improving the target text pragmatic and genre characteristics while applying top-down strategy to target text analysis. Thus, the translator’s errors while applying CAT tools reveal the effect of bottom-up text processing alongside with cross-language interference.
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Schironi, Francesca. "ARISTARCHUS’ WORK IN PROGRESS: WHAT DID ARISTONICUS AND DIDYMUS READ OF ARISTARCHUS?" Classical Quarterly 65, no. 2 (2015): 609–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838815000233.
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As is well known, the work of Aristarchus on Homer is not preserved by direct tradition. We have instead many fragments preserved mainly in the Homeric scholia, the Byzantine Etymologica and the Homeric commentaries by Eustathius of Thessalonica. These fragments go back to the so-called Viermännerkommentar (abbreviated VMK), the ‘commentary of the four men’, a commentary that is dated to the fifth-sixth century c.e. and collects the works of Aristonicus, Didymus, Nicanor and Herodian. In the first century b.c.e. Aristonicus explained the meaning of Aristarchus’ critical signs in a treatise called Περὶ τῶν σημείων τῶν τῆς ᾿Ιλιάδος καὶ ᾿Οδυσσείας, while in the Περὶ τῆς ᾿Αρισταρχείου διορθώσεως Didymus studied Aristarchus’ Homeric recension. In the second century c.e. two more scholars, Herodian and Nicanor, dealt with Aristarchus while analysing questions of prosody in the Homeric language (Herodian) or the punctuation of the Homeric text (Nicanor). Not all of these four ‘men’ are equally important, however, as sources for Aristarchus. In fact, Herodian and Nicanor had aims that were quite independent of Aristarchus’ enterprise: the former was concerned with problems of prosody, accentuation and aspiration in Homer, whereas the latter had developed a new system of punctuation to elucidate the Homeric text from a syntactic point of view. Although both Herodian and Nicanor did take an interest in Aristarchus, their focus was thus different from that of their Alexandrian predecessor. The goal of Aristonicus and Didymus, on the other hand, was specifically to reconstruct Aristarchus’ work on Homer; it is for this reason that they are considered the most trustworthy witnesses for Aristarchus’ fragments.
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Tauseef, Muhammad, Syed Kazim Shah, Fatima Tul Zahra Sulehri, and Mehwish Kalsoom. "An Evaluation of Grade Six English Curriculum of Beaconhouse School System in Pakistan." International Journal of English Language Education 3, no. 2 (2015): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijele.v3i2.7824.
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<p>Curriculum and instruction material are considered fundamental tools in ELT throughout the world. Consideration of utmost significance of the curriculum requires its evaluation process for measuring its effectiveness in facilitating teaching/learning objectives. The present study is an attempt to evaluate grade six English curriculum of Beaconhouse School System. To the end, features based on the objectives of the curriculum were evaluated to determine whether learning of language, listening, reading, speaking, and writing, vocabulary and understanding of grammar, literature (both fictional and non-fictional), personal understanding and global perspective, composition and presentation skills, punctuation, spelling, handwriting, critical thinking, cultural identity and interdisciplinary links with other subjects have their particular relevance to the curriculum, textbook and the workbook used at this level. The evaluation was carried out through a checklist specifically designed to meet the situation to find out whether the curriculum and related course books are based on curriculum objectives. The present study is both qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative aspects were analyzed by careful assessment of course book through checklist items. The quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS 13.0 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) which revealed the results that except few, curriculum was effectively facilitating the attainment of most of its teaching/learning objectives.</p>
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Qiu, Zhuang Li, and Dong Ling Xu. "A Practical Algorithm for Plagiarism Detection Based on Search Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 66-68 (July 2011): 2287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.66-68.2287.
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In the current background of quantitative academic evaluation system in China, many scholars, graduate students are tend to plagiarize from web. To detect plagiarism efficiently, there should be a massive text collection which could be accessed easily, cheaply and quickly. Some algorithms refer to the quickly developing online database, such as Chinese CNKI database. We introduced an algorithm to detect plagiarism quantitatively based on natural language segment and precise retrieval function of search engine. The source text is segmented into sentences with punctuation marks. Each sentence is searched in search engine as a single keyword with quotes. The similarity between source file and web information is computed by the ratio of matched sentences return by search engine. The experiments show that this algorithm is practical and feasible.
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Bachenko, Joan, Eileen Fitzpatrick, and Jeffrey Daugherty. "A rule-based phrase parser for real-time text-to-speech synthesis." Natural Language Engineering 1, no. 2 (1995): 191–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324900000140.
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AbstractText-to-speech systems are currently designed to work on complete sentences and paragraphs, thereby allowing front end processors access to large amounts of linguistic context. Problems with this design arise when applications require text to be synthesized in near real time, as it is being typed. How does the system decide which incoming words should be collected and synthesized as a group when prior and subsequent word groups are unknown? We describe a rule-based parser that uses a three cell buffer and phrasing rules to identify break points for incoming text. Words up to the break point are synthesized as new text is moved into the buffer; no hierarchical structure is built beyond the lexical level. The parser was developed for use in a system that synthesizes written telecommunications by Deaf and hard of hearing people. These are texts written entirely in upper case, with little or no punctuation, and using a nonstandard variety of English (e.g. WHEN DO I WILL CALL BACK YOU). The parser performed well in a three month field trial utilizing tens of thousands of texts. Laboratory tests indicate that the parser exhibited a low error rate when compared with a human reader.
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Gupta, Prabhakar, and Mayank Sharma. "Unsupervised Translation Quality Estimation for Digital Entertainment Content Subtitles." International Journal of Semantic Computing 14, no. 01 (2020): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793351x20500026.
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We demonstrate the potential for using aligned bilingual word embeddings in developing an unsupervised method to evaluate machine translations without a need for parallel translation corpus or reference corpus. We explain different aspects of digital entertainment content subtitles. We share our experimental results for four languages pairs English to French, German, Portuguese, Spanish, and present findings on the shortcomings of Neural Machine Translation for subtitles. We propose several improvements over the system designed by Gupta et al. [P. Gupta, S. Shekhawat and K. Kumar, Unsupervised quality estimation without reference corpus for subtitle machine translation using word embeddings, IEEE 13th Int. Conf. Semantic Computing, 2019, pp. 32–38.] by incorporating custom embedding model curated to subtitles, compound word splits and punctuation inclusion. We show a massive run time improvement of the order of [Formula: see text] by considering three types of edits, removing Proximity Intensity Index (PII) and changing post-edit score calculation from their system.
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Naik, Vishal A., and Apurva A. Desai. "Online Handwritten Gujarati Word Recognition." International Journal of Computer Vision and Image Processing 9, no. 1 (2019): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcvip.2019010103.
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In this article, an online handwritten word recognition system for the Gujarati language is presented by combining strokes, characters, punctuation marks, and diacritics. The authors have used a support vector machine classification algorithm with a radial basis function kernel. The authors used a hybrid features set. The hybrid feature set consists of directional features with curvature data. The authors have used a normalized chain code and zoning-based chain code features. Words are a combination of characters and diacritics. Recognized strokes require post-processing to form a word. The authors have used location-based and mapping rule-based post-processing methods. The authors have achieved an accuracy of 95.3% for individual characters, 91.5% for individual words, and 83.3% for sentences. The average processing time for individual characters is 0.071 seconds.
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Annushkin, Vladimir I., Tatyana V. Shalamova, and Elena B. Shtukareva. "Genre of New Year greetings in social networks." International Journal “Speech Genres” 30, no. 2 (2021): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/2311-0740-2021-2-30-144-153.
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The article examines the content and stylistic features of modern greeting discourse in social networks based on the texts of the professional community of business coaches and communication specialists in social networks. This type of greeting discourse is conventionally referred to a written electronic formal professional discourse variety. The content and style of these texts, on the one hand, preserve the cultural traditions of greeting speech rhetoric, on the other hand, they require innovative ideas and new means of expression. Congratulations become one of the informational reasons for creating advertising messages. Through the texts of greetings, their authors promote ideas and advertise their companies. When focusing on a common system of common places-ideas, communication in social networks requires content-stylistic dynamism and a variety of language tools, which are manifested in the contamination of bookish style and professional terms with colloquial and argotic elements. Each author tries to create their own style, expressing their ideas either in the expanded figures of speech, or in the utmost conciseness. It is necessary to state spelling and punctuation negligence, as well as sometimes deliberate violation of punctuation rules as a stylistic device. The greeting discourse in social networks is an expressive example of modern trends in the “use of language” and the creation of a “language taste of the era”. Creative innovations in the compilation of greeting texts in social networks require an active “introspection” of the activities of philologists themselves, who also participate in such greeting events and could become “legislators of style and taste”. Therefore, the article ends with examples of greeting texts written by specialists in Russian philology who show creative ingenuity and style originality in creating such texts.
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Hsu, Bi-Min. "Braille Recognition for Reducing Asymmetric Communication between the Blind and Non-Blind." Symmetry 12, no. 7 (2020): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12071069.
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Assistive braille technology has existed for many years with the purpose of aiding the blind in performing common tasks such as reading, writing, and communicating with others. Such technologies are aimed towards helping those who are visually impaired to better adapt to the visual world. However, an obvious gap exists in current technology when it comes to symmetric two-way communication between the blind and non-blind, as little technology allows non-blind individuals to understand the braille system. This research presents a novel approach to convert images of braille into English text by employing a convolutional neural network (CNN) model and a ratio character segmentation algorithm (RCSA). Further, a new dataset was constructed, containing a total of 26,724 labeled braille images, which consists of 37 braille symbols that correspond to 71 different English characters, including the alphabet, punctuation, and numbers. The performance of the CNN model yielded a prediction accuracy of 98.73% on the test set. The functionality performance of this artificial intelligence (AI) based recognition system could be tested through accessible user interfaces in the future.
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Veszelszki, Ágnes. "Linguistic and Non-Linguistic Elements in Detecting (Hungarian) Fake News." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae Communicatio 4, no. 1 (2017): 7–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auscom-2017-0001.
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Abstract Fake news texts often show clear signs of the deceptive nature; still, they are shared by many users on Facebook. What could be the reason for this? The paper tries to answer the question by collecting the linguistic and non-linguistic characteristics of fake news. Linguistic characteristics include among others the exaggerating, sensational title, the eye-catching, tabloid-style text, the correct or incorrect use of terms, and the fake URLs imitating real websites; non-linguistic characteristics are expressive pictures often featuring celebrities, the use of all caps, excessive punctuation, and spelling mistakes. The corpus was compiled using snowball sampling: manipulative news not originating from big news portals were collected from the social networking website Facebook. The aim of the study is to identify the characteristics of Hungarian fake news in comparison to the English ones and to elaborate a system of aspects which help identify fake news.
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Al-Ghabra, Iman Muwafaq Muslim Muwafaq, and Afrah Suhail Najim. "Analyzing Errors Committed in Paragraph Writing by Undergraduates." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 10, no. 2 (2019): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1002.07.
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Writing plays a key role in the educational system. Since it is a creative skill, both native and non-native speakers face difficulties to write in a proper and academic way. The main focus of the present study is to examine the type and frequency of errors in 87 paragraphs written by 87 of the 2nd year students (Department of English, College of Education for Women, University of Baghdad) when practicing paragraph writing as part of their syllabus. To achieve this objective, the researchers have designed a rubric that includes both the recognition and arrangement criteria. According to this rubric, they taught and trained their students how to write a paragraph for 3.5 months. At the end, the researchers gave the participants a title to write a good paragraph. The researchers identified the type and frequency of their errors. Results have been arranged in a descending sequence: grammar, capitalization, spelling, punctuation, formatting, handwriting, and coherence.
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Lu, Chris J., Alan R. Aronson, Sonya E. Shooshan, and Dina Demner-Fushman. "Spell checker for consumer language (CSpell)." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 26, no. 3 (2019): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocy171.
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Abstract Objective Automated understanding of consumer health inquiries might be hindered by misspellings. To detect and correct various types of spelling errors in consumer health questions, we developed a distributable spell-checking tool, CSpell, that handles nonword errors, real-word errors, word boundary infractions, punctuation errors, and combinations of the above. Methods We developed a novel approach of using dual embedding within Word2vec for context-dependent corrections. This technique was used in combination with dictionary-based corrections in a 2-stage ranking system. We also developed various splitters and handlers to correct word boundary infractions. All correction approaches are integrated to handle errors in consumer health questions. Results Our approach achieves an F1 score of 80.93% and 69.17% for spelling error detection and correction, respectively. Discussion The dual-embedding model shows a significant improvement (9.13%) in F1 score compared with the general practice of using cosine similarity with word vectors in Word2vec for context ranking. Our 2-stage ranking system shows a 4.94% improvement in F1 score compared with the best 1-stage ranking system. Conclusion CSpell improves over the state of the art and provides near real-time automatic misspelling detection and correction in consumer health questions. The software and the CSpell test set are available at https://umlslex.nlm.nih.gov/cSpell.
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Song, Zongwei. "Investigating Chinese EFL College Students’ Writing Through the Web-Automatic Writing Evaluation Program." English Language and Literature Studies 9, no. 3 (2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v9n3p20.
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WWE-pigai is a kind of upgraded automated writing evaluation (AWE) system and there are 444,877,400 essays submitted and corrected on this platform. Some previous research on AWE system indicates that students do not tend to utilize AWE feedback to revise essays and improve writing abilities. The major objective of this study is to investigate Chinese EFL college students&rsquo; writing through the comparison of WWE-pigai and traditional writing method. The study lasts two terms and 120 Chinese colleges students participate in the research. The findings reveal that WWE-pigai can motivate EFL students to revise and resubmit their essays more than ten times, improve the scores, increase students&rsquo; grammar accuracy and vocabulary richness. The surface-level spelling errors (including punctuation mark misuse) are the most common for freshmen. WWE-pigai is not very effective to correct certain grammatical errors besides spelling and conjugation errors. For certain grammatical errors that the students cannot correct by themselves, the assistance of EFL teachers is necessary. We argue that the results reached through this study can offer useful implications for the usage of EFL writing strategies.
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HOU, WEN-JUAN, and JIA-HAO TSAO. "AUTOMATIC ASSESSMENT OF STUDENTS' FREE-TEXT ANSWERS WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 20, no. 02 (2011): 327–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213011000188.
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For improving the interaction between students and teachers, it is fundamental for teachers to understand students' learning levels. An intelligent computer system should be able to automatically evaluate students' answers when the teacher asks some questions. We first built the assessment corpus from the course in the university. With the corpus, we applied the following procedures to extract the relevant information and then built the feature model: (1) remove the punctuation and decimal numbers because it plays the noise roles, (2) apply the part-of-speech tagging such that the syntactic information is extracted, (3) for grouping the information, take the stemming and normalization procedure to sentences, and (4) extract other features. In this study, we treated the assessment problem as the classifying problem, and tried two kinds of classification strategies: two and three classifying classes. For two classes, we got an average of 66.3% precision rate at first. When adding n-gram concept to the feature model, the system reached to the average of 71.9% precision rate which increased performance by 5.6%. The same tendency emerged for three-class experiment. The experiments with SVM show exhilarating results and some improving efforts will be further made in the future.
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Kurchinskaya-Grasso, Natalia. "Peculiarities and main characteristics of the legal English language." Litera, no. 12 (December 2020): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2020.12.32071.
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This article examines the peculiarities of the legal English language as the object of translation studies. Currently, English language is dominant in international relations and business, and plays a significant role as legal language within the European Union. Legal English is a global phenomenon. This style of English language is used by the lawyers and other legal experts in their work. In the conditions of globalization of English language, it is necessary to be scrupulous about translation of the legal English in order to avoid inaccuracies in the entire system of international law. Therefore, the goal of this article consists in consideration of the unique characteristics of legal English associated with its origin, terminology, linguistic structure, linguistic peculiarities, and punctuation. The work employs descriptive method, comparative method, and method of applied comparative jurisprudence. The conclusion is made that legal English developed under the influence of languages previously used in the legal system, which is reflected in modern legal terminology and linguistic structure of the legal English language and requires attention in translation. Taking into account the aforementioned peculiarities would be of much help the legal translator in working with legal texts in English language.
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Fahrudin, Tresna Maulana, Ilmatus Sa’diyah, Latipah Latipah, Ibnu Zahy’ Atha Illah, Cagiva Chaedar Bey Lirna, and Burhan Syarif Acarya. "KEBI 1.0: Indonesian Spelling Error Detection System for Scientific Papers using Dictionary Lookup and Peter Norvig Spelling Corrector." Lontar Komputer : Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi Informasi 12, no. 2 (2021): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/lkjiti.2021.v12.i02.p02.
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Many Indonesian spelling errors occur in research papers published to the public, closely related to academics in all institutions such as research institutions, government, schools, and universities. The spelling errors usually writing punctuation, writing letters, writing words, writing words originating from foreign or regional languages (uptake words), using affixed words, and writing ineffective sentences. The mistakes made by the academics then become a cycle in the academic environment. They usually provide guidance for writing an undergraduate thesis, thesis, dissertations to students, or the other forms of documents and scientific papers. Therefore, the research proposed the application to facilitate all authors of scientific papers in producing quality scientific works based on the General Guidelines for Indonesian Spelling published by the Agency for Development and Language Development. The application is named KEBI 1.0 Checker (Indonesian Spelling Error 1.0 Checker), a web-based application with a built-in algorithm to detect and correct Indonesian Spelling in scientific papers. The experiment result shows that the application has given the best accuracy performance to correct the non-standard words, and typographical errors reached 100% and 55,52%, respectively. The application also has been detected 209 meaningless words. The application processing time is relatively low, the average time needed to correct non-standard words is 0.016 seconds, and typo words are 14.58 seconds. KEBI 1.0 Checker is helpful for the end-user in academics but needs to improve the vocabulary of the large corpus in various fields of science for correcting typo words.
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Thoyyibah, Anisatu. "Analisis Kesalahan Ortografi Bahasa Arab Mahasiswa Pendidikan Bahasa Arab Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang." Arabiyatuna : Jurnal Bahasa Arab 3, no. 2 (2019): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.29240/jba.v3i2.1017.
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This article is a study of Arabic Language Education students at the University of Muhammad Malang concerning spelling errors in writing Arabic characters. Orthography or Arabic alphabet spelling is a system that is generally used to realize the sound description from spoken language to written language in a language community, in this case Arabic. But in practice not everyone is able to describe the sound of language into writing correctly. Including students in the Arabic Language Study Program, University of Muhammadiyah Malang. This research is a descriptive type, in collecting data using observation techniques, documentation techniques, and interview techniques. The data analysis uses the orthographic equivalent method with basic techniques (orthographic sorting techniques) and advanced techniques (comparative correlation techniques). While the presentation of data uses informal variety. The results showed that the forms of orthographic errors or Arabic characters were first, one type of error consisting of adding vowels, reducing vowels or consonants, reducing consonant punctuation, and changing letters. Second, two or more types of errors. The factors underlying these mistakes are in terms of sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics.