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1
Shutters, Shade T. "Punishment Leads to Cooperative Behavior in Structured Societies." Evolutionary Computation 20, no. 2 (2012): 301–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/evco_a_00062.
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Altruistic punishment occurs when an agent incurs a cost to punish another but receives no material benefit for doing so. Despite the seeming irrationality of such behavior, humans in laboratory settings routinely pay to punish others even in anonymous, one-shot settings. Costly punishment is ubiquitous among social organisms in general and is increasingly accepted as a mechanism for the evolution of cooperation. Yet if it is true that punishment explains cooperation, the evolution of altruistic punishment remains a mystery. In a series of computer simulations I give agents the ability to punish one another while playing a continuous prisoner's dilemma. In simulations without social structure, expected behavior evolves—agents do not punish and consequently no cooperation evolves. Likewise, in simulations with social structure but no ability to punish, no cooperation evolves. However, in simulations where agents are both embedded in a social structure and have the option to inflict costly punishment, cooperation evolves quite readily. This suggests a simple and broadly applicable explanation of cooperation for social organisms that have nonrandom social structure and a predisposition to punish one another. Results with scale-free networks further suggest that nodal degree distribution plays an important role in determining whether cooperation will evolve in a structured population.
2
Brubaker, Stanley C. "Can Liberals Punish?" American Political Science Review 82, no. 3 (1988): 821–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1962493.
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Liberalism doubts that a sound theory of politics can be built from a theory of the human good. In pursuit of its authorized ends, the liberal state can establish incentives and disincentives, it can require reparations, and it can restrain dangerous persons. But can liberals punish? By distinguishing punishment from related phenomena and comparing its presuppositions with central tenets of liberalism, I tentatively conclude that they cannot. An analysis of efforts by leading liberal theorists to come to terms with punishment confirms that suspicion: their theories do not authorize punishment or do so at the expense of their more fundamental principles. I conclude that the ability to punish criminal is part of a larger moral experience and capacity that is lost with liberalism's expulsion of the human good from politics, and further, that without reference to the human good, liberalism's central concepts of liberty and equality are left weak and empty.
3
Seier, Markus. "The Intuition of Punishment: A Study of Fairness Preferences and Cognitive Ability." Games 11, no. 2 (2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g11020021.
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Can differences in cognitive reflection explain other-regarding behavior? To test this, I use the three-item Cognitive Reflection Task to classify individuals as intuitive or reflective and correlate this measure with choices in three games that each subject participates in. The main sample consists of 236 individuals who completed the dictator game, ultimatum game and a third-party punishment task. Subjects afterwards completed the three-item Cognitive Reflection Test. Results showed that intuitive individuals acted more prosocially in all social dilemma tasks. These individuals were more likely to serve as a norm enforcer and third-party punish a selfish act in the dictator game. Reflective individuals were found more likely to act consistently in a self-interested manner across the three games.
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Cahill, Christine, and Walter J. Stone. "Voters’ Response to Candidate Ambiguity in U.S. House Elections." American Politics Research 46, no. 5 (2018): 890–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532673x17752320.
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There is a sizable literature on the causes and effects of candidate positioning in elections. An implication of this research is that candidates present clear issue positions to the electorate and citizens then make voting decisions based on this information. However, if candidates are ambiguous in the positions they take, this may impair voters’ decision-making and prompt voters to punish them for inconsistency. Although there is a growing literature on the effects of candidate and party ambiguity, consensus on the implications of ambiguity for candidates and voters is yet to be achieved. Using data from the 2010 House elections, we find that candidate ambiguity undermines voters’ ability to vote consistent with the spatial logic just as Downs speculated. We also find, in contrast to Downs, that voters punish rather than reward candidate ambiguity. We suggest that a possible mechanism is in voters’ valence ratings of candidates.
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Pedersen, Eric J., William H. B. McAuliffe, Yashna Shah, Hiroki Tanaka, Yohsuke Ohtsubo, and Michael E. McCullough. "When and Why Do Third Parties Punish Outside of the Lab? A Cross-Cultural Recall Study." Social Psychological and Personality Science 11, no. 6 (2019): 846–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550619884565.
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Punishment can reform uncooperative behavior and hence could have contributed to humans’ ability to live in large-scale societies. Punishment by unaffected third parties has received extensive scientific scrutiny because third parties punish transgressors in laboratory experiments on behalf of strangers that they will never interact with again. Often overlooked in this research are interactions involving people who are not strangers, which constitute many interactions beyond the laboratory. Across three samples in two countries (United States and Japan; N = 1,294), we found that third parties’ anger at transgressors, and their intervention and punishment on behalf of victims, varied in real-life conflicts as a function of how much third parties valued the welfare of the disputants. Punishment was rare (1–2%) when third parties did not value the welfare of the victim, suggesting that previous economic game results have overestimated third parties’ willingness to punish transgressors on behalf of strangers.
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McReynold, MaryAnne. "The Trafficking Victims Protection Act: Has the Legislation Fallen Short of its Goals?" Policy Perspectives 15, no. 1 (2008): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4079/pp.v15i1.4152.
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This analysis examines the immigration status that the United States government affords to individuals who are willing to meet the requirements of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000, commonly known as the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA). This article presents the legislative history of the TVPA with an emphasis on the factors that heighten the tension between the interests of trafficking victims and those of the government. Available immigration relief is not truly "relief" unless it is accessible to those who need it, that is, those for whom Congress designated this type of visa status. Likewise, legislation that designates an action as criminal is fruitless unless it provides for effective investigations and enforcement. As crucial as it is to punish and deter traffickers, the special nature of this crime necessitates that the victims, who are central to the role of law enforcement, receive ample protection. In conclusion, the author suggests seven policy recommendations to improve the government's ability to punish and deter human traffickers while protecting the victims of these crimes.
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Granovetter, Mark. "The Impact of Social Structure on Economic Outcomes." Journal of Economic Perspectives 19, no. 1 (2005): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0895330053147958.
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The author focus here on sociologists' contributions to the impact of social structure and networks on the economy. Sociologists have developed core principles about the interactions of social structure, information, ability to punish or reward, and trust that frequently recur in their analyses of political, economic and other institutions. The author begins by reviewing some of these principles. Building on these, he then discusses how social structures and social networks can affect economic outcomes like hiring, price, productivity and innovation.
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COX, GARY W. "Marketing Sovereign Promises: The English Model." Journal of Economic History 75, no. 1 (2015): 190–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050715000078.
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The difficulty sovereign actors face in making their promises credible is widely appreciated (e.g., North and Weingast 1989; Myerson 2008). In this article, I argue that the English repeatedly usedinstitutions of monopoly brokerageto mediate trades between the sovereign (offering various promises) and subjects (offering revenues). Once set up—at different times in different markets—institutions of monopoly brokerage sparked substantial and abrupt growth in state revenues. Moreover, these revenue increases cannot be explained by changes in promise-holders’ ability to punish nonperformance, changes in the preferences of pivotal state decision makers, or changes in high constitutional structure alone.
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Pensky, Max. "After Impunity: The Anti-Impunity Norm, The Colombian Special Jurisdiction for Peace, and the Future of International Criminal Law." Genocide Studies and Prevention 18, no. 2 (2024): 46–63. https://doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.18.2.2014.
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The predominance of international criminal law as a frontline response to atrocity crimes prioritizes the countering of impunity as an overarching goal. A corresponding “anti-impunity norm” identifies the legal punishment of individual perpetrators as a core requirement in legal responses to atrocities. This anti-impunity norm – the requirement to prosecute and punish – is also a legal obligation for state parties to the International Criminal Court. But the anti-impunity norm equates impunity’s opposite – accountability – with the imposition of legal punishment. This narrow interpretation of impunity places limits on states’ ability to craft context-specific responses to atrocities while also fulfilling their legal obligations. The result is in part an explanation for why international criminal law’s future as a frontline response to atrocities is questionable. The “special sanctions” mechanism for perpetrators of atrocity crimes, part of Colombia’s comprehensive Final Accord with the FARC-EP rebel group, offers a valuable example of a national response to atrocities offering an innovative and sophisticated response to states’ legal obligations to punish under the Rome Statute. Special sanctions for cooperating perpetrators of international crime are designed to impose individual accountability while remaining distinct from retributive criminal punishment. But do these special sanctions meet Colombia’s international legal obligations? The essay develops a qualified positive response.
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Luo, Fu Bi. "Game Analysis on the Shareholders, the Manager and the Auditor in Equity Incentive Process." Advanced Materials Research 787 (September 2013): 997–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.787.997.
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Equity incentive is a two-edged sword. In this paper, a three party game model among shareholders, the manager and auditor is built to study the equity incentives negative effects. The results are: the probability of the manager and the auditors collusion to manipulate accounting information is negative connected with the shareholders punishment, and is positive connected with the monitoring cost. Shareholders should improve the technical ability and measures to punish the manager and auditor heavily when they collude to manipulate financial information; Shareholders and the regulatory agencies should give no chance to the manager and the auditor to obtain extra income from accounting information manipulation as much as possible.
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La Rosa, Anne-Marie, and Carolin Wuerzner. "Armed groups, sanctions and the implementation of international humanitarian law." International Review of the Red Cross 90, no. 870 (2008): 327–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383108000416.
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AbstractWhile it is widely accepted that punishing the perpetrators of violations of international humanitarian law is an important instrument in improving compliance with the law, little research has been done into the obligations on armed groups to impose sanctions and their possibilities for doing so. This article discusses characteristics of armed groups that influence their willingness and ability to comply with international humanitarian law and to punish those of their members who commit violations. It takes a holistic approach to these sanctions, and analyses the different methods of punishing members of armed groups, including disciplinary sanctions, penal sanctions imposed by the state and penal sanctions imposed by the group itself.
12
De Silva, Nicole. "Intermediary Complexity in Regulatory Governance." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 670, no. 1 (2017): 170–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716217696085.
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While regulatory governance can be theorized as a three-party game in which regulators use intermediaries to influence targets, I show how regulatory intermediaries can, through delegation and orchestration, engage their own “subintermediaries” to increase their capacity for fulfilling their regulatory mandates and their influence on regulators and targets. I elucidate how the International Criminal Court (ICC)—the key intermediary in the regulatory regime for international crimes—has used nongovernmental organizations’ (NGOs’) advocacy, expertise, and operational capacities to compensate for its limited capabilities. Through NGO intermediaries, the ICC has aimed to increase its ability to prosecute, punish, and thus regulate international crimes; amplify its influence on state regulators and potential perpetrators; and improve the regulation of international crimes overall.
13
Welch, Ryan M. "Domestic politics and the power to punish: The case of national human rights institutions." Conflict Management and Peace Science 36, no. 4 (2017): 385–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0738894217704632.
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Why do states give institutions the ability to legally punish them? While past research focuses on international pressure to delegate authority to third parties, I argue that domestic politics plays a key role. By viewing domestic politics through a principal–agent framework, I argue that the more accountable individual legislators remain to the public, the more likely it is that the legislature will delegate legal punishment authority. I focus on National Human Rights Institutions—domestic institutions tasked with protection and promotion of human rights—to build the argument. Electoral institutions that decrease monitoring of legislator agents, or institutional makeup that allows the executive to displace the public as the principal lead to National Human Rights Institutions without punishment power. Using Bayesian logistic analyses I test four hypotheses, all of which are in agreement with the argument.
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Jois, Himavath, and Alan R. Wagner. "What Happens When Robots Punish? Evaluating Human Task Performance During Robot-Initiated Punishment." ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction 10, no. 4 (2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3472207.
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This article examines how people respond to robot-administered verbal and physical punishments. Human participants were tasked with sorting colored chips under time pressure and were punished by a robot when they made mistakes, such as inaccurate sorting or sorting too slowly. Participants were either punished verbally by being told to stop sorting for a fixed time, or physically, by restraining their ability to sort with an in-house crafted robotic exoskeleton. Either a human experimenter or the robot exoskeleton administered punishments, with participant task performance and subjective perceptions of their interaction with the robot recorded. The results indicate that participants made more mistakes on the task when under the threat of robot-administered punishment. Participants also tended to comply with robot-administered punishments at a lesser rate than human-administered punishments, which suggests that humans may not afford a robot the social authority to administer punishments. This study also contributes to our understanding of compliance with a robot and whether people accept a robot’s authority to punish. The results may influence the design of robots placed in authoritative roles and promote discussion of the ethical ramifications of robot-administered punishment.
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Nedilko, B. I. "IMPORTANCE OF THE BEMBA CASE FOR THE INSTITUTE OF PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY OF COMMANDERS AND OTHER SUPERIORS FOR THE COMMITMENT OF CRIMES AGAINST INTERNATIONAL LAW BY THEIR SUBORDINATES." Constitutional State, no. 41 (March 17, 2021): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2411-2054.2021.41.225616.
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This article is devoted to the analysis of the Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo case of the International Criminal Court. He was a Congolese politician, as well as the founder and the head of non-governmental armed group, named “Movement for the Liberation of Congo”, which members committed number of crimes during armed conflict in Central African Republic. The importance of this case lies in the fact, that it was the first case of the International Criminal Court, where the accused was charged with crimes, committed by his subordinates, and not by the accused himself. This article reveals the main contradictions between the judgments of the Trial Chamber, which found Bemba guilty, and the Appeals Chamber, which acquitted him. The legal basics of the institute of personal responsibility of commanders and other superiors in international criminal law, which were formed in the decision of the Appeals Chamber in the Bemba case, are highlighted therein. The author addresses and analyzes the grounds for recognizing commanders and other superiors guilty for committing crimes by their subordinates. It was discovered, that Article 28 of the Rome Statute requires the commanders to take only necessary or reasonable measures to prevent or punish the crimes, committed by their subordinates, not all possible measures at the relevant time. The Trial Chamber should specify what exactly the accused had to do to prevent or punish the crimes, as well as inform the accused of it prior to the hearing. It is also necessary to take into account objective circumstances, that could prevent the commander from adequately responding to the commission of crimes by his subordinates, especially if they operated in the territory of another state. The commander's ability to take the necessary or reasonable measures to prevent or punish the crimes, committed by his subordinates, should be analyzed in relation to each individual crime he is charged with, and not in relation to all the actions of subordinates as a whole. At last, the Appeals Chamber provided an exhaustive list of criteria for determining whether the measures, taken by the commander, were sufficient.
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Schofer, Jonathan. "Ethical Formation and Subjection." Numen 59, no. 1 (2012): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852712x610574.
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AbstractEthical formation in and through subjection is an extremely widespread pattern that is not limited to particular traditions, time periods, or regions. Examining this pattern requires us to integrate the study of power with the study of virtue and self-cultivation: power is productive of selves, and selves appropriate the ideals presented to or pressed upon them. This paper refines our approaches to power and ethics by showing that we need to address at least three facets of ethical formation and subjection: (a) material power relations, including the ability to kill, torture, punish, imprison, confine, observe, and censor; (b) discourses, and particularly figurative discourses, that convey conceptions of the self as well as ethical ideals; and (c) emotions and motivations of embodied persons who encounter norms and ideals.
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Pliley, Jessica. "The Petticoat Inspectors: Women Boarding Inspectors and the Gendered Exercise of Federal Authority." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 12, no. 1 (2013): 95–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781412000527.
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In the early twentieth century, anti-white-slavery activists sought to construct a new position for women inspectors in the Immigration Bureau. These activists asserted that immigrant girls traveling without a family patriarch deserved the U.S. government's paternal protection, yet they argued that women would be best suited to provide this protection because of women's purported maternal abilities to perceive feminine distress. By wielding paternal government authority—marked by a badge, the ability to detain, and presumably the power to punish—these women could most effectively protect the nation's moral boundaries from immoral prostitutes while also protecting innocent immigrant girls from the dangers posed by solitary travel. In 1903 the Immigration Bureau launched an experiment of placing women among the boarding teams at the port of New York. The experiment, however, was short-lived, as opponents of the placement of women in such visible positions campaigned against them. This episode reminds us that the ability to represent and exercise federal authority in the early twentieth century was profoundly gendered; and women's increased participation in government positions during the Progressive Era was deeply contested.
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Maurer, William. "How the Rational Basis Test Protects Policing for Profit." University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, no. 54.4 (2021): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.54.4.rational.
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Since the police shooting of Michael Brown in 2014 and the civil unrest that followed, numerous lawsuits have challenged laws that use the government’s ability to impose fines and fees for reasons other than the protection of the public. These challenges have usually raised equal protection challenges to these laws—that is, that the laws punish the poor more harshly than others. The challenges have been unsuccessful, largely because courts examine these laws using “rational basis review,” a standard that is highly deferential to the government and one in which the courts themselves are often required to actively advocate for the government’s position. This article explains these challenges, outlines the critiques of rational basis review, and argues that courts should abandon the use of this standard in cases in which punitive sanctions fall more heavily on the poor than others.
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Knoops, Geert-Jan Alexander. "The Transposition of Superior Responsibility onto Guerrilla Warfare under the Laws of the International Criminal Tribunals." International Criminal Law Review 7, no. 2-3 (2007): 505–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156753607x204293.
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AbstractThis article deals with the question whether and how to assess superior responsibility within irregular (guerrilla) warfare; based on the principles developed by the international criminal tribunals on the area of superior responsibility for regular forces. In particular the article examines whether those criteria are useful to apply to guerrilla warfare. Specific problems, typical for guerrilla warfare, are analyzed such as the organizational level, the exercise of effective command and control, the assessment of the mens rea criterion within a complex situation of guerrilla warfare. Additionally, the material ability to prevent or punish crimes within guerrilla forces seems a point of concern in view of the absence of proper disciplinary systems within this type of warfare. Recent case law of the ICTY is taken into account in order to arrive at an answer to the main research question.
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Sturkey, William. ""Blocks for Freedom": Sewing for Voting in Post-Jim Crow Mississippi." Southern Cultures 30, no. 1 (2024): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/scu.2024.a922021.
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Abstract: This article examines a voting rights campaign known as "Blocks for Freedom" that was launched in 1966 to help a group of rural African American women in Clay County, Mississippi, protect their right to vote. These Black women faced significant obstacles to vote even after the passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act. Local white vigilantes and county administrators used violence and the threat of informal economic sanctions to punish Black citizens who registered to vote. "Blocks for Freedom" sought to circumvent these limitations by creating jobs for Black women that would offer a living wage and protect their ability to cast ballots. Led by poor women in Mississippi and civil rights advocates in New York City, this innovative campaign shows how grassroots activists encountered voter suppression techniques employed to dilute the Black vote after the Civil Rights Movement.
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Shereshevsky, Yahli. "Monetary Compensation as a Remedy for Fair Trial Violations under International Criminal Law." New Criminal Law Review 18, no. 1 (2015): 71–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2015.18.1.71.
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When international criminal courts face violations of the right to a fair trial, they encounter a dilemma: if they provide a significant remedy, such as a stay of proceedings, the remedy inevitably undermines the ability to punish the perpetrators of international crimes; on the other hand, if they grant a minimal remedy or no remedy at all, the right to a fair trial is undermined. This dilemma has led to the adoption of an interest-balancing approach to remedies. Under this approach, sentence reduction plays a prominent role in remedying fair trial violations that do not undermine the court’s ability to accurately determine the accused’s guilt. This Article argues that sentence reduction is an inadequate remedy, since it inevitably either harms the goals of international criminal sentencing or does not provide an effective remedy for violations of the right to a fair trial. Instead, monetary compensation should be the remedy for such violations. By granting monetary compensation, the court creates a separation between the punishment and the remedy and thus can usually provide an effective remedy for the accused without harming the main goals of international criminal justice.
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Barrett, Justin L., R. Daniel Shaw, Joseph Pfeiffer, Jonathan Grimes, and Gregory S. Foley. "Good Gods Almighty." Journal of Cognition and Culture 19, no. 3-4 (2019): 273–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12340059.
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AbstractIf “Big Gods” evolved in part because of their ability to morally regulate groups of people who cannot count on kin or reciprocal altruism to get along (Norenzayan, 2013), then powerful gods would tend to be good gods. If the mechanism for this cooperation is some kind of fear of supernatural punishment (Johnson & Bering, 2006), then we may expect that mighty gods tend to be punishing gods. The present study is a statistical analysis of superhuman being concepts from 20 countries on five continents to explore whether the goodness of a god is related to its mightiness. Gods that looked more like the God of classical theism and gods that were low in anthropomorphism were more likely to be regarded as morally good and to be the target of religious practices. Mighty gods were not, however, especially likely to punish or to be a “high god.”
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Yevdokymov, V. A. "MANAGEMENT OF SUBORDINATES’ ACTIONS: HOW TO ENSURE THE ACCURACY OF OFFICIAL PUNISH?" 1, no. 1 (September 29, 2022): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/1684-8489-2022-1-06.
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Аnnotation. Consistent and persistent efforts of Ukraine to become a member of the European Union require a systematic approach to further improvement of management activities in the field of public administration. Forced or accidental mistakes of public sphere managers occur as a result of low management qualifications, they do not provide an opportunity to bring the efficiency of public organizations to a fundamentally new level. Among the functions of management, motivation and punishment of subordinates are the most problematic, due to low attention to these aspects in domestic and foreign scientific literature. Recent research and publications analysis. Problems of improving managerial activity are studied in the works of such leading scientists and practitioners as I. Adizes, A. Fayol, H. Ford, V. Tarasov, O. Friedman, B. Tracy, P. Drucker, R. Blake, J. Mouton. However, many questions regarding the effective influence of a manager on subordinates remain open to this day. The paper objective is the analysis of complex negotiations with a subordinate during the punishment procedure, identification of subordinates’ typical techniques to avoid punishment, offering optimal options for the manager's response. The paper main body. The mechanism of conducting complex negotiations between a manager and a subordinate during the punishment procedure is analyzed. The typical methods of subordinates to avoid punishment are determined, and the optimal options for the manager’s response during this procedure are distinguished. It is emphasized that punishment is an integral part of the manager’s professional competence. It was found that moral punishment should be considered the most effective, because it acts as a prevention of administrative punishment application, while simultaneously forming a model of subordinate behavior in accordance with corporate norms. Moral punishment is carried out through the subordinate’s recognition of the fallacy of his actions through internal rethinking and correction of his/her ”picture of the world”. It is accentuated that manager should be punished for the violation, not its consequences. It is proved that management should include the approaches of theory X and theory Y according to the views of David McGregor. It is revealed that the punishment of a subordinate should not be accompanied by rudeness, disrespect, humiliation, insult, accusation, revenge, etc. The sequence of stages in complex negotiations with a subordinate is substantiated, the purpose and content of each stage is determined. Negotiations with subordinates during punishment should simultaneously solve several tasks: satisfy the interests of the case, improve relations with team, strengthen authority of the manager. A significant difference between the concepts of “mistake” and “misdemeanor” in the employee’s activity was determined. The manager’s readiness to punish subordinates can be considered as part of demandingness: the ability to demand from the subordinate a model of behavior that the manager considers correct in relation to existing corporate norms. Conclusions. The theoretical approaches discussed in the article require practical implementation and consolidation as skills. For this, it is recommended: First, it is advisable for the manager to take a critical look at the level of his management competencies development: planning, delegation and control. It are these functions that have the greatest impact on the accuracy of tasks performed by subordinates. Secondly, when implementing the method of punishment described above, it is necessary to prepare in advance for difficult negotiations with a subordinate. Perhaps this work will seem boring to a practicing manager, but the methodology should be written down in a synopsis and learned by heart. At first, it is better not to improvise, but to clearly act according to the algorithm. Thirdly, no matter how rude it may seem, but in order to consolidate the skill of punishing subordinates, the manager needs practice. It is necessary to start training on subordinates who do not feel sorry. This category includes those who constantly violate discipline and corporate regulations, employees with a low level of performance, insufficient responsibility, or those who should have been fired yesterday.
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Adaobi, Elota. "ETHNIC BIAS, FAVORITISM AND DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA." International Journal of Innovative Research in Social Sciences and Strategic Management Techniques 7, no. 1 (2020): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.48028/iiprds/ijirsssmt.v7.i1.07.
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The leadership in many African Countries with their ethnic diversities is characterized by ethnic bias and favoritism and citizens are thus treated unequally in many respects, particularly when it comes to national resource allocation and political representation. This breads resentment and creates conditions for an ultimate rejection of the state by the frustrated and politically conscious masses. It is also a tantamount to corruption there by weakening the ability of the state to function efficiently and is therefore anti-developmental. In this paper, it argues that the socio economic crises in many African countries are aggravated by practices of ethnic Bias and favoritism that have consistently violated the principle of the impersonality of economic agents caused by resentment among the marginalized ethnic groups fuelled conflict and retarded development on the Continent. It is also recommended that a strong and credible judicial body with powers to investigate crimes against citizens and prosecute & punish offenders be established by the African Union.
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Zhang, Zezhong. "The International Law Dilemma of Autonomous Weapon System." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 57, no. 1 (2024): None. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/57/20240091.
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This paper aims to highlight the potential for serious humanitarian disasters caused by the rapid development of autonomous weapons systems, as they are currently unable to fully grasp the ability to analyze their targets and clearly distinguish between combatants and military targets due to current technological limitations. There is also controversy over whether autonomous weapons systems are combatants, and there is a certain degree of regulatory deficiencies in the field of international law. Existing international treaties are unable to perfectly regulate autonomous weapons systems and punish unlawful behavior. The paper mainly uses the method of analyzing specific problems based on legal principles and draws conclusions by referring to some cases. The conclusion of this paper is that the international community needs to establish a new, targeted international legal treaty, establish a more reasonable and realistic international soft law, establish and improve a broader international exchange system, and encourage countries to work together to solve this problem.
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Turgeon, Mathieu, and Éric Bélanger. "Institutions and attribution of responsibility outside the electoral context: a look at French semi-presidentialism." European Political Science Review 9, no. 2 (2015): 209–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773915000351.
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Some institutional arrangements may be undesirable for democracy by obscuring which political actors are to be held responsible for failed or successful policies and bad or good macroeconomic performances. Much of the work in the area has focused on whether institutions affect the ‘clarity of political responsibility’ and the ability of voters to punish or reward, in turn, governments and elected officials. Not much has been said, however, about the assignment of responsibility outside the electoral context, for a broad range of policy areas. This paper explores these questions in the context of French semi-presidentialism. It demonstrates that the French public is surprisingly quite responsive to the demands imposed by their political system by adjusting reasonably well their evaluations of both actors of the executive in light of major political events and changes in the economic conditions when the circumstances clearly indicate which of the two is ‘in charge’. At other times, however, this particular institutional arrangement obscures instead political responsibility.
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Stacey, Simon. "A Lockean Approach to Transitional Justice." Review of Politics 66, no. 1 (2004): 55–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670500042479.
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Locke can speak interestingly to the problem of transitional justice, that is, how to deal withthose who committed human rights abuses under authoritarian regimes once those regimes democratize. The essay focuses mainly on the “hard case” of transitional justice, in which former members of an authoritarian regime retain significant capacity for violence, and so the ability to threaten the new polity if attempts are made to punish them. Locke's law of nature suggests that human rights abusers should be punished, although not at the expense of social stability.But it also grounds the apparently un-Lockean claims, consistent with some of Locke's occasional writings, that abusersquaeschewers of reason may be treated as beasts that do not enjoy natural rights, and that little account need be taken of the victims of such abusers. Using Locke's thought in this way both illuminates it and clarifies what is at stake in the debate about transitional justice.
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HELLWIG, TIMOTHY, and DAVID SAMUELS. "Electoral Accountability and the Variety of Democratic Regimes." British Journal of Political Science 38, no. 1 (2007): 65–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123408000045.
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Do voters reward or punish incumbents for retrospective performance similarly in different democratic regimes? Despite debates on the merits of different regimes, little research has investigated the implications of constitutional design on voters' ability to hold politicians to account. This article shows that regime type determines the way and extent to which elections enable voters to reward or sanction incumbents. These regime effects are separate from and conceptually prior to factors previously identified in the literature on comparative economic voting. Analysis of elections from seventy-five countries reveals that, all else equal, voters have greater potential to hold incumbents to accounts under the separation of powers than under parliamentarism. Moreover, variables particular to separation of powers systems – the electoral cycle in pure presidential systems and instances of cohabitation in semi-presidential systems – affect the relative impact of the attribution of responsibility. The results contribute to ongoing debates about the relative advantages of different constitutional formats for democratic performance.
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Dochterman, Z. D. "The Compelled." After Dinner Conversation 5, no. 5 (2024): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/adc20245546.
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What if there are infinite possibilities, but not for you? In this work of philosophical short story fiction, the billionaire Lathar Jackson visits Ethereon Flux to try out their groundbreaking technology, the ability to observe, and send paying customers to, better parallel universes of their lives. Every choice we make creates a parallel universe where that choice was made and, for the right amount of money, Ethereon Flux will allow you to see them, and move into the best one. However, when Lather is hooked up to the machines, they realize he isn’t generating parallel universes; in short, he isn’t exercising free will. He is not actually making choices! Ethereon Flux detains Lathar for study as the government has concerns that it might not be allowed to punish criminals that were deemed not to have exercised free will. After doing more and more absurd things in an attempt to unsuccessfully prove he has free will, he dies in the facility.
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Trinh, Minh D., and Mai T. Truong. "A Warning from Above: How Authoritarian Anti-Protest Propaganda Works." World Politics 77, no. 2 (2025): 338–81. https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.2025.a957997.
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abstract: When faced with unfolding protests, autocrats frequently respond with anti-protest propaganda loaded with negative narratives about protesters. Although a substantial body of literature has suggested that anti-protest propaganda can effectively alter the way the public views protests, few researchers have examined the mechanism through which propaganda negatively affects public support for protests. In this article, the authors explain the role that anti-protest propaganda plays in weakening public support for protests. Using an innovative experiment involving mediation analysis, the authors administered a survey to 950 Vietnamese respondents. The experimental results showed that anti-protest propaganda may deter support for protests more by influencing the audience's beliefs about the intention and capacity of the government than by shaping perceptions of the protesters' legitimacy. This evidence suggests that even when it fails at discrediting protesters, anti-protest propaganda still serves as an effective warning, credibly signaling the commitment and ability of the government to punish protesters and their supporters.
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Gavrilets, Sergey, and Peter J. Richerson. "Collective action and the evolution of social norm internalization." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 23 (2017): 6068–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1703857114.
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Human behavior is strongly affected by culturally transmitted norms and values. Certain norms are internalized (i.e., acting according to a norm becomes an end in itself rather than merely a tool in achieving certain goals or avoiding social sanctions). Humans’ capacity to internalize norms likely evolved in our ancestors to simplify solving certain challenges—including social ones. Here we study theoretically the evolutionary origins of the capacity to internalize norms. In our models, individuals can choose to participate in collective actions as well as punish free riders. In making their decisions, individuals attempt to maximize a utility function in which normative values are initially irrelevant but play an increasingly important role if the ability to internalize norms emerges. Using agent-based simulations, we show that norm internalization evolves under a wide range of conditions so that cooperation becomes “instinctive.” Norm internalization evolves much more easily and has much larger effects on behavior if groups promote peer punishment of free riders. Promoting only participation in collective actions is not effective. Typically, intermediate levels of norm internalization are most frequent but there are also cases with relatively small frequencies of “oversocialized” individuals willing to make extreme sacrifices for their groups no matter material costs, as well as “undersocialized” individuals completely immune to social norms. Evolving the ability to internalize norms was likely a crucial step on the path to large-scale human cooperation.
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Atindanbila, Samuel, Asafo Seth Mawusi, Alexander Attiogbe, Edward Edward, and Philemon Amooba. "BIO-PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF SEXUAL ENHANCERS AMONG GHANAIAN MEN." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 2, no. 2 (2014): 20–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v2.i2.2014.3064.
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This study explores the biopsychosocial factors that affect the decision of Ghanaian men to use sexual enhancers/aphrodisiacs. The study was qualitative in nature and made use of thematic content analysis as its main tool of analysis. Two focus groups involving ten (10) participants were used in the study. Participant age ranges was between 25 – 59 years. Findings indicated that the decision to use an aphrodisiac involve a complexity of interactions between social, psychological and biological factors. The main social findings were that a man’s sexual ability to perform sex is indicative of status and prestige in society. The psychological reason for the use of aphrodisiacs was to punish women. The biological reasons were to use sexual enhancers as tools to prove masculinity and as a function of age and absence of disease. The study also gave the easy availability of sexual enhancers in Ghana, as one of the reasons. Recommendations centred on education on the effects of sexual enhancers and their availability on the market be controlled.
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Castro-Montero, José Luis, Edwin Alblas, Arthur Dyevre, and Nicolas Lampach. "The Court of Justice and treaty revision: A case of strategic leniency?" European Union Politics 19, no. 4 (2018): 570–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465116518793707.
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Students of European Union judicial politics have debated the credibility of legislative override as constraint on the behaviour of the European Court of Justice. Yet because of the high political hurdles for the passage of treaty amendments, treaty revision has been dismissed as the ‘nuclear option’, exceedingly effective but difficult to use. However, when treaties are being renegotiated, the ability of member state governments to pass treaty amendments to either punish or reward the Court is greater. We argue that this may induce the Court of Justice to display more leniency towards member states in cases coinciding with ongoing treaty negotiations. To test this hypothesis, we examine the outcome of all infringement cases adjudicated between 1961 and 2016. We find that the European Court of Justice is significantly less likely to render adverse rulings in cases concomitant with the final, most salient stage of treaty negotiations. Our analysis suggests that the relationship between treaty revision and judicial behaviour may be more nuanced than commonly assumed in the literature.
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Tschantret, Joshua. "Revolutionary Homophobia: Explaining State Repression against Sexual Minorities." British Journal of Political Science 50, no. 4 (2019): 1459–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123418000480.
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AbstractWhy do unthreatening social groups become targets of state repression? Repression of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people is especially puzzling since sexual minorities, unlike many ethnic minorities, pose no credible violent challenge to the state. This article contends that revolutionary governments are disproportionately oppressive toward sexual minorities for strategic and ideological reasons. Since revolutions create domestic instability, revolutionaries face unique strategic incentives to target ‘unreliable’ groups and to demonstrate an ability to selectively punish potential dissidents by identifying and punishing ‘invisible’ groups. Moreover, revolutionary governments are frequently helmed by elites with exclusionary ideologies – such as communism, fascism and Islamism – which represent collectivities rather than individuals. Elites adhering to these views are thus likely to perceive sexual minorities as liberal, individualistic threats to their collectivist projects. Statistical analysis using original data on homophobic repression demonstrates that revolutionary governments are more likely to target LGBT individuals, and that this effect is driven by exclusionary ideologues. Case study evidence from Cuba further indicates that the posited strategic and ideological mechanisms mediate the relationship between revolutionary government and homophobic repression.
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İsmayılov S.F. "On the road for becoming a top class referee in football- general requirements and the situation in Azerbaijan." Scientific News of Academy of Physical Education and Sport 2, no. 1 (2020): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.28942/ssj.v2i1.211.
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Match officials are responsible for controlling the matches, follow the regulations, punish those commit fouls. Moreover, referees have to deal with safety issues during the games record time. However, everyone should take into consideration that referees can make a mistake as well, because human factor plays a role. Hence, referees always will be faced pressures because of spectators’ different approaches even referees made correct decisions. At all times, refereeing should be ready for modern football game requirements and hence, it is crucial to keep going on development. All referees (head of referee, assistant referees and fourth official) must adapt the modern football in terms of high speed and new changes, even the pressure by media and press. Therefore, the match officials have to be ready for changes, have to be self-confident not to be afraid to give decision in spite of having pressure by media, spectators, and club officials. It is one of the main features of referee to have such ability with regard to take decision as a blink of an eye.
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Dr., Samuel Atindanbila, Asafo Seth Mawusi Mr., Alexander Attiogbe Mr., Edward Abasimi Mr., and Philemon Amooba Mr. "BIO-PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF SEXUAL ENHANCERS AMONG GHANAIAN MEN." International Journal of Research – Granthaalayah 2, no. 2 (2017): 20–37. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.884099.
Full textAbstract:
This study explores the biopsychosocial factors that affect the decision of Ghanaian men to use sexual enhancers/aphrodisiacs. The study was qualitative in nature and made use of thematic content analysis as its main tool of analysis. Two focus groups involving ten (10) participants were used in the study. Participant age ranges was between 25 – 59 years. Findings indicated that the decision to use an aphrodisiac involve a complexity of interactions between social, psychological and biological factors. The main social findings were that a man’s sexual ability to perform sex is indicative of status and prestige in society. The psychological reason for the use of aphrodisiacs was to punish women. The biological reasons were to use sexual enhancers as tools to prove masculinity and as a function of age and absence of disease. The study also gave the easy availability of sexual enhancers in Ghana, as one of the reasons. Recommendations centred on education on the effects of sexual enhancers and their availability on the market be controlled.
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Ding, Xiayang. "Diplomacy vs. Economics: Examining the Roots of Decline in Sino-U.S. Trade in 1975." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 28, no. 2 (2021): 133–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-28020004.
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Abstract In 1975, the explosive growth of Sino-U.S. trade that only had resumed after 1971 ended with a severe decline from $920 million a year to just $461 million. The cause of the collapse was the unilateral decision of the People’s Republic of China (prc) to cancel several orders from late 1974 to early 1975. Scholars have advanced three reasons for the prc’s action, blaming to trade disputes, Beijing’s desire to punish the Americans for slow progress on the Taiwan issue, and Chinese trade officials preventing radicals from labeled them “compradors.” Each explanation, however, overstates the importance of high-level politics and ignores mid-level exchanges, as trade delegations shuttled back and forth across the Pacific in 1975. The article demonstrates that the real obstacle to trade in 1975 was China’s limited ability to purchase American grain in the same quantities as in the last four years, along with indications of a good future harvest in China emerging at the end of 1974. Economic factors therefore better explain the decline in prc-U.S. trade, providing an example of how in the last years of the Cultural Revolution, Beijing’s economic policy was more pragmatic than one would expect.
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Yankah, Ekow N. "The Right to Reintegration." New Criminal Law Review 23, no. 1 (2020): 74–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2020.23.1.74.
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“Western” democracies take an uneven view of the state’s role in reintegrating the incarcerated following punishment. Particularly in the United States, where retributivism remains punishment’s dominant justification, questions of punishment center on how wrongdoers ought to suffer for transgressions. Thus, reintegrative programs are viewed as a question of policy preference for various jurisdictions, and a question of grace for the state. A republican political theory, centered on our civic bonds, emphasizes different commitments. On this view, punishment is justified where a citizen attacks another in ways that deny their civic equality and undermine our ability to maintain a common civic life. But the same justification that requires protecting civic equality through punishment compels the state to reintegrate offenders after punishment; the right to punish and the obligation to reintegrate are complementary political duties. As such, reintegrative policies are not merely the state’s choice but rather a state duty and an offender’s right. This article explores the obligations the state owes ex-felons in reintegrating them into civic society across a range of political and civic rights. It also addresses reintegration’s important role in ameliorating the racial scars of American criminal punishment.
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Sontina Saragih. "Factors Affecting Patient Safety By Nurses In Medan." VitaMedica : Jurnal Rumpun Kesehatan Umum 2, no. 3 (2024): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.62027/vitamedica.v2i3.117.
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Patient safety is a system that makes care safer, including risk assessment, identification and management of patient risks, reporting, incident analysis, the ability to learn from incidents and follow up, implementation of solutions to minimize risks and prevent injuries caused by errors resulting from carry out an action or take action that should be taken. This study aims to determine the factors that influence the implementation of patient safety by nurses at Hospital X in Medan. The type of research used is quantitative research with a cross sectional approach. The population in this study were 85 inpatient nurses at Hospital X in Medan. The number of samples in the study was 75 respondents according to the criteria, using the total sampling technique. The statistical test used is the Chi Square Test. The results of the research show that there is a relationship between nurses' knowledge (p-value=0.004), Hospital Organization/Management (p- value=0.030) and the implementation of patient safety by nurses at Hospital in Medan. Increasing the knowledge and skills of nurses' performance by holding training regularly and continuously, Create organizational policies by implementing a punish and reward system for nurses according to their performance.
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Monastyrsky, Yu E. "Theoretical Aspects of the Basic Conditions for Liability: Restorative and Punitive Approaches under Russian Law." Kutafin Law Review 12, no. 1 (2025): 88–116. https://doi.org/10.17803/2713-0533.2025.1.31.088-116.
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The concept of liability is a key one in jurisprudence. Its universal significance in civil law lies in the ability to monetize negative property results and impose financial consequences on the party involved. In criminal law, it is used to punish the offender. This paper analyzes fault as the most important element of the said legal institution and discusses the role of cause-and-effect relationship. The aim of this publication is to draw a sectoral comparison between important conditions of liability. The developing economic turnover in the Russian Federation requires to ensure the reproduction and multiplication of monetary values. The effectiveness of legal techniques, particularly in establishing fault, constitutes an initial condition for civil liability and cause-and-effect relationship between misconduct and an offence still determines the use of the full range of opportunities provided by law. In criminal law, the fault is a necessary basis for any criminal sanction, including a fine. The paper elucidates the concepts of fault and cause- and-effect relationship as a separate, stand-alone issues important for imposing criminal punishment, and showing the significant difference between these legal categories in civil and criminal law.
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Rahimzai, Hisamudin, and Naqibulla Mushfiq. "Ta’zir Punishment and Delegated Authority in Accordance with Islamic Jurisprudence and Afghanistan’s Enacted Laws." Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities 3, no. 5 (2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.3.5.1.
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Ta’zir punishment is the punishment of acts that do not have certain legal penalties, whether it is violating the rights of Allah (SWT), the rights of others, or the public interest. The legal basis of Ta’zir punishment is from the Holy Qur’an, the Prophetic Hadiths, the consensus of the Muslim community, and personal reasoning. In Islamic Sharia, there are many types of Ta’zir punishments, which range from advice up to execution, in consideration of the public order and interests of the community. In Ta’zir punishments, the determination of a sentence for the offender is subject to the authority and ability of the judge, and is specified in consideration of the interests and support of the community, along with the circumstances of the offense, the corrective effect of the sentence, and the character and criminal record of the offender. Many philosophies to legitimize disciplinary punishments, such as protecting humanity’s life and interests, reducing the magnitude of crime in society, and the correction and punishment of offenders are also incorporated. Ta’zir punishment has some unique characteristics, which include the indefiniteness of penalties, whereby the lawmaker’s authority and ability to punish is delegated to judges. Not only may the judge forgive the offender, but the personality and criminal record of the offender are also considered in determining the punishment. Because many people in Afghan society do not understand the concept of Ta’zir punishment, how they are applied, and how they are specified, so this Article is designed to help resolve these issues.
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Ristić, Katarina. "The Media Negotiations of War Criminals and Their Memoirs." International Criminal Justice Review 28, no. 4 (2018): 391–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1057567718766218.
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The literature on transitional justice in former Yugoslavia holds that the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) proceedings, meant to establish the facts about the past, punish the perpetrators of mass violence, and even facilitate reconciliation, have led to the unexpected transformation of convicted war criminals into heroes in their home countries. Drawing on cultural criminology, the article looks at the phenomenon of “criminal celebrity,” which emerges at the juncture between public personality, intensive media attention, and high audience resonance. Considering that this transformation largely depends on the ability of different actors, including the convicts themselves, to create socially acceptable public personalities by reframing crimes, and their contexts and perpetrators, this article looks at the attempts to create such alternative accounts in the memoirs of the convicts, and in the media. This article argues that the mediation of war criminals in the ICTY facilitated a new type of criminal celebrity—the “ICTY celebrity,” who emerges from his/her relation to an allegedly unjust legal authority, rather than to the crimes. The ICTY celebrity is not a hero, known for heroic deeds or achievements—instead, his main function is to represent a flattering and consoling narrative about the past, enabling wide identification within the ethnic community.
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Nur, Aryanto, and Suhada Suhada. "Peranan Audit Forensik Dalam Mencegah Kejahatan Keuangan Perbankan Dengan Menggunakan Teknologi Informatika." Jurnal Ekonomika Dan Bisnis (JEBS) 4, no. 4 (2024): 689–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.47233/jebs.v4i4.1959.
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Financial crime is any activity that involves fraudulent or criminal behavior to gain personal financial gain. This is a criminal activity carried out by individuals or groups involved in financial crime activities, such as: money laundering, terrorism financing, fraud, tax evasion and identity theft. Financial crime has become a big problem and is detrimental to many parties, using increasingly sophisticated techniques, which requires a solution. In this research the author will focus on discussing banking financial crimes using information technology, because they seriously damage the reputation of financial institutions, destroy public trust, and cause significant financial losses. Banking must have a strategy to protect various technologies, information and data simultaneously, which requires coordination with all stakeholders in Indonesia. The aim of writing this journal is to determine trends, patterns, factors that influence, anticipate and punish banking financial crimes using information technology. The research uses qualitative methods with data collection methods using literature studies. The object of this research is secondary data in the form of banking financial crimes using information technology committed by perpetrators of banking financial crimes. The role of forensic audit is the best way to prevent and detect banking financial crimes using information technology in Indonesia. Forensic audit has the ability to provide statements based on its expertise.
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L. Barnett, Michael. "Mind: the gap – to advance CSR research, think about stakeholder cognition." Annals in Social Responsibility 2, no. 1 (2016): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/asr-08-2016-0009.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a better understanding of how, and how well, stakeholders make decisions about rewarding firms for acts of social responsibility and punish firms for their lack thereof. Design/methodology/approach The author integrates factors at the individual, firm, and industry levels that cause variation in how stakeholders attend to corporate social (ir)responsibility. Findings The author explicates the multi-level cognitive process stakeholders undertake in attending to firm’s actions and identifies limits on their ability to fulfill their central role in conditioning firms to be more socially responsible. Research limitations/implications The author outlines areas for future research that can fill gaps in the understanding of how stakeholders notice, make sense of, and respond to corporate social practices. Social implications The author argues that, under many conditions, business case or self-regulatory solutions may be inadequate to increase corporate social responsibility (CSR), and instead, formal regulatory solutions may prove necessary. Originality/value This paper brings needed structure to the literature on CSR. By delving deeper into the minds of stakeholders and outlining a multi-level cognitive process, it enables scholars to better address the key managerial issue of when, not simply whether, it pays to be good.
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Hauenstein, Matthew. "The conditional effect of audiences on credibility." Journal of Peace Research 57, no. 3 (2019): 422–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343319871983.
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How do leaders signal their intentions during a crisis? Scholars point to audience costs, potential political punishment for bluffing during bargaining, to explain how accountable leaders communicate. However, the empirical support for audience costs is mixed. I argue that this apparent disconnect between theory and evidence is due to different ways that audiences can threaten to use their sanctioning power during a crisis. When determining whether to punish a leader for a failed coercive threat, their domestic supporters should balance concerns over consistency and policy outcomes. As such, accountable leaders’ ability to credibly communicate is not automatic, rather it depends on their supporters’ policy preferences. I apply this insight using casualty sensitivity as a conditioning policy preference. I expect, and find, that audiences only help a leader commit to fight when fighting is low-cost, and actually prevent commitment when fighting is high-cost. Using compellent threat data, I find that audiences have countervailing effects on credibility due to their preferences for leaders who are both consistent and avoid costly conflict. This conditional effect could explain prior mixed support for audience costs in observational data, as prior studies pool together instances where I find audiences have strong, but opposing, effects.
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Halfmann, Emma, and J. Lukas Thürmer. "Perspective-Taking and Reactions Toward Poor Performers in Groups: A Scoping Review and Discussion." Behavioral Sciences 15, no. 5 (2025): 612. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050612.
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Perspective-taking, the ability to adopt another person’s viewpoint, has been found to enhance group performance by fostering cooperation and coordination. However, if members threaten the attainment of group goals (i.e., poor performers), the intensity of perspective-taking is not sufficient to explain group members’ reactions to the poor performer (e.g., willingness to punish), since the findings are not unequivocally positive. It is key to consider the inferences resulting from perspective-taking efforts (attributions). These inferences, as attributions of the cause of the poor performance and the pro-group intent, are key determinants of group responses to poor performers. The goal of this scoping review is to examine the role of perspective-taking and attributions of the cause of poor performance in reactions toward poor performers in groups. Following the PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews, we performed a literature search in three databases (APA PsycInfo, PubPsych, and Web of Science) that yielded ten articles that matched our eligibility criteria. A narrative synthesis was employed to summarize the main findings across the included literature. This review highlights the need for integrating views on perspective-taking and attribution processes in group contexts to better understand how groups can effectively navigate challenges posed by diverging performance.
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Duhaime, Bernard. "Women's Rights in Recent Inter-American Human Rights Jurisprudence." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 111 (2017): 258–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/amp.2017.38.
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While certain aspects of women's rights had been addressed in earlier OAS instruments and more generally in the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man and in the American Convention on Human Rights, many consider that the issue of women's rights was first incorporated in the normative corpus of the Inter-American Human Rights System (IAHRS) with the 1994 adoption of the Belém do Pará Convention on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence Against Women. This treaty obliges states to prevent, punish, and eradicate violence against women, taking special account of vulnerabilities due to race, ethnic background, migrant status, age, pregnancy, socioeconomic situation, etc. It defines the concept of violence against women and forces states to ensure that women live free of violence in the public and private sphere. It also grants the Commission and the Court the ability to process individual complaints regarding alleged violations of the treaty. Since 1994, the Commission has also established a Rapporteurship on the rights of women, which assists the IACHR in its thematic or country reports and visits, as well as in the processing of women's rights–related petitions. In recent years, the jurisprudence of the Commission and the Court has addressed several fundamental issues related to women's rights, in particular regarding violence against women, women's right to equality, and reproductive health.
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Mun Chung, Lee, Mohammad Ewan Awang, and Hardev Kaur Jujar Singh. "JUSTICE THROUGH RETRIBUTIVISM IN ZHOU HAOHUI’S DEATH NOTICE." Journal of Language and Communication 11, no. 1 (2024): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/jlc.11.01.03.
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Chinese fiction has long explored the notion of retributive justice as the dominant mode of discussing socio-political issues in Chinese literature. Despite its significance, this topic has received limited scholarly attention. This article addresses this gap by analysing Zhou Haohui's novel Death Notice (2019), in which the protagonist navigates a lawless society, seeking to address the absence of justice through retributive means. Tension arises when he tries to punish the wrongdoers through retributive means to redress the lack of justice in the novel. Death Notice serves as a compelling commentary on contemporary issues in China, underscoring the urgent need for societal change. Using Goran Duus-Otterström’s retributive concepts as a lens, this paper examines Death Notice as a novel that unravels the weaknesses in the Chinese justice system. As the powerless continue to be oppressed, retributivism becomes increasingly appealing as the channel to seek justice due to its ability to accommodate the desire to seek justice. This article argues that the oppressed protagonist is acting as a retributivist to voice out the flaws in the justice system. It highlights the overlooked aspects of retributive justice in Chinese fiction and emphasises its significance as a tool for critique and the need for a more equitable society. By unravelling the complexities of justice through the protagonist's actions, this study contributes to our understanding of justice and its portrayal in Chinese literature.
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Mufty, Abdul Malik, and Nurul Chaerani Nur. "DISCOURSE ON THE DISCOVERY AND RENEWAL OF THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGALITY IN CRIMINAL LAW." Jurnal Meta-Yuridis 7, no. 2 (2024): 12–24. https://doi.org/10.26877/m-y.v7i2.19873.
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The principle of legality was created to limit the arbitrary actions of kings/rulers against their people. Power has the ability to punish individuals, even though it is not regulated in advance. However, the form of power is the most important factor in determining whether an action can be punished. The function of protecting victims or people is not fulfilled by the principle of legality. Law No. 1 of 2023 regulates the Criminal Code which is a significant reform. Law No. 1 of 2023 is marked by the recognition and implementation of implicit laws that apply in society, while also recognizing the existence of legal certainty and positive law. The purpose of this study is to analyze the discovery and application of the principle of legality in Law No. 1 of 1946 and examine the renewal of the principle of legality in Law No. 1 of 2023. This study uses normative research methods to support secondary data. The findings of this study show that the concept of the principle of legality was introduced in 1748 as a means to prevent arbitrary actions by kings or tyrants against their people. The court can process and try customary crimes or acts that are contrary to applicable legal values but there is no equivalent or comparison in Law No. 1 of 2023 as a result of the expansion of the principle of legality.
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Gřivna, Tomáš. "Srovnání trestního postihu korupce ve vybraných státech." AUC IURIDICA 52, no. 3 (2025): 7–31. https://doi.org/10.14712/23366478.2025.111.
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The article deals with the worldwide spread problem of corruption. There is not any state without the problem of corruption in the world. The corruption is very dangerous for state, society and economy. Main feature of corruption is its latency. Every state tries to fight with corruption. So the criminalization of corruption by penal code of each state is a very good matter for comparison. The aim of the article is to find out the conjoint and distinct features of crimes consisted in corruption in the Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Poland, Russian Federation. In all of these states the active and passive bribery are crimes. These crimes could be committed only intentionally. The structure of the offences of passive and active bribery is different. In the Czech Republic the bribe should be in connection with procuring affairs in the public interest. Only a public official according to Russian criminal code could commit the passive bribery. The connection with the performance of a public function is necessary for the bribery in Poland. No such a connection is required by Slovak criminal code that seems to punish the widest range of corruption acts. In nearly all national laws the bribe can be a material or an immaterial advantage (exception: in Russia the bribe must be only a material advantage). The minor gifts are hardly excluded from punish ability by lack of material aspect of crime (insufficient rate of danger to society). According to criminal codes the advantage can be given before or after the offender acts, directly or indirectly to him or to the third person (in agreement with the offender). In all states (except Russia) it is not necessary for the completion of the offence that the offender receives the bribe. Demanding a bribe or accepting the promise of bribe is sufficient. In the Czech Republic, Slovak Republic and Poland the trading in influence (a person requests or accepts a bribe for the promise to influence a public official or other described person) is also a crime. All criminal codes give the privilege of non-committed crime (effective repentance) for the offender of active bribery if the offender has reported immediately after he was asked for a bribe. The penalties provided for bribery differ from state to state. The maximum imprisonment is from 10 to 15 years for passive bribery if committed under certain aggravating circumstances. The criminal codes include other crimes consisted in bribery (related offences) mainly in the private sector. In the last years such provisions (e.g. commercial corruption) were involved in the Polish penal code as well as in the Russian penal code.