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Journal articles on the topic 'Purchasing organisation'
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Tiwari, Ashutosh, Christopher Turner, and Kieron Younis. "Socially responsible purchasing in the automotive industry." Social Responsibility Journal 10, no. 4 (September 30, 2014): 620–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/srj-05-2012-0056.
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Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to present a new process for the evaluation of an automotive organisation’s suppliers by corporate social responsibility (CSR) measures. Design/methodology/approach – A methodology for socially responsible purchasing is detailed along with a case study outlining its use within a large automotive manufacturer. Findings – Socially responsible purchasing has a positive impact on the performance, trust and cooperation of the supplier base. Industry practitioner’s state that cost and implementation difficulties are reasons for purchasing and supply managers’ reluctance to participate in CSR activities. The CSR evaluation process within the case study organisation identified which suppliers should be considered for CSR audit; giving the purchasing manager, of the case study organisation, an objective basis for decision-making. Research limitations/implications – Future development of the approach may involve the integration of the CSR tool more closely with strategy and policy procedures of an organisation. The CSR tool may also be developed for use in sectors beyond the automotive industry. Additional commentary is given on the potential relevance of this approach to the retail sector. Practical implications – The methodology and case study descriptions provide an outline template for purchasing and supply managers with the automotive sector and guidance for interested practitioners in other industries. Originality/value – This paper expands the guidance available for purchasing professionals wishing to evaluate the CSR impact of procurement decisions.
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Little, Bob. "The purchasing – and practical benefits – of a learning management system." Industrial and Commercial Training 47, no. 7 (October 5, 2015): 380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ict-03-2015-0023.
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Purpose – An exploration of the corporate market for learning management systems (LMSs), looking at key issues in the buying process, LMS features and characteristics. It illustrates this with two case studies of global organisations’ LMS usage. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Discussion paper making use of analyst and buyer interviews. Findings – Having taken time and trouble to find the right LMS for your organisation can bring tangible benefits – for the organisation (via improving efficiency and achieving business goals), learning and development professionals (in charge of the whole process) and individual workers/ learners. From the case studies, this is true for companies in two widely diverse industries. Research limitations/implications – The value of understanding the differences between the 800 or so LMSs currently on the market – and going through a thorough and professional system to acquire the appropriate one for the organisation. Practical implications – Implemented successfully, an LMS enhances the user’s knowledge and skills; enables the learning and development professional to be more efficient and effective while reducing time pressures, and enables the organisation to achieve its business targets band goals. Social implications – Individual workers find learning – and performance support – simpler and easier to achieve as and when they require it. Originality/value – An attempt to discern some current trends and explore them through two recent cases.
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Nollet, Jean, and Martin Beaulieu. "Should an organisation join a purchasing group?" Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 10, no. 1 (February 2005): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13598540510578333.
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Hanson, Kara, Edwine Barasa, Ayako Honda, Warisa Panichkriangkrai, and Walaiporn Patcharanarumol. "Strategic Purchasing: The Neglected Health Financing Function for Pursuing Universal Health Coverage in Lowand Middle-Income Countries Comment on "What’s Needed to Develop Strategic Purchasing in Healthcare? Policy Lessons from a Realist Review"." International Journal of Health Policy and Management 8, no. 8 (May 29, 2019): 501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2019.34.
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Sanderson et al’s realist review of strategic purchasing identifies insights from two strands of theory: the economics of organisation and inter-organisational relationships. Our findings from a programme of research conducted by the RESYST (Resilient and Responsive Health Systems) consortium in seven countries echo these results, and add to them the crucial area of organisational capacity to implement complex reforms. We identify key areas for policy development. These are the need for: (1) a policy design with clearly delineated responsibilities; (2) a task network of organisations to engage in the broad set of functions needed; (3) more effective means of engaging with populations; (4) a range of technical and management capacities; and (5) an awareness of the multiple agency relationships that are created by the broader financing environment and the provider incentives generated by multiple financing flows.
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van Zoest, Simon, Leentje Volker, and Marleen Hermans. "Implementing a new procurement strategy: the case of social housing associations." International Journal of Managing Projects in Business 13, no. 2 (July 26, 2019): 409–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmpb-09-2018-0189.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to address the barriers that Dutch housing associations encounter in implementing new procurement strategies. Design/methodology/approach Several aspects of purchasing, portfolio management, project delivery and supply management are discussed in relation to the changing role of housing associations as semi-public commissioning bodies in the Dutch construction industry, based on data derived from workshops with six Dutch housing associations. Findings Housing associations are adapting their procurement strategy towards a more integrative and performance-based approach to supply management. Due to the complexity of implementing this process, housing associations struggle especially with moving beyond pilot projects, increasing the maturity levels throughout the organisation and aligning new policies with daily practices at a tactical and an operational level. Practical implications Increased knowledge of change processes and seeing the potential of maturity models will be valuable for practitioners who are dealing with changes on the work floor. Social implications Client organisations are considered one of the key drivers of change in the construction industry. Insights into these particular organisational change processes contribute to the potential of industry reform. Originality/value Most studies on collaboration and integration in the supply chain focus on the inter-organisational level or on the supply side, rather than the internal organisation of the client.
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Johanne Klungseth, Nora. "Organising cleaning in Norwegian public FM." Journal of Facilities Management 12, no. 4 (August 26, 2014): 382–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfm-02-2014-0007.
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Purpose – This paper aims to give an overview of the alternatives that Norwegian municipalities have regarding organisational models for their facility management (FM) and cleaning organisations, and to investigate what organisational models they apply, if building category or size of municipality influences their use of organisational models and whether their FM and cleaning organisations are organised similarly within identical municipalities. Design/methodology/approach – The research is based on a national survey conducted during year 2010. All Norwegian municipalities were invited to respond. The survey asked the head of the FM departments (or the chief executive officer [CEO] if the first could not answer) what organisational models they used for their FM and cleaning organisations and what changes they planned for the organisation in the future. All questions were asked according to different building categories to determine whether building category had any influence on their choices. Findings – Limited research has been published regarding the structure of the FM organisations in Norwegian municipalities and even less regarding their cleaning organisations. The results show that Norwegian municipalities prefer integrated models and also purchasing services from the private sector prior to applying decoupled models as inter-municipal alternatives and Municipal Limited Companies. The results do also indicate that Norwegian municipalities’ interest in such models is rising and that they seem to be moving away from traditional and integrated alternatives. Research limitations/implications – Although all municipalities were invited to the survey, only one-third responded. Originality/value – The article may represent a first thorough overview of what organisational models and what combinations of models Norwegian municipalities use for their FM and cleaning organisations. Compared to former studies, this article explores a greater variety in organisational models and a greater variety in researched building categories.
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Hurst, Keith, Stephen Harrison, and Trevor Ride. "Primary care organisation and management – Evidence from a total purchasing pilot." Journal of Management in Medicine 14, no. 3/4 (August 2000): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02689230010359192.
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Kmetec, Anja, Sonja Mlaker Kač, and Roman Gumzej. "How to Estimate Strategic Partnerships on the Basis of Quality Criteria in Logistics Systems." International Journal of Applied Logistics 11, no. 1 (January 2021): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijal.2021010104.
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Due to increasing competition in the international market, organisations are facing daily challenges. The market has become global and international, so organisations are forced to incorporate intelligent logistics systems to facilitate operations. It is important for organisations to know with whom and on what basis to enter strategic partnerships. The article discusses theories related to ISO standards that support intelligent logistics systems, and strategic partnerships. First, the authors present the links of standards that represent the tool of intelligent logistics systems. The authors describe the partnerships and indicators of logistics systems that affect the integration of the supply chain. The research is based on the analysis of supply data obtained by the authors from the purchasing system of the organisation. In conclusion, the authors present the results of the analysis.
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Carvalho, Hermenegildo De Fatima, Estanislau De Sousa Saldanha, and Alvaro Menezes Amaral. "The Mediation Effects of Customer Satisfaction on the Relations Between Product Price, Service Quality and Purchasing Decision." Timor Leste Journal of Business and Management 2 (September 30, 2020): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51703/bm.v2i2.18.
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This research has two main objetives: (1) to examine the effect of price, service quality and costumer satisfaction on costumer’s purchasing decision, (2) to test the mediation effects of the costumer satisfaction on the relations between product price and service quality on purchasing decision. Data was collected from 82 insurance company’s costumers using questionnaire, and hypothesis was tested using Smart- PLS 3.0. The findings reveal that (1) price, service quality and costumer satisfaction have direct and significant effect on costumer purchasing decision, (2) costumer satisfaction has an indirect and significant effect on the relationship between service quality and costumer’s purchasing decision, and (3) costumer satisfaction has no significant effect on the relationship between product price and costumer’s purchasing decision. The study enriches the existing empirical studies on product price, service quality, costumer satisfaction and purchasing decision in emerging market. The study also provides practical implications to service industry managers to enhance costumer satisfaction and purchasing decision, ultimately increasing market share and organisation profits by considering service quality and product price.
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González-Benito, Javier, Gustavo Lannelongue, Luis Miguel Ferreira, and Carmen Gonzalez-Zapatero. "The effect of green purchasing on purchasing performance: the moderating role played by long-term relationships and strategic integration." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 31, no. 2 (March 7, 2016): 312–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-09-2014-0188.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the relationship between the environmental management of purchases and firm performance. The authors examine the moderating role played by two variables: the establishment of long-term relationships with suppliers and the strategic integration of the purchasing function. Design/methodology/approach – The authors conduct an empirical study on a sample of 100 Portuguese firms. Findings – Evidence reveals that green purchasing management improves the performance of the purchasing function, although the impact is greater when the organisation forges lasting alliances with its suppliers. Originality/value – This paper contributes to the study of the consequences of introducing environmental practices into the purchasing function, especially with regards to the formation of a panel of sustainable suppliers. Specifically, this research provides evidence to show that the implementation of those practices has positive impacts on the operating performance of the purchasing function and that the said effect is greater when a firm establishes long-term relationships with its suppliers.
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Leopoulos, Vrassidas, and Georgios Chatzistelios. "Quality management systems development based on a production systems taxonomy." TQM Journal 26, no. 2 (March 4, 2014): 215–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tqm-03-2012-0024.
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Purpose – This paper aims to propose a method for the development of quality management systems (QMS) that allows the consultant that undertakes the support of the organisation to take advantage of a corporate memory. The consultant develops a new QMS based on a preliminary draft that is created using suitable reference processes from a library, selected according to the features of the organisation's production system. Design/methodology/approach – The method adopts a taxonomy of production systems, based on a set of features (e.g. degree of the products’ customisation, form of purchasing, etc.) and creates a library of reference processes that satisfy the requirements of the standard and are suitable for each particular type of production system. Findings – The QMS developed according to the proposed method satisfy both the requirements of the standard ISO 9001 and the needs of the organisation in which the QMS is installed in the biggest possible degree. The duration and cost of the project for the new QMS is reduced and the effort is oriented towards the process adaptation and improvement. Research limitations/implications – The proposed approach is general and can be applied to several types of industries. However, the proposed taxonomy is applicable to manufacturing companies. For other types of organisations specific taxonomies should be developed. Originality/value – The originality of the paper stems from the development of a QMS based on reference processes rather than the modelling and reviewing of as-is processes.
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Roy, Vivek, B. S. Sahay, and Parikshit Charan. "Akshaya Patra (Bhilai): purchasing and supply management." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 7, no. 1 (January 11, 2017): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-08-2016-0176.
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Subject area This case is intended for use in a course on supply chain management. Study level/applicability The study is applicable to MBA or executive MBA programme. Case overview The Akshaya Patra Foundation (TAPF) is an Indian non-governmental organisation which provides free mid-day meals to students in government schools. This case revolves around one of its kitchen facility (TAPF Bhilai) located in Bhilai in the Chhattisgarh province of India. TAPF Bhilai is about to witness a significant increase in the number of students to cater for. The Unit President, Vyomapada Das, is determined to ensure that there is no compromise in the standards of service in terms of quality and hygiene of meals in the wake of present expansions. As such, he recognizes that addressing a social cause brings additional responsibilities to them towards ensuring superior quality meals. He thereby lays a special emphasis upon the role of purchasing and supply in facilitating the scale expansion. Expected learning outcomes This case intends to demonstrate the process of managing, purchasing and supply for a socially responsible supply chain. Students must be able to appreciate the challenges associated with such a system. By applying the key theoretical concept of the social capital theory, they must also understand the nature of managerial responses inherent in these challenges. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 9: Operations and Logistics.
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Arnal, Jean-Michel. "How to implement NIV in the ICU?" Acta medica Lituanica 19, no. 3 (October 1, 2012): 206–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.6001/actamedica.v19i3.2450.
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NIV is widely used in the ICU for different types of respiratory failure. However, there is no recommendation on the method to implement successfully the NIV program in the ICU. The three keys are equipment, caregiver’s education and training, and organisation. Equipment should be considered purchasing the appropriate ventilators according to the number of patients and the type of patients admitted. Interface selection is very important and should not be neglected. Humidification devices should also be appropriate. Physician, nurses and respiratory therapist have to get education, practical training and a continuous training program. Organisation of NIV in the ICU is improved if there is a local developed protocol with precise indication criteria, initiation method, mask selection, ventilator settings, NIV session duration and monitoring.
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Greenaway, Alison, Wendy Larner, and Richard Le Heron. "Reconstituting Motherhood: Milk Powder Marketing in Sri Lanka." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 20, no. 6 (December 2002): 719–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d263t.
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Representations of motherhood are central to the process of constituting a market for milk powder in Sri Lanka. Mothers are the primary providers of food and nutrition for their families and communities and have a profound influence on food production and consumption. Consequently, a focus on mothers shapes the efforts of both the New Zealand Dairy Board, the main supplier of milk powder to Sri Lanka, and the Movement of Mothers to Combat Malnutrition, a nongovernmental organisation that promotes home gardening to combat high levels of malnutrition, and whose educational programmes discourage purchasing of milk powder in order to resist multinational food production. In drawing on specific representations of motherhood, each organisation articulates the needs of mothers in a specific form. In this paper we show how the market for milk powder in Sri Lanka emerges through and against these processes.
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Chang, P., P. Rowlinson, and P. Cain. "The use of linear programming to investigate the impact of changes in feed price and milk value on gross margin of Taiwanese dairy farms." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200010279.
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The Taiwanese government assists their dairy industry by supporting domestic prices through a combination of import restrictions, price support, government purchasing and subsidised disposal of surpluses. As a result, dairy production in Taiwan is insulated from international price trends. However, these dairy assistance policies can not protect the domestic price after Taiwan joins the World Trade Organisation (WTO) at the end of 2001. To access the impact of an open market, linear programming (LP) is applied to model the influence of changing feed price and milk value on dairy farm profitability.
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Lillywhite, Serena. "Ethical Purchasing and Workers' Rights in China: The Case of the Brotherhood of St Laurence." Journal of Industrial Relations 49, no. 5 (November 2007): 687–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185607082216.
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As China continues its economic development and integration with the global economy, pressure is building to ensure international enterprises embrace responsible supply chain management and contribute to improved labour and environmental conditions. Despite China's reputation for having a poor regulatory framework, China's labour law is more comprehensive than that of many Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. What is lacking is an adequate system of enforcement. This article draws on the experiences of an Australian non-governmental organization (NGO) in dealing with the Chinese optical industry to consider the important question of corporate social responsibility in China.1 It begins with an overview of the Brotherhood of St Laurence experience and observations in China, examines the challenges and opportunities of responsible supply chain management and ethical purchasing and the impact on workers' rights, and finally looks at implications for an Australia—China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA).
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KHAN, AMNA, Judith Zolkiewski, and John Murphy. "Favour and opportunity: renqing in Chinese business relationships." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 31, no. 2 (March 7, 2016): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-02-2014-0036.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact and effect of renqing in Chinese business relationships. The research focused on a multinational organisation that is based in China. Design/methodology/approach – As the research was exploratory, a qualitative approach was adopted. The researcher was based in the organisation for a six-month period, and interviews were undertaken with purchasing managers. Findings – The findings show that the Chinese concept of renqing comprises favours and opportunities. Research limitations implications – The research is exploratory and further research is required to confirm the wider applicability of the findings. Practical implications – The findings illustrate the importance of understanding the use of both favours and opportunities in business relationship in China. The findings also indicate the importance of being sensitive to cultural factors in business relationships. Originality/value – This exploratory research indicates that previous conceptualisation of Renqing was limited, as the aspects it encompasses, favours and opportunities, were not identified. This research identifies the importance of opportunities in Chinese business relationships.
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De Bernardi, Paola, Alberto Bertello, and Francesco Venuti. "Online and On-Site Interactions within Alternative Food Networks: Sustainability Impact of Knowledge-Sharing Practices." Sustainability 11, no. 5 (March 9, 2019): 1457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051457.
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The sustainability debate in the food sector has exposed the current food system to critics, encouraging the significant growth of Alternative Food Networks (AFNs), new ways of food production, distribution and consumption that aim to shorten the food chain. Our study is focused on Food Assembly (FA), a special kind of AFN combining the culture of social entrepreneurship and digital innovation to achieve sustainability and a high social impact. The coexistence of a digital platform and a weekly farmers’ market triggers, within this network, mechanisms of knowledge sharing and self-organisation. To date, however, few studies have focused simultaneously on online and on-site interactions within AFNs, especially with quantitative studies. Our paper aims to test the hypothesis that online and on-site knowledge sharing affects the success of a FA measured by customer sustainable behaviour change. To do so, we developed a quantitative analysis based on a regression model. We collected data via a questionnaire submitted to 8497 Italian FA customers, of which 2115 responses were included in our analysis. The results show that online knowledge sharing significantly affects customer change towards more sustainable purchasing and consumption behaviours, while on-site knowledge sharing positively affects sustainable purchasing behaviours.
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Chen, Juan, Anna Tikina, Robert Kozak, John Innes, Peter Duinker, and Bruce Larson. "The efficacy of forest certification: Perceptions of Canadian forest products retailers." Forestry Chronicle 87, no. 05 (October 2011): 636–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2011-070.
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A nation-wide survey of wood products retailers was conducted to examine their perceptions related to forest certification and its impacts in the market place. Four widely accepted forest certification standards were taken into account: International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) 14001, Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI), and the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Z809 Standard. The survey inquired about the economic impacts of forest certification, namely wood purchasing policies and the potential for price premiums on certified wood products. The responses indicated that most retailers had no particular purchasing policies for certified products. However, they reported up to a 20% price premium on certain certified products, although the number of consumers who request certified wood products was small (less than 10%). The retailers also indicated that the most important reasons for buying or selling certified forest products revolved around improved company image, being an environmental leader in the field, and maintaining or increasing market share. Finally, respondents felt that forest certification had minimal impacts on the social aspects of forest management, while the environmental and economic aspects of forest management were perceived to be subject to more marked changes.
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Soothill, Keith, and Teela Sanders. "The Geographical Mobility, Preferences and Pleasures of Prolific Punters: A Demonstration Study of the Activities of Prostitutes’ Clients." Sociological Research Online 10, no. 1 (June 2005): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.1050.
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Clients of prostitutes have been traditionally neglected in the study of prostitution. This demonstration study suggests that the Internet, particularly one prominent website for patrons of commercial sex in Britain, can assist in learning more about the activities of prostitutes’ clients, their patterns of behaviour and the organisation of commercial sex in contemporary society. The specific focus here is on the geographical locations of the paid sexual encounters of the ten most prolific authors who contribute to a popular website. It reveals 105 different locations identified in the reports with some punters travelling extensively for their pleasures. The study then focuses on a comparison of the activities of two of these punters showing how they both largely inhabit different worlds of the sex industry but also share some experiences. This paper contributes additional knowledge about prostitution at several levels: first, a microanalysis of a small sample of clients’ purchasing patterns highlights the habits of some prolific patrons; second, alongside these patterns, the website offers a window onto the hidden world of prostitution in late modernity which in turn reveals some organisational features of prostitution; and third, the use of the Internet as a qualitative data source is explored.
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Ivanov, Yu N., and T. A. Khomenko. "On the History of International Comparisons of National Income within the Framework of CMEA." Voprosy statistiki 26, no. 3 (March 30, 2019): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2019-26-3-69-75.
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The author considers the history of international comparisons of macroeconomic indicators carried out periodically from 1960th up to the end of the 1980th within the framework of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA). As a result of these comparisons extensive information on economies of the countries of this organisation was collected and processed; it was used to establish economic cooperation between the CMEA members. It is noted that the CMEA program is in many respects similar to the ongoing Program of international comparisons of the GDP (ICP) that is carried out following a decision by the UN Statistical Commission. This mainly concerns the computation methods of purchasing power parities. At the same time, the article considers some peculiarities of the CMEA methodology.
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Ramajo, Julián, and Montserrat Ferré. "Purchasing power parity revisited: evidence from old and new tests for an organisation for economic co-operation and development panel." Applied Economics 42, no. 17 (July 2010): 2243–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036840701765486.
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Khan, Shahadat, and Shams Rahman. "An importance-performance analysis for supplier assessment in foreign-aid funded procurement." Benchmarking: An International Journal 21, no. 1 (February 25, 2014): 2–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-12-2011-0092.
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Purpose – Using a sample of executing agency executives, donor agency executives and supplying organisation executives, this study aims to identify the critical criteria for the assessment of suppliers in foreign-aid funded procurement in Bangladesh. Design/methodology/approach – An instrument with 32-seven-point (1 – rarely, 7 – mostly) Likert-scaled items was employed to gather data on the level of importance assigned by both buyers and suppliers on each supplier assessment criterion. The importance-performance matrix analysis was conducted to assess the gap in expectations between buyers and suppliers and to organise the assessment criteria into four categories such as “low priority”, “possible killer”, “concentrate here”, and “keep up the good work”. Findings – The results indicate that, to provide better service, suppliers must assign tasks to the knowledgeable sales personnel, provide better warranties with well-known branded products, and ensure a reliable level of quality. The supplier organisations should implement a high calibre management system that allows prompt responses to enquiries and the provision of services without buyers having to follow up. Practical implications – With careful considerations, the methodology and results of the study could be adapted to design supplier assessment procedure in other developing countries. Originality/value – This research employs a simple and practical method which purchasing executives will find easy to apply and interpret the findings.
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Singh, Hari Narain. "Supply issues in ACPL – an electrical manufacturing company." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 2, no. 8 (October 17, 2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/20450621211292373.
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Subject area Supply chain management. Study level/applicability The case is suitable for post graduates in management, and for those managing small sector supply and manufacturing systems. Case overview ACPL is an organisation which moved from trading to manufacturing a technology product instrument transformers (ITs) for power utility companies for 11 years, competing with the best in industry, reducing internal costs, and modernising the supply chain. ACPL was started as a trading organisation in electrical items in Delhi by Munish Kumar, an engineer by profession in 2001. In 2004 he ventured into manufacturing, which expanded in two locations in Ghaziabad, NCR Delhi. Later his two sons, engineer and management graduate, respectively, joined the organisation. In less than a decade, by 2007, ACPL had grown to be a private limited organisation. ACPL manufactures ITs required by power boards and companies for conversion and usage of high voltage (11 kV/33 kV) transmitted power into 220 V single phase/440 V three phase power. From tender/enquiry through manufacturing to inspection and despatch takes a long supply chain cycle time holding space as well as inventory. An interview with the chairman of ACPL in the case highlights issues affecting its margins and growth. The long process to delivery time may be in vogue in this type of industry but this holds up a huge inventory. The company management has been working to resolve this crisis along with an urgent need to grow in a competitive environment. The problem is being addressed. Expected learning outcomes This case study should help students to understand the concept of the supply chain and supply cycle, in a manufacturing company in particular. It has been found that students understand the supply chain as part of the marketing function dealing with finished stocks, warehousing and delivery to end customers as per agreements, and arranging payments from customers. The supply chain also deals with in bound materials management. Raw materials planning, purchasing, inventory management are crucial for effective business operations management in any organisation. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available; please contact your librarian for access.
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Engelseth, Per, Adam Sadowski, Artur Janusz, and Fahad Awaleh. "Information System Purchase and Integration Contingencies When Companies Merge." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 8223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158223.
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This study grounds empirically the purchasing and further integration of an implemented information system set in the frenzied context of a corporate merger. A single longitudinal case study from the Norwegian pelagic seafood industry provides a detailed long-term account of developing the information system prior to, during and after a merger in the seafood industry that relies on wild catch. It is characterised by high dependence on features of nature and society to secure sustainable production. Contingency theory together with a process view of production reveals how interactions unfold over time to develop the new unified information system. Features of integration, interaction and interdependency represent different facets of information system purchase and development. The merger process represents an abnormality for the organisation as a continuous entity. Information system development in the case, therefore, takes place in a weakly integrated network of merging firms with severe time constraints. Given high uncertainty, solutions emerge through interaction. Deterministic optimisation is, in this context, a fluffy managerial dream. Normally, information system purchase and information system development involve reciprocal interdependencies involving mutual adjustments through intensive technologies and tight interaction among all parties involved. The coercive behaviour of management seeking efficiencies overrules these planning ideals. This indicates that purchasing, in a corporate merger context, is complex and approached as a complex system in a network. Solutions used in this approach originate because of emergent-networked interaction.
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RAYNAUD, DOMINIQUE. "Effets de réseau dans la science pré-institutionnelle: le cas de l'optique médiévale." European Journal of Sociology 42, no. 3 (December 2001): 483–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975601001060.
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This paper looks at why the Franciscan order took part in the diffusion of optics, more than other medieval organisation, both religious and secular. First, clues of this social asymmetry are given. Then, an explanation is put forward: 1. An initial asymmetry existed, in the fact that Grosseteste's optics was known in the Franciscan studium of Oxford; 2. Since that date, optics spread among the order through a network effect; 3. The homophilia that presided over the conventual libraries' purchasing policy finally explains why other similarly structured contemporary organizations, similarly structured, took less of an interest in optics. In spite of an obvious topical connection, this explanation differs deeply from the analysis that has been applied to the Puritans' and Jesuits' scientific activity in XVIIth and XVIIIth century classical Europe. It does not appeal to the heavy hypothesis of ethos.
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Schiele, Holger. "Comparing public and private organisations in their quest to become a preferred customer of suppliers." Journal of Public Procurement 20, no. 2 (February 26, 2020): 119–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-10-2018-0041.
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Purpose In industrial procurement, the concept of supplier satisfaction has gained increasing attention. Satisfied suppliers have been found to provide better prices, more innovations and priority in bottleneck situations. This paper aims to analyses in how far the concept of supplier satisfaction can be transferred to the public procurement domain. Design/methodology/approach Two large quantitative data sets are compared, one from a sample of suppliers evaluating their industrial clients, the other from a public customer being evaluated by its suppliers. Findings The same criteria which explain supplier satisfaction with its customer, which are relevant in the private and industrial case also hold true for the public case, namely, growth opportunity, profitability, relational behaviour and operative excellence are important criteria for distinction. Only relational behaviour by the customer scored significantly higher in the public sample, indicating that this is more an influencing factor for public organisations. Research limitations/implications Showing the relevance of supplier satisfaction also for the public domain paves the way to further research better understanding how to measure satisfaction and how to increase suppliers’ satisfaction. Practical implications Buying organisations are asked to apply a form of “upstream marketing”, in which they actively try to promote their organisation with their suppliers and increase its attractiveness. This is a new way to get access to better services from suppliers. Social implications Analysing supplier satisfaction, on the one hand, allows to improve public purchasing acts, which generate social benefits in better using public money. On the other hand, caring for the well-being of suppliers is per se contributing to a socially more desirable world. Originality/value Supplier satisfaction is a new concept in the public procurement domain. This is the first paper to introduce this approach.
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Gillin, Michael, and Jonathon Peacock. "Tax-efficient sourcing and supply-chain management." APPEA Journal 53, no. 2 (2013): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj12058.
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With such significant growth in the LNG industry and the broader energy and natural resources sector, the supply-chain risk and the cost of sourcing capital equipment and materials is increasingly difficult to manage. Many organisations are beginning to consider the merits of moving to a tax-efficient supply chain and procurement model, both through sourcing from a low-cost country and also centralising purchasing and supply operations in a tax-efficient location. Tax-efficient sourcing integrates supply chain and procurement-operating model design with tax planning to deliver significant cost reductions and profit increases through centrally controlling procurement operations. The consideration of the most efficient tax structures to support sourcing and distribution of equipment also delivers. Centrally controlled strategic and tactical supply chain and procurement operations in a tax-efficient location support an organisation in: realising benefits through leveraging scale in operations and procurement; designing a flexible framework that can be used to decide which categories of spending are managed globally, regionally, and locally;and, the acceleration and sustainability of significant procurement savings delivery from low-cost locations. Planning and management of the tax implications of physical supply-chain operations to reduce the actual taxes paid on profits and operations happen through: the potential to reduce corporate taxes on company profits; reducing absolute value-added tax (VAT) payable or cash-flow cost of VAT; reducing duty payable; optimising the indirect taxes paid on physical flows; and, change of transfer pricing driving reduction in effective corporate tax rates.
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Dias, S. "Organisational Structure and Purchasing Linkage Patterns of Manufacturing Firms in Developing Countries: Small- and Medium-Scale Firms in Metropolitan Colombo, Sri Lanka." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 18, no. 12 (December 1986): 1595–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a181595.
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In this paper the pattern of purchasing linkages and their relationships with organisational structure of small- and medium-scale industries in Sri Lanka, particularly in the Colombo Metropolitan Area, are examined. The different structural features of this industrial sector, consisting of so-called registered and unregistered firms, reflect differences in size, ownership pattern, and their relationship with government organisations. These structural differences of firms influence their pattern and the degree of relationships with different types of suppliers. For the study a sample of 136 firms selected from textile, rubber, and metal industries is used. Principal components analysis is used to analyse the structure of firms and also to identify the significant characteristics of industries. The extent to which the organisational structure of firms is reflected in the purchasing linkage patterns is investigated by means of a correlation and stepwise multiple regression analysis. The conclusion is made that in most industries, purchasing links are highly localised, and retail and wholesale suppliers are more important than the private manufacturers and government organisations. Patterns of purchasing links and the relationship with different types of suppliers vary with the internal structure of firms and the types of industries involved. The study also suggests strong relationships between organisational structure and links with retailers and wholesalers, weak relationships with private manufacturers and government organisations.
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Rezaei, Jafar, Roland Ortt, and Paul Trott. "Supply chain drivers, partnerships and performance of high-tech SMEs." International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 67, no. 4 (April 9, 2018): 629–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijppm-01-2017-0017.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine high-tech small-to-medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) supply chain partnerships. Partnerships are considered at the level of business function rather than the entire organisation. Second, the drivers of SMEs to engage in partnerships are assessed to see whether functions engage in partnerships for different reasons. Third, performance per function is assessed to see the differential effect of partnerships on the function’s performance. Design/methodology/approach In this study, the relationship between the drivers of SMEs to engage in partnerships, four types of partnerships (marketing and sales, research and development (R&D), purchasing and logistics, and production) and four types of functional performances of firms (marketing and sales, R&D, purchasing and logistics, and production) are examined. The data have been collected from 279 SMEs. The proposed hypotheses are tested using structural equation modelling. Findings The results indicate that there are considerable differences between business functions in terms of the degree of involvement in partnerships and the effect of partnerships on the performance of these functions. This paper contributes to research by explaining the contradictory results of partnerships on SMEs performance. Practical implications This study helps firms understand which type of partnership should be established based on the firm’s drivers to engage in supply chain partnership; and which partnership has a significant effect on which type of business performance of the firm. Originality/value The originality of this study is to investigate the relationship between different drivers to engage in supply chain partnership and different types of partnerships and different functional performance of firm in a single model.
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Leleux, Charles, and C. William R. Webster. "The Sale of Edited Electoral Registers in Scotland: Implications for Privacy, Data Protection and Citizenship." Scottish Affairs 25, no. 4 (November 2016): 479–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/scot.2016.0153.
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This article provides an assessment of the recent phenomenon in Scotland and the United Kingdom of selling edited electoral registers to third parties, and reflects on the implications of this practice for privacy, data protection and citizen-state relations. Drawing on the results of the National Survey of Electoral Registration Officers in Scotland, information is presented on the sale of edited registers, the types of organisation purchasing registers, revenues generated and the number of electors ‘opting out’ of the edited register. This is the first time such information has been collected nationally and therefore represents a unique Scottish ‘snapshot’. The article argues that the sale of edited registers is contentious. The collection of personal information contained within the register is critical for the successful functioning of elections and consequently our representative democratic system, yet the subsequent unrestricted sale of this information for commercial gain potentially undermines trust in democratic processes and alters the informational nature of citizen-state relations. This article offers a first opportunity to reflect on some of the consequences of this practice.
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Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Paula Odete Fernandes, João Paulo Teixeira, Nemanja Rancic, Yuriy Timofeyev, and Vladimir Reshetnikov. "Underlying Differences in Health Spending Within the World Health Organisation Europe Region—Comparing EU15, EU Post-2004, CIS, EU Candidate, and CARINFONET Countries." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 17 (August 22, 2019): 3043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173043.
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This study examined the differences in health spending within the World Health Organization (WHO) Europe region by comparing the EU15, the EU post-2004, CIS, EU Candidate and CARINFONET countries. The WHO European Region (53 countries) has been divided into the following sub-groups: EU15, EU post-2004, CIS, EU Candidate countries and CARINFONET countries. The study period, based on the availability of WHO Global Health expenditure data, was 1995 to 2014. EU15 countries have exhibited the strongest growth in total health spending both in nominal and purchasing power parity terms. The dynamics of CIS members’ private sector expenditure growth as a percentage of GDP change has exceeded that of other groups. Private sector expenditure on health as a percentage of total government expenditure, has steadily the highest percentage point share among CARINFONET countries. Furthermore, private households’ out-of-pocket payments on health as a percentage of total health expenditure, has been dominated by Central Asian republics for most of the period, although, for the period 2010 to 2014, the latter have tended to converge with those of CIS countries. Western EU15 nations have shown a serious growth of health expenditure far exceeding their pace of real economic growth in the long run. There is concerning growth of private health spending among the CIS and CARINFONET nations. It reflects growing citizen vulnerability in terms of questionable affordability of healthcare. Health care investment capability has grown most substantially in the Russian Federation, Turkey and Poland being the classical examples of emerging markets.
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Segura, Marina, Concepción Maroto, Baldomero Segura, and José Carlos Casas-Rosal. "Improving Food Supply Chain Management by a Sustainable Approach to Supplier Evaluation." Mathematics 8, no. 11 (November 4, 2020): 1952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8111952.
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Increasing food supply chain sustainability means having to deal with many conflicting aspects and involves producers, several departments in distribution companies, and consumers. The objectives of this research are to develop models to solve real-world supplier evaluation problems and validate them with real data on fresh fruits in a supermarket chain. Literature review and results from a survey with managers from purchasing, logistics, and quality departments of a food distribution company are used to establish criteria, to first model the assessment of products and, second, to model supplier evaluation. A multicriteria hybrid approach is proposed, using multi-attribute utility theory (MAUT) to assess the quality of products and Preference Ranking Organisation Method for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE) to complete their evaluation with strategic criteria to be included in the second phase. The results allow companies to rank suppliers by product and classify them according to the main criteria categories, such as product strategy, food safety, economic, logistic, commercial, green image and corporate social responsibility. A sorting approach is also applied to obtain ordered groups of suppliers. Finally, the models proposed can form the core of a decision support system in order to create and monitor the supplier base in food distribution companies, as well as to inform sustainable decision making.
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Langiewicz, Wanda, and Elzbieta Slupczynska-Kossobudzka. "Psychiatric services in the fifth year of health care reform in Poland." International Psychiatry 1, no. 6 (October 2004): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600006949.
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Changes in the Polish health care system, introduced by a Parliamentary Act in 1999, resulted from an urgent need for a more effective provision of health services, which were held in poor esteem by the public. Public expenditure on health care at the time of the reform was equivalent to 4.19% of gross national product, or US$363 at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita. This amount was considerably lower than in the most developed countries (i.e. members of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD). The reformers’ main modification consisted of replacing state financing of health services with insurance-based financing. Statutory health insurance covers 99.4% of Poland's 38.2 million citizens. The insurance fee is to be increased from 7.0% of personal income at the beginning of the reforms to 9.0% (at present it has reached 8.25%). The aim was also to achieve relatively stable health care expenditure, independent of the annual political budget allocation. A special administrator was appointed for the Sickness or National Health Fund and was authorised to contract for health services. These market-oriented developments were paralleled by the implementation of special programmes, financed from the Ministry of Health budget, which were aimed at restructuring health care facilities.
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Ikonomou, Constantinos. "An assessment of European integration for the EU-15 (1971-2015)." Region & Periphery 10 (December 7, 2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/rp.25480.
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A long-term assessment of the EU integration process is attempted for the1971-2015 period, by comparing per capita Gross Domestic Product (in constant Purchasing Power Parities) and its change, for EU-15 and non-EU states that are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. A growing divergence is found between Greece but also Portugal and the EU southern periphery on the one hand, and Luxembourg, Ireland and Scandinavian states on the other that have benefi ted from EU integration, especially after the Eurozone was formed. Those EU-15 members that have joined the Eurozone have not benefi ted as much as non-members. It is suggested that two types of states can be trapped by the integration process: The relative or absolute losers of the currency zone, like Greece and states like the UK that have benefi ted less from integration, while choosing to remain at an earlier integration stage. Given the mix of monetary and fi scal policies pursued, resolving the former problem will require setting-up a common production union to advance competitiveness and co-operation, while solution to the latter should avoid the risk of disintegration and of the permanent loss of EU membership.
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Kobelt, Gisela, Alan Thompson, Jenny Berg, Mia Gannedahl, and Jennifer Eriksson. "New insights into the burden and costs of multiple sclerosis in Europe." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 23, no. 8 (February 1, 2017): 1123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458517694432.
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Background: The current focus in multiple sclerosis (MS) is on early diagnosis and drug intervention, with a view to modifying disease progression. Consequently, healthcare costs have shifted from inpatient care and rehabilitation to outpatient care. Objectives: This European burden of illness study provides data that can be combined with other evidence to assess whether management approaches provide value to society. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 16 countries. Patients reported on their disease, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and resource consumption. Descriptive analyses were performed by disease severity. Costs are reported from a societal perspective in 2015€ PPP (adjusted for purchasing power parity). Results: The 16,808 participants had a mean age of 51.5 years, and 52% had relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Work capacity declined from 82% to 8%, and utility declined from normal population values to less than zero with advancing disease. Mean costs were 22,800€ PPP in mild, 37,100€ PPP in moderate and 57,500€ PPP in severe disease; healthcare accounted for 68%, 47% and 26%, respectively. Fatigue and cognitive difficulties were reported by 95% and 71% of participants, respectively; both had a significant independent effect on utility. Conclusion: Costs and utility were highly correlated with disease severity, but resource consumption was heavily influenced by healthcare systems organisation and availability of services.
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Tkaczyk, Jolanta, and Aleksandra Świeboda. "The consumer attitude towards the third-party organization (TPO) endorsement – an empirical investigation in the child products category." Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia 53, no. 3 (November 28, 2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/h.2019.53.3.93-100.
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<p><strong>Theoretical background</strong>: The issue of recommendations provided by institutions (third-party organisations) is rarely addressed in the literature. The market practice observation provides, however, numerous examples of the use of such recommendations. This is particularly visible in the recommendations given by scientific medical institutions in the form of a symbol – usually a logo and the name of the recommending organisation, used on packaging or in advertising campaigns. German Stiftung Warentest (test.de) and Austrian Verein für Konsumenteninformation (vki.at) provide a good benchmark because these institutions are established by the state’s authority to provide an independent assessment of products and to consequently protect the consumers’ interests. Polish scientific research institutions, such as the Institute of Mother and Child or the Institute of Food and Nutrition, have similar goals but they are operated and fianced disparately.</p><p><strong>Purpose of the article</strong>: In this article, the aim is to present the concept of measuring the attitude towards the TPO endorsement and determining the antecedents of this phenomenon in the context of purchasing products for children by their mothers.</p><p><strong>Research methods</strong>: To develop the scale measuring the attitude towards TPO endorsement and to determine the antecedents of this occurrence, computer-assisted web interview (CAWI) research was conducted using a random sample of 1,001 women aged 25–45 having children up to age 6. Mothers of small children were chosen due to the character of products recommended by the analysed TPO (scientific medical institutions) in Poland. These are mainly products for children and purchasing decisions are made mostly by their mothers. The measurement scale was constructed on the basis of the ABC (affective, behavioural, cognitive) attitude, taking the expertise level and the source’s trustworthiness into account. A set of four statements measured by a four-point scale was adopted. The middle value was excluded on purpose to make respondents clearly declare whether or not they agree with a given statement.</p><p><strong>Main findings</strong>: The purchase of products for children is a prudent decision, often involving the entire family. Mothers willingly spend more on products for their children if they only have the option of paying for safer and better-quality products. From the results, 79% of the respondents are usually satisfied with the products recommended by a well-known medical research institution. For 71%, such institutions use their expert knowledge when recommending products for children. More than half of the respondents (54%) seek recommendations of medical research institutions when buying products for their children. The TPO endorsement in the form of a “seal” has the greatest importance in case of products for children in the following categories: food and beverages (81%), cosmetics (68%), hygienic products (51%), accessories (47%), toys (31%), clothes and shoes (16%).</p>
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Shah, Satya R., and Elmira Naghi Ganji. "Lean production and supply chain innovation in baked foods supplier to improve performance." British Food Journal 119, no. 11 (November 6, 2017): 2421–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-03-2017-0122.
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Purpose Service industries are currently facing an excess of overproduction that results in extra inventory and waste levels. With the prospect of methods such as lean production, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the impacts of lean production methods towards enhanced performance of service-based industries through the study of a local baked foods supplier. Design/methodology/approach The paper highlights the first stage of research study through current world literature and a critical review as inputs of research findings. The research applies a descriptive research framework within a semi-structured questionnaire survey method which was implemented within three different companies, the baked goods manufacturer, the cafe purchasing the baked foods products and the end users, hence covering the overall supply chain cycle and its entities. Findings The research study identified that one of the major challenges facing the baked food company when adopting the lean practices was the lack of commitment from the top management, continuous training, and hence, employee engagement measures were necessary towards performance improvement of the organisation. Originality/value The research novelty is to develop an early understanding of lean production practices within the baked goods manufacturer and its upstream and downstream stakeholders. This paper would be considered by the food manufacturer companies in order to require their key suppliers to adopt the most common lean tools identified as Just in Time, Value Steam Mapping and the 5S methods.
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Goldsmith, Sam. "Learnings and best practices for operator and supplier social engagement in regional areas." APPEA Journal 57, no. 2 (2017): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj16224.
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Broadspectrum’s local content experience in the oil and gas, mining, industrial, defence, social, property and infrastructure industries has resulted in 85% local employment and 80% local purchasing across our contracts in Australia. An established pilot program in Chinchilla recognises the challenges facing operators and suppliers in many oil and gas hubs across Australia and will enable the region to respond quickly to the introduction of the Queensland Government Strong and Sustainable Resources Communities Bill (expected to be in place in 2016). The approach facilitates collaboration between schools, workers, local chambers of commerce and businesses. Elements include a community jobs portal to attract local workers and act as an information exchange for the relocating worker, investing in the local Chamber of Commerce to provide a welcoming service, redesigning the recruitment process to support local content, and deploying a local registered training organisation. We are committed to increasing our local workforce in the region by 25% over the next 2 years and recognise that many of our clients and suppliers in the region have similar objectives. This talk will focus on lessons and best practices derived from delivery of our traditional approach in similar industries and regions, as well as learnings from the application of the pilot program in Chinchilla. A review of early achievements will be given, including measurable outcomes; support from government; investment in a long-term pipeline of local workers through collaboration with schools; and an update on the 25% increase in local workers objective.
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Collinson, S. R., and T. H. Turner. "Not just salsa and cigars: mental health care in Cuba." Psychiatric Bulletin 26, no. 5 (May 2002): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.26.5.185.
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Given the marginal nature of psychiatry in terms of Western health priorities, it is always worth reviewing how countries with clearly different political systems treat their mentally ill. The 40-year economic embargo imposed by the USA on Cuba, the effects of which have been compounded by the hardships suffered during the ‘Special Period’ from 1989 onwards when the collapse of the Soviet Union left the island's economy in ruins (Pilling, 2001), is one of the most stringent of its kind. It prohibits the sale of food, and sharply restricts the sale of medicines and medical equipment, which, given the USA's pre-eminence in the pharmaceutical industry, effectively bars Cuba from purchasing nearly half of the new world class drugs on the market (Rojas Ochoa, 1997). Between 1989 and 1993, Cuba's gross domestic product fell by 35% and exports declined by 75% (Pan American Health Organisation, 1999). This has reduced the availability of resources and has adversely affected some health determinants and certain aspects of the population's health status. Despite this, however, Cuba has developed a system prioritised to primary and preventive care, with an infant mortality rate half that of the city of Washington, DC (World Health Organization & Pan American Health Organization, 1997; Casas et al, 2001). Furthermore, biotechnology and family medicine are being developed by Cuba as a human resource for other developing countries. Cuban medical schools also train physicians specifically for many developing countries around the world (Waitzkin et al, 1997).
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Postova, Valentyna V. "Features of Development and Implementation of Competitive Advantages of Establishments of Restaurant Economy in Modern Market Conditions." Scientific Bulletin of Mukachevo State University Series “Economics” 8, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.52566/msu-econ.8(1).2021.58-67.
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The relevance of the study of the development of competitive advantages is related to the need to ensure the competitiveness of restaurants, given the current market conditions. The purpose of the study is to investigate the ways of developing a strategy to ensure and implement the competitive advantages of restaurants. Theoretical and methodological framework of the study included general scientific methods (methods of scientific generalisation and comparison), specific methods (methods of analysis and synthesis). The study defines that indirect criteria are used to assess competitiveness, which can be divided into two main groups: consumer and economic criteria. It is analysed that for different categories of consumers and groups of goods competitiveness is provided by different types of prices: purchasing, selling, and consumer. The sources of development of competitive advantages are determined. The study also provides the competitive advantages of restaurant establishments, which have different forms of manifestation. The diagnostics of the competitive environment is carried out, which requires not only the analysis of the state of various methods of competition, but also the study of the image of the product, as well as the image of the enterprise. The main factors of competitive advantage of restaurants were considered. The study analysed the factors of competitive advantage of the organisation, which are divided into external and internal. It is determined that the factors of consumer preferences are divided into four groups: psychological, informational, sales, and economic. It is established that each group has certain measures, the consistent implementation of which, in the end, leads either to the development or maintenance of consumer preferences
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Exworthy, M. "A Review of Recent Structural Changes to District Health Authorities as Purchasing Organisations." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 11, no. 3 (September 1993): 279–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c110279.
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The first year of the National Health Service reforms was characterised by a steady-state situation involving little alteration to existing purchaser–provider organisational structures. However, the second year saw the internal market begin to take effect, though still restricted in many areas. In this paper, some recent developments of district health authority purchaser organisations are explored. The potentially contradictory trends towards (geographically and organisationally) larger purchasers, in the form of mergers and consortia, and the need for locally sensitive purchasing mechanisms are discussed. It is concluded that there needs to be some policy direction concerning the hierarchy of purchasers as the number of general practitioner fund-holders increases and as providers begin to restructure their operations in the internal (managed) market.
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Gwoździewicz-Matan, Paulina. "MUSEUM EXHIBITION VERSUS COPYRIGHT." Muzealnictwo 60 (September 2, 2019): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.4132.
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Organisation of exhibitions from the point of view of copyright (Act on Copyright and Related Rights of 4 Feb. 1994, further copyright) is a multifaceted issue. The analysis conducted in the paper boils down to some selected aspects: beginning with the right to display, through exhibition as a separate copyrighted work, up to the exhibition author, namely curator. When purchasing items for collections or acquiring them on the ground of a loan contract, museums should make sure the work can be exploited through public display. Such agreement can be either expressed in the contract (rights or licence transfer) or can be implicit (it can be then assumed that non-exclusive licence with all its limitations has been transferred). Furthermore, the construction of fair use from Art. 32.1 of Act on Copyright can be applicable. An issue apart is the question of exhibition as a separate copyrighted work. It can be a co-authored work in the case when it combines creative efforts of e.g. curator and author of the exhibition layout. The article analyses exhibition understood as a collection of exhibits selected and arranged following a script or presented following a layout in order to fulfil the assumptions of a derivative work (Art. 2 Act on Copyright) or a collection (Art. 3 Act on Copyright). As a result of the assumption that exhibition is a work, the curator becomes an author, thus will have copyright to the created work. Depending on the formal curator-museum relationship, the author’s economic rights shall either be transferred to the museum (employee’s work, specific-task contract with rights transfer or licence granting), or shall exceptionally remain with the author.
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Gagliardi, Anna R., Ariel Ducey, Pascale Lehoux, Thomas Turgeon, Sue Ross, Patricia Trbovich, Anthony Easty, Chaim Bell, and David Urbach. "Factors influencing the reporting of adverse medical device events: qualitative interviews with physicians about higher risk implantable devices." BMJ Quality & Safety 27, no. 3 (August 2, 2017): 190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2017-006481.
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BackgroundPostmarket surveillance of medical devices is reliant on physician reporting of adverse medical device events (AMDEs). Little is known about factors that influence whether and how physicians report AMDEs, an essential step in developing behaviour change interventions. This study explored factors that influence AMDE reporting.MethodsQualitative interviews were conducted with physicians who differed by specialties that implant cardiovascular and orthopaedic devices prone to AMDEs, geography and years in practice. Participants were asked if and how they reported AMDEs, and the influencing factors. Themes were identified inductively using constant comparative technique, and reviewed and discussed by the research team on four occasions.ResultsTwenty-two physicians of varying specialty, region, organisation and career stage perceived AMDE reporting as unnecessary, not possible or futile due to multiple factors. Physicians viewed AMDEs as an expected part of practice that they could manage by switching to different devices or developing work-around strategies for problematic devices. Physician beliefs and behaviour were reinforced by limited healthcare system capacity and industry responsiveness. The healthcare system lacked processes and infrastructure to detect, capture, share and act on information about AMDEs, and constrained device choice through purchasing contracts. The device industry did not respond to reports of AMDEs from physicians or improve their products based on such reports. As a result, participants said they used devices that were less than ideal for a given patient, leading to suboptimal patient outcomes.ConclusionsThere may be little point in solely educating or incentivising individual physicians to report AMDEs unless environmental conditions are conducive to doing so. Future research should explore policies that govern AMDEs and investigate how to design and implement postmarket surveillance systems.
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Janmaimool, Piyapong. "The role of descriptive social norms, organisational norms and personal norms in explaining solid waste management behaviours in workplaces." Journal of Organizational Change Management 30, no. 2 (April 10, 2017): 184–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jocm-12-2016-0265.
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Purpose Waste management behaviours (WMBs) play an important role in minimising metropolitan solid waste generation and reducing the environmental impacts caused by waste disposal. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of social norms, organisational norms and personal norms in explaining individuals’ engagement in WMBs, which include waste avoidance, green purchasing, reusing and recycling and waste disposal. Design/methodology/approach The metropolitan city of Bangkok, Thailand was selected as a case study – it faces waste management problems caused by a massive increase in waste over the past decade. This study distributed questionnaires to 193 public and private officers residing in the city of Bangkok. Path analyses and a multiple regression analysis were performed to test the effect of each norm and the association of various norms on individuals’ engagement in WMBs. Findings The results revealed that organisational norms had the strongest effect (both direct and indirect) on WMBs. Personal norms also had a direct effect on WMBs. In contrast, social norms did not directly influence WMBs; however, they did have an indirect effect on WMBs through organisational norms. Practical implications This study suggests that the role of organisational norms should be heavily emphasised in promoting the WMBs of public and private officers. Originality/value This study found that the role of organisational norms is the most significant factor influencing WMBs in workplaces. In addition, both provincial and subjective environmental norms in organisations significantly affect WMBs. They should be enhanced in order to promote WMBs in organisations.
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Mitchell, V. W., L. Moutinho, and B. R. Lewis. "Risk Reduction in Purchasing Organisational Professional Services." Service Industries Journal 23, no. 5 (November 2003): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02642060308565621.
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Robert, Lauriane, Rachel Bocquet, and Elodie Gardet. "Intra-organisational drivers of purchasing social responsibility." European Business Review 28, no. 3 (May 9, 2016): 352–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ebr-08-2015-0083.
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Purpose This study aims to identify intra-organisational drivers that enhance the implementation of a purchasing social responsibility (PSR) approach and drivers that influence PSR throughout the phases of the process. Design/methodology/approach The conceptual framework presents PSR as a process, rather than merely a decision. It focuses on three dimensions (centralisation, specialisation and formalisation) to highlight the role and evolution of key drivers through a three-phase process (set-up, operating and sustaining). The empirical analysis is based on a single qualitative case study of Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Français (SNCF), France’s state-owned railway company, which is particularly advanced in its PSR-related practices. Findings The intra-organisational drivers differ according to the phase of the PSR process. Transitions across the three phases entail organisational adaptation, which require the company to transform from a mechanistic to an organic structure. Research limitations/implications This research contributes to a better understanding of the PSR implementation process through an in-depth study focused on intra-organisational drivers. Although relatively understudied, these drivers play important roles. Practical implications This study identifies operational, intra-organisational leverage actions that can benefit firms that aim to adopt or maintain a PSR approach. It also provides comprehensive guidance for activating these leverages throughout the PSR implementation process, and it helps firms identify their level of PSR. Originality/value This study proposes the first processual, organisational interpretation of PSR approaches.
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Martinez-Jauregui, M., A. C. Herruzo, and P. Campos. "What does hunting market price reflect? The role of species, landscape and management." Wildlife Research 42, no. 3 (2015): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14206.
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Context Hunting transactions can be considered a composite good that includes various attributes or characteristics. Obtaining information regarding the utility derived from the different characteristics of the hunter’s bag might help elucidate the purchasing behaviour of hunters. This behaviour is, in turn, an important aspect to be considered by land managers in adaptive hunting management. Aims The present study attempts to identify the values given by hunters to species, landscape and management in the pricing of the hunter’s bag. Our analysis is focused on the hunting bag characteristics and adds to previous research the joint consideration of the amount and quality (sex, age classes and trophy) of various species in the hunter’s bag. Methods We use a dataset of 740 forest hunting estates at Andalucía (1 162 405 ha in the south of Spain) with an important mixed-species bag composition and where 225 game-hunting marketed transactions were declared by the hunting managers, including 13 541 hunting journeys. Hedonic-price analysis and mixed-effect models are used. Key results Our results showed that the composition of the harvested species (quantity and trophy of different species, sex and age classes), the activities related to harvesting and organisation of hunting events and landscape in hunting areas are relevant attributes in big-game market transactions. In small-game market transactions, species and landscape are the primary significant variables found. The latter variable plays a more important role in small game than in big game. Conclusions These findings indicated that hunting market values include, in addition to hunters’ recreational experience, ecological and management aspects with a broader social scope. Implications A further discussion regarding the possible conflict among hunter preferences, long-term game-management decisions and ecological goals is also provided.
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Hek, Gill. "The Purchasing of Health Care by primary care organisations." Primary Health Care 12, no. 9 (November 1, 2002): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/phc.12.9.12.s14.
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Graubner, Carl-Alexander, Andrea Pelzeter, and Sebastian Pohl. "A new approach to measure sustainability in German facility management." Facilities 34, no. 1/2 (February 1, 2016): 28–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/f-01-2014-0005.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present the development of an action and assessment framework to make sustainability in German facility management (FM) transparent, measurable and assessable. Design/methodology/approach – The underlying research project’s approach to develop the new action and assessment framework consisted of a three-step methodology: to define and substantiate sustainability in FM, to operationalise and quantify sustainability in FM and to validate the developed system draft through an initial pilot study. Findings – The main result of the presented research project is a set of 24 criteria, organised into the separate areas of environmental, economic and sociocultural quality, as well as the quality of FM organisation and the sustainability of building/contract-specific facility services. The assessment methodology reflects the strategic approach of a plan–do–check–act loop to create a transparent and objective appraisal and a practical action framework. Research limitations/implications – The outcome of the study is initially only a measurement and assessment framework. To transform the finalised system draft and assessment tool into a certification system, further steps of development are necessary. Practical implications – The newly developed action and assessment framework is able to cure the blind spot that the relevant players (building owners, users and service providers) suffer from while developing, purchasing and comparing concepts for sustainable FM. The results and practical experiences of its initial pilot study show that this new framework can make the building operation phase and its processes transparent, measurable and assessable. Social implications – The guideline is also able to establish a crucial basis for the development of corporate sustainability strategies and sustainability reporting. This is an important step in closing the existing gap in numerous corporate social responsibility reports. Originality/value – Due to its assessment methodology and the calibration of its criteria, this new action and assessment framework both diversifies and completes the range of existing sustainability certification systems.