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Journal articles on the topic 'Purchasing power party and income'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Surinov, Alexandr Е., and Аrtur B. Luppov. "Influence of Regional Differences in the Cost of Living on National Income Inequality." Economy of Region 17, no. 3 (2021): 814–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2021-3-7.

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Regional differences in the cost of living distort the estimates of monetary components of living standards and resource requirements, which are necessary for implementing measures to reduce income inequality as a cause of social injustice and unrest. Thus, we propose a methodology for calculating nominal household income using rouble purchasing power parity to assess its influence on national inequality. This approach measures inequality based on individual data on household income, disregarding the territorial differentiation of consumer prices. Then, the influence of regional price differen

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Surinov, Alexandr Е., and Аrtur B. Luppov. "Influence of Regional Differences in the Cost of Living on National Income Inequality." Economy of Region 17, no. 3 (2021): 814–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2021-3-7.

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Regional differences in the cost of living distort the estimates of monetary components of living standards and resource requirements, which are necessary for implementing measures to reduce income inequality as a cause of social injustice and unrest. Thus, we propose a methodology for calculating nominal household income using rouble purchasing power parity to assess its influence on national inequality. This approach measures inequality based on individual data on household income, disregarding the territorial differentiation of consumer prices. Then, the influence of regional price differen

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Almås, Ingvild. "International Income Inequality: Measuring PPP Bias by Estimating Engel Curves for Food." American Economic Review 102, no. 2 (2012): 1093–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.2.1093.

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Purchasing power–adjusted incomes applied in cross-country comparisons are measured with bias. This paper estimates the purchasing power parity (PPP) bias in Penn World Table incomes and provides corrected incomes. The bias is substantial and systematic: the poorer a country, the more its income tends to be overestimated. Consequently, international income inequality is substantially underestimated. The methodological contribution is to exploit the analogies between PPP bias and the bias in consumer price index (CPI) numbers. The PPP bias and subsequent corrected incomes are measured by estima

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E. O., Anderson, and Dagwom Y. D. "Effect of Public Finance Implications on The Economic Standard of Nigerians: A Longitudinal Study." African Journal of Accounting and Financial Research 7, no. 2 (2024): 150–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajafr-8bvxk6ci.

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This study examined the impact of the national budget, exchange rates, trade openness, inflation rates, and interest rates on the purchasing power parity and per capita income of Nigeria during the period spanning from 2009 to 2022. Data was gathered from the Central Bank Nigeria and the World Bank. The data was further analyzed using descriptive statistics and Ordinary Least Square methods at a significance level of 5% for the purpose of detailed estimation. Results of the study showed that the national budget, exchange rates, trade openness, inflation rates, and interest rates had significan

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Ajayi, O.J, A.H. Adebayo, and J.A Ndatsu. "ASSESSMENT OF POVERTY LEVEL AMONG THE RURAL FARMING HOUSEHOLDS IN BOSSO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF NIGER STATE, NIGERIA." Continental J. Agricultural Economics 2 (June 16, 2017): 58–64. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.809989.

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The study examined the assessment of poverty level among the rural farming households in Bosso Local Government Area of Niger State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to examine the socio-economic profile of the farmers, evaluate access of the farmers to certain social infrastructures and determine the expenditure pattern of the people. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were used. Personal income of household head and household size were the major determinants of household expenditure. Information was elicited from 100 farmers with the aid of structured questionnaire.

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Hunter, Wendy, and Timothy J. Power. "Rewarding Lula: Executive Power, Social Policy, and the Brazilian Elections of 2006." Latin American Politics and Society 49, no. 1 (2007): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2007.tb00372.x.

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AbstractThis article analyzes Luiz Inácio da Silva's resounding reelection victory in the wake of corruption scandals implicating his party and government. Voters with lower levels of economic security and schooling played a critical role in returning Lula to the presidency. Least prone to punish the president for corruption, poorer Brazilians were also the most readily persuaded by the provision of material benefits. Minimum wage increases and the income transfer program Bolsa Família expanded the purchasing power of the poor. Thus, executive power and central state resources allowed Lula to

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Deaton, Angus, and Olivier Dupriez. "Purchasing Power Parity Exchange Rates for the Global Poor." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 3, no. 2 (2011): 137–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.3.2.137.

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The global poverty count uses a common global poverty line, often referred to as the dollar-a-day line, currently $1.25 at 2005 international prices, whose construction and application depends on purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates for consumption. The price indexes that underlie the PPPs used for this purpose are constructed for purposes of national income accounting, using weights that represent patterns of aggregate consumption, not the consumption patterns of the global poor. We use household surveys from 62 developing countries to calculate global poverty-weighted PPPs and to cal

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Kusumastuti, Endah, Thania Kusmalinda, Yudistira Nugraha, and Nicko Albart. "Review of Factors Affecting Purchasing Power and Investment in Property: A Comparative Study between Indonesia and Neighboring Countries." Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Sains 5, no. 11 (2024): 3037–48. https://doi.org/10.59141/jiss.v5i11.1506.

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The disparity in purchasing power and investment in the property sector between Indonesia and neighboring countries has attracted attention in recent years. Various aspects, both macroeconomics and socio-demographics, play a role in creating the dynamics of the property market in each country. This research explores how these factors - including inflation, interest rates, national incomes, and public policies - contribute to purchasing power parity and investment patterns in property. Through the systematic literature review (SLR) approach with 12 articles reviewed. The findings show that Indo

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Nababan, Tongam Sihol. "Identifying The Purchasing Power Parity of Indonesia Rupiah (IDR) based on BIG MAC Index." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 17, no. 2 (2016): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jep.v17i2.2711.

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The aim of this study is to identify : (1) profile of exchange rate and purchasing power parity of IDR against US $ based on Big Mac Index compared to the exchange rate of other countries, and (2) the position of the Big Mac Affordability of Indonesia compared to other ASEAN countries. The results showed that based on Big Mac index during the period April 1998 up to January 2015, IDR exchange rate tends to be undervalued against the USA dollar. The cause of the currency tends to be in a position of undervalued due to the components of non-tradable have not been included in Big Mac index. The i

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Ogun, Oluremi. "Purchasing Power Parity Exchange Rate, Misalignment and Export Growth in Nigeria." IBADAN JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 4, no. 2 (2006): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/ijss/6002.40.0210.

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This paper analyzes the effect of real exchange rate misalignment on the growth of non-oil export in Nigeria over the period 1960-2002. The paper employs an equilibrium model of the export market and a co-integration technique for the analysis. Real exchange rate misalignment is derived on the basis of the purchasing power parity doctrine, The preliminary data analysis indicates the existence of a long-run relation between real exports and real foreign income. The final analysis shows that real exchange rate misalignment generates adverse effects on the growth of the country’s non-oil export.

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Ogun, Oluremi. "Purchasing Power Parity Exchange Rate, Misalignment and Export Growth ln Nigeria." IBADAN JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 6, no. 1 (2008): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/ijss/8002.60.0180.

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This paper analyzes the effct of real exchange rate misalignment on the growth of non-oil export in Nigeria over the period 1960-2002. The paper employs an equilibrium model of the export market and a co-integration technique for the analysis. Real exchange rate misalignment is derived on the basis of the purchasing power parity doctrine. The preliminary data analysis indicates the existence of a long-run relation between real exports and real foreign income. The final analysis shows that real exchange rate misalignment generates adverse effects on the growth of the country’s non-oil export.

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Emmanuel Oriakpono, Dr Anderson, Abdullahi Habib, and Balarabe Ladan. "PERSONAL INCOME TAX GROUP RATE EFFECT ON THE FINANCIAL STANDARDS OF NIGERIANS." International Journal of Management Studies and Social Science Research 06, no. 01 (2024): 254–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.56293/ijmsssr.2024.4823.

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This research explores the influence of Personal Income Tax Group Rate Effect on the Financial Standards of Nigerians, employing an ex post facto research design. Analysing annual data from 2019 to 2022, which was sourced from CBN and FIRS Tax Guidelines database. The research utilises descriptive statistics and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) methodologies with a significance level of 5% to conduct a comprehensive estimation. The Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) examination reveals a reasonable model fit with R-squared at 0.78 and Adjusted R-squared at 0.74 and Per Capita Income (PI) examination rev

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Dewianawati, Dwi. "Analisa Kinerja Keuangan Kppri Dengan Pendekatan Laporan Keuangan Pada Kppri." Owner 6, no. 1 (2022): 454–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33395/owner.v6i1.591.

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Economic development in today is very fast, this can be seen from the changes that are happening now, these changes are the impact of economic globalization which is none other than trade liberalization and free market economic investment, as a result of that free market is likely to occur competition free tight, so the strong party and high purchasing power will dominate the market and become a winner in the competition and vice versa, the weak party with low purchasing power will automatically be excluded from the scope of competition and will be a passive audience in trading. From the ratio

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Ray, Ranjan, and Parvin Singh. "Regionally disaggregated estimates of global income inequality with evidence on sensitivity to purchasing power parity." Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 26, no. 2 (2021): 252–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2021.1926120.

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REZAEI, Abbas Ali, Ali RAEISIPOUR, Mohsen ZAYANDEHROODI, and Seyyed Abdolmajid Jalaee ESFANDABADI. "Survey Purchasing Power Equity in Iran: The Approach of a Bayesian Threshold Auto Regression Model." International Journal of Contemporary Economics and Administrative Sciences 9, no. 1 (2019): 135–48. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3262271.

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<strong>Abstract </strong> The main objective of the research is to investigate the purchasing power parity in Iran using a nonlinear Bayesian Threshold model. In this framework, the study of the purchasing power parity in Iran is used to assess the purchasing power in Iran using the currency data of the US dollar, British pound and Japanese one hundred yen, which is related to the period of 2001 - 2016. In the Bayesian method (nonlinear Bayesian Threshold model), the values are not constant, and in other words, it is random, so a distance is defined. The results show that the exchange rate of

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Wibowo, Ana Rahmawati, and Rifki Khoirudin. "ANALYSIS OF DETERMINANTS OF POOR POPULATION IN CENTRAL JAVA 2008-2017." Ekuilibrium : Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Ilmu Ekonomi 14, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24269/ekuilibrium.v14i1.1482.

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One of the indicators socio-economic the success of development is a decrease in the number of poor people. Central Java is the province with the second largest number of poor people after East Java Province. This study aims to determine the effect of population growth rate, GDP per capita life expectancy (AHH), mean years of schooling (RLS) and purchasing power parity simultaneously and partially on the number of poor people in Central Java from 2008-2017. This study uses secondary data by using program Stata 14, the analysis technique used is multiple linear regression panel data. The result

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Wang, Chunyun, Xiaoxi Yu, and Jiang Zhao. "Identifying the Real Income Disparity in Prefecture-Level Cities in China: Measurement of Subnational Purchasing Power Parity Based on the Stochastic Approach." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (2022): 9895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14169895.

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Common prosperity has become the consensus of the times on development. This study aims to establish a generalized framework of the multilateral index number system under the stochastic approach and further derive the Geary–Khamis (GK) system and the Rao system under the stochastic approach to measure subnational Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs) for quantifying the real income disparity, excluding the effect of prices in prefecture-level cities in China, accurately. The results reveal that: (1) The GK system and the Rao system under the stochastic approach have advantages in addressing informa

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Kuzu, Serdar, Ali Kablan, and İbrahim Demir. "Analysing Factors Leading to Catastrophic Expenditure in Surgical Health Care." Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 20, no. 1 (2024): 182–99. https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.1526481.

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Catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) occurs when households reduce their basic expenses to finance health services in a certain period and when individuals' out-of-pocket expenses exceed or cover a large portion of the household's expenditure or income. This study analyzes the relationship between the CHE level and the share of public health expenditures in overall health expenditures(HE), an essential indicator of the health system's structure and the country's income level. The study found that the proportion of public HEs in total HEs and per capita income calculated using purchasing power

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19

Anand, Sudhir, and Paul Segal. "What Do We Know about Global Income Inequality?" Journal of Economic Literature 46, no. 1 (2008): 57–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.46.1.57.

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In this paper, we review the recent literature on global interpersonal income inequality. While all estimates agree that the level is very high, with a Gini of between 0.630 and 0.686 in the 1990s, there is no consensus regarding the direction of change. We discuss methodological issues, including the use of national accounts versus survey-based estimates of mean income (or consumption) and the choice of purchasing power parity exchange rates. Findings of a rise or fall in global income inequality are not robust across different estimation methods and datasets. Given the diversity of estimates

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Rudolfson, Niclas, Michael C. Dewan, Kee B. Park, Mark G. Shrime, John G. Meara, and Blake C. Alkire. "The economic consequences of neurosurgical disease in low- and middle-income countries." Journal of Neurosurgery 130, no. 4 (2019): 1149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2017.12.jns17281.

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OBJECTIVEThe objective of this study was to estimate the economic consequences of neurosurgical disease in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).METHODSThe authors estimated gross domestic product (GDP) losses and the broader welfare losses attributable to 5 neurosurgical disease categories in LMICs using two distinct economic models. The value of lost output (VLO) model projects annual GDP losses due to neurosurgical disease during 2015–2030, and is based on the WHO’s “Projecting the Economic Cost of Ill-health” tool. The value of lost economic welfare (VLW) model estimates total welfare l

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Cuestas, Juan C. "The EU real exchange rates: A structural Bayesian VAR. A note." Revista de Economía y Estadística 56, no. 1 (2018): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.55444/2451.7321.2018.v56.n1.29387.

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In this paper we contribute to the long literature on the real exchange determination by estimating a Bayesian structural vector autoregressive model. We aim at identifying the effect on the EU-28 RER of shock originating in its main fundamental variables, namely, current account, government consumptions, investment and real income. We find in most of the shocks that the RER moves away for long periods, proving yet again, that the purchasing power parity condition is rarely fulfilled empirically.

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Neary, J. Peter. "Rationalizing the Penn World Table: True Multilateral Indices for International Comparisons of Real Income." American Economic Review 94, no. 5 (2004): 1411–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0002828043052286.

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Real incomes are routinely compared internationally using methods that “correct” for deviations from purchasing power parity. The most widely used of these is the Geary method which, though theoretically suspect, underlies the Penn World Table. This paper provides a theoretical foundation for the Geary method which I call the GAIA (“Geary-Allen International Accounts”) system. I show that the Geary method is exact when preferences are non-homothetic Leontief and, more generally, gives a (possibly poor) approximation to the GAIA benchmark. An empirical application suggests that both it and othe

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Alessandria, George, and Joseph P. Kaboski. "Pricing-to-Market and the Failure of Absolute PPP." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 3, no. 1 (2011): 91–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.3.1.91.

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We show that deviations from the law of one price in tradable goods are an important source of violations of absolute purchasing power parity. Using highly disaggregated export data, we document systematic international price discrimination: at the US dock, low-income countries pay lower prices. This pricing-to-market is about twice as important as local nontraded inputs for differences in tradable prices. We propose a model of consumer search and pricing-to-market in which consumers in low-income countries have a comparative advantage in nontraded, nonmarket search activities. Evidence from c

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Prayitno, Budi, and Renta Renta. "The Merchant Income This study discusses the factors that influence merchant income during the Covid 19 pandemic in Surabaya in 2020." Media Mahardhika 19, no. 2 (2021): 192–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.29062/mahardika.v19i2.220.

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Since the Covid-19 pandemic that hit the Surabaya City certainly affects the economic changes in the Surabaya City. Clearly seen from the purchasing power parity and merchant income and salary and working hour. This impact to sale and purchase of goods and service causes changes in merchant income. This study discusses the factors that influence merchant income during the Covid 19 pandemic in Surabaya in 2020. This purpose of the study is to look at the capabilities and changes in the economy from the producer side. This study took location in Surabaya Pucang Market, with concern from the merc

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Falk, Martin, and Xiang Lin. "Income elasticity of overnight stays over seven decades." Tourism Economics 24, no. 8 (2018): 1015–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354816618803781.

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This article provides new evidence on the stability of the long-run income elasticity of tourism and travel demand by use of the recently developed smooth time-varying cointegration regression model. The estimations control for relative purchasing power parity of the source country and make use of a specific country dataset where domestic and foreign overnight stays are available over a longer period of time (Switzerland, 1934–2015). Results show that the income elasticity of foreign overnight stays peaks at approximately two in the early 1960s, drops to around one in the early 1980s and from

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Atal, Vidya. "The Big Mac Index And Real-Income Disparity." Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER) 12, no. 3 (2014): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jber.v12i3.8726.

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The Big Mac Index was introduced to (semi-humorously) test the theory of purchasing power parity and measure the disparity in currency values. Instead, in this paper, we consider this index to find out the per capita real-income disparity across 54 countries. We find that the per capita real-income can be very low in some countries even when Big Mac burgers are very cheap, like in India. Among these countries, Hong Kongs per capita Big Mac affordability is the highest with 47 burgers daily whereas Pakistans people could afford just one a day. Additionally, we find that Russia and Chinas Big Ma

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Sunba Dena, Neva, Suhel Suhel, and Imam Asngari. "The Factors Affecting Islamic Financing for Homeownership." Oblik i finansi, no. 3(93) (2021): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33146/2307-9878-2021-3(93)-48-54.

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Indonesia has a significant and growing shortfall of housing. Existing supply is in poor condition and demand is rising for new units. Meanwhile, people's purchasing power to buy a house is still relatively low. Government overcomes added stock housing availability by collaborating with private developers to help meet the demand for housing needs. Islamic banks can provide funds to buy houses for the community. This study analyzes the effect of third-party fund (TPF), margin of homeownership financing (PPR), inflation, and household income on Islamic financing for homeownership. The analytical

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Jutrić, David, Stjepan Orešković, and Vatroslav Zovko. "More money does not mean more Big Macs – Analysis of physicians’ purchasing power in European countries." Ekonomski vjesnik 38, no. 1 (2025): 75–87. https://doi.org/10.51680/ev.38.1.6.

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Purpose: One of the major determinants of the well-being of citizens is the purchasing power of their income. Recently, there has been a significant outmigration of physicians from countries with low GDP per capita to those with high GDP per capita. This movement is often driven by the perception that higher nominal salaries provide better purchasing power parity (PPP). This research paper employs the Big MacIndex to examine whether PPP is higher in countries with higher GDP per capita than in countries with lower GDP per capita.Methodology: Data were collected for this study via Google and Pu

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Raspor, Andrej, and Darko Lacmanović. "HEALTHCARE WORKERS' SALARIES: COMPARISON BETWEEN COUNTRIES." Perfectus SOCIOL 2023, no. 1 (2023): 23–37. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11638694.

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<strong><em>Summary: </em></strong><em>Wages and rewards always attract a lot of attention, either because wages represent one of the basic conditions for a decent life, or because rewards are key motivational factors. In this paper we will examine the theory of reward. In addition, we will highlight the peculiarities of reward systems in healthcare. Remuneration systems in healthcare vary considerably around the world. In some cases, rewards consist of fixed and variable payments, others use a commission system, while still others combine both options. There are also systems that focus on non

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Khan, Sardar Javaid Iqbal, Sardar Adil Iqbal Khan, and Rizwan Ayub. "An Analysis of Measures of Economic Development: A Case Study of Pakistan Economy." Human Nature Journal of Social Sciences 4, no. 3 (2023): 73–79. https://doi.org/10.71016/hnjss/0w3mkf79.

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Aim of the Study: The paper analysis different Classical measures of economic development, their similarities and differences. Methodology: There are different measures or techniques to measure the economic development of a country. In the paper, researchers have used three of the Classical measures estimators for Pakistan economy point of view. These measures are Per Capital Income in U.S. dollar (PCI US. $), Per Capita Income in Rs. Market Prices (PCI Rs. MP). The per capital income in Dollar is posed as a perfect measure of development also considered as adjusted income measure and satisfie

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SEMWAL, PANKKHURRI. "A CASE ON EMPLOYABILITY AND WORK LIFE BALANCE ISSUES OF WORKING WOMEN IN INDONESIA." International Journal of Applied Business and International Management 3, no. 1 (2018): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32535/ijabim.v3i1.83.

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Indonesia - a diverse nation of more than 300 ethnic groups. The largest economy in Southeast Asia. At present, Indonesia is the world’s fourth most populous nation, the world’s 10th largest economy in terms of purchasing power parity. Out of a total population of 252 million, more than 28 million people in Indonesia are still living below the poverty line. Approximately 40% of the total population of the country remains vulnerable of falling into poverty, as their income hover marginally above the national poverty line. Which can be largely be because of the slower pace of job creation

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Goheer, Nabeel A. "Poverty in Pakistan: Increasing Incidence, Chronic Gender Preponderance, and the Plausibility of Grameen-type Intermediation." Pakistan Development Review 38, no. 4II (1999): 873–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v38i4iipp.873-894.

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Pakistan is a large country with a population estimated at 130.580 million.1 The economy has a low-income of US$ 490 per capita, with an estimated Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) of US$ 2230.2 It has managed to achieve substantial economic growth in the past thirty years until the dawn of 1990s. The growth rate has averaged 6.8 percent, 4.8 percent and 6.5 percent in 1960s, 70s and 80s, respectively.3 Evidence from the National Income Accounts, Household Surveys and time series data on the real wages of unskilled workers shows that economic growth has contributed to reduce consumption poverty4 i

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George, Gavin, Bruce Rhodes, and Christine Laptiste. "Estimating the Financial Incentive for Caribbean Teachers to Migrate: An Analysis of Salary Differentials using Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)." Journal of Education and Development in the Caribbean 19, no. 2 (2021): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.46425/j119029034.

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The teaching stock within the Caribbean region has been eroded by migration to developed countries. Higher potential earnings are one of the motivating factors to move abroad, but little is known about the extent of the income disparity between countries in the Caribbean and popular destination countries. Teacher salary comparisons are undertaken between selected countries in the Caribbean; Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, St. Lucia, and Jamaica and popular destination countries, namely; United Kingdom, United States, and Canada using a purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rate. Results show t

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Gandhi, Naline, Amatullah Sana Qadeer, Ananda Meher, et al. "Costs and models used in the economic analysis of Total Knee Replacement (TKR): A systematic review." PLOS ONE 18, no. 7 (2023): e0280371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280371.

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Objectives The main objective of this review is to summarize the evidence on the core modelling specifications and methodology on the cost-effectiveness of TKR compared to non-surgical management. Another objective of this study is to synthesize evidence of TKR cost and compare it across countries using purchasing power parity (PPP). Methodology The electronic databases used for this review were MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), HTAIn repository, Cost effectiveness Analysis (CEA) registry, and Google Scholar. Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Rep

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Tuncel, Seyfettin, Taylan Taner Doğan, and Pınar Ayvazoğlu Demir. "Evaluation of the change in the economic and purchasing power of the welfare of cattle breeding in Türkiye." Veteriner Hekimler Derneği Dergisi 96, no. 2 (2025): 112–22. https://doi.org/10.33188/vetheder.1600369.

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In this study, economic welfare changes in cattle fattening in Türkiye in 2010-2022 were analyzed with the Net internal terms of trade (NITOT) index and purchasing power changes were analyzed with the Income internal terms of trade (INTOT) index. Accordingly, the sustainability status of the enterprises was analyzed multidimensionally on the axis of parameters such as meat imports, agriculture and livestock subsidies and milk-feed parity. When meat import data are included, it can be seen that INTOT, the purchasing power parity indicator, changed little between 2010 and 2013, increased between

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Seydou M baye, El Hadji. "Program against Cancer in Oceania Low and Middle-Income Countries." Clinical Oncology Case Reports 1, no. 1 (2022): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2834-5061/005.

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Worldwide, one in eight deaths is due to cancer. Projections based on the GLOBOCAN 2012 estimates predict a substantive increase new cancer cases per year by 2035 in developing countries if preventive measures are not widely applied. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), millions of lives could be saved each year if countries made use of existing knowledge and the best cost-effective methods to prevent and treat cancer. Therefore, the aim of this study is to estimate a provisional budget against cancer in low and middle incomes countries, according the GNI-PPP, the cancer incidence

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Stanišić, Nenad. "The effects of the economic crisis on income convergence in the European Union." Acta Oeconomica 62, no. 2 (2012): 161–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.62.2012.2.2.

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This paper evaluates income convergence in the European Union, between “old” (EU15) and “new” member states from Central and East Europe (CEE10), and among the countries within these two groups. The GDP per capita convergence should be expected according to the exogenous economic growth model and neoclassical trade theory. The presence of σ-convergence and both absolute and conditional β-convergence is tested for on a sample of 25 European Union countries (EU25). Results confirm the existence of β-convergence of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity among EU25, but not among EU15 and CEE10

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Zalengera, Collen, Maxon L. Chitawo, Isaac Chitedze, et al. "Unbending the Winding Path of a Low-Income Country’s Energy Sector amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspectives from Malawi." Energies 14, no. 21 (2021): 7184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217184.

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This paper discusses the impact of COVID-19’s vulnerability context on Malawi’s Energy Sector and outlines mechanisms for enhancing Malawi’s energy-sector resilience based on experiences from a range of stakeholders. The investigation was conducted online by inviting purposively selected stakeholders to create presentations responding to thematic questions. The final sample had 19 stakeholders with representation from policy-makers, regulatory bodies, national grid supply players, off-grid players, development agencies, bankers, professional bodies, civil society, and women’s rights bodies. Th

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Serhiichuk, Serhii, Nadiia Grebeniuk, Tetiana Nazarenko, Valerii Parshakov, and Olena Chasnikova. "The role of financial literacy in economic development." Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología - Serie de Conferencias 4 (January 1, 2025): 1296. https://doi.org/10.56294/sctconf20251296.

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Introduction: The study of financial literacy has proven its role in ensuring the well-being of citizens of different countries. Financial knowledge and skills affect citizens' lives, such as managing expenses and income, investing in stocks or somewhat risky digital assets, retirement savings and retirement planning. Objective: This study focuses on the specifics of the impact of financial literacy on economic growth, stability and economic inequality. Methods: The article applies a systematic approach to highlighting financial literacy issues in the context of economic growth, stability, and

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Hasan, Parvez. "Learning from the Past: A Fifty-year Perspective on Pakistan’s Development (Distinguishedl Lecture)." Pakistan Development Review 36, no. 4I (1997): 355–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v36i4ipp.355-402.

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In some ways, Pakistan’s economic growth since 1947 has been remarkable. The country’s economic viability was considered, in some quarters,1 in serious doubt at its emergence, but it has managed, despite a quadrupling of the population, to bring about significant improvement in the average living standards. Per capita GNP growth, on average around 2 percent per annum over a long stretch of nearly fifty years, has been the best among countries of the subcontinent. This growth has meant an increase in average income of about 150 percent over 1950–96. But Pakistan, like many other developing coun

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Walayat, Khaula, Dr Mahmood Khalid Qamar, and Dr Zahid Iqbal Iqbal. "EFFECTIVENESS OF GLOBALIZATION AND HUMAN CAPITAL ON MARKET & NET INCOME INEQUALITY IN BRICS COUNTRIES: A PANEL DATA ANALYSIS." Journal of Arts & Social Sciences (JASS) 9, no. 1 (2022): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.46662/jass.v9i1.207.

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This study scrutinizes the impact of defacto and dejure GLOB (KOF GLOB index 2018) on Income inequality on economically emerging countries; BRICS countries. The defacto GLOB indicates the estimate of GLOB including variables representing activities and flows; de jure estimate includes variables which show policies representing enable flows and activities. Our analysis separates the impact of globalization on net and market income inequalities. Pretax/transfer and the post-tax/transfer GINI indices were employed as the measures of income inequality. This analysis used balanced panel for BRICS c

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Szigel, Gábor. "Carbon Intensity of Banks’ Loan Portfolio : A Good Basis for Comparison in Case of LowIncome Countries?" Financial and Economic Review 21, no. 4 (2022): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.33893/fer.21.4.83.

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In recent years, more and more credit institutions have been publishing the financed carbon footprint of their loan portfolio, enabling comparisons across institutions, for which investors and supervisors tend to use the carbon intensity of portfolios expressed as a proportion of the financed carbon footprint-to-total loan volumes. In this article, it is argued that such comparisons are unfair to low-income countries with low price levels, as they show the same activity as being more “carbonintensive” in a low-income country than in a high-income country. The magnitude of such distortions can

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Suh, Guk-Hee, Anders Wimo, Serge Gauthier, et al. "International price comparisons of Alzheimer's drugs: a way to close the affordability gap." International Psychogeriatrics 21, no. 6 (2009): 1116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104161020999086x.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Alzheimer's drugs are believed to have limited availability and to be unaffordable in low- and middle-income countries compared to high-income countries. The price, availability and affordability of Alzheimer's drugs have not been reported before.Methods: During 2007 an international survey was conducted in 21 countries in six continents (Argentina, Australia, Brazil, the Dominican Republic, France, India, Japan, Macedonia, Mexico, New Zealand, Nigeria, the Philippines, Portugal, Serbia, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Uganda, the U.K. and the U.S.A.). Prices of

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Octavidya, Ayuningtyas Puri, and Sotya Fevriera. "Income Inequality in the Expanded BRICS: A Panel Analysis with Indonesia as a New Entrant." Journal of Enterprise and Development 7, no. 2 (2025): 370–84. https://doi.org/10.20414/jed.v7i2.13607.

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Purpose: This paper investigates the effect of GDP per capita, foreign direct investment (FDI), government expenditure, and inflation on income inequality in BRICS countries.Method: This research utilized a random effects model (REM) estimated using generalized least squares (GLS) with an autoregressive (AR(1)) disturbance to analyze panel data from six BRICS member countries from 1992 to 2017.Results: The findings indicate that GDP per capita has a significant negative influence on income inequality, while government expenditure has a significant positive impact on income inequality. However,

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S.V., Padmini. "An Overview on Organization for Economic Co-operation & Development." International Journal of Tax Economics and Management 2, no. 1 (2019): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35935/tax/21.2416/.

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The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; French: Organization de co-operation ET de development economies, OCDE) is an intergovernmental economic organization with 36 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade. It is a forum of countries describing themselves as committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a platform to compare policy experiences, seeking answers to common problems, identify good practices and coordinate domestic and international policies of its members. Most OECD members are high-income economies with

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Roy, Soumya. "Low-income countries are more immune to COVID-19: A misconception." Indian Journal of Medical Sciences 72 (April 30, 2020): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/ijms_26_2020.

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Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic has hit countries such as Italy, Spain, France, UK, and the USA with great force, whereas the number of cases in countries such as India and most parts of Africa is comparatively lower. Such observation has made many people believe that the low-income countries may be more immune to COVID-19. Theories such as warm climate, weaker strain of the virus, and cross-protection by malaria have been popularly put forward. One such interesting theory is that since the general people of the low- income countries are mostly habituated to dwell in lesser hygienic condition

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Manurung, Gerson, Istianingsih Sastrodiharjo, and Yayan Hendayana. "The Impact of Climate Change on Indonesia’s Food Security Strategy Undertaken by Bulog in 2023." Dinasti International Journal of Economics, Finance & Accounting 5, no. 3 (2024): 1988–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.38035/dijefa.v5i3.3204.

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Climate change affects food security because it causes a shift in the rainy or dry season, which greatly affects the pattern and timing of planting food crops. A decrease in agricultural production will trigger an increase in food prices, which in turn will lead to a decrease in household food purchasing power. Bulog, in this case as the party appointed by the government to carry out activities to maintain the Basic Purchase Price for grain, stabilize prices, especially basic prices, distribute rice for social assistance (Bansos) and manage food stocks, has several strategies to overcome this

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Sultana, Shirin, and Md Nasim Uddin. "Social Welfare and Poverty Reduction Activities of NGOs in Bangladesh: An Empirical Study." Asian Business Review 12, no. 2 (2022): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/abr.v12i2.635.

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Bangladesh is both a developing nation and a medium-sized economic power. It is among the eleven market-based middle-income countries with the fastest expanding economies. It is the forty-second market-based economy on the planet in nominal terms and the thirty-first largest by purchasing power parity. According to the IMF, Bangladesh's economy is the second biggest country on an upswing in 2016, with an annual rate of 7.1%. Since the early 2000s, Bangladesh's poverty has unexpectedly decreased, accelerating economic growth. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) actively contribute to the decl

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Ahmed, Mutunzi Kitunzi (Ph.D.). "Entrepreneurship Milieus and Poverty mitigation: a Topical Universal Correlation Informing Poor Countries with Adverse Entrepreneurial Ecosystems." International Journal of Arts and Social Science 4, no. 3 (2023): 01–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7740911.

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The paper analyzes the empirical relationship between the entrepreneurial ecosystems, measured as Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI) Scores, and poverty mitigation levels, quantified as Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, purchasing power parity (PPP), for all the countries in the world in the recent past. Specifically, the study seeks to find out whether there is a statistically significant relationship between the GEI Scores and the GNI Per Capita, PPP of 134 countries for the year 2019. The research is a cross-sectional, desk-top triangulation of correlational, associational, hypothesi

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Ahmed, Mutunzi Kitunzi (Ph.D.). "Poverty Alleviation and Business Deregulation: A Contemporary Worldwide Correlation Enlightening Heavily Regulated Poor Economies." International Journal of Arts and Social Science 4, no. 2 (2023): 281–92. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7739899.

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T: The paper investigates the empirical relationships between the deregulation of small businesses, measured as Ease of Doing Business (DB) scores, and poverty levels, quantified as Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, purchasing power parity (PPP), of all the economies in the world in the recent past. specifically, the study analyzes the correlation and the association between the EDB Scores and the GNI Per Capita, PPP of all economies in 2019. The research is a cross-sectional, triangulation of correlational, associational, hypothesis-testing & comparative analysis of empirical relati

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