Academic literature on the topic 'Pure Premium'
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Journal articles on the topic "Pure Premium"
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Siahaan, Radot Mh, Dian Anggraini, Andi Fitriawati, and Dani Al Makhya. "Expected Value Premium Principle Pada Data Reasuransi." Unisda Journal of Mathematics and Computer Science (UJMC) 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.52166/ujmc.v6i2.2116.
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The amount of stop loss cover reinsurance using krone as Danish currency. The stop loss cover reinsurance scheme with a retention value of r = 50 million krone from fire insurance data in Denmark from 1980-1990 with truncate date at 10 million krone, resulting in a conditional expected value that decreases in value when the higher the threshold value. This is indicated by the threshold value of 1 = 2.976 resulting in pure premium of 1 = 0.1217, a threshold value of 2 = 10.0539 resulting in pure premium 2 = 0.0867 and a threshold value of 3 = 26.199 resulting in pure premium 3 = 0.0849. The use of expected value premium principle with the loading factor () is weighted to the value of the pure premium represented by. This is indicated by the weight of premium 1 = 0.13387, the weight of the premium 2 = 0.09537 and the weight of premium 3 = 0.09339.
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Azar, Samih Antoine. "The Pure Expectations Theory and Quarterly Interest Rate Premiums." Accounting and Finance Research 7, no. 1 (December 4, 2017): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/afr.v7n1p161.
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The expectations theory posits that the long interest rate is an average of expected short term interest rates with the possibility of the existence of a risk premium. This paper looks upon fourteen samples of investments for which the difference in maturity is three months. All yields are actual yields and are adjusted to have the same maturities as the short rate. The evidence is strong for the pure expectations theory which predicts that the risk premiums are zero. This should not be surprising because the premium that we are looking for is merely 4 basis points per quarter. The contribution of this paper, besides giving support to the pure expectations theory, is to lay out the fundamental and basic methodology that one should follow in order to study other investments similar to ours. Both unconditional and conditional tests are performed. Because of sampling error and small-sample bias the unconditional tests may be preferable.
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Wardoyo, Wardoyo. "MEMBANDINGKAN KINERJA MESIN BENSIN DUA LANGKAH SATU SILINDER PADA SEPEDA MOTOR MENGGUNAKAN VARIASI CAMPURAN BAHAN BAKAR MINYAK HASIL PROSES PIROLISIS SAMPAH PLASTIK DAN PREMIUM DENGAN PREMIUM MURNI." Angkasa: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Teknologi 8, no. 2 (August 25, 2017): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.28989/angkasa.v8i2.119.
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This research was aimed to know the performance of engine using variation of plastic waste pyrolysis and premium process result-gasoline fuel mix and pure premium and comparing with pure premium. The fuel mix variation used consisted of 20% plastic waste pyrolysis process result oil, 80% premium and 49%plastic waste pyrolysis process result oil, 60%premium. The research procedures included firstly the tested engine given pure premium fuel and the engine was run for 2-3 minutes by installing a transmission gear in 4th position, then rotation, torsion, power and specific fuel consumption was measured. Furthermore, the engine was stopped and the fuel was substituted with varied plastic waste pyrolysis process result oil mix, the engine was re-run. The measurement rotations, torsion, power and specific fuel construction was conducted by the same way with pure premium fuel testing. Out of test results for the same rotation of 5000-8000 engine RPM using fuel mix of 20% plastic waste pyrolysis process result oil the average power was 10.04 HP, average torsion of 11.10 Nm, specific fuel consumption of 0.100 kg/hour HP and engine using fuel mix of 40% plastic waste pyrolysis process result oil the average power was 9.7 HP, average torsion of 10.82 NM, specific fuel consumption o f 0.068 kg/hour HP. While using pure premium the average power was 9.8 HP, average torsion of 10.94 Nm, specific fuel consumption was 0.103 kg/hour HP. If compared, so that engine performance using fuel mix of 40% plastic waste pyrolysis process result oil and 60% premium almost approached engine performance using pure premium fuel and actually 20% fuel mix of plastic waste pyrolysis process result oil and 80% premium was better.
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NUGRAHA, I. WAYAN SANDY BAYU, KETUT JAYANEGARA, and I. NYOMAN WIDANA. "POLICY VALUES ASURANSI JOINT LIFE SUAMI ISTRI DENGAN METODE PROSPEKTIF." E-Jurnal Matematika 8, no. 2 (June 6, 2019): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mtk.2019.v08.i02.p243.
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Policy values are funds be held by insurance company that will be used for unexpected claims from insurance participants. The purpose of this work is to calculate constant annual premiums with and without pure endowment on joint life couple insurance, then determine and calculate formula policy values with prospective method. The policy values ??in joint life couple insurance, are affected by premium payments. Policy values ??benefit at the end of the 1st year until the end of the 11th year will increase, because the money received by insurance company from premium payments is more than the sum insured to be paid. Policy values ??benefit at the end of the 11th year until the end of the 66th year will decrease because there are no more premium payments.
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Fitriani, Rika, and Gunardi Gunardi. "IMPLEMENTASI METODE BAYES PADA PENGHITUNGAN PREMI ASURANSI KENDARAAN BERMOTOR." Journal of Fundamental Mathematics and Applications (JFMA) 3, no. 2 (November 23, 2020): 112–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jfma.v3i2.8257.
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One type of general insurance is motor vehicle insurance. Premium pricing of general insurance can be calculated by some methods. In this study, Bayes method will be used. The distribution of claim frequency is Poisson distribution and the distribution of claim severity is Exponential distribution. The premium is calculated by multiplying the expectation of claim frequency and the expectation of claim severity. Based on the historical data analysis using the Bayes method, the highest pure premium of motor vehicle insurance in Indonesia is Hino brand and the lowest pure premium is Honda brand. The result of this premium pricing can be used as a reference for the insurance companies to manage their motor vehicle insurance reserves.
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Ma, Yuanyuan, Patrick Paul Walsh, and Liming Wang. "Earnings Premium in State Jobs Across Urban China." Asian Economic Papers 16, no. 2 (June 2017): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00533.
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Using the Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) data, we find a 30 percent raw differential in earnings in favor of state workers in 2002. We examine the degree to which this differential is a pure premium by using a Heckman two-step selection model, where we instrument workers’ preference for state jobs with family political connections, among other factors. We find that 22 percent of the observed earnings differential is a pure premium to a worker in a state job in urban China. In the absence of a political transition in China, state jobs remained the privileged constituency in a dual-track transition that attracted the best politically connected workers in urban China and offered them a pure earnings premium.
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Li, Xiaotao, Jinzheng Ren, Beibei Niu, and Haiping Wu. "Grain Area Yield Index Insurance Ratemaking Based on Time–Space Risk Adjustment in China." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 22, 2020): 2491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062491.
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The foundation and sustainable development of agricultural insurance involve accurately determining a premium and establishing a dynamic premium adjustment mechanism that matches the agricultural production risk. Based on the theoretical analysis of the impact of time–space risk adjustment on agricultural insurance ratemaking, we constructed a pure premium ratemaking model based on time-varying risk adjustment and a safety premium ratemaking model based on spatially dependent risk adjustment. Choosing the county grain area-yield index insurance (GAYI) in China as the research object, we obtained the following results: (1) the risk of grain yield per unit area (YPUA) and pure premium rate in most counties decreased significantly with time-varying adjustment, and we observed differences between regions; (2) grain’s spatially dependent risk has a strong negative adjustment effect on the loading factor, but the expansion of insurance underwriting can still rapidly reduce the safety premium rate, mainly due to the reduction in the spatially dependent risk; and (3) based on time-varying risk adjustment and underwriting expansion, the reduction effect of premium rates is obvious, which supports the sustainable commercial operation of agricultural insurance. These research results help to clarify the relationships of premium rates and provide implications on the sustainability of catastrophe management.
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Green, Nancy R. "Tropicana Pure Premium with Calcium and Extra Vitamin C." Journal of Nutraceuticals, Functional & Medical Foods 1, no. 4 (April 30, 1999): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j133v01n04_03.
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Nishi, Kumiko, and Ichiro Takeuchi. "Casualty Insurance Pure Premium Estimation Using Two-Stage Regression Tree." Transactions of the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence 22 (2007): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1527/tjsai.22.183.
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Putra, Tri Andika Julia, Donny Citra Lesmana, and I. Gusti Putu Purnaba. "Penghitungan Premi Asuransi Kendaraan Bermotor Menggunakan Generalized Linear Models dengan Distribusi Tweedie." Jambura Journal of Mathematics 3, no. 2 (May 4, 2021): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.34312/jjom.v3i2.10136.
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ABSTRAKSeorang aktuaris mempunyai tugas penting dalam menentukan harga premi yang sesuai untuk setiap nasabah dengan risiko dan karakteristik yang berbeda. Banyak variabel yang dapat mempengaruhi harga premi. Oleh karena itu, aktuaris harus mengetahui variabel-variabel yang berpengaruh signifikan terhadap premi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan variabel yang dapat mempengaruhi besaran premi murni menggunakan distribusi campuran dalam menentukan besarnya premi melalui Generalized Linear Models (GLM) serta menentukan model harga premi yang sesuai berdasarkan variabel-variabel yang mempengaruhinya. Salah satu analisis statistik yang dapat digunakan untuk memodelkan premi asuransi adalah Generalized Linear Models. GLM merupakan perluasan dari model regresi klasik yang dapat mengakomodasi fleksibilitas untuk menggunakan beberapa distribusi data tetapi terbatas pada distribusi keluarga eksponensial. Dalam model GLM, premi diperoleh dengan mengalikan nilai ekspektasi bersyarat dari frekuensi klaim dan biaya klaim. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan diketahui bahwa frekuensi klaim dan besarnya klaim mengikuti distribusi Tweedie. Dari kedua model tersebut diketahui bahwa variabel yang mempengaruhi premi murni adalah jumlah anak, pendapatan per bulan, status pernikahan, pendidikan, pekerjaan, penggunaan kendaraan, besarnya bluebook yang dibayarkan, dan jenis kendaraan nasabah. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa model GLM merupakan model yang representatif dan berguna bagi perusahaan asuransi. ABSTRACTIt is an important task for an actuary in determining the appropriate premium price for each customer with different risks and characteristics. Many variables can affect the premium price. Therefore, actuaries must determine the variables that significantly affect the premium. The purpose of this study is to determine the variables that can affect the amount of pure premium using a mixed distribution in determining the amount of premium through Generalized Linear Models (GLM) and determine the appropriate premium price model based on the variables that influence it. One of the statistical analyzes that can be used to model insurance premiums is the Generalized Linear Models. GLM is an extension of the classic regression model that can accommodate the flexibility of its users to use multiple data distributions but is limited to the exponential family distribution. In the GLM model, the premium is obtained by multiplying the conditional expected value of the frequency of claims and the cost of claims. Based on the research that has been done, it is known that the frequency of claims and the size of claims follow the Tweedie distribution. From the two models, it is known that the variables affecting the pure premium are the number of children, monthly income, marital status, education, occupation, vehicle use, the number of bluebooks paid, and the type of vehicle from the customer. This shows that the GLM model is a representative and useful model for the insurance company business.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pure Premium"
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Nogueira, Francisco Alier Valentim. "Tarifação em não-vida com um MLG, aplicação prática com a ferramenta R." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10716.
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Mestrado em Ciências ActuariaisNo contexto atual de estagnação económica, de uma nova regulamentação prudencial e de um aumento geral da concorrência, as companhias de seguros visam reposicionar-se no mercado com o objetivo de aumentar a rentabilidade dos seus produtos, proporcionando ao mesmo tempo preços mais justos aos seus segurados. No entanto, o que acaba por acontecer a maioria das vezes é uma discrepância entre os sinistros reais e as previsões do modelo, originada pelo facto de os antigos coeficientes tarifários já não corresponderem à carteira em questão. Este trabalho propõe métodos para fornecer apoio à decisão na seleção de variáveis e à escolha do modelo do prémio puro para uma companhia de seguros. Para este efeito será usada a teoria dos Modelos Lineares Generalizados (MLG) com recurso à ferramenta R e iremos aplica-la a uma companhia de seguros Não-Vida. Os resultados finais foram analisados considerando esta metodologia, mas também tendo em conta uma perspetiva de rentabilidade da companhia.
Under the current context of economic stagnation, of a new supervisory regime, and of a general increase in market competition, insurance companies aim to reposition themselves in the market with the goal of increasing their profitability, while providing fairer prices to their policyholders. However, what tends to happen most of the times is that there is a difference between the real claims and the predictions of the model used, originated by the fact that the old ratemaking variables are not adapted to the current portfolio. The goal of this work is to propose methods to support business decision making of ratemaking variables and to the choice of a pure premium model of an insurance company. To this end, it will be used the theory behind Generalized Linear Models (GLM) by treating the data using the software tool R and applying it to a Non-Life insurance company. The final results will be commented using this methodology, but also by taking into account the profitability of the company.
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Quelhas, Maria Inês Benedito. "Motor tariff for "others vehicles"." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14484.
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Mestrado em Actuarial ScienceSob a competição crescente do mercado segurador, as companhias de seguros procuram formas de aumentar o seu lucro, apresentando ainda assim prémios competitivos e sem incorrer em riscos substanciais. Com este objetivo, novas técnicas de tarifação têm sido empregues e tarifas atualizadas têm sido desenvolvidas. Este trabalho resulta de um estágio curricular no departamento de Pricing and Business Analytics da Ocidental Seguros. O objetivo deste estágio foi criar uma tarifa de responsabilidade civil automóvel para "outros veículos" (motociclos, camiões, autocarros, tratores, atrelados e outros). Usámos dados provenientes de duas companhias de seguros, a Ocidental e a Ageas, com o objetivo de criar uma tarifa técnica única para ambas. Considerámos diversos fatores de risco que pudessem explicar o comportamento dos condutores com o objetivo de modelizar a frequência e o custo médio dos sinistros usando Modelos Lineares Generalizados e combinámo-los num modelo de prémio puro.
Under the increasing competition in the insurance market, insurance companies look for ways to increase their profit while still presenting competitive premiums and not incurring in substantial risks. In order to achieve this, new ratemaking techniques are being employed, and updated tariffs are being developed. This work results from a curricular internship in the Pricing and Business Analytics department of Ocidental Seguros. The goal of this internship was to create a third-party motor tariff for "other vehicles" (motorcycles, trucks, buses, tractors, trailers and others). We have used data from two insurance companies, Ocidental and Ageas, in order to create a unique technical tariff for them. We have considered several risk factors that could explain the drivers' behaviour in order to model the claims' frequency and severity using Generalized Linear Models and combined them into a pure premium model.
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Kouki-Zekri, Mériem. "Analyse du risque en assurance automobile : nouvelles approches." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020012/document.
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La recherche menée dans cette thèse propose une contribution à l’analyse du risque sur le marché de l’assurance automobile en France. Trois nouveaux axes sont présentés : le premier axe s’inscrit dans un cadre théorique de marché d’assurance automobile. Un modèle original de double asymétrie d’information est présenté. Le principal résultat qui en découle est l’existence de deux sortes de contrats d’équilibre : un contrat séparateur et un contrat mélangeant. Le deuxième point est lié à la prise en compte de la sinistralité passée dans l’étude de la relation risque - couverture. Des modèles bivariés et trivariés sont appliqués pour cette fin. Il en ressort que l’hypothèse de l’asymétrie d’information est vérifiée. Enfin, la troisième question soulevée dans cette thèse concerne l’application de la surprime aux jeunes conducteurs. Nous montrons par des modélisations économétriques de la sinistralité que la légitimité des assureurs à proposer quasi systématiquement des tarifs plus élevés aux jeunes conducteurs par rapport aux conducteurs expérimentés n'est pas toujours vérifiéeThis dissertation provides a contribution to the risk analysis on the French automobile insurance market. The objective of this thesis is threefold. The first aim relates to a theoretical framework applied on insurance market. An original model of double asymmetry of information is presented The main result that emerges is the existence of two kinds of contracts at equilibrium :a separating contract and a pooling contract. The second point concerns the past claims and the risk-coverage correlation. Bivariate and trivariate models are applied for this purpose. It results that the assumption of asymmetry of information is not rejected. The third issue is related to the over-premium that insurers apply quasi-systematically to the young drivers. We show, using econometric modeling, that this over-pricing compared to the experienced drivers’premium isnot necessary and its removal does not compromise the sustainability of the insurance company
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Bourdeau, Stéphane. "L'Acétorphan : premier antidiarrhéique à action anti-sécrétoire pure." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR2P009.
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Gantelet, Martial. "La ville face au soldat : Metz dans les conflits du premier XVIIe siècle." Paris 8, 2006. http://books.openedition.org/pur/116321.
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Cette étude tente une relecture de l’histoire messine, d’Henri IV à Louis XIV, à partir d’un angle de vue politico-militaire. Elle interroge le concept de réduction à l’obéissance. La première partie s’organise autour du choc de la violence issue de la guerre (1635). Elle étudie les moyens mis en place pour se garantir des ennemis : l’échange de contributions – paiements –contre des sauvegardes – protections. Se met ainsi en place un premier « droit des gens ». La seconde partie aborde les relations avec les soldats du roi. Elle analyse le poids d’une garnison et celui des passages et séjours de troupes. L’étude aborde les marges de manœuvre de la ville, négociées à Metz, en Lorraine et à Paris, des soldats jusqu’aux ministres du roi. Enfin, une dernière partie s’intéresse à la ville elle-même. D’abord le gouverneur dont les vastes pouvoirs sont évoqués ; un personnage que la monarchie parvient à contrôler. Ensuite le pouvoir urbain et les artifices employés pour mobiliser la citéMy study is an attempt at reading anew the history of Metz, from the reign of Henri IV to that of Louis XIV, in a political and military perspective. In it I question the notion of forceful obedience. The first part revolves around the shock of violence generated by the war in the year 1635. I examine the means used to protect oneself from the enemy, such as the exchange of - financial - contributions for safeguards - protecting warrants. A first "right of the people" is thus promoted. The second part tackles the relationships with the soldiers of the King. I analyse the burden of having to sustain a garrison, and having to bear the occasional stays of passing troops. I also study the city's room for manoeuvres that were negotiated in Metz, in Lorraine and in Paris by people ranging from troops to ministers of the King. Finally, the last part delves into the city itself. First comes the governor whose great powers are evoked as those of a person the monarchs manage to keep under control. Then come the city powers that be and the wiles used to mobilise the city
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Famy, George. "Forecasting Reurns to Pure Factors: A Study of Time Varying Risk Premia." restricted, 2006. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04282006-162928/.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Georgia State University, 2006.Stephen D. Smith, committee chair; Jason Greene, James Owens, Alok Srivastava, committee members. Electronic text (132 p. : ill. (some co.)) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed July 12, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-97).
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Herment, Laurent. "Survivants ou Conquérants : reproduction sociale et accumulation patrimoniale chez les petits exploitants agricoles de Seine-et-Oise durant le premier XIXè siècle (1789-1860)." Paris, EHESS, 2009. http://books.openedition.org/pur/130656.
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Le but de cette thèse est d'identifier et de comprendre le processus d'accumulation et désaccumulation patrimoniale des petits propriétaires-exploitants durant la première moitié du 19th siècle (1789-1860) dans département de Seine-et-Oise. La période 1789-1817 correspond à une « phase A » d'un cycle économique la période, 1817-1852 correspond à la « phase B » du même cycle. Il semble que la conjoncture des prix soit particulièrement favorable au petit propriétaire et plus particulièrement aux petits exploitants agricoles pour deux raisons. En premier lieu, la Révolution a un impact sur le système de redistribution et de commercialisation du produit net agricole. En second lieu, les petits cultivateurs sont parfois plus performants, que les grands exploitants (en particulier au nord de Paris). Les résultats que nous obtenons permettent de s'interroger sur le caractère « capitaliste » de la première révolution agricole qui vouerait à terme les petites exploitations agricoles à la disparitionThe aim of this thesis is to identify and investigate the process of accumulation and desaccumulation of th, little land owners'wealth during the first half of the XIX' century (1789-1860) in the department of Seine-et Oise which surrounded Paris. The 1789-1817 period corresponded to a « phase A » of an economic cycle, 1817-1852 period corresponded at a « phase B » of the same cycle. It seems that the conjuncture was ver favourable to the little land owners and more generally to the little farming estates for two reasons. First, th French Revolution had an impact over the system of redistribution and commercialisation of "net agricultur product". Then, it seems on the whole that the little farming estates were sometimes more productive than great farming estates (especially in the north of Paris). Consequently we can possible to wonder if the first agricultural revolution was based upon a capitalistic revolution which condemned the little farming estates in the end ?
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Matos, Cristina João Gomes de. "Os modelos de múltiplos estados aplicados aos seguros Income Protection." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3438.
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Mestrado em Ciências ActuariaisCordeiro [2002a] propôs um modelo de múltiplos estados para a análise de indemnizações Income Protection (IP) segundo a causa de incapacidade. Este modelo, que é uma generalização do modelo de múltiplos estados proposto pelo Continuous Mortality Investigation Bureau no seu relatório n°12, em 1991 (CMIR 12[1991]), é um modelo que se torna útil nas etapas de subscrição de seguros e de gestão de indemnizações IP.Nos capítulos 1 e 2 desta tese estudamos detalhadamente o modelo proposto em CMIR 12[1991] e o modelo mais geral proposto em Cordeiro [2002a], respectivamente. Para cada um destes modelos apresentamos: a sua base matemática, as fórmulas das probabilidades básicas que se podem definir a partir do modelo, os algoritmos numéricos que permitem obter de uma forma eficiente valores de algumas das probabilidades básicas e as regularizações das intensidades de transição do modelo. No capítulo 3 utilizamos o modelo mais geral para calcular os prémios puros, quer de apólices IP que oferecem coberturas totais, quer de apólices que oferecem coberturas parciais, ou seja, que incluem nas suas coberturas apenas algumas classes de causas de incapacidade. Para o efeito, utilizamos os algoritmos numéricos para o cálculo das probabilidades básicas e as regularizações das intensidades de transição apresentados no capítulo 2. No capítulo 3 fazemos ainda a análise dos resultados obtidos.
Cordeiro [2002a] presented a new multiple state model which enables us to analyse Income Protection (IP) claims by cause of disability. This model, which is a generalization of the multiple state model presented by the Continuous Mortality Investigation Bureau in its 12th report, in 1991 (CMIR 12(1991]), is a very useful tool in the underwriting and claim control stages of IP business. In chapters 1 and 2 of this thesis we study in detail the model proposed in CMIR 12(1991] and the more general model proposed in Cordeiro [2002a], respectively. For each of these models we present: the mathematical basis of the model, formulae for the basic probabilities which can be defined with the model, the numerical algorithms which enable us to evaluate efficiently some of the basic probabilities and the graduations of the transition intensities of the model. In chapter 3 we use the more general model to calculate net premiums both for IP policies which offer total protection and for policies which offer partial protection (i.e. which cover only some classes of causes of disability. For that purpose, we use the numerical algorithms which allow us to calculate the basic probabilities efficiently and the graduations of the transition intensities presented in chapter 2. In chapter 3 we also analyse the results obtained.
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Guédon, Virginie. "Etude de l'origine et des mécanismes de formation du phénomène de crassses d'interphase à l'extraction du premier cycle du procédé de retraitement du combustible nucléaire irradié." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE10045.
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Le premier cycle d'extraction du procede de retraitement du combustible nucleaire irradie a pour fonction d'extraire, a partir du combustible dissous, l'uranium et le plutonium en phase organique ; et de laisser les produits de fission dans la phase aqueuse. Cette operation industrielle peut etre considerablement genee par la presence a l'interface d'une emulsion stable et envahissante, qui emprisonne des produits solides radioactifs. Ce phenomene est generalement nomme crasses d'interphase. Le travail que nous avons effectue vise a mieux comprendre l'origine et les mecanismes de formation de ce phenomene. Il a ete conduit a l'echelle du laboratoire, en simulant, en inactif, ses conditions d'apparition. Ainsi, nous avons pu verifier qu'un solide peut perturber un systeme biphasique jusqu'a stabiliser une emulsion. Ceci, en fonction de son affinite pour chacune des phases liquides, qui est tributaire de ses proprietes de surface. Differents produits solides peuvent etre presents au premier cycle. Ce sont, d'une part les produits de fission insolubles (provenant de la dissolution et non elimines par la clarification) ; et d'autre part, les precipites d'interphase (produits de fission solubles pouvant se combiner avec des produits de degradation du solvant pour donner des complexes insolubles). Nous avons confirme que l'apparition a l'interface de ces deux classes de produits etait consecutive a la degradation radiochimique du systeme biphasique. Leur comportement dans le systeme experimental a ete etudie. Apparemment, aucune des deux classes de produits n'est responsable a part entiere de la formation des crasses. C'est leur presence simultanee qui provoque l'apparition d'une emulsion stable. Ainsi, le phenomene de crasses d'interphase a pu etre reproduit, son origine et les mecanismes de formation precises. Enfin, l'analyse des resultats nous a permis de montrer qu'un tel probleme ne pouvait survenir dans le cadre d'un fonctionnement nominal du premier cycle d'extraction, et qu'il etait vraisemblablement le resultat de dysfonctionnement du procede.
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Su, Yu Fan, and 蘇鈺芳. "Estimating Automobile Pure Premium Through the Claim Generation Process." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94470423983639943569.
Full textBooks on the topic "Pure Premium"
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Benjamin, Jacques. La beauté pure en mouvement: Le premier demi-siècle des danseurs des Grands Ballets canadiens. Outremont, Québec: Carte blanche, 1999.
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Lindon, Jennie. Child care and early education: Good practice to support young children and their families. London: Thomson Learning, 2003.
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Irish, Humour Notebook. Composition Notebook: Pure Irish Roots Pride Love Ireland Drinking Premium Journal/Notebook Blank Lined Ruled 6x9 100 Pages. Independently Published, 2020.
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Cosin, Maria. INNTERNET PASSWORD LOGBOOK : a Premium Password Journal to Keep All Your Login Details on a Perfect Size to Fit in Your Purse: Password Book Organizer. Independently Published, 2020.
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BERGDOLL, George D. Notebook Journal : Tattoo Puro Pinche Cartel de Santa New Version: Unique Appreciation Gift with Beautiful Design and a Premium Matte Softcover Gift Ideas for Your Son. Independently Published, 2020.
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A pure ballot and an honest count ...: Ontario elections, 1905, Mr. J.P. Whitney, LL. D., K.C., M.P.P., for premier ... : the record and platform of the Liberal-Conservative Party : development, progress, reform and popular freedom, build up Ontario morally and materially : polling January 25, 1905. [Toronto?: s.n., 1996.
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Lindon, Jennie. Child Care and Early Education: Good practice to support young children and their families. CENGAGE Learning, 2002.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Pure Premium"
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Lemaire, Jean. "Claim Frequency, Average Cost per Claim, and Pure Premium." In Automobile Insurance, 71–79. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7708-3_6.
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Schumpeter, Joseph A., and Yasuma Takata. "Why Can Wages be Rigid? An Alternative Foundation for Keynes’ Premise." In Power or Pure Economics?, 106–18. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14954-4_10.
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Mutaqin, Aceng Komarudin, Yayat Karyana, and Siti Sunendiari. "Pure Premium Calculation of Rice Farm Insurance Scheme in Indonesia Based on The 4-Parameter Beta Mixture Distribution: A Recent Study." In New Approaches in Engineering Research Vol. 10, 151–59. Book Publisher International (a part of SCIENCEDOMAIN International), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bpi/naer/v10/9460d.
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Duncan, Ian. "George Eliot’s Science Fiction." In Human Forms, 158–200. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691175072.003.0006.
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This concluding chapter focuses on George Eliot's Middlemarch. The main business of Middlemarch, formulated as the premise of its opening rhetorical question, is with a scientific project, “the history of man.” While George Eliot's literary career coincided with Charles Darwin's, she did not immediately digest his theory; her fiction activates other developmental forces besides natural selection, and deranges the scientific thought it brings into play. In doing so, it churns up the not-yet-settled, volatile currents of that scientific thought-including Darwin's, who was not always (himself) a pure Darwinist. With that, it deranges its own aesthetic protocols, so often read as an Olympian consummation of Victorian realism. “To a degree that the catchall term 'realism' obscures,” writes Lauren Goodlad, “Eliot's oeuvre is generically diverse, bold, and experimental.” The chapter seeks to recapture the unsettling force of that experimentalism: to make George Eliot strange again.
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Hanahan, Donald J. "Choline-Containing Phospholipids: Diacyl-, Alkylacyl-, and Alkenylacylcholine Phosphoglycerides and Sphingomyelin." In A Guide to Phospholipid Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195079814.003.0007.
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In choosing the order for discussion of phospholipids, it is not the intention to single out one particular group as the most important; rather, an initial premise would be that all phospholipids are critical to a cell’s structure and metabolism. Certainly, as has been emphasized before, phospholipids have been shown to have key roles in the process of cellular signal transduction, and it is debatable which of several types of phospholipids is the most important. There is no doubt that the mechanism of involvement of membrane phospholipids in these complex reactions has presented a major experimental challenge, and as such this has titillated the acute scientific senses of many researchers. It is equally true also that an important field of study is emerging in cell signaling, in which unusual cellular disorders have been noted. Certainly the latter will implicate alterations or aberrations in membrane phospholipid chemistry and metabolism in one way or another. This digression was made to show quite simply that it behooves one to understand the chemical/ biochemical characteristics of the phospholipids in order to best meet the challenges of this field (and, of course, other related ones as well). On the basis of undoubted faulty logic on the choice of the order of topics, one simply can retreat to the argument of personal preference. Thus, the first group of compounds will be the choline-containing phospholipids—that is, the choline phosphoglycerides and the choline sphingolipids. As it so happens, these are among the most ubiquitous phospholipids in nature and, at least in the early “chemical” years of investigations on the phospholipids, the best-studied group. It is assumed at this junction that a highly purified phospholipid has been obtained, usually through the use of chromatographic procedures. A frequently asked question is, How do I tell whether the sample is pure? It is a logical question, especially with compounds isolated from naturally occurring sources. In actual fact, there is no simple answer.
Conference papers on the topic "Pure Premium"
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Ejofodomi, O'tega, Godswill Ofualagba, and Donatus Uchechukwu Onyishi. "Adulteration Detection of Petroleum Products at Point of Sale POS Terminals." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207101-ms.
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Abstract In the Oil and Gas Industry, price disparity between Premium Motor Spirit (PMS), Automotive Gas Oil (AGO), and Dual Purpose Kerosene (DPK), often leads to adulteration of these petroleum products by marketers for monetary gains. Adulteration is the illegal introduction of a foreign undesirable substance to a substrate which affects the quality of the substrate. Adulteration of petroleum products are difficult to detect at Point of Sale (POS) terminals. Current methods for adulteration detection are time-consuming, require specialized equipment and experienced technicians to operate them, and cannot be used at POS terminals. Gaseous Vapor Technique (GVE) is an innovative adulteration detection technique that can be employed at POS terminals and the PePVEAT device utilized in this study is the first portable electronic device that performs GVE on petroleum products. GVE testing was performed on pure 1 L samples of PMS, AGO, and DPK obtained from the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) using PePVEAT. The results obtained from GVE analysis of AGO, PMS, and DPK showed that the three petroleum products exhibited unique and varying chemical characteristics during GVE. AGO gives off its peak emissions between 10-20 seconds from test onset, DPK gives off its peak emissions between 10-30 seconds from test onset, and PMS gives off its peak emissions between 50-70 seconds from test onset. AGO emits 17.52-46.58 ppm of methane, 5.35-11.93 ppm of LPG, 35.51-84.6 ppm of butane, and 10.38-69.86 ppm of toluene. PMS emits 92,063.67-152,168.18 ppm of methane, 301.035-573.61 ppm of LPG, 2210.89-3424.94 ppm of butane, and 1983.02-7187.29 ppm of toluene. DPK emits 27.13-62.14 ppm of methane, 20.2-74.1 ppm of LPG, 120.41-1635.85 ppm of butane, and 1159.75- 1633.09 ppm of toluene. These variations in timing and concentrations of emissions shows that GVE can be utilized to detect and distinguish between AGO, PMS and DPK. The results obtained from GVE analysis of AGO, PMS, and DPK showed that Since PMS, AGO and DPK, each have unique chemical emissions during GVE, as was demonstrated in this paper, it is possible that GVE can be utilized to detect the adulterations of PMS with AGO and the adulteration of AGO with DPK. Future work involves investigating the ability of GVE to detect AGO-adulterated PMS, DPK-adulterated AGO, DPK-adulterated PMS, AGO-adulterated DPK,and PMS-adulterated DPK. The degree and percentage of adulteration that can be detected using the GVE technique will also be examined.
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Shi, Baolu, Tatsuya Kowari, Daisuke Shimokuri, and Satoru Ishizuka. "An Experimental Study on Methane/Oxygen-Air Combustion With a Rapidly Mixed Type Tubular Flame Burner." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2011 Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajk2011-21016.
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Methane/oxygen-air combustion has been attempted by using a rapidly mixed type tubular flame burner with four slits, from two of which a fuel is injected and from another two an oxidizer is injected. The oxygen concentration (molar) in the oxygen-air oxidizer has been varied from 21% (air) to 100% (pure oxygen). Results show that uniform tubular flame combustion can be obtained for a wide range of equivalence ratios, if the oxygen molar concentration in the oxygen-air oxidizer is less than about 50%. Above 50%, however, very intense turbulent combustion occurs frequently and the circular-shaped tubular flame is deformed as oval-shaped for most equivalence ratios. The uniform tubular flame range is reduced and quite limited in the vicinity of lean condition. Detailed observations show that for pure (or near pure) oxygen oxidizer, two diffusion flames are established between the fuel and oxidizer streams at the exits of the fuel slits, which prevents fuel from mixing with oxygen, resulting in a violent turbulent combustion downstream the slits. With use of a burner with smaller slit width, however, formation of the diffusion flame is inhibited and a uniform tubular flame can be established, although still limited close to the lean extinction limit. To fully understand the flame characteristics above, the burning velocities are calculated for various equivalence ratios as well as for various oxygen concentrations in the oxygen-air oxidizer using the CHEMKIN PREMIX code with the GRI kinetic mechanism.
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Guyot, Daniel, Thiemo Meeuwissen, and Dieter Rebhan. "Staged Premix EV Combustion in Alstom’s GT24 Gas Turbine Engine." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-70102.
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Reducing gas turbine emissions and increasing their operational flexibility are key targets in today’s gas turbine market. In order to further reduce emissions and increase the operational flexibility of its GT24, Alstom has introduced an internally staged premix system into the GT24’s EV combustor. This system features a rich premix mode for GT start-up and a lean premix mode for GT loading and baseload operation. The fuel gas is injected through two premix stages, one injecting fuel into the burner air slots and one injecting fuel into the centre of the burner cone. Both premix stages are in continuous operation throughout the entire operating range, i.e. from ignition to baseload, thus eliminating the previously used pilot operation during start-up with its diffusion-type flame and high levels of NOx formation. The staged EV combustion concept is today a standard on the current GT26 and GT24. The EV burners of the GT26 are identical to the GT24 and fully retrofittable into existing GT24 engines. Furthermore, engines operating only on fuel gas (i.e. no fuel oil operation) no longer require a nitrogen purge and blocking air system so that this system can be disconnected from the GT. Only minor changes to the existing GT24 EV combustor and fuel distribution system are required. This paper presents validation results for the staged EV burner obtained in a single burner test rig at full engine pressure, and in a GT24 field engine, which had been upgraded with the staged EV burner technology in order to reduce emissions and extend the combustor’s operational behavior.
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Bounaceur, Roda, Pierre-Alexandre Glaude, Baptiste Sirjean, René Fournet, Pierre Montagne, Matthieu Vierling, and Michel Molière. "Development of a Model for Auto-Ignition Delays and its Use for the Prediction of Premix Combustion Reliability." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-57585.
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Except in diesel engine applications, auto-ignition is an unwanted event from a general safety and reliability standpoint. It is especially undesirable in the premixing process involved in most low NOx combustion technologies. Therefore, in addition to auto-ignition temperature, autoignition delay (AID) is a key data for the design of modern combustors including gas turbine ones. The authors have investigated the detailed kinetic mechanisms leading to autoignition and established practical AID correlations involving the fuel composition, its temperature, pressure and equivalence ratio. The correlations brought about during this program offer a good reconciliation between calculated and experimental AID through a wide range of fuel composition, initial temperature and pressure. Validations were mainly done against data acquired with experimental setups consisting in shock tubes and rapid compression machines. The auto-ignition delay times of methane, pure light alkanes and various blends representative of several natural gas and process-derived fuels have been reviewed. For each fuel mixture, this study procures a simple equation linking the auto-ignition delay time to the temperature, pressure and equivalence ratio. As a direct application of this work, the authors have evaluated the risk of auto ignition in the premixing zone of a combustor characterized by a residence time and an associated probability density function. The results of this simulation stress the key role of larger hydrocarbon in the risk of flash-back events.
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Chen, Lei, Junjie Gao, Gang Liu, and Cheng Chen. "A Simplified Simulation Model for Buried Hot Oil Pipeline Temperature Field During Shutdown." In 2018 12th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2018-78812.
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The temperature drop of waxy crude oil after a shutdown is the basic premise for restarting relative mechanical calculation. However, computational accuracy has been paid much more attention excessively in the relevant techniques proposed in the previous researches for this calculation but ignoring the practicability of the calculation results. In this paper a new mathematical model is established for a buried hot crude oil pipeline during shutdown with the simplified complex physical process of oil cooling process reasonably, in which the heat transfer mode of crude oil is divided into pure convection heat transfer and pure heat conduction with stagnation point temperature neglecting the difference of radial temperature. The quasi periodic property theory of soil temperature field is referenced to be as the boundary condition for the thermal influence region. A numerical solution with a structured grid and an analytical solution under polar coordinate are respectively applied for the soil region and other regions including pipe wall, wax layer and insulation layer. The finite volume method is adopted to discretize the heat transfer control equation at the same time the boundary conditions are treated by the additional source term method. The simulation results of the new model are verified by a temperature field tested experiment, especially analyzing the temperature deviation between the simulation and the equivalent mean value of actual oil temperature. At last the effect of buried depth of pipeline on the temperature profiles during normal operation and the temperature drop process of crude oil were investigated based on the simplified model.
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Runyon, Jon, Richard Marsh, Agustin Valera-Medina, Anthony Giles, Steve Morris, Daniel Pugh, Yura Sevcenco, and Phil Bowen. "Methane-Oxygen Flame Stability in a Generic Premixed Gas Turbine Swirl Combustor at Varying Thermal Power and Pressure." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-43588.
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At low thermal power (<5 kW) conditions, nitrogen and carbon dioxide were added as diluents to a premix of methane-oxygen in an atmospheric generic swirl burner. Results indicate that CO2-diluted oxy-methane flames have a wider stability range than N2-diluted flames in terms of overall oxygen concentration in the premix. Bulk flow Reynolds number, augmented by varying the size of the burner exit nozzle, was also found to increase the stability limits of flames diluted with both CO2 and N2, as the increased flow velocity offsets the higher burning velocity of the oxyfuel mixture. A combination of differing transport properties between diluents and the resulting flame chemistry produces a change in the structure of the premixed oxyfuel swirl flame, shown by combustion PIV to affect the observed lean and rich stability limits. Utilising the results at low thermal power conditions, enhanced-oxygen combustion of a methane-air flame was investigated in a pressurized generic swirl burner operating at higher thermal power (<50 kW) conditions and pressures up to 3 bar absolute. Over a range of increasing thermal powers, it is seen that a relatively small amount of pure oxygen addition can shift the equivalence ratio at which the lean stability limit or rich stability limit are reached compared with the same phenomenon observed for a methane-air flame. Pressurised operation with CO2 dilution up to 15.5 mol% was validated through stability limit and emissions gas analysis, giving further support to the use of exhaust gas recirculation in premixed swirl-stabilized burners for oxyfuel combustion.
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Brunetti, Iarno, Giovanni Riccio, Nicola Rossi, Alessandro Cappelletti, Lucia Bonelli, Alessandro Marini, Enrico Paganini, and Francesco Martelli. "Experimental and Numerical Characterization of Lean Hydrogen Combustion in a Premix Burner Prototype." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45623.
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The use of hydrogen as derived fuel for low emission gas turbine is a crucial issue of clean coal technology power plant based on IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle) technology. Control of NOx emissions in gas turbines supplied by natural gas is effectively achieved by lean premixed combustion technology; conversely, its application to NOx emission reduction in high hydrogen content fuels is not a reliable practice yet. Since the hydrogen premixed flame is featured by considerably higher flame speed than natural gas, very high air velocity values are required to prevent flash-back phenomena, with obvious negative repercussions on combustor pressure drop. In this context, the characterization of hydrogen lean premixed combustion via experimental and modeling analysis has a special interest for the development of hydrogen low NOx combustors. This paper describes the experimental and numerical investigations carried-out on a lean premixed burner prototype supplied by methane-hydrogen mixture with an hydrogen content up to 100%. The experimental activities were performed with the aim to collect practical data about the effect of the hydrogen content in the fuel on combustion parameters as: air velocity flash-back limit, heat release distribution, NOx emissions. This preliminary data set represents the starting point for a more ambitious project which foresees the upgrading of the hydrogen gas turbine combustor installed by ENEL in Fusina (Italy). The same data will be used also for building a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model usable for assisting the design of the upgraded combustor. Starting from an existing heavy-duty gas turbine burner, a burner prototype was designed by means of CFD modeling and hot-wire measurements. The geometry of the new premixer was defined in order to control turbulent phenomena that could promote the flame moving-back into the duct, to increase the premixer outlet velocity and to produce a stable central recirculation zone in front of the burner. The burner prototype was then investigated during a test campaign performed at the ENEL’s TAO test facility in Livorno (Italy) which allows combustion test at atmospheric pressure with application of optical diagnostic techniques. In-flame temperature profiles, pollutant emissions and OH* chemiluminescence were measured over a wide range of the main operating parameters for three fuels with different hydrogen content (0, 75% and 100% by vol.). Flame control on burner prototype fired by pure hydrogen was achieved by managing both the premixing degree and the air discharge velocity, affecting the NOx emissions and combustor pressure losses respectively. A CFD model of the above-mentioned combustion test rig was developed with the aim to validate the model prediction capabilities and to help the experimental data analysis. Detailed simulations, performed by a CFD 3-D RANS commercial code, were focused on air/fuel mixing process, temperature field, flame position and NOx emission estimation.
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Sangl, J., C. Mayer, and T. Sattelmayer. "Dynamic Adaptation of Aerodynamic Flame Stabilization of a Premix Swirl Burner to Fuel Reactivity Using Fuel Momentum." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22340.
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Due to the expected increase in available fuel gas variants in the future and the interest in independence from a specific fuel, fuel flexible combustion systems are required for future gas turbine applications. Changing the fuel used for lean premixed combustion can lead to serious reliability problems in gas turbine engines caused by the different physical and chemical properties of these gases. A new innovative approach to reach efficient, safe and low-emissions operation for fuels like natural gas, syntheses gas and hydrogen with the same burner is presented in this paper. The basic idea is to use the additionally available fuel momentum of highly reactive gases stemming from their lower Wobbe index (lower volumetric heating value and density) compared to lowly reactive fuels. Using fuel momentum opens the opportunity to influence the vortex dynamics of swirl burners designed for lowly reactive gases in a favorable way for proper flame stabilization of highly reactive fuels without changing the hardware geometry. The investigations presented in the paper cover the development of the optimum basic aerodynamics of the burner and the determination of the potential of the fuel momentum in water channel experiments using particle image velocimetry (PIV). The results show that a proper usage of the fuel momentum has enough potential to adjust the flow field to the different fuels and their corresponding flame behavior. As the main challenge is to reach flashback safe fuel flexible burner operation, the main focus of the study lies on avoiding combustion induced vortex breakdown (CIVB). The mixing quality of the resulting injection strategy is determined applying laser induced fluorescence (LIF) in water channel tests. Additional OH* chemiluminescence and flashback measurements in an atmospheric combustion test rig confirm the water channel results for CH4, CH4/H2 mixtures, H2 with N2 dilution and pure H2 combustion. They also indicate a large operating window between flashback and lean blow out and show expected NOx emission levels. In summary, it is shown for a conical four slot swirl generator geometry that the proposed concept of using the fuel momentum for tuning of the vortex dynamics allows aerodynamic flame stabilization for different fuels in the same burner.
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Rabindran, Dinesh, and Delbert Tesar. "Dynamic Analysis and Simulation of a 1-DOF Driven by a Parallel Force/Velocity Actuator (PFVA)." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-44004.
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Some work has been done to try to combine force control and velocity control capability into the same actuator design. The objective in trying to incorporate two fundamentally distinct resources (force and motion priorities) into the same actuator is to obtain an expanded spectrum of dynamic responses at the output of the system so that the system may (ideally) operate in pure force control mode or pure velocity control mode or a combination of these modes. Presented in this paper is a design that combines two fundamentally distinct actuators (one using low reduction or even direct drive, which we will call a Force Actuator (FA) and the other with a high reduction gear train that we will refer to as a Velocity Actuator (VA)). The premise of this work is that we could obtain a variety of responses at the system’s output by integrating separate force and motion priorities (Parallel Force/Velocity Actuator) within the same system in-parallel and dynamically “mixing” their contributions. We conceptually describe a Parallel Force/Velocity Actuator (PFVA) based on a Dual-Input-Single-Output (DISO) epicyclic gear train. We then present a dynamic model formulation for a non-linear 1-DOF mechanical system (Slider-Crank Mechanism) that uses a PFVA at the input. Using this dynamic model, we present a numerical simulation. The numerical simulation focuses on two issues, (a) effect of the relative scale change (ρ) between the two inputs on the torques at the two prime-movers and (b) effect of ρ on the dynamic coupling between the inputs. It was observed that as the relative scale change (represented by ρ) was decreased (i.e. the sub-systems tend towards behaving as “equal” systems) the dynamic coupling between the systems increased. In the study of the effect of ρ on the inertia and static torques at the prime-movers, it was noticed that they follow inverse trends.
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Kakoczki, Richard J., Jacob A. Brown, Paul Williams, and Tim S. King. "The Cummins KTA38GC for Gas Compression: An International Effort." In ASME 2006 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2006-1303.
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Cummins recognized a sales growth opportunity in the gas compression market place in 2001. Natural Gas Engine Engineering then started developing the smallest displacement engines in the product line first. These are engines in the 37 to 225 kilowatt range and were introduced successfully into the market place over the last four years. Two years ago, the next step up in horsepower, the 19 liter, inline six cylinder KTA 19GC engine at 313 kilowatt was released for production. Marketing then determined that the 450 to 670 kilowatt market was underserved and decided to develop the V12 version of the KTA 19GC, the KTA38GC, to fill this need. It was recognized early in the program that the engine needed to be simple and robust because engine uptime is at a premium in the higher horsepower segments of this market. Thus, simple, robust and proven components were chosen for the engine. The project team started with the KTA38 diesel engine. The team then added the KTA19GC power cylinder components. Next, an ignition system, air/ratio control system and an electronic integrated throttle/governor system were added. These were all “off the shelf” components. When adding these components, an emphasis was placed on simplicity, user friendliness, and self diagnostics with or without a laptop computer. The engine development team was located in Columbus, IN and Clovis, NM, the design team was located in Daventry, England (the final manufacturing location) and Columbus, IN and the analysis team in Pune, India. In addition, our lead customer and distributor, both located in Texas, were closely involved in the project and added considerably to its success. The efforts of these five locations were coordinated in Columbus, IN.