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Journal articles on the topic 'Pure Premium'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Gusliana, Shindi Adha, Dwi Susanti, and Sukono Sukono. "Determination of Community-Based Health Microinsurance Premiums Based on Health Costs." International Journal of Research in Community Services 4, no. 3 (2023): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46336/ijrcs.v4i3.464.

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Low-income households are faced with the financial risk of paying large medical bills when a member of the household falls ill. This health-related risk can affect household welfare because meeting medical expenses has the potential to reduce income capacity. Community-based health insurance is seen as one mechanism for vulnerable low- and middle-income households to overcome barriers and to improve access to health care and financial protection. This research was conducted to determine the calculation of community-based health microinsurance premiums based on health costs and determine the av

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2

Rahmawati, Tyrenia, Dwi Susanti, and Riaman Riaman. "Determining Pure Premium of Motor Vehicle Insurance with Generalized Linear Models (GLM)." International Journal of Quantitative Research and Modeling 4, no. 4 (2023): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.46336/ijqrm.v4i4.492.

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Motor vehicle insurance guarantees protection, coverage, and compensation for the risks of accidents, damages, and loss of motor vehicles. It is crucial for companies to determine appropriate insurance premium rates as a preventive measure to avoid difficulties in meeting claims filed by policyholders. This research aims to determine the pure premium of motor vehicle insurance using the Generalized Linear Models (GLM) method, which utilizes the concept of a general linear relationship between independent variables and the dependent/response variable, as well as identifying motor vehicle charac

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Putri, Aulya. "Estimation Model of Pure Health Insurance Premiums in Southeast America Using Generalized Linear Model (GLM) with Gamma Distribution." International Journal of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computing 3, no. 1 (2025): 27–33. https://doi.org/10.46336/ijmsc.v3i1.181.

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Health insurance premiums are on the rise due to increasing medical costs, inflation, and the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Accurate premium pricing is crucial for insurance companies to maintain financial stability and offer fair rates to policyholders. Generalized Linear Models (GLM) have been widely used in actuarial science for modeling insurance premiums. This study proposes the use of GLM with a Gamma distribution to model health insurance premiums. The Gamma distribution is suitable for non-negative and positively skewed data, which is characteristic of insurance claim amo

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Putri, Aulya. "Estimation Model of Pure Health Insurance Premiums in Southeast America Using Generalized Linear Model (GLM) with Gamma Distribution." International Journal of Business, Economics, and Social Development 6, no. 1 (2025): 44–51. https://doi.org/10.46336/ijbesd.v6i1.873.

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Health insurance premiums are on the rise due to increasing medical costs, inflation, and the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Accurate premium pricing is crucial for insurance companies to maintain financial stability and offer fair rates to policyholders. Generalized Linear Models (GLM) have been widely used in actuarial science for modeling insurance premiums. This study proposes the use of GLM with a Gamma distribution to model health insurance premiums. The Gamma distribution is suitable for non-negative and positively skewed data, which is characteristic of insurance claim amo

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Rahmah, Mira Zakiah, and Aceng Komarudin Mutaqin. "Penerapan Metode Limited-Fluctuation Credibility dalam Menentukan Premi Murni pada Asuransi Kendaraan Bermotor di PT XYZ." Indonesian Journal of Applied Statistics 4, no. 2 (2021): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/ijas.v4i2.51794.

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<p><strong>Abstract. </strong>This paper discusses the method of limited-fluctuation credibility, also known as classic credibility. Credibility theory is a technique for predicting future premium rates based on past experience data. Limited fluctuation credibility consists of two credibility, namely full credibility if Z = 1 and partial credibility if Z &lt;1. Full credibility is achieved if the amount of recent data is sufficient for prediction, whereas if the latest data is insufficient then the partial credibility approach is used. Calculations for full and partial cr

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6

Siahaan, Radot Mh, Dian Anggraini, Andi Fitriawati, and Dani Al Makhya. "Expected Value Premium Principle Pada Data Reasuransi." Unisda Journal of Mathematics and Computer Science (UJMC) 6, no. 2 (2020): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.52166/ujmc.v6i2.2116.

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The amount of stop loss cover reinsurance using krone as Danish currency. The stop loss cover reinsurance scheme with a retention value of r = 50 million krone from fire insurance data in Denmark from 1980-1990 with truncate date at 10 million krone, resulting in a conditional expected value that decreases in value when the higher the threshold value. This is indicated by the threshold value of 1 = 2.976 resulting in pure premium of 1 = 0.1217, a threshold value of 2 = 10.0539 resulting in pure premium 2 = 0.0867 and a threshold value of 3 = 26.199 resulting in pure premium 3 = 0.0849. The use

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7

Wardoyo, Wardoyo. "MEMBANDINGKAN KINERJA MESIN BENSIN DUA LANGKAH SATU SILINDER PADA SEPEDA MOTOR MENGGUNAKAN VARIASI CAMPURAN BAHAN BAKAR MINYAK HASIL PROSES PIROLISIS SAMPAH PLASTIK DAN PREMIUM DENGAN PREMIUM MURNI." Angkasa: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Teknologi 8, no. 2 (2017): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.28989/angkasa.v8i2.119.

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This research was aimed to know the performance of engine using variation of plastic waste pyrolysis and premium process result-gasoline fuel mix and pure premium and comparing with pure premium. The fuel mix variation used consisted of 20% plastic waste pyrolysis process result oil, 80% premium and 49%plastic waste pyrolysis process result oil, 60%premium. The research procedures included firstly the tested engine given pure premium fuel and the engine was run for 2-3 minutes by installing a transmission gear in 4th position, then rotation, torsion, power and specific fuel consumption was mea

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Putri, Linda Damayanti, and Muhammad Rayhan Firdaus. "Pure Premium Modeling for Property Fire Insurance Using Monte Carlo Method." International Journal of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computing 2, no. 4 (2024): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.46336/ijmsc.v2i4.144.

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Modeling pure premium of property fire insurance is an important aspect for insurance companies in managing risk. This article discusses the Monte Carlo method in modeling pure premium of property fire insurance. The Monte Carlo method is used to simulate various scenarios and loss factors due to property fire. Monte Carlo simulation offers an effective approach to modeling property fire risk. The results of this study are expected to provide an overview of the modeling of pure premium of property fire insurance and assist insurance companies in decision making and determining optimal premium

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9

Azar, Samih Antoine. "The Pure Expectations Theory and Quarterly Interest Rate Premiums." Accounting and Finance Research 7, no. 1 (2017): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/afr.v7n1p161.

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The expectations theory posits that the long interest rate is an average of expected short term interest rates with the possibility of the existence of a risk premium. This paper looks upon fourteen samples of investments for which the difference in maturity is three months. All yields are actual yields and are adjusted to have the same maturities as the short rate. The evidence is strong for the pure expectations theory which predicts that the risk premiums are zero. This should not be surprising because the premium that we are looking for is merely 4 basis points per quarter. The contributio

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Syifamillah, Fika Riza, Emy Siswanah, and Seftina Diyah Miasary. "Penentuan Premi Tahunan Dan Cadangan Manfaat Asuransi Jiwa Dwiguna Murni pada Status Last Survivor dengan Tiga Orang Tertanggung." Unisda Journal of Mathematics and Computer Science (UJMC) 8, no. 2 (2022): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52166/ujmc.v8i2.3693.

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Last-survivor life insurance is life insurance with more than one life (multiple life) in which premium payments end when the policyholder dies for the last time. Last-survivor status can be applied to various types of insurance, including pure endowment life insurance. Pure endowment life insurance is insurance that provides a death benefit if the insured is still alive within the agreed timeframe. Furthermore, two costs that insurance companies must consider are the amount of premiums and benefit reserves. The premium is the amount of money paid by the insurer to the insurer for their partic

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11

NUGRAHA, I. WAYAN SANDY BAYU, KETUT JAYANEGARA, and I. NYOMAN WIDANA. "POLICY VALUES ASURANSI JOINT LIFE SUAMI ISTRI DENGAN METODE PROSPEKTIF." E-Jurnal Matematika 8, no. 2 (2019): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mtk.2019.v08.i02.p243.

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Policy values are funds be held by insurance company that will be used for unexpected claims from insurance participants. The purpose of this work is to calculate constant annual premiums with and without pure endowment on joint life couple insurance, then determine and calculate formula policy values with prospective method. The policy values ??in joint life couple insurance, are affected by premium payments. Policy values ??benefit at the end of the 1st year until the end of the 11th year will increase, because the money received by insurance company from premium payments is more than the su

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12

Fitriani, Rika, and Gunardi Gunardi. "IMPLEMENTASI METODE BAYES PADA PENGHITUNGAN PREMI ASURANSI KENDARAAN BERMOTOR." Journal of Fundamental Mathematics and Applications (JFMA) 3, no. 2 (2020): 112–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jfma.v3i2.8257.

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One type of general insurance is motor vehicle insurance. Premium pricing of general insurance can be calculated by some methods. In this study, Bayes method will be used. The distribution of claim frequency is Poisson distribution and the distribution of claim severity is Exponential distribution. The premium is calculated by multiplying the expectation of claim frequency and the expectation of claim severity. Based on the historical data analysis using the Bayes method, the highest pure premium of motor vehicle insurance in Indonesia is Hino brand and the lowest pure premium is Honda brand.

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Saefullah, Rifki, and Riza Andrian Ibrahim. "Determining the Pure Premium at Jasa Raharja Insurance Company Purwakarta Branch using Fast Fourir Transform (FFT) through Estimated Aggregate Loss Distribution." International Journal of Quantitative Research and Modeling 5, no. 4 (2024): 354–59. https://doi.org/10.46336/ijqrm.v5i4.815.

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Insurance is a contractual agreement between two parties, namely the insured party (customer) and the insurer (insurance company), in which the insured party pays a premium to the insurer, then in return, the insurer will provide compensation (claim) to the insured party if an insured event occurs. Each customer is required to pay apremium as an obligation stated in the insurance agreement by paying a premium, the customer fulfills his obligations and is entitled to the benefits stated in the policy. Therefore, the Insurance Company needs to carry out a scheme in the process of paying pure pre

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Sahional Ishak and Wawan Rauf. "ANALISIS KONSUMSI BAHAN BAKAR ETANOL-PREMIUM PADA MESIN EMPAT TAK." Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik 3, no. 2 (2024): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.56127/juit.v3i2.1428.

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Fuel needs in Indonesia are generally met by fossil energy sources such as Pertamax, Pertalite, Premium, Super TT and Solar which are non-renewable. Apart from that, in line with the increase in the volume of motorized vehicles, this has an impact on increasing the amount of fuel used so it is feared that the availability of fossil energy will soon run out. Therefore, saving fuel consumption is a must to maintain its availability. Bioethanol is an alternative fuel that has not been widely used as a substitute or additive for fossil fuels, because it is still in the research and testing stage.

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Yusuf, Muhammad Yasir, Rahmat Fadhil, T. Saiful Bahri, and Hafiizh Maulana. "Comparison study of agricultural insurance government subsidy and farmers' self-subsistent premium in Indonesia." Economia agro-alimentare, no. 2 (July 2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ecag2-2021oa12184.

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Agricultural Insurance as an embodiment of farmer protection and empowerment is carried out with The Rice Farming Business Insurance (AUTP) facility with an insurance premium scheme by the Government of 80% and 20% by farmers. This study aims to simulate the AUTP premium based on government's subsidy and farmers' self-subsistent premium. The simulation test used panel data estimates in Indonesia Province during 2016-2019. The AUTP premium simulation was identified through the Moderating Regression Analysis (MRA) approach, with the moderate variables being government subsidies and farmers' self

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16

Ma, Yuanyuan, Patrick Paul Walsh, and Liming Wang. "Earnings Premium in State Jobs Across Urban China." Asian Economic Papers 16, no. 2 (2017): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00533.

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Using the Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) data, we find a 30 percent raw differential in earnings in favor of state workers in 2002. We examine the degree to which this differential is a pure premium by using a Heckman two-step selection model, where we instrument workers’ preference for state jobs with family political connections, among other factors. We find that 22 percent of the observed earnings differential is a pure premium to a worker in a state job in urban China. In the absence of a political transition in China, state jobs remained the privileged constituency in a dual-trac

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17

Oktaviani, Devani, Nabila Zahra, and Nurfadhlina Abdul Halim. "Determination of Pure Health Insurance Premiums Using Generalized Linear Models (GLM) with Poisson Distribution." International Journal of Global Operations Research 5, no. 2 (2024): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.47194/ijgor.v5i2.308.

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Insurance companies need a method to help companies determine premium prices that are appropriate to the risks they face. In other words, it is also necessary to know the variables that influence premium prices using Generalized Linear Models (GLM) by generalizing the linear regression model to model the relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable. The aim of this research is to determine the variables that influence premium prices and determine the pure health insurance premium using the GLM method.

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18

Afifah, Kania Fatin, Fuji Lestari, and Florencia Brigitta. "ESTIMATION OF EARTHQUAKE INSURANCE PREMIUM BY CONSIDERING EARTHQUAKE PROBABILITY AND THE DAMAGE RATIO OF BUILDINGS IN BANDA ACEH AND SIBOLGA CITY." Journal of Science and Applicative Technology 8, no. 1 (2024): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.35472/jsat.v8i1.1719.

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Indonesia is one of the countries prone to earthquakes with significant damage. An area that is frequently hit by earthquakes is Sumatra Island. Several cities, such as Banda Aceh City and Sibolga City on Sumatra Island, quite often experience tremors. For this reason, mitigation efforts are needed through earthquake insurance in managing disaster risk in earthquake-prone areas such as Banda Aceh City and Sibolga City so that it can reduce the impact caused by earthquake disasters. This research aims to determine the probability of an earthquake occurring in Banda Aceh City and Sibolga City us

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19

Li, Xiaotao, Jinzheng Ren, Beibei Niu, and Haiping Wu. "Grain Area Yield Index Insurance Ratemaking Based on Time–Space Risk Adjustment in China." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (2020): 2491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062491.

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The foundation and sustainable development of agricultural insurance involve accurately determining a premium and establishing a dynamic premium adjustment mechanism that matches the agricultural production risk. Based on the theoretical analysis of the impact of time–space risk adjustment on agricultural insurance ratemaking, we constructed a pure premium ratemaking model based on time-varying risk adjustment and a safety premium ratemaking model based on spatially dependent risk adjustment. Choosing the county grain area-yield index insurance (GAYI) in China as the research object, we obtain

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Kouach, Yassine, Abderrahim El Attar, and Mostafa El Hachloufi. "Mathematical Modeling of Agricultural Insurance Pricing in Morocco." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 66 (September 12, 2023): 129–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-s5twyn.

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The world risks having an imbalance in terms of food security; this is why Morocco started the Moroccan Green Plan strategy in 2008 which aims to develop the agricultural sector. Agricultural insurance is considered among the levers of agricultural development. For this reason, the professionals must attach great importance to the pricing of agricultural insurance which allows the increase in the demand for this type of insurance and consequently the increase in agricultural investment. But, the existing approaches of pricing in agriculture insurance are limited to statistical modelling of the

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Yulita, Tiara, Agus Sofian Eka Hidayat, and Gilang Primajati. "Penentuan Premi Menggunakan Metode Limited Fluctuation Credibility Pada Produk Health Insurance Reasuransi Di Indonesia." Griya Journal of Mathematics Education and Application 5, no. 2 (2025): 210–22. https://doi.org/10.29303/griya.v5i2.604.

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A reinsurance company is a company that provides reinsurance services against the risks faced by the insurance company (the insured). An insured is obliged to pay an amount of money in accordance with the agreement as a form of obligation from the insured for his participation in reinsurance which is called a premium. One method that can be used to determine future premiums based on past experience is limited fluctuation credibility which can predict the value of pure premiums in the future based on current data and insurance manual rates. Using the help of the limited fluctuation credibility

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Green, Nancy R. "Tropicana Pure Premium with Calcium and Extra Vitamin C." Journal of Nutraceuticals, Functional & Medical Foods 1, no. 4 (1999): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j133v01n04_03.

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Putra, Tri Andika Julia, Donny Citra Lesmana, and I. Gusti Putu Purnaba. "Penghitungan Premi Asuransi Kendaraan Bermotor Menggunakan Generalized Linear Models dengan Distribusi Tweedie." Jambura Journal of Mathematics 3, no. 2 (2021): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.34312/jjom.v3i2.10136.

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ABSTRAKSeorang aktuaris mempunyai tugas penting dalam menentukan harga premi yang sesuai untuk setiap nasabah dengan risiko dan karakteristik yang berbeda. Banyak variabel yang dapat mempengaruhi harga premi. Oleh karena itu, aktuaris harus mengetahui variabel-variabel yang berpengaruh signifikan terhadap premi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan variabel yang dapat mempengaruhi besaran premi murni menggunakan distribusi campuran dalam menentukan besarnya premi melalui Generalized Linear Models (GLM) serta menentukan model harga premi yang sesuai berdasarkan variabel-variabel y

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Sari, Kurnia Novita, Ady Febrisutisyanto, Randi Deautama, Nursiti Azirah, and Pida Mahani. "Exploring Multivariate Copula Models and Fuzzy Interest Rates in Assessing Family Annuity Products." JTAM (Jurnal Teori dan Aplikasi Matematika) 8, no. 2 (2024): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/jtam.v8i2.17467.

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This research explores the development of a reversionary annuity product transformed into a family annuity covering three individuals: husband, wife, and children. The innovative design of this product considers the sequencing of annuity payments post-participant's demise, aiming to mitigate the risk of parents' death impacting their children. Recognizing the inadequacy of assuming independence among individuals in premium calculations, the study employs a multivariate Archimedean Copula model to account for interdependence. The primary objective is to compute the survival single-life function

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Fujii, Yoichiro, Hideki Iwaki, and Yusuke Osaki. "AN ECONOMIC PREMIUM PRINCIPLE UNDER THE DUAL THEORY OF THE SMOOTH AMBIGUITY MODEL." ASTIN Bulletin 47, no. 3 (2017): 787–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asb.2017.14.

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AbstractThis study considers a pure exchange economy with insurance against ambiguous loss. Ambiguity preferences are represented by the dual theory of the smooth ambiguity model from Iwaki and Osaki (2014). The economic premium principle of Bühlmann (1980, 1984) is extended to ambiguity. We also perform some comparative statics and present sufficient conditions under which an increase in ambiguity aversion increases insurance demand and insurance premiums. Contrary to the result in Tsanakas and Christofides (2006), the optimal demand for insurance is not always comonotonic, because our model

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Shi, Xiaofang, Mingjie Zhao, Yu Xu, et al. "Research on the insurance of swimming crab temperature and salinity index insurance based on Copula function." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (2022): e0272940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272940.

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Under climate change, the sea surface temperature and salinity change greatly, which poses a considerable threat to sustainable food security. Sea surface temperature and salinity (SST/SSS) are selected to examine the annual output of swimming crab in 24 cities along the eastern China. The Copula-based function was used to construct the probability distribution model of the swimming crab yield with SST and SSS. The pure premium rate of the swimming crab production in these 24 cities are also examined. The results show that 1) There is significant positive correlations between the yield of swim

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Wang, Weijia, Wen Wang, Kun Wang, Yanyun Zhao, and Ran Yu. "Remote Sensing Application in Pure Premium Rate-Making of Winter Wheat Crop Insurance." Sustainability 15, no. 9 (2023): 7133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15097133.

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Crop insurance is a crucial way to avoid disaster losses and to guarantee farmers’ basic production income in China and abroad. Securing agricultural production is a critical way to eradicate hunger and reduce poverty and an essential means to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals. How to pay out more quickly and fairly after a disaster has become an urgent issue for agricultural insurance. The standard domestic crop insurance rate is determined based on the statistical data of the entire administrative unit and ignores the spatial risk difference of disasters inside the administrative

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Centeno, Lourdes. "On Combining Quota-Share and Excess of Loss." ASTIN Bulletin 15, no. 1 (1985): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ast.15.1.2015034.

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AbstractThis paper considers reinsurance retention limits in cases where the cedent has a choice between a pure quota-share treaty, a pure excess of loss treaty or a combination of the two. Our primary aim is to find the combination of retention limits which minimizes the skewness coefficient of the insurer's retained risk subject to constraints on the variance and the expected value of his retained risk. The results are given without specifying precisely how the excess of loss reinsurance premium is calculated. It is also shown that, depending to some extent on the constraint on the variance,

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Ibrahim, Didymus, and Jared Mongare. "Modelling Claim Frequency with Spatial Effects for Accurate Insurance Premium Cost Calculations." Indonesian Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics 1, no. 2 (2024): 65–70. https://doi.org/10.71385/idjams.v1i2.13.

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This paper challenges the traditional assumption of independence between claim counts and amounts in non-life insurance. It explores the effectiveness of Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) in analyzing claim frequency data, a key component of accurate premium pricing. The proposed approach utilizes GLMs for both the marginal frequency and conditional severity of claims. Dependence between these factors is introduced by incorporating the number of claims as a covariate in the severity model. This strategy offers ease of implementation and interpretability, particularly when combined with Poisson

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Gürkaynak, Refet S., Brian Sack, and Jonathan H. Wright. "The TIPS Yield Curve and Inflation Compensation." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 2, no. 1 (2010): 70–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.2.1.70.

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For over ten years, the Treasury has issued index-linked debt. This paper describes the methodology for fitting a smoothed yield curve to these securities that is used at the Federal Reserve Board every day, and makes the estimates public. Comparison with the corresponding nominal yield curve allows measures of inflation compensation to be computed. We discuss the interpretation of inflation compensation, and provide evidence that it is not a pure measure of inflation expectations being distorted by inflation risk premium and liquidity premium components. We attempt to estimate the TIPS liquid

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Nishi, Kumiko, and Ichiro Takeuchi. "Casualty Insurance Pure Premium Estimation Using Two-Stage Regression Tree." Transactions of the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence 22 (2007): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1527/tjsai.22.183.

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Aftab, Hira, and A. B. M. Rabiul Alam Beg. "Does Time Varying Risk Premia Exist in the International Bond Market? An Empirical Evidence from Australian and French Bond Market." International Journal of Financial Studies 9, no. 1 (2021): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs9010003.

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The presence of risk premium is an issue that weakens the rational expectation hypothesis. This paper investigates changing behavior of time varying risk premium for holding 10 year maturity bond using a bivariate VARMA-DBEKK-AGARCH-M model. The model allows for asymmetric risk premia, causality and co-volatility spillovers jointly in the global bond markets. Empirical results show significant asymmetric partial co-volatility spillovers and risk premium exist in the bond markets. The estimates of the bivariate risk premia show bi-directional causality exist between the Australia and France Bon

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Kusumaningrum, D., K. Aldyan, V. A. Sutomo, et al. "Rice crop insurance in Indonesia: adaptation to climate and farm production support." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 892, no. 1 (2021): 012076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/892/1/012076.

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Abstract Indonesia’s Rice Crop Insurance (AUTP) scheme has successfully protected farmers from significant crop losses due to natural disasters. However, the current amount of AUTP’s compensation is still unable to accommodate farmer’s financing costs (i.e., unpaid micro-loan and its interests) to support crops production. This results in higher micro-loan risk and hinder the sustainability of farming enterprises. In this regard, the existing People’s Business Credit (KUR) should supposedly be accessible as a micro-loan source to help farmers fund their farms. This study has two objectives: (1

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Setiawan, Joni, and Abdul Ghofur. "PENGARUH BAHAN BAKAR PERTALITE MURNI DENGAN CAMPURAN BAHAN BAKAR PREMIUM DAN PERTAMAX TERHADAP PERFORMANCE EMISI GAS BUANG PADA MOTOR HONDA BEAT 2017." JTAM ROTARY 4, no. 1 (2022): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jtam_rotary.v4i1.5540.

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Performance and exhaust emissions in 2017 Honda Beat vehicles, namely: 1. The best exhaust emissions are produced in a mixture of 50% premium fuel and 50% first with HC value of 23 ppm, CO 0.31%, CO2 5.88% and O2 11.30%. So the more mixture of pertamax at the premium, the better the exhaust emissions produced. 2. The best performance is produced in a mixture of 50% premium fuel and pertamax 50% with a torque value of 11.01 in Rp. 3655 and a power of 7,537 HP at Rp. 6994. So the more mixture of pertamax at the premium, the better exhaust emissions produced. 3. Performance and exhaust emissions,

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HARRINGTON, Scott E. "Estimation and Testing for Functional Form in Pure Premium Regression Models." ASTIN Bulletin 16, no. 3 (1986): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ast.16.3.2014991.

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Harrington, Scott E. "Estimation and Testing for Functional Form in Pure Premium Regression Models." ASTIN Bulletin 16, S1 (1986): S31—S43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0515036100011636.

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AbstractEstimation of pure premiums for alternative rate classes using regression methods requires the choice of a functional form for the statistical model. Common choices include linear and log-linear models. This paper considers maximum likelihood estimation and testing for functional form using the power transformation suggested by Box and Cox. The linear and log-linear models are special cases of this transformation. Application of the procedure is illustrated using auto insurance claims data from the state of Massachusetts and from the United Kingdom. The predictive accuracy of the metho

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Chen, An, Montserrat Guillen, and Elena Vigna. "SOLVENCY REQUIREMENT IN A UNISEX MORTALITY MODEL." ASTIN Bulletin 48, no. 3 (2018): 1219–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asb.2018.11.

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AbstractFollowing the EU Gender Directive, that obliges insurance companies to charge the same premium to policyholders of different genders, we address the issue of calculating solvency capital requirements (SCRs) for pure endowments and annuities issued to mixed portfolios. The main theoretical result is that, if the unisex fairness principle is adopted for the unisex premium, the SCR at issuing time of the mixed portfolio calculated with unisex survival probabilities is greater than the sum of the SCRs of the gender-based subportfolios. Numerical results show that for pure endowments the ga

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SEKINE, JUN. "A NOTE ON THE RISK-PREMIUM PROCESS IN AN EQUILIBRIUM." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 11, no. 07 (2008): 705–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024908005007.

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Results in He–Leland (1993) are extended and properties of the risk-premium process in an equilibrium are examined in a pure exchange economy with a representative agent: for example, (i) the risk-premium process is characterized by using a martingale representation of the reciprocal of a terminal marginal utility, (ii) it is expressed as a (conditional) expected value including the relative risk aversion coefficient of a terminal utility and the Jacobian matrix process of the state variables, and, (iii) a "mean-reverting" property relates to the monotonic decreasing property of the relative r

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Venegas, Ramón H., and Emanuel Melachrinoudis. "Pure premium distribution estimation of an electric power plant using spreadsheet simulation." Computers & Industrial Engineering 29, no. 1-4 (1995): 495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-8352(95)00123-i.

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Pinquet, Jean. "Allowance for Cost of Claims in Bonus-Malus Systems." ASTIN Bulletin 27, no. 1 (1997): 33–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ast.27.1.542066.

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AbstractThe objective of this paper is to make allowance for cost of claims in experience rating. We design here a bonus-malus system for the pure premium of insurance contracts, from a rating based on their individual characteristics. Empirical results are presented, that are drawn from a French data base of automobile insurance contracts.

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Firsan, Muhammad, Lukas Kano Mangalla, and La Hasanudin. "Pengujian Eksperimental Perbandingan Konsumsi Bahan Bakar dan Emisi Gas Buang Dengan Beberapa Jenis Bahan Bakar Pada Sepeda Motor." Enthalpy : Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Teknik Mesin 7, no. 1 (2022): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.55679/enthalpy.v7i1.24560.

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Air pollution is caused by the activities of motorized vehicles that emit exhaust gas emissions, including CO, CO2, HC, NOX, SOX, and particulates. The purpose of this study was to determine how the effect of fuel variations on the time of fuel consumption and exhaust emissions on motorcycles and to find out how the composition of mixing premium fuel with ethanol affects the time of fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. This study uses 4 types of fuel, namely premium, pertalite, E-5, and E-10 and tested using 3 variations of throttle openings. From the test results, it is found that the most

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S., Dakurah, Odoi F.N.D., Kongyir B.K., Ampaw-Asiedu M.O., and K. Dedu V. "A Model for Pricing Insurance Using Options." Journal of Research in Business, Economics and Management 10, no. 3 (2018): 1971–88. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3956116.

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Traditional Expected Value and Bayesian Methods of pricing insurance products are not robust both under minimal data and frequent portfolio adjustments. Deriving a partial di_erential equation for the price of a an insurance put, parallel is struck with the reverse Black Scholes partial di_erential equation for pricing call options. With appropriate parameter translation of the Black Scholes model, a Pure Premium valuation function that is an improvement over the traditional methods of pricing insurance products results. Its robustness is illustrated with the pricing of a third party insurance

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Denuit, Michel, and Christian Y. Robert. "From risk sharing to pure premium for a large number of heterogeneous losses." Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 96 (January 2021): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.insmatheco.2020.11.006.

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Deelstra, Griselda, Pierre Devolder, Kossi Gnameho, and Peter Hieber. "VALUATION OF HYBRID FINANCIAL AND ACTUARIAL PRODUCTS IN LIFE INSURANCE BY A NOVEL THREE-STEP METHOD." ASTIN Bulletin 50, no. 3 (2020): 709–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asb.2020.25.

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AbstractFinancial products are priced using risk-neutral expectations justified by hedging portfolios that (as accurate as possible) match the product’s payoff. In insurance, premium calculations are based on a real-world best-estimate value plus a risk premium. The insurance risk premium is typically reduced by pooling of (in the best case) independent contracts. As hybrid life insurance contracts depend on both financial and insurance risks, their valuation requires a hybrid valuation principle that combines the two concepts of financial and actuarial valuation. The aim of this paper is to p

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Tsisaryk, O., I. Slyvka, G. Dronyk, L. Musii, and O. Senchenko. "The use of the strain Enterococcus faecium in the technology of yogurt “Carpathian” as an ancillary culture with probiotic properties." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 23, no. 96 (2021): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-f9616.

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The results of research on the technological features of the production of yogurt "Carpathian" are covered in the article. The bacterial preparation of Chr. Hansen series YoFlex Premium 1.0 (L. bulgaricus, S. thermophilus) and Creamy 1.0 (L. bulgaricus, S. thermophilus, L. rhamnosus) and strain E. faecium SB 18, which is isolated from traditional Carpathian fermented products were used to produce research yogurt samples. It was found that when the strains were used together, the microorganisms were compatible, did not show interspecific antagonism and did not inhibit the enzymatic process. Bas

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HESS, MARKUS. "AN ARITHMETIC PURE-JUMP MULTI-CURVE INTEREST RATE MODEL." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 22, no. 08 (2019): 1950042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024919500420.

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We propose a multi-curve model involving interest rates and spreads which are modeled by arithmetic martingale processes being larger than some arbitrarily chosen constant. Under our mean-reverting pure-jump approach, we derive tractable martingale representations for the OIS rate, the spread, as well as the LIBOR rate, and provide analytical caplet price formulae. In a second part, we introduce an extended jump-diffusion version of our model and investigate hedging and the computation of Greeks under this new specification. As a by-product, we infer the related arithmetic pure-jump single-cur

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Yulita, Tiara, Chaterine Theresia Lubis, and Agus Sofian Eka Hidayat. "PENENTUAN PREMI MURNI DI KABUPATEN KEPAHIANG PROVINSI BENGKULU DENGAN MEMPERHITUNGKAN PELUANG KEJADIAN GEMPA BUMI DAN RASIO KERUSAKAN BANGUNAN." VARIANCE: Journal of Statistics and Its Applications 5, no. 2 (2023): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/variancevol5iss2page147-158.

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Indonesia is a country that is very vulnerable to earthquakes, one of which is in Bengkulu Province, especially Kepahiang Regency. To deal with risks or losses caused by earthquakes, insurance can be purchased. Therefore, in this study, earthquake insurance premiums will be determined by taking into account the probability of an earthquake occurring and the ratio of damage to buildings in Kepahiang Regency. The PSHA (Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis) method is used to determine the probability of an earthquake occurring. In the PSHA process, earthquake data will be collected and analyzed

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Jee, Beomha. "A Comparative Analysis of Alternative Pure Premium Models in the Automobile Risk Classification System." Journal of Risk and Insurance 56, no. 3 (1989): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/253167.

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Lachenmeier, Dirk W. "Beurteilung der Qualitätskategorien von Tequila mittels sensorischer Analyse." Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau 102, no. 9 (2006): 400–404. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.546098.

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Two basic categories of the spirit drink Tequila can be distinguished according to Mexican law. For the high quality category "Tequila 100% de Agave" only pure agave juice is allowed to be fermented and distilled. Otherwise, the product is a "Mixto-Tequila", which is manufactured by adding up to 49% of sugar to the Agave wort. The sensory analysis using ranking methods showed significant differences between Tequila samples of both categories. The premium products with 100% of Agave were preferred by the test panel. Especially matured products (reposado and añejo Tequ

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Zakirah, Khalilah Razanah, and Puspa Dwi Ayu Banowati. "Determination of Insurance Premium Rates with Aggregation Claims at BPJS with Exponential and Gamma Distributions." Operations Research: International Conference Series 5, no. 3 (2024): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47194/orics.v5i3.329.

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Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial (BPJS) is a legal entity that has been provided by the government for the community with the aim of providing protection for all workers in Indonesia from certain socio-economic risks. National development, marked by planned and continuous strides, embodies a commitment to engage all societal, national, and state levels in fostering progress. Encompassing political, economic, socio-cultural, and defense and security realms, the development is meticulously designed to be comprehensive, targeted, integrated, gradual, and sustainable. The overarching objective i

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