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1
Siahaan, Radot Mh, Dian Anggraini, Andi Fitriawati, and Dani Al Makhya. "Expected Value Premium Principle Pada Data Reasuransi." Unisda Journal of Mathematics and Computer Science (UJMC) 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.52166/ujmc.v6i2.2116.
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The amount of stop loss cover reinsurance using krone as Danish currency. The stop loss cover reinsurance scheme with a retention value of r = 50 million krone from fire insurance data in Denmark from 1980-1990 with truncate date at 10 million krone, resulting in a conditional expected value that decreases in value when the higher the threshold value. This is indicated by the threshold value of 1 = 2.976 resulting in pure premium of 1 = 0.1217, a threshold value of 2 = 10.0539 resulting in pure premium 2 = 0.0867 and a threshold value of 3 = 26.199 resulting in pure premium 3 = 0.0849. The use of expected value premium principle with the loading factor () is weighted to the value of the pure premium represented by. This is indicated by the weight of premium 1 = 0.13387, the weight of the premium 2 = 0.09537 and the weight of premium 3 = 0.09339.
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Azar, Samih Antoine. "The Pure Expectations Theory and Quarterly Interest Rate Premiums." Accounting and Finance Research 7, no. 1 (December 4, 2017): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/afr.v7n1p161.
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The expectations theory posits that the long interest rate is an average of expected short term interest rates with the possibility of the existence of a risk premium. This paper looks upon fourteen samples of investments for which the difference in maturity is three months. All yields are actual yields and are adjusted to have the same maturities as the short rate. The evidence is strong for the pure expectations theory which predicts that the risk premiums are zero. This should not be surprising because the premium that we are looking for is merely 4 basis points per quarter. The contribution of this paper, besides giving support to the pure expectations theory, is to lay out the fundamental and basic methodology that one should follow in order to study other investments similar to ours. Both unconditional and conditional tests are performed. Because of sampling error and small-sample bias the unconditional tests may be preferable.
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Wardoyo, Wardoyo. "MEMBANDINGKAN KINERJA MESIN BENSIN DUA LANGKAH SATU SILINDER PADA SEPEDA MOTOR MENGGUNAKAN VARIASI CAMPURAN BAHAN BAKAR MINYAK HASIL PROSES PIROLISIS SAMPAH PLASTIK DAN PREMIUM DENGAN PREMIUM MURNI." Angkasa: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Teknologi 8, no. 2 (August 25, 2017): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.28989/angkasa.v8i2.119.
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This research was aimed to know the performance of engine using variation of plastic waste pyrolysis and premium process result-gasoline fuel mix and pure premium and comparing with pure premium. The fuel mix variation used consisted of 20% plastic waste pyrolysis process result oil, 80% premium and 49%plastic waste pyrolysis process result oil, 60%premium. The research procedures included firstly the tested engine given pure premium fuel and the engine was run for 2-3 minutes by installing a transmission gear in 4th position, then rotation, torsion, power and specific fuel consumption was measured. Furthermore, the engine was stopped and the fuel was substituted with varied plastic waste pyrolysis process result oil mix, the engine was re-run. The measurement rotations, torsion, power and specific fuel construction was conducted by the same way with pure premium fuel testing. Out of test results for the same rotation of 5000-8000 engine RPM using fuel mix of 20% plastic waste pyrolysis process result oil the average power was 10.04 HP, average torsion of 11.10 Nm, specific fuel consumption of 0.100 kg/hour HP and engine using fuel mix of 40% plastic waste pyrolysis process result oil the average power was 9.7 HP, average torsion of 10.82 NM, specific fuel consumption o f 0.068 kg/hour HP. While using pure premium the average power was 9.8 HP, average torsion of 10.94 Nm, specific fuel consumption was 0.103 kg/hour HP. If compared, so that engine performance using fuel mix of 40% plastic waste pyrolysis process result oil and 60% premium almost approached engine performance using pure premium fuel and actually 20% fuel mix of plastic waste pyrolysis process result oil and 80% premium was better.
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NUGRAHA, I. WAYAN SANDY BAYU, KETUT JAYANEGARA, and I. NYOMAN WIDANA. "POLICY VALUES ASURANSI JOINT LIFE SUAMI ISTRI DENGAN METODE PROSPEKTIF." E-Jurnal Matematika 8, no. 2 (June 6, 2019): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mtk.2019.v08.i02.p243.
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Policy values are funds be held by insurance company that will be used for unexpected claims from insurance participants. The purpose of this work is to calculate constant annual premiums with and without pure endowment on joint life couple insurance, then determine and calculate formula policy values with prospective method. The policy values ??in joint life couple insurance, are affected by premium payments. Policy values ??benefit at the end of the 1st year until the end of the 11th year will increase, because the money received by insurance company from premium payments is more than the sum insured to be paid. Policy values ??benefit at the end of the 11th year until the end of the 66th year will decrease because there are no more premium payments.
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Fitriani, Rika, and Gunardi Gunardi. "IMPLEMENTASI METODE BAYES PADA PENGHITUNGAN PREMI ASURANSI KENDARAAN BERMOTOR." Journal of Fundamental Mathematics and Applications (JFMA) 3, no. 2 (November 23, 2020): 112–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jfma.v3i2.8257.
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One type of general insurance is motor vehicle insurance. Premium pricing of general insurance can be calculated by some methods. In this study, Bayes method will be used. The distribution of claim frequency is Poisson distribution and the distribution of claim severity is Exponential distribution. The premium is calculated by multiplying the expectation of claim frequency and the expectation of claim severity. Based on the historical data analysis using the Bayes method, the highest pure premium of motor vehicle insurance in Indonesia is Hino brand and the lowest pure premium is Honda brand. The result of this premium pricing can be used as a reference for the insurance companies to manage their motor vehicle insurance reserves.
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Ma, Yuanyuan, Patrick Paul Walsh, and Liming Wang. "Earnings Premium in State Jobs Across Urban China." Asian Economic Papers 16, no. 2 (June 2017): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00533.
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Using the Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) data, we find a 30 percent raw differential in earnings in favor of state workers in 2002. We examine the degree to which this differential is a pure premium by using a Heckman two-step selection model, where we instrument workers’ preference for state jobs with family political connections, among other factors. We find that 22 percent of the observed earnings differential is a pure premium to a worker in a state job in urban China. In the absence of a political transition in China, state jobs remained the privileged constituency in a dual-track transition that attracted the best politically connected workers in urban China and offered them a pure earnings premium.
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Li, Xiaotao, Jinzheng Ren, Beibei Niu, and Haiping Wu. "Grain Area Yield Index Insurance Ratemaking Based on Time–Space Risk Adjustment in China." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 22, 2020): 2491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062491.
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The foundation and sustainable development of agricultural insurance involve accurately determining a premium and establishing a dynamic premium adjustment mechanism that matches the agricultural production risk. Based on the theoretical analysis of the impact of time–space risk adjustment on agricultural insurance ratemaking, we constructed a pure premium ratemaking model based on time-varying risk adjustment and a safety premium ratemaking model based on spatially dependent risk adjustment. Choosing the county grain area-yield index insurance (GAYI) in China as the research object, we obtained the following results: (1) the risk of grain yield per unit area (YPUA) and pure premium rate in most counties decreased significantly with time-varying adjustment, and we observed differences between regions; (2) grain’s spatially dependent risk has a strong negative adjustment effect on the loading factor, but the expansion of insurance underwriting can still rapidly reduce the safety premium rate, mainly due to the reduction in the spatially dependent risk; and (3) based on time-varying risk adjustment and underwriting expansion, the reduction effect of premium rates is obvious, which supports the sustainable commercial operation of agricultural insurance. These research results help to clarify the relationships of premium rates and provide implications on the sustainability of catastrophe management.
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Green, Nancy R. "Tropicana Pure Premium with Calcium and Extra Vitamin C." Journal of Nutraceuticals, Functional & Medical Foods 1, no. 4 (April 30, 1999): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j133v01n04_03.
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Nishi, Kumiko, and Ichiro Takeuchi. "Casualty Insurance Pure Premium Estimation Using Two-Stage Regression Tree." Transactions of the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence 22 (2007): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1527/tjsai.22.183.
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Putra, Tri Andika Julia, Donny Citra Lesmana, and I. Gusti Putu Purnaba. "Penghitungan Premi Asuransi Kendaraan Bermotor Menggunakan Generalized Linear Models dengan Distribusi Tweedie." Jambura Journal of Mathematics 3, no. 2 (May 4, 2021): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.34312/jjom.v3i2.10136.
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ABSTRAKSeorang aktuaris mempunyai tugas penting dalam menentukan harga premi yang sesuai untuk setiap nasabah dengan risiko dan karakteristik yang berbeda. Banyak variabel yang dapat mempengaruhi harga premi. Oleh karena itu, aktuaris harus mengetahui variabel-variabel yang berpengaruh signifikan terhadap premi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan variabel yang dapat mempengaruhi besaran premi murni menggunakan distribusi campuran dalam menentukan besarnya premi melalui Generalized Linear Models (GLM) serta menentukan model harga premi yang sesuai berdasarkan variabel-variabel yang mempengaruhinya. Salah satu analisis statistik yang dapat digunakan untuk memodelkan premi asuransi adalah Generalized Linear Models. GLM merupakan perluasan dari model regresi klasik yang dapat mengakomodasi fleksibilitas untuk menggunakan beberapa distribusi data tetapi terbatas pada distribusi keluarga eksponensial. Dalam model GLM, premi diperoleh dengan mengalikan nilai ekspektasi bersyarat dari frekuensi klaim dan biaya klaim. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan diketahui bahwa frekuensi klaim dan besarnya klaim mengikuti distribusi Tweedie. Dari kedua model tersebut diketahui bahwa variabel yang mempengaruhi premi murni adalah jumlah anak, pendapatan per bulan, status pernikahan, pendidikan, pekerjaan, penggunaan kendaraan, besarnya bluebook yang dibayarkan, dan jenis kendaraan nasabah. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa model GLM merupakan model yang representatif dan berguna bagi perusahaan asuransi. ABSTRACTIt is an important task for an actuary in determining the appropriate premium price for each customer with different risks and characteristics. Many variables can affect the premium price. Therefore, actuaries must determine the variables that significantly affect the premium. The purpose of this study is to determine the variables that can affect the amount of pure premium using a mixed distribution in determining the amount of premium through Generalized Linear Models (GLM) and determine the appropriate premium price model based on the variables that influence it. One of the statistical analyzes that can be used to model insurance premiums is the Generalized Linear Models. GLM is an extension of the classic regression model that can accommodate the flexibility of its users to use multiple data distributions but is limited to the exponential family distribution. In the GLM model, the premium is obtained by multiplying the conditional expected value of the frequency of claims and the cost of claims. Based on the research that has been done, it is known that the frequency of claims and the size of claims follow the Tweedie distribution. From the two models, it is known that the variables affecting the pure premium are the number of children, monthly income, marital status, education, occupation, vehicle use, the number of bluebooks paid, and the type of vehicle from the customer. This shows that the GLM model is a representative and useful model for the insurance company business.
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Fujii, Yoichiro, Hideki Iwaki, and Yusuke Osaki. "AN ECONOMIC PREMIUM PRINCIPLE UNDER THE DUAL THEORY OF THE SMOOTH AMBIGUITY MODEL." ASTIN Bulletin 47, no. 3 (May 30, 2017): 787–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asb.2017.14.
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AbstractThis study considers a pure exchange economy with insurance against ambiguous loss. Ambiguity preferences are represented by the dual theory of the smooth ambiguity model from Iwaki and Osaki (2014). The economic premium principle of Bühlmann (1980, 1984) is extended to ambiguity. We also perform some comparative statics and present sufficient conditions under which an increase in ambiguity aversion increases insurance demand and insurance premiums. Contrary to the result in Tsanakas and Christofides (2006), the optimal demand for insurance is not always comonotonic, because our model permits an economy comprising both ambiguity averse and ambiguity loving agents.
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Centeno, Lourdes. "On Combining Quota-Share and Excess of Loss." ASTIN Bulletin 15, no. 1 (April 1985): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ast.15.1.2015034.
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AbstractThis paper considers reinsurance retention limits in cases where the cedent has a choice between a pure quota-share treaty, a pure excess of loss treaty or a combination of the two. Our primary aim is to find the combination of retention limits which minimizes the skewness coefficient of the insurer's retained risk subject to constraints on the variance and the expected value of his retained risk. The results are given without specifying precisely how the excess of loss reinsurance premium is calculated. It is also shown that, depending to some extent on the constraint on the variance, the solution to the problem is a pure excess of loss treaty if the excess of loss premium is calculated using the expected value or standard deviation principle but that this need not be true if the variance principle is used.
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Gürkaynak, Refet S., Brian Sack, and Jonathan H. Wright. "The TIPS Yield Curve and Inflation Compensation." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 70–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.2.1.70.
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For over ten years, the Treasury has issued index-linked debt. This paper describes the methodology for fitting a smoothed yield curve to these securities that is used at the Federal Reserve Board every day, and makes the estimates public. Comparison with the corresponding nominal yield curve allows measures of inflation compensation to be computed. We discuss the interpretation of inflation compensation, and provide evidence that it is not a pure measure of inflation expectations being distorted by inflation risk premium and liquidity premium components. We attempt to estimate the TIPS liquidity premium and to extract underlying inflation expectations. (JEL E31, E43, H63)
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HARRINGTON, Scott E. "Estimation and Testing for Functional Form in Pure Premium Regression Models." ASTIN Bulletin 16, no. 3 (December 1, 1986): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ast.16.3.2014991.
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Harrington, Scott E. "Estimation and Testing for Functional Form in Pure Premium Regression Models." ASTIN Bulletin 16, S1 (April 1986): S31—S43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0515036100011636.
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AbstractEstimation of pure premiums for alternative rate classes using regression methods requires the choice of a functional form for the statistical model. Common choices include linear and log-linear models. This paper considers maximum likelihood estimation and testing for functional form using the power transformation suggested by Box and Cox. The linear and log-linear models are special cases of this transformation. Application of the procedure is illustrated using auto insurance claims data from the state of Massachusetts and from the United Kingdom. The predictive accuracy of the method compares favorably to that for the linear and log-linear models for both data sets.
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Aftab, Hira, and A. B. M. Rabiul Alam Beg. "Does Time Varying Risk Premia Exist in the International Bond Market? An Empirical Evidence from Australian and French Bond Market." International Journal of Financial Studies 9, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs9010003.
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The presence of risk premium is an issue that weakens the rational expectation hypothesis. This paper investigates changing behavior of time varying risk premium for holding 10 year maturity bond using a bivariate VARMA-DBEKK-AGARCH-M model. The model allows for asymmetric risk premia, causality and co-volatility spillovers jointly in the global bond markets. Empirical results show significant asymmetric partial co-volatility spillovers and risk premium exist in the bond markets. The estimates of the bivariate risk premia show bi-directional causality exist between the Australia and France Bond markets. Overall results suggest nonexistence of pure rational expectation theory in the risk premium model. This information is useful for the agents’ strategic policy decision making in global bond markets.
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Venegas, Ramón H., and Emanuel Melachrinoudis. "Pure premium distribution estimation of an electric power plant using spreadsheet simulation." Computers & Industrial Engineering 29, no. 1-4 (September 1995): 495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-8352(95)00123-i.
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Chen, An, Montserrat Guillen, and Elena Vigna. "SOLVENCY REQUIREMENT IN A UNISEX MORTALITY MODEL." ASTIN Bulletin 48, no. 3 (April 25, 2018): 1219–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asb.2018.11.
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AbstractFollowing the EU Gender Directive, that obliges insurance companies to charge the same premium to policyholders of different genders, we address the issue of calculating solvency capital requirements (SCRs) for pure endowments and annuities issued to mixed portfolios. The main theoretical result is that, if the unisex fairness principle is adopted for the unisex premium, the SCR at issuing time of the mixed portfolio calculated with unisex survival probabilities is greater than the sum of the SCRs of the gender-based subportfolios. Numerical results show that for pure endowments the gap between the two is negligible, but for lifetime annuities the gap can be as high as 3–4%. We also analyze some conservative pricing procedures that deviate from the unisex fairness principle, and find that they lead to SCRs that are lower than the sum of the gender-based SCRs because the policyholders are overcharged at issuing time.
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SEKINE, JUN. "A NOTE ON THE RISK-PREMIUM PROCESS IN AN EQUILIBRIUM." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 11, no. 07 (November 2008): 705–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024908005007.
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Results in He–Leland (1993) are extended and properties of the risk-premium process in an equilibrium are examined in a pure exchange economy with a representative agent: for example, (i) the risk-premium process is characterized by using a martingale representation of the reciprocal of a terminal marginal utility, (ii) it is expressed as a (conditional) expected value including the relative risk aversion coefficient of a terminal utility and the Jacobian matrix process of the state variables, and, (iii) a "mean-reverting" property relates to the monotonic decreasing property of the relative risk aversion coefficient.
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Denuit, Michel, and Christian Y. Robert. "From risk sharing to pure premium for a large number of heterogeneous losses." Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 96 (January 2021): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.insmatheco.2020.11.006.
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Pinquet, Jean. "Allowance for Cost of Claims in Bonus-Malus Systems." ASTIN Bulletin 27, no. 1 (May 1997): 33–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ast.27.1.542066.
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AbstractThe objective of this paper is to make allowance for cost of claims in experience rating. We design here a bonus-malus system for the pure premium of insurance contracts, from a rating based on their individual characteristics. Empirical results are presented, that are drawn from a French data base of automobile insurance contracts.
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HESS, MARKUS. "AN ARITHMETIC PURE-JUMP MULTI-CURVE INTEREST RATE MODEL." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 22, no. 08 (December 2019): 1950042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024919500420.
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We propose a multi-curve model involving interest rates and spreads which are modeled by arithmetic martingale processes being larger than some arbitrarily chosen constant. Under our mean-reverting pure-jump approach, we derive tractable martingale representations for the OIS rate, the spread, as well as the LIBOR rate, and provide analytical caplet price formulae. In a second part, we introduce an extended jump-diffusion version of our model and investigate hedging and the computation of Greeks under this new specification. As a by-product, we infer the related arithmetic pure-jump single-curve model. We finally consider the modeling of future information in multi-curve interest rate markets by enlarged filtrations and deduce the related OIS and LIBOR rate representations as well as the corresponding information premium.
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Jee, Beomha. "A Comparative Analysis of Alternative Pure Premium Models in the Automobile Risk Classification System." Journal of Risk and Insurance 56, no. 3 (September 1989): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/253167.
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Deelstra, Griselda, Pierre Devolder, Kossi Gnameho, and Peter Hieber. "VALUATION OF HYBRID FINANCIAL AND ACTUARIAL PRODUCTS IN LIFE INSURANCE BY A NOVEL THREE-STEP METHOD." ASTIN Bulletin 50, no. 3 (August 14, 2020): 709–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asb.2020.25.
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AbstractFinancial products are priced using risk-neutral expectations justified by hedging portfolios that (as accurate as possible) match the product’s payoff. In insurance, premium calculations are based on a real-world best-estimate value plus a risk premium. The insurance risk premium is typically reduced by pooling of (in the best case) independent contracts. As hybrid life insurance contracts depend on both financial and insurance risks, their valuation requires a hybrid valuation principle that combines the two concepts of financial and actuarial valuation. The aim of this paper is to present a novel three-step projection algorithm to valuate hybrid contracts by decomposing their payoff in three parts: a financial, hedgeable part, a diversifiable actuarial part, and a residual part that is neither hedgeable nor diversifiable. The first two parts of the resulting premium are directly linked to their corresponding hedging and diversification strategies, respectively. The method allows for a separate treatment of unsystematic, diversifiable mortality risk and systematic, aggregate mortality risk related to, for example, epidemics or population-wide improvements in life expectancy. We illustrate our method in the case of CAT bonds and a pure endowment insurance contract with profit and compare the three-step method to alternative valuation operators suggested in the literature.
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Xing, Mei. "Existence Conditions of Super-Replication Cost in a Multinomial Model." Journal of Mathematics Research 9, no. 4 (July 24, 2017): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jmr.v9n4p185.
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This paper gives a theorem for the continuous time super-replication cost of European options in an unbounded multinomial market. An approximation multinomial scheme is put forward on a finite time interval [0,1] corresponding to a pure jump Lévy model with unbounded jumps. Under the assumption that the expected underlying stock price at time 1 is bounded, the limit of the sequence of the super-replication cost in a multinomial model is proved to be greater than or equal to an optimal control problem. Furthermore, it is discussed that the existence conditions of a super-replication cost and a liquidity premium for the multinomial model. This paper concentrates on a multinomial tree with unbounded jumps, which can be seen as an extension of the work of (Xing, 2015). The super-replication cost and the liquidity premium under the variance gamma model and the normal inverse Gaussian model are calculated and illustrated.
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Busch, Andreas, Yves Gensterblum, and Bernhard M. Krooss. "Methane and CO2 sorption and desorption measurements on dry Argonne premium coals: pure components and mixtures." International Journal of Coal Geology 55, no. 2-4 (August 2003): 205–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-5162(03)00113-7.
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Nadilia, Nindita, Nina Fitriyati, and Irma Fauziah. "The Constant Annual Premium and Benefit Reserve for Four Participants in Joint Life Insurance." InPrime: Indonesian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 2, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/inprime.v2i2.14780.
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AbstractThis research discusses the derivation of formula to calculate the constant annual premiums and the benefit reserves for joint insurance consisting of four people. We combine pure endowment insurance, lifetime insurance, and n-year term insurance. Assumed that the benefits are set at the beginning of the insurance contract, the benefit reserves are calculated using the prospective method, and the premium payment stops if one of those four participants dies. If all participants live until the end of the contract, the benefits are paid at once but if one of the participants dies, the benefits paid at the end of the contract in the form of a lifetime annuity. The formula to calculate the benefit reserves is divided into four cases i.e. the benefit reserves if one of four participants dies, the benefit reserves if two of four participants die, the benefit reserve if three of four participants die, and the benefit reserves if all participants are still alive until the end of the contract. Besides, we also present simulation to calculate the constant annual premium for four participants consist of a father (50 years old), a mother (45 years old), a son (20 years old), and a daughter (15 years old). From the simulation, we conclude that as the length of the insurance contract increases, the premium tends to decrease. The benefit reserve calculation does not have a certain tendency. It generally increases during the insurance period (the premium is still paid) and then decreases thereafter. This is valid for all cases mentioned above.Keywords: n-year term insurance; prospective method; pure endowment insurance. AbstrakPenelitian ini membahas mengenai penurunan rumus untuk menghitung premi tahunan konstan dan cadangan benefit untuk asuransi gabungan yang terdiri dari empat orang. Jenis asuransi yang digunakan adalah kombinasi antara asuransi endowment murni, asuransi seumur hidup dan asuransi berjangka n-tahun. Diasumsikan bahwa benefit ditetapkan di awal kontrak asuransi dan pembayaran premi berhenti jika salah seorang dari keempat peserta meninggal dunia. Jika seluruh peserta hidup sampai dengan akhir kontrak maka benefit dibayarkan secara sekaligus, namun jika salah satu dari peserta telah meninggal dunia maka benefit yang dibayarkan pada akhir tahun kontrak dalam bentuk anuitas seumur hidup. Rumus yang diperoleh untuk menghitung cadangan benefit dibagi menjadi empat kasus yaitu cadangan benefit jika satu orang meninggal dan tiga orang lainnya hidup, cadangan benefit jika dua orang meninggal dan dua orang lainnya hidup, cadangan benefit jika tiga orang meninggal dan satu orang lainnya hidup, dan cadangan benefit jika semua peserta tetap hidup sampai akhir masa kontrak. Pada akhir penelitian, disajikan simulasi perhitungan premi tahunan konstan untuk empat peserta yang terdiri dari ayah (berusia 50 tahun), ibu (45 tahun), anak laki-laki (20 tahun), dan anak perempuan (15 tahun). Dari simulasi diperoleh bahwa semakin lama kontrak asuransi maka premi yang dibayakan cenderung semakin kecil. Perhitungan cadangan benefit tidak memiliki kecenderungan tertentu, namun pada umumnya meningkat selama masa asuransi berlangsung (pembayaran premi masih dilakukan) kemudian menurun setelahnya. Hal ini berlaku untuk seluruh kasus yang telah dibahas pada perhitungan rumus cadangan premi.Kata kunci: asuransi berjangka n-tahun; metode prospektif; asuransi endowment murni.
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Arden, Miriam, and Tiemen Woutersen. "A Balanced Portfolio Can Have a Higher Geometric Return Than the Risky Asset." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14090409.
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In the U.S., the geometric return on stocks has been higher than the geometric return on bonds over long periods. We study whether balanced portfolios have a larger geometric return (and expected log return) than stock portfolios when the risk premium is low. We use a theoretical model and historical data and find that this is the case. This low-risk premium is often observed in other developed countries. Further, in the past two decades, a balanced portfolio with 70% or 90% invested in the U.S. stock market (with the remainder invested in U.S. government bonds) performed better than a 100% stock or bond portfolio. The reason for this is that a pure stock portfolio loses a large fraction of its value in a downturn. We show that this result is not driven by outliers, and that it occurs even when the returns are log normally distributed. This result has broad policy implications for the construction of pension systems and target-date mutual funds.
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Newell, Graeme, John MacFarlane, and Roger Walker. "Assessing energy rating premiums in the performance of green office buildings in Australia." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 32, no. 4 (July 1, 2014): 352–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-10-2013-0061.
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Purpose – Green office buildings have recently taken on increased significance in institutional property portfolios in Australia and globally. The key issue from an institutional investor perspective is the assessment of whether green office buildings add value. Using an extensive portfolio of green office buildings, the purpose of this paper is to empirically assess the level of energy rating premiums in the property performance of green office buildings in Australia. Design/methodology/approach – Using a portfolio of over 200 green office buildings in Australia benchmarked against a comparable portfolio of non-green office buildings, the level of energy rating premiums in the property performance of green office buildings in Australia is empirically evaluated. Hedonic regression analysis is used to account for differences between specific office buildings and to explicitly identify the “pure” green effect in identifying the level of energy rating premiums in several commercial property performance characteristics (e.g. office value, rent). Findings – The empirical results show the added-value premium of the 5-star National Australian Built Environment Rating Scheme (NABERS) energy rating scheme and the Green Star scheme in the property performance of green office buildings in Australia, including office values and rents. Energy rating premiums for green office buildings are evident at the top energy ratings and energy rating discounts at the lower energy ratings. The added-value “top-end” premium of the 5-star vs 4-star NABERS energy rating category is clearly identified for the various property performance parameters, including office values and rents. Practical implications – This paper empirically determines the presence of energy rating premiums at the top energy ratings in the performance of green office buildings, as well as energy rating discounts at the lower energy ratings. This clearly highlights the added value dimension of energy efficiency in green office buildings and the need for the major office property investors to prioritise the highest energy rating to facilitate additional property performance premiums. This will also see green office buildings become the norm as the market benchmark rather than non-green office buildings. Social implications – This paper highlights energy performance premiums for green office buildings. This fits into the context of sustainability in the property industry and the broader aspects of corporate social responsibility in the property industry. Originality/value – This paper is the first published property research analysis on the detailed determination of energy rating premiums across the energy rating spectrum for green office buildings in Australia. Given the increased focus on energy efficiency and green office buildings, this research enables empirically validated and practical property investment decisions by office property investors regarding the importance of energy efficiency and green office buildings, and the priority to achieve the highest energy rating to maximise property performance premiums in office values and rents.
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Gerber, Hans U. "A Teacher's Remark on Exact Credibility." ASTIN Bulletin 25, no. 2 (November 1995): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ast.25.2.563247.
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In the classical Bayesian approach to credibility the claims are conditionally independent and identically distributed random variables, with common density f(x, ϑ). The unknown parameter ϑ is a realization of a random variable Θ having initial (prior) density u(ϑ). LetThe initial pure premium isThe premium for X t + 1, given X1 +, …, Xt, is the conditional expectationA central question is for which pairs f(x, ϑ) and u (ϑ) this expression is linear, i.e. of the formwhere is the observed average. This is indeed the case for about half a dozen famous examples. Jewell (1974) has found an elegant and general approach to unify these examples, see also Goovaerts and Hoogstad (1987, chapter 2). The classical examples can be retrieved as special cases; however a preliminary reparameterization has to be performed on a case by case basis. The purpose of this note is to propose an alternative (but of course strongly related) formulation of the general model, from which the classical examples can be retrieved in a straightforward way.
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Sutomo, Valantino Agus, Dian Kusumaningrum, Aurellia Layvieda, and Rahma Anisa. "Determining Critical Yield Index of Area Yield Insurance based on Basis Risk Constraint." Indonesian Journal of Statistics and Its Applications 5, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 205–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/ijsa.v5i1p205-219.
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Area yield index insurance at district level faces heterogeneous basis risk due to geographical conditions which implies to obtain unprecise critical index . Clustering and zone-based area yield scheme can reduce heterogeneous basis risk that leads to determine the suitable alternative for . On the previous research, we have obtained 7 clusters and 2 level of paddy productivity based on clustering assumption from primary data in Java. The suitable clustering assumption for calculating is cluster based assumption, which gives the homogeneous paddy productivity under 7 clusters in Java. Therefore, our goal is to develop area yield index at district level (cluster based) with minimize basis risk at certain constraints for paddy farmer productivity in Java Indonesia. There are some methods for calculating such as mean, median, winsor mean, one sigma, two sigma and (first quartile) method on the basis risk constraints using confusion matrix. Furthermore, two basis risk constraints are the difference between overpayment and shortfall is not extremely far, and total basis risk does not exceed 20% of its total claim occurrence. Two sigma method has the lowest basis risk, overpayment, and shortfall, but it has lowest pure premium, small probability of claim, and low range of claim. Hence, we consider to use (first quartile) method as alternative and suitable method to calculate that satisfied two basis risk constraints. In conclusion, our research provides analytical calculation for area yield index at district level with pure premium as Rp 152,151 using ( method), which is sufficient to cover the total claim and consistent with the simulation.
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Mutaqin, A. K., Y. Karyana, and S. Sunendiari. "Pure premium calculation of rice farm insurance scheme in Indonesia based on the 4-parameter beta mixture distribution." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 830 (May 19, 2020): 022005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/830/2/022005.
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Roy, Pritesh S., A. Patnaik, G. J. N. Rao, S. S. C. Patnaik, S. S. Chaudhury, and S. G. Sharma. "Participatory and molecular marker assisted pure line selection for refinement of three premium rice landraces of Koraput, India." Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 41, no. 2 (November 14, 2016): 167–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2016.1258607.
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Cohen, Albert, Gilles Dupin, and Charles Levi. "Tarification de l'Incendie des Risques Industriels Français par la Méthode de la Crédibilité." ASTIN Bulletin 16, no. 2 (November 1986): 149–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ast.16.2.2015005.
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AbstractThe industrial risks insurance market has shown a deficit for a few years, in France as well as in other European countries. In order to change that situation, insurers, with the help of their professional organizations, have begun to re-build their tariffs. Further, the progressive opening of the services European market has led these countries towards a standardization of their actuarial methods to estimate premiums. Among these methods, the credibility approach has already been adopted by Germany, Switzerland and partly by Belgium.We have applied this method to statistical data from the French market. The estimation of the pure premium is based on the Bühlmann-Straub model with a measure of volume for every category (sums insured in our case). Loadings for fluctuation have been evaluated by the N.P. approximation of the distribution function of the loss ratio.Beyond the simple use of the mathematical formulas, we have tried to measure the reaction of the model under different scenarii: risks typology with one, two or three levels, rough disturbance of the loss ratio of a category of risk, stability of the tariff over a long period of time, comparison of this tariff with the tariff built with the help of the existing French method based on a correction for large claims.
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Gunderson, Morley, Byron Y. Lee, and Hui Wang. "Union pay premium in China: an individual-level analysis." International Journal of Manpower 37, no. 4 (July 4, 2016): 606–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-08-2014-0174.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to estimate the union-nonunion pay gap impact separately for wages and bonuses as well as total compensation to include both wages and bonuses in China. The way in which the impact varies as control variables are added is illustrated as is how the impact varies by the type of firm ownership. The overall pay gap is also decomposed into a component due to differences in their pay determining characteristics as well as a component due to differences in their returns to those characteristics. These separate components are also calculated throughout the pay distribution. Design/methodology/approach – Using the 2010 China Family Panel Studies Survey, a nationally representative survey in China, the methodology involves different estimation procedures as appropriate for the nature of the data and the dependent variables. First the authors estimate a single equation to determine the union-nonunion pay gap. Then the authors estimate the union impact on the various components of compensation (wages and bonuses). Next the authors decompose the relative contribution of each factor in explaining the wage gap. Finally, quantile regressions are used to examine the union impact across various levels of the pay distribution. Findings – The authors find a gross union-nonunion pay gap (wages + bonuses) of 42 percent, dropping to 12 percent after controlling for the effect of other pay determining factors. The union impact on wages is only 8 percent, but bonuses are about twice as high for union workers. The union impact is essentially zero for (state-owned firms) SOEs and for foreign-owned firms but it is large at 16 percent for private firms and even larger at 22 percent for government agencies. Of the overall pay gap of 42 percent, about three-quarters is attributable to differences in their endowments of pay determining characteristics and about one-quarter to differences in the returns for the same endowments of characteristics. Quantile regressions reveal that the pure or adjusted union wage premium exhibits a u-shaped pattern being highest in the bottom and to a lesser extent the top of the pay distribution. Originality/value – There are a dearth of studies examining the union-nonunion pay gap in China. Of the studies that examine this issue, all of them are at the enterprise level with no studies at the individual level. Taking a nationally representative dataset at the individual level, the authors are able to estimate the union-nonunion pay gap in China. The authors identify the portion of the gap that reflects differences in endowments of pay determining characteristics and the portion that reflects different returns to those characteristics, and the relative contribution of the different variables to those components; and how these components change over the pay distribution. The authors also offer explanations for many of these patterns.
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J. Sherrick, Bruce, Gary D. Schnitkey, and Joshua D. Woodward. "Crop insurance loss experience, ratings changes, and impacts on participants." Agricultural Finance Review 74, no. 4 (October 28, 2014): 443–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-09-2014-0027.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide empirical information about the past loss experience in major US crop insurance programs, and documents the impacts of ratings changes through time on the premiums and exposure to participants. The losses are also examined within the structure of the current SRA to identify impacts on insurance companies and the government by fund designation. Design/methodology/approach - The study uses RMA Summary of Business data and methods consistent with the use of loss-cost ratemaking to analyze loss performance across years with different starting prices and volatilities. Additionally, the RMA premium quoting system was replicated across years with the ability to adjust only one feature at a time to isolate the impacts of changes in individual rating elements from changes in market conditions. Tabulations are provided in map and table form to present the loss ratios through time, in aggregate across time, and within each of the possible funds in which exposures are held. Additionally, the tools developed allow a direct tabulation of the farmer-level premium impacts of individual changes in the policy premium system, and of changing conditions over time. Findings – Corn and soybeans represent dominant shares of aggregate policy premiums and liability, and also are the crops that underwent the greatest degree of revision in rates over the recent past both due to rate study implications, and to loss rate experience. Despite commonly made arguments that payments associated with the drought of 2012 “more than wiped out all historic gains,” it appears that insurance worked very much as intended and that the loss ratios through time are within reasonable ranges of targets. Fund designation, and the separation under the most recent SRA of Group 1 and Group 2 states substantially dampened the loss sharing and ability to capture gains by private companies, and leads to fairly low rates of return on a pure fund-loss sharing basis for insurance companies. Finally, despite the extreme losses of 2012, the aggregate performance of corn relative to the remainder of the program exhibits lower than average loss rates both in aggregate and on a scale-adjusted basis. Practical implications – The study provides an important means to isolate and assess implications of rate changes, and to associate causes of losses with rate charges. Additionally, the structure of the SRA, and possible future versions of the SRA are informed by both the aggregate, and the normalized performance results provided. And, the relative performance of major row, crops even with recent extreme losses, appears appropriate or positive to insurance companies after considering the impacts of the SRA on company exposure. In total, the evidence points toward appropriate movement toward target overall loss ratios in the US crop insurance program. Originality/value – This paper provides an extensive empirical evaluation of ratings for major crop insurance policies and provides a unique means to decompose sources of changes in premiums and rates across locations and through time. It also provides an evaluation of the performance of crop insurance post-SRA in a manner that allows both totals and scale-adjusted performance to be assessed.
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Chen, Yu-Hui, Kai-Han Qiu, Kang Ernest Liu, and Chun-Yuan Chiang. "Are Consumers Willing to Pay a Premium for Pure Rice Noodles? A Study of Discrete Choice Experiments in Taiwan." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (July 30, 2020): 6144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156144.
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Most consumers in Taiwan have never eaten pure rice noodles (PRNs) and some may mistakenly treat corn starch-based rice noodles as PRNs. This study examines consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for PRNs using discrete choice (DC) experiments with a blind tasting test to understand consumers’ ability to identify PRNs with varying rice content on the basis of their appearance and taste. Collecting data from the Taipei metropolitan area, our DC experimental results of both pre- and post-experiment conditions show that Taiwanese consumers do prefer PRNs and their WTP for PRNs was strengthened. A latent class model highlights that attribute preferences tend to differ by group and thus rice content ratios should be properly labeled so that consumers can make a better choice according to their preferences. Our WTP estimates also imply that offering tasting trials to consumers is an effective marketing strategy to encourage potential purchases of PRNs for the rice noodle industry.
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Slade, C. F. R. "The UK sheep industry: current position, economics and emerging trends." BSAP Occasional Publication 14 (January 1990): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00002007.
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AbstractThroughout the 1980s the United Kingdom (UK) flock has expanded from 14 million to just over 20 million ewes and ewe lambs. This expansion has gone side by side with increased exports, particularly to France, and reduced New Zealand supplies. The main factor encouraging flock expansion has been European Community (EC) support and the guarantee created by the variable premium system adopted in the UK. As a result of the 'variable premium' payment system, supplies of lamb have increased during the first 3 months of the year but there is still a shortage of home produced lamb in the period April to June. Exports take up about 24% of the lamb crop.There are 60 pure breeds of sheep in the UK and this number is actually increasing. The hill breeds are the most numerous. The national flock is dominated by halfbreds of which Mule types form 23% of the total. The Suffolk is the most numerous terminal sire but the number of Suffolk cross females has also increased substantially. Over 59% of the UK flock draws some form of hill subsidy.Gross margin figures during the 1980s have been reasonable but in 1988 EC support and hill subsidies accounted for 30% of income in hill environments and 24% of income in lowland situations. In addition the ‘variable premium’ system underpinned the prices paid for store lambs. Changes in the EC sheepmeat regime are currently creating some uncertainty but prospects into the next century seem quite hopeful. The producer of store lambs will be vulnerable to an extent but there seems scope for continued modest expansion of the national flock through the 1990s.
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J.M.N. Marikkar. "Differential Scanning Calorimetric Analysis of Virgin Coconut Oil, Palm Olein, and their Adulterated Blends." CORD 35, no. 01 (April 1, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v35i01.10.
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Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is a premium product with a high market value. Its authenticity and quality assurance are important to safeguard consumers from fraudulent practices. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of adulteration by palm olein (PO) on differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) heating and cooling profiles of VCO. Pure samples of VCO, PO and their adulterated blends (5 to 30%, w/w) were subjected to thermal analysis by DSC according to a specified temperature program. DSC thermal analysis system software and SAS statistical system were used subsequently to analyze thermal data. Both cooling and heating curves of VCO were found to be vivid for fingerprint comparison of qualitative identification at 5% level of adulteration.
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HESS, MARKUS. "MODELING AND PRICING PRECIPITATION DERIVATIVES UNDER WEATHER FORECASTS." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 19, no. 07 (November 2016): 1650051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024916500515.
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We propose a pure jump precipitation model embedded in an enlarged filtration framework accounting for weather forecasts. Under different anticipative approaches, we define precipitation swap/futures prices and also introduce the notion of an “information premium”. In contrast to some other models in the literature, our forward-looking swap price representations admit time-varying stochastic dynamics. In these setups, swap price processes under the physical and risk-neutral measure turn out to be indistinguishable. We also consider an extended multi-location model measuring precipitation in several locations. In order to price options on precipitation derivatives under weather forecasts modeled by enlarged filtrations, we develop customized approximation procedures involving complex power series expansions and wavelet transform techniques.
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El-Maghlany, Wael, Mohamed Teamah, A. E. Kabeel, and Ahmed Hanafy. "Premium jet cooling with two ribs over flat plate utilizing nanofluid mixed convection." Thermal Science 21, no. 2 (2017): 963–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci141228056e.
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In this study, a numerical simulation of the thermal performance of two ribs mounted over a horizontal flat plate and cooled by Cu-water nanofluid is performed. The plate is heated and maintained at a constant temperature and cooled by mixed convection of laminar flow at a relatively low temperature. The top wall is considered as an adiabatic condition. The effects of related parameters such as Richardson number (0.01 ? Ri ? 10), the solid volume fraction (0.01 ? ? ? 0.06), the distance ratio between the two ribs (d/W = 5, 10, and 15), and the rib height ratio (b/W = 1, 2, and 3) on the ribs thermal performance are studied. The numerical simulation results indicate that the heat transfer rate is significantly affected by the distance and the rib height. The heat transfer rate is improved by increasing the nanoparticles volume fraction. The influence of the solid volume fraction with the increase of heat transfer is more noticeable for lower values of the Richardson number. The numerical results are summarized in the effect of pertinent parameters on the average Nusselt number with the assistance of both streamlines and isothermal ones. Throughout the study, the Grashof and Prandtl numbers, for pure water are kept constant at 103 and 6.2, respectively. The numerical work was displayed out using, an in-house computational fluid dynamic code written in FORTRAN, which discretizes non-dimensional forms of the governing equations using the finite volume method and solves the resulting system of equations using Gauss-Seidal method utilizing a tri diagonal matrix algorithm.
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Xing, Mei. "Liquidity Premiums in a Levy Market." Journal of Mathematics Research 7, no. 4 (October 27, 2015): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jmr.v7n4p62.
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<p>This paper gives a theorem for the continuous time super-replication cost of European options where the stock price follows an exponential L\'{e}vy process.<br />Under a mild assumption on the legend transform of the trading cost function, the limit of the sequence of the discrete super-replication cost is proved to be greater than or equal to an optimal control problem.<br />The main tool is an approximation multinomial scheme based on a discrete grid on a finite time interval [0,1] for a pure jump L\'{e}vy model.<br />This multinomial model is constructed similar to that proposed by (Szimayer {\&} Maller, Stoch. Proce. {\&} Their Appl., 117, 1422-1447, 2007).<br />Furthermore, it is proved that the existence of a liquidity premium for the continuous-time model under a L\'{e}vy process.<br />This paper concentrates on the L\'{e}vy processes with infinitely many jumps in any finite time interval.<br />The approach overcomes some difficulties that can be encountered when the L\'{e}vy process has infinite activity.</p>
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Prastiwi, Danty Oktiana, Novia Anggita, and Yudha Putra Arishandy. "Bioethanol Production from Tapioca-Waste as Potential Additive Fuel for LCGC (Low-Cost Green Car)." Current Biochemistry 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/cb.6.1.6.
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The majority style of people in transportation is 24% contribute to increasing premium demand as energy. Unfortunately, fossil fuel is not renewable and limited quantity. Its means, potential biomass of tapioca waste should be an alternative energy source to solve that problem. Today, the biosystem of bioethanol production needs to be optimized to maximize filtration and minimize the production cost. First, composition and time incubation needs to be optimized. The research found that to fermented 50 g waste on 200 mL water, we need 2 g of yeast, and the time of harvesting optimum is fourth days with 17% ethanol. Without acid hydrolyze, tapioca waste in yeast fermentation serves 2600 ppm glucose on the first day and increases significantly on the second day with 2964.77 ppm glucose. This concentration found by DNS (Dinitrosalicylic acid) method. Yeast is the subject that converts glucose on medium to be ethanol. Secondly, that medium distillate gets pure ethanol. Thirdly, this ethanol mix with premium in some concentration, include 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%. This variant would do test emission to understand the advantages of tapioca bioethanol compare to fossil fuel. The result of this research should be support government to enhance LCGC (Low-cost green car) program to achieve lower air pollutants, green energy resolution, and cleaner production in tapioca industry.
Key Word: bioethanol, emission, formulation, LCGC, tapioca,
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Hainaut, Donatien. "An Actuarial Approach for Modeling Pandemic Risk." Risks 9, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks9010003.
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In this article, a model for pandemic risk and two stochastic extensions is proposed. It is designed for actuarial valuation of insurance plans providing healthcare and death benefits. The core of our approach relies on a deterministic model that is an efficient alternative to the susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) method. This model explains the evolution of the first waves of COVID-19 in Belgium, Germany, Italy and Spain. Furthermore, it is analytically tractable for fair pure premium calculation. In a first extension, we replace the time by a gamma stochastic clock. This approach randomizes the timing of the epidemic peak. A second extension consists of adding a Brownian noise and a jump process to explain the erratic evolution of the population of confirmed cases. The jump component allows for local resurgences of the epidemic.
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Chen, An, Manuel Rach, and Thorsten Sehner. "ON THE OPTIMAL COMBINATION OF ANNUITIES AND TONTINES." ASTIN Bulletin 50, no. 1 (January 2020): 95–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asb.2019.37.
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AbstractTontines, retirement products constructed in such a way that the longevity risk is shared in a pool of policyholders, have recently gained vast attention from researchers and practitioners. Typically, these products are cheaper than annuities, but do not provide stable payments to policyholders. This raises the question whether, from the policyholders' viewpoint, the advantages of annuities and tontines can be combined to form a retirement plan which is cheaper than an annuity, but provides a less volatile retirement income than a tontine. In this article, we analyze and compare three approaches of combining annuities and tontines in an expected utility framework: the previously introduced “tonuity”, a product very similar to the tonuity which we call “antine” and a portfolio consisting of an annuity and a tontine. We show that the payoffs of a tonuity and an antine can be replicated by a portfolio consisting of an annuity and a tontine. Consequently, policyholders achieve higher expected utility levels when choosing the portfolio over the novel retirement products tonuity and antine. Further, we derive conditions on the premium loadings of annuities and tontines indicating when the optimal portfolio is investing a positive amount in both annuity and tontine, and when the optimal portfolio turns out to be a pure annuity or a pure tontine.
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FAUZAN HERY, ACHMAD, ZAMZAMI SEPTIROPA, SELLY RIANSYAH, and FAIZAL ROMADHI. "PEMANFAATAN BIOGAS/ LANDFILLGAS SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR MESIN BENSIN 1SILINDER 4 LANGKAH." Jurnal Teknik Industri 12, no. 2 (February 18, 2012): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jtiumm.vol12.no2.162-168.
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Motor gasoline also proven to be turned on by using biogas. This is done through the addition of a simple regulator to biogas, and air mixer - biogas. In practice, though not obtain maximum performance, modifiers remain to be done without changing the ignition time. Previously, the experiment was done first using LPG, LPG-and then use a mixture of biogas and biogas pure. Machine can be turned on using biogas with methane content of 56-60%. Engine fuel or motor fuel of biogas that is used in the experiment can generate electricity to turn the lights up to 300 watts. A quarter of its normal capacity when using premium fuel / gasoline. Optimal load occurs at 150 watts means the power load 150 watts, the conversion of biogas energy to be the highest power of 230 watt/m3 biogas. At 150 watts of loading the fuel consumption is 0.000097333 liters / watt.
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Liu, Min, and Lan Ping Xu. "Application on Packaging Anti-Counterfeiting Technology of Cosmetics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 469 (November 2013): 383–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.469.383.
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Certain premium brand cosmetics with single anti-counterfeiting technology have been assailed by fake products day by bay, which seriously damage enterprises and consumers. By analyzing the current trend of cosmetic packaging anti-counterfeiting technology in this study, comprehensive anti-counterfeiting technology, which is combined “first-line” with “second-line” anti-counterfeiting technology, is applied in the packaging of a certain brand cream that suffers huge amount of counterfeits. Compared to the single technology, the comprehensive one overcomes limitations of the pure anti-counterfeiting technology, organically using a variety of anti-counterfeiting technologies and management technologies. In the new design, the comprehensive anti-counterfeiting technology includes laser hologram technology, tamper-evident tear design, tamper adhesive technology, etc. In conclusion, the new design of comprehensive anti-counterfeiting technology on the cream is proved to be economically and aesthetically feasible. This application has so highly productive value that can be recommended to the cosmetics enterprises someday.
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Gubareva, Mariya. "Weight of the Default Component of CDS Spreads: Avoiding Procyclicality in Credit Loss Provisioning Framework." Complexity 2019 (July 4, 2019): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7820618.
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The current expected loss calculations have recently attracted considerable attention in the research on credit risk modeling, impairment provisioning, and financial networks’ stability. A new CDS-based approach to estimate current expected credit loss is proposed for low default portfolios, containing credit exposures to corporate issuers covered by publicly traded CDS contracts. First, a fraction of CDS spread related to a pure default compensation for different CDS maturities is assessed. Our results contrast with previous research. Second, based on the obtained historical weights of the default risk premium, a forward-looking term structure of the probabilities of default implied by the current CDS quotes is derived. The proposed approach covers both investment and noninvestment grade debt. The resulting framework is applied to a sample of corporate bonds. The developed methodology provides a useful tool, on one hand, for credit risk managers and balance-sheet preparers and, on the other hand, for regulators of financial markets as it sheds light on how procyclicality could be avoided in provisions.
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Chen, Chien-Hsiung, and Zhongzhen Lin. "The Application of Fuzzy Theory in the Evaluation of Visual Images of Smartphone Rear Cameras." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (April 15, 2021): 3555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083555.
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In the present era, technology is developing rapidly. Smartphones play a significant part in people’s lives. However, the research on smartphones mainly focuses on the area of technological realization. The purposes of this study were to examine the relationship between the various rear cameras in smartphones and consumer perceptions, and to understand consumers’ purchasing intentions and preferences. Through the methods of multidimensional scaling (MDS), factor analysis and triangular fuzzy numbers, the visual images of the smartphone rear cameras were analyzed and discussed. The results indicate that the visual images taken by different shapes of rear camera are quite distinct in the categories of innovative and fashionable, and simple and pure, but less distinct in the categories of harmonious and ordered, premium and technical, and superior and valuable. Through a comprehensive comparison, four groups whose images were similar were created. The outcome effectively reflects the potential consumer demands for smartphone rear camera patterns, providing insights for design practices in the smartphone industry.
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Rojanadilok, Rojanadilok, and Bunchapattanasakda . "Marketing Strategies of Imported Herbal Cosmetic Products in Thailand." Information Management and Business Review 3, no. 4 (October 15, 2011): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v3i4.936.
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This research investigated the factors that influence marketing strategies of imported herbal cosmetic products in Thailand. The study is qualitative research using in - depth interview to collect primary data and use content analysis to analyze the obtained data. The facial herbal cosmetics products using in this study were moisturizer, whitening lotions, creams, powder, toner, make up cleansing, mask, cleansing oil, soap bar, anti-aging lotions and creams which imported from Australia and the USA. Findings from the study found that product A positioned itself as a premium biodynamic natural plus innovation technology product using the greenhouse concept. The shops were decorated using recycle woods. The products’ packaging give customers a sense of the source, herb images grow around the boxes and bottles, whilst the text grows with the image, creating a sense of energy. Product A conscious of the environment and strive to source and use the most environmentally aware materials where possible. The retail price strategy depends on local marketing promotions. It has the stand-alone shops plus day spa and counters in department stores. The advertisement media strategies focus on magazine, direct mail, social network advertisement; facebook. Product B sets the position as an innovative organic beauty solution using pure certified organic ingredients without paraben, petroleum, and silicones. Recycled materials were used to make packaging and printed using soy ink. It has shop online and 12 counters in department stores. The local price strategy is discount on vocation. The promotion strategies focused on premium product and cash discount. The advertisement strategies of product B focused on magazines, direct mail, social network advertisement; facebook and popular brand ambassadors. Product C set position as ancient herbal product. The product’s formulations have made with the unique natural ingredients, effective botanical extracts with the latest innovations from around the world since a 160 years old formula. The products avoid using of preservative and perfume. It has 8 counters in department stores and used the recyclable packaging so that product C concentrate the efforts and cost on the substance and quality of products which reflex selling price. The advertisement strategies focused on brochure and social network advertisement (facebook and twitter) while selling promotion strategies of the product are free premium sampling, customers refer friends, and 28 days satisfaction guarantee for refund.