Academic literature on the topic 'Purposive Sampling Technique'

AbstractThis study aims to determine the models of flash sales and brand image in improving purchase decisions on fashion products at the Shopee marketplace among students. The research was conducted using a quantitative descriptive method. Sampling in this study were 225 students from the 2017 class who had shopped for fashion products online at the Shopee marketplace. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The data collection method used a questionnaire distributed to respondents. The analytical tool used was multiple linear regressions. The results show that flash sales and brand image partially or simultaneously have an influence on purchase decisions.

AbstractThis study aims to: (1) Determine the green marketing strategies Teh Kotak Companies; (2) knowing the brand image of Teh Kotak product; (3) knowing the purchase decision on Teh Kotak product. The research was conducted using quantitative descriptive methods. Samples were taken in the study as many as 330 respondents who consumed Teh Kotak. The data collection method used a questionnaire that had been distributed to respondents. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling technique. The analytical tool used is Multiple Regression analysis. This study shows the results that Green Marketing and brand image have a significant influence toward purchase decision. In the future, Teh Kotak products can maintain and improve green marketing and brand image applied at this time, in future research can use other analysis tools techniques as well as the presence of other variables in order to distinguish the results of previous and post studies.

AbstractAn investment decision is a discretion adopted by investors in selecting or determining the placement of their investment funds. Investments are always fraught with uncertainty, as the investment occurs in the present while the benefits come in the future. Investment is essentially the deployment of capital now to gain profit in the future. This study aims to examine the effect of financial literacy, risk perception, and overconfidence on cryptocurrency investment decisions while taking investment experience as a moderating variable. The data used were primary data collected directly from 200 respondents. The sampling technique used was non-probability sampling with a purposive sampling technique. Respondents who completed questionnaires were examined quantitatively, and subsequently; SPSS was employed as an analytical tool. The results indicate that financial literacy and risk perception have a significant effect on cryptocurrency investment decisions. On the other hand, overconfidence has no significant effect on cryptocurrency investment decisions. In addition, investment experience has a positive and significant effect on investment decisions. Investment experience has a significant moderating effect between financial literacy and risk perception toward cryptocurrency investment decisions. However, investment experience has no significant effect as a moderating variable between overconfidence and cryptocurrency investment decisions.

AbstractThe study aims to analyze the effect of job satisfaction, job stress, and job insecurity on employee turnover intention at a Manufacturing Company in the Industrial and Chemical Sector in North Sumatra. The study was conducted on 96 employees at a Manufacturing Company in the Industrial and Chemical Sector in North Sumatra with a purposive sampling technique. The data collection technique used a survey method by distributing questionnaires and processed by SPSS. The analytical method used in this research was multiple linear regression analysis. The results indicate that job satisfaction has a significant positive effect on turnover intention, job stress has a negative effect on turnover intention, and job insecurity has a significant positive effect on turnover intention.

AbstractThere is a decline and lack of consumer interest in buying local Indonesian fashion products; however, many potential fashion brands are emerging and growing in Indonesia. A strategy is needed to increase local brand awareness among consumers in Indonesia, especially consumer ethnocentrism. It is known that the more ethnocentric a group of consumers is, the more important it is to them where the product comes from, and the impact is the more active they are in seeking information about the product. Ethnocentric consumers also create a value that can influence others; the value is considered important to explain that their products are much better than other people’s products. This study is a quantitative descriptive study that aims to determine the relationship between research variables, namely consumer ethnocentricity, brand value, and intention to buy local products. This study used a sampling technique that is purposive sampling. The data analysis technique used was the PLS-SEM test. The empirical results from PLS-SEM show that the effect of consumer ethnocentrism on brand value proved to have a positive and significant effect. Second, the effect of consumer ethnocentrism on purchase intention proved to have a positive and significant effect. Third, the effect of brand value on purchase intention proved to have a positive and significant effect.

AbstractThis study aims to explain the effect of promotion and consumer preferences on clothing purchase decisions at Zalora either partially or simultaneously with descriptive and quantitative approaches. The number of samples was 105 respondents using the purposive sampling technique. Furthermore, the data were analyzed by path analysis. The descriptive test results explain that the promotion, consumer preferences, and purchase decision patterns are considered good. There is a positive and significant correlation between promotion and consumer preferences. The influence partially explains the effect of promotion, which is explained by 22% on purchase decisions, and the influence of consumer preferences by 50% on purchase decisions. The simultaneous effect is explained by 71% if promotion and consumer preferences have a positive and significant effect on clothing purchase decisions at Zalora.

Abstract Nematodes can be present in various parts of plants or at various depths in the soil, depending on the circumstances and the life stage. This means that one should be aware of these possibilities when collecting samples. Also, samples should be taken from the proper matrix at the appropriate time, taking into account the developmental stages the nematodes might be in. In this chapter, the purpose of sampling, sampling techniques and, related to this, the sampling tools, and the handling and storage of the samples before processing of plant-parasitic and entomopathogenic nematodes are discussed. Some protocols are described in detail as examples.

This study examines the analysis of technical efficiency and effect of climate change on periwinkle harvesters in Akwa Ibom State. The objectives were to assess the socioeconomic characteristics of the periwinkle harvesters, determine technical efficiency of periwinkle harvesters, determine the effect of climate change on periwinkle harvesters. Purposive sampling technique was used to sample eight fishing communities from four local government areas of Oron, Mbo, Udung Uko, and Urue Offong/Oruko. Snowballing technique was used to select 10 respondents from each community, giving a total sampling size of 80. Analytical methods used included descriptive statistics, four-point Likert scale, and multiple regression. The results showed that majority of periwinkle harvesters were female (63%), 46.30% of the respondents were married, 42.59% were single, and 11.30% were divorced.

It has been observed that women lag behind in participating in decision making in Nigeria as the number of women in key positions is nothing to write home about. The study is set to determine the level of women participation in health related decision making and investigate the effect of literacy on women's participation in health related decision making. A random sampling method was used to select three states; and from the three states three Local Government Areas (LGAs) and from the 3 (LGAs) 64 to 68 eligible respondents were selected by purposive sampling technique, making a total number of 600 respondents. Questionnaire was used to elicit information from the respondents.

This study examines the impact of addictive products endorsement by celebrity sports players on their credibility, image, and trustworthiness, as well as on consumers' behavioural intentions to purchase these products. A purposive sampling technique was used to collect data from 362 university students. Confirmatory factor analysis and covariance-based structural equation modelling techniques were applied to the data. The findings revealed that celebrities' credibility, image, and trustworthiness were tarnished after they endorsed addictive products, which ultimately led to negative purchase behaviours among consumers. This implies that sports celebrities should consider whether a product is suitable before endorsing it and that corporate managers should select appropriate celebrity personalities for endorsement.

Abstract Electrochemical noise experiments were run with the 316 L stainless steel (UNS 31603) using the technique of experimental design. The purpose was to determine the influence of operational parameters (NaCl content, connection delay, length of exposure, and sampling frequency) on the electrochemical response (RMS current and maximum absolute current) and on the surface response (pit density and maximum depth of the pits). The runs determined: 1) The maximum depth shows a random behavior, 2) the pit density depends on the NaCl content, 3) The root-mean-square (RMS) current was dependent on all four factors; and 4) The maximum absolute current was dependent on all factors, including two-factor interactions.

The stock price conditions from 2018-2023 have always experienced fluctuations and crashed in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This has made investors cautious when investing in stocks to avoid the risk of a stock price crash. This study aims to determine the effect of Trading Volume Activity and Debt Maturity Structure on Stock Price Crash Risk in transportation and logistics companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2018-2023. The sampling technique used in this study is purposive sampling, and a sample of 10 companies that meet the criteria from 37 companies was obtained. The type of data used is secondary data obtained from www.finance.yahoo.com. The analysis technique used in this study is Panel Data Regression. The results show that Trading Volume Activity does not affect Stock Price Crash Risk. And Debt Maturity Structure have a positive effect on Stock Price Crash Risk.

Abstract. The objective of this article is to present research regarding the level of job satisfaction of physicians employed in healthcare institutions in the Silesian Voivodeship. The basis for the analysis is a survey carried out between August and October 2022, with a sample of 184 medical workers. The study was carried out by means of a diagnostic survey, using a questionnaire technique. Random purposive sampling was used. Regular surveys will make it possible to improve the stability of employment in the healthcare sector and can provide a basis for corrective measures to be taken by managers of healthcare facilities in order to increase the sense of job satisfaction among doctors.

Background: Shortening of the hamstring muscles results in pain, limited range of motion, postural instability, and abnormal gait, which effect on daily activities. Muscle energy technique provides a solution to shortening the hamstring muscles by improving muscle flexibility. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of muscle energy technique in increasing hamstring muscle flexibility in adolescents. Subjects and Method: This was a quasi-experiment pretest-posttest without a control group conducted at No. 1 High School Jogonalan, Klaten, Central Java in April 2018. A total of 30 students was selected with purposive sampling method in which one student dropped out. The dependent variable was flexibility of hamstring muscle. The independent variable was muscle energy technique training. The flexibility of hamstring muscle was measured by back saver sit and reach test. Data were analyzed by Wilcoxon test. Results: Flexibility of hamstring muscle was higher after muscle energy technique (Mean= 39.92; SD= 4.24) than before (Mean= 30.14; SD= 3.59), and it was statistically significant (p <0.001). Conclusion: Muscle energy technique increases flexibility of hamstring muscle. Muscle exercise technique can be used to improve hamstring muscle flexibility. Keywords: muscle energy technique, flexibility, hamstring muscle, adolescents Correspondence: Afif Ghufroni. Physiotherapy Study Program, School of Health Polytechnics, Surakarta, Indonesia. Email: apip.physio@gmail.com. Mobile: +6285725000769. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.29

Erroneous decisions will have an impact on the results, so this study aims to examine how investment decisions are Affected by some biased behavior by investors. This study uses primary data collected from questionnaires filled in by 161 responses whose subjects are the academic community of Universitas Singaperbangsa Karawang. The method used is purposive sampling. The analysis technique used is the moderated regression analysis. The findings of this study indicate that the bias behavior of investors, which is represented by excessive self-confidence and confirmation bias, influences in determining the investment decisions taken, sharpened by the moderating variable of gender which provides information that has a significant effect on excessive confidence in investors. The implication that can be useful for investors is to be more careful in their information and still see accurate data in determining investment decisions.

Ledoksari is one of the areas where natural disasters often occur, primarily floods every year. Therefore, the government designated the area as a disaster-resilient village to Promote Disaster Risk Reduction. Active community participation is needed for the success of the program. An evaluation program is required to explain this. The purpose of this study is to explore community participation in developing a Disaster-resilient Urban Village. This study is a qualitative method with in-depth interviews as data collection. Fifteen people were selected as research subjects by the purposive sampling technique. The study results show that the steps of activities in Ledoksari as a Disaster-resilient Urban Village are preparation, profiling, and disaster risk analysis. Then, the movement continued with mapping, community action plan, simulation, and review. Participation in planning, implementing, evaluating, and utilizing the results is formed community participation. Meanwhile, the lack of public awareness to be actively involved in each activity was claimed as a barrier. The community has participated well and actively in the implementation and utilization of the results. But, the study shows the whole community has not been completely involving in the planning and the evaluation process.

The decline in the number of passengers and the volume of goods being loaded and unloaded using sea transport has resulted in a decrease in the revenue of companies in the sea freight transport subsector in Indonesia. From 2016-2022, 68% of companies in the sea transportation subsector in Indonesia had negative profits. The negative profit indicates that the company is experiencing financial difficulties that result in financial distress (FD). This study aims to see the FD condition and compare whether liquidity ratio affect financial distress conditions in the sea transportation sub sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange period 2016-2022. The sample was determined using the purposive sampling technique with simple linear regression as the analysis test. The study result showed that 17,5% of companies in Indonesia experienced FD and liquidity did not affect the FD of companies in Indonesia period 2016-2022 because liquidity represented by current ratio, only measures the company’s short-term capabilities.

Background: Indonesia is targeting to eliminate measles by 2020. In 2018 there were still 191 cases of measles in the city of Padang. This study aimed to determine the risk factors most associated with the incidence of measles among children under five in Padang City in 2018. Subjects and Method: A case-control study was conducted in Padang City, West Sumatera. The total of 74 children under five were enrolled in this study consisting of 37 with measles and 37 without measles. The study subjects were selected using sampling technique for cases and purposive sampling with matching age and sex for controls. The dependent variable was measles incidence. The independent variable was exclusive breastfeeding, measles immunization status, and vitamin A intake. The data were collected using medical records and questionnaire. The data were analyzed using d logistic regression. Results: The logistic regression showed that the most influential variable with the incidence of measles among children under five was measles immunization status with (OR= 6.33; 95% CI= 1.87 to 21.39; p= 0.003). Conclusion: Children under five who are not immunized against measles have the highest risk of measles incidence among children under five in Padang City. Keywords: measles, immunization, children under five Correspondence: Iyana Putri. Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, West Java. Email: iyanaputri71@gmail.com. Mobile: 085264332552 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.12

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of learning interest on academic achievement before and during pandemic. The cross-sectional study was conducted on medical students of Medical and Health Sciences Faculty of Muhammadiyah Makassar University. Learning interest assessed by questionnaires that filled out by 70 students by purposive sampling technique. Data about academic achievement on previous and current semester, were obtained from academic department. Data were analysed using Chi-Square Test to observe the correlation between the variables. The result shows that 93,6% of respondents in low learning interest group have experienced decrease in study achievement, while other 6,4% has increased their achievement between last and current semester. Among respondents that have high interest in learning, 95,6% of them undergo increased academic achievement, whereas only 4,4% that have decreasing in their achievement. From the analysis test, with p-value = 0.000, this study shows a significant correlation between study interest on academic achievement before and during pandemic on medical students of Medical and Health Science Faculty of Muhammadiyah Makassar University. The primary limitation of these results is numbers of respondents. Further study should be carried out on larger respondents from different year of medical school. The study can serve toward education especially learning process in medical school

The study investigates the expectation of stakeholders’ regarding environmental accounting practices with a view to examine the effect of stakeholders’ expectations on environmental accounting practices. The study used survey research design and employed purposive sampling technique. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Regression was used to analyze data on the effect of stakeholders’ expectation on environmental accounting practices of the listed manufacturing firms. The results of the study revealed that environmental objectives and policies, occupational health and safety, compliance obligation, and company environmental culture are statistically significant to environmental accounting practices as their individual probability values are greater than 5% and their t-values are greater than 2. Only Product Risk and Opportunities is not statistically significant. Based on the study findings, it is concluded that stakeholder’s expectations is related and has effect on environmental accounting practices of firms. The study recommends that listed manufacturing firms should make effort to ensure that the expectations of stakeholders are met in their environmental management system and environmental information is communicated to their stakeholders to create awareness about the firms’ environmental practices.

Over the last two decades, the educational field of study has been one of the areas that benefited from the proliferated use of digital technologies. Recent digital technologies in education have focused on online education in developed nations. However, they have paid less attention to the involvement of university instructors in online education in developing countries. Therefore, the current project tried to address this problem by examining the challenges and prospects of instructors in designing and developing content online in Ethiopia's public universities. This study involved 59 participants (15 semi-structured interviews, 32 participants in four focus group discussions, and 12 key informants), derived using a purposive sampling technique. Data were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis to explore participants’ explanations about the impediments and motivation of university instructors in designing and developing content online at the University of Gondar, Ethiopia. Explanations were presented in terms of impediments (the state of being faced with the challenges of university instructors) and motivation (the determination of instructors in higher education). The findings showed that the challenges of instructors can be classified as personal (technophobia, digital illiteracy, bad impression of content online, fear of making low-quality content, and lack of knowledge on how to produce content online) and institutional (insufficient infrastructure, absence of curriculums and policies on eLearning education. On the other hand, the prospects of instructors, such as taking eLearning education initiative, online education support services, and boosting awareness of online education, are the facilitators for instructors in developing content online in higher education.

[Extract from Executive Summary] The purpose of this Work Package was to: 1. Define fisher derived data collection parameters. 2. Identify and if possible, develop a quality assured system for the collection of fisher derived anecdotal and experiential information. 3. Develop an appropriate sampling design/method that could be streamed to a relational data resource. 4. Develop risk based management strategies. 5. Investigate applicable techniques/strategies for ‘change management’ regarding accurate voluntary reporting by the industry.

Internationalisation is known to contribute to higher education development, particularly through the integration of international, inter-cultural or global dimensions into the purpose, functions, or delivery of higher education institutions (Knight 2004). Within this inter-connected world, higher education institutions are pressured to produce quality human resources with global citizenship characteristics. Students have benefited greatly from this process as they can have access to international/regional standards of education services and the opportunity to be exposed to other countries, people, and cultures. Academics likewise benefit as they are able to exchange knowledge and experience with their peers in other countries and have chances to collaborate with them on research projects. At the institutional level, four rationales lead higher education institutions to internationalise themselves. They are: academic (to improve education service delivery), socio-cultural (to discuss local cultural identity, intercultural understanding, and global citizenship), political (to support foreign policies and international technical assistance) and economic (to generate extra revenue and to compete globally). With these stated benefits, it is crucial to have active participation from all relevant stakeholders, especially the faculty members, whom Childress (2018, 37) recognises as the “steward[s]” of the teaching, research, and services of the institutions of higher education. Therefore, it is the purpose of this study to explore the engagement of Cambodian faculty members in higher education internationalisation. The specific objectives of the study are to examine faculty members’ attitudes toward internationalisation, to identify internationalisation activities that they have been engaged in, and to explore factors influencing their participation in those internationalisation activities. This study employed a two-stage purposive sampling technique to recruit the participants. First, the research team identified target higher education institutions using reputational sampling and information on the institutions’ websites and social media pages. Then, the team requested the participating HEIs to nominate their faculty members and administrators for the study. The participants should have international experience and have at least two years of working experience at the current institution. Between May and July 2021, interviews were conducted virtually with 26 faculty members and 23 university administrators in eight HEIs in Phnom Penh, Battambang, and Svay Rieng. The interviews were recorded and transformed into text data using the edited transcription technique. Data were then imported into NVivo 12 for reflective thematic analysis. The study finds that faculty members have a positive attitude towards higher education internationalisation as they perceive it as bringing benefits to the institution, particularly to teaching, learning, and research. However, their understanding of higher education internationalisation is limited to their roles and experience engaging in internationalisation activities and mostly focused on outbound mobility. Not many mentioned on-campus or inbound activities. A variety of faculty international engagements were reported throughout the study, and they have been categorised into three distinct types: capacity development programs, internationalising curriculum and teaching, and international research collaboration. Although there are various types of activities, the most visible is the capacity development program, particularly through short-course training or scholarships for post-graduate studies. The internationalisation of curricula has also been raised by the respondents, with a limited scope related to the use of foreign languages and the integration of international context into teaching and learning. Although research collaboration with foreign partners exists in Cambodia’s higher education, it is still scarce, considering that it is mainly concentrated in public higher education institutions. Further, this study grouped factors that determine faculty engagement in internationalisation-related activities into individual factors, institutional factors, and Covid- 19-related factors. The individual factors consist of intrinsic motivation, faculty employment nature (full-time or part-time), competencies, and demographic characteristics (gender and age). The institutional factors found in the study include leadership, institutional policies, human resources, and the type of institution (public or private). Last, the Covid-19 pandemic strongly affected internationalisation, as it caused a majority of activities to be cancelled or postponed, affecting faculty’s internationalisation activities. However, respondents also noted that Covid-19 helps reduce the time and costs required to implement internationalisation. Faculty engagements in internationalisation are still limited in Cambodia. It is vital that both the government and HEIs put more effort into promoting internationalisation if the internationalisation goal and targets set in the Higher Education Roadmap are to be realised. MoEYS should dedicate extra funding to push the actions described in the roadmap. Lack of human resources is also found to be a hindrance to faculty engagement. Although this issue can be partially solved through the capacity development programs reported in the study, not many competent individuals are willing to commit to this profession full-time. An academic partnership is an effective way to promote academic mobility (inbound and outbound), and collaboration and establishing regional and international partnerships have been proposed in the roadmap. However, the study found insufficient activities under this strategy. Therefore, more actions should be taken to build the capacity of HEIs, both public and private, to succeed in seeking and sustaining international partnerships. Moreover, a proper reward system and an enabling environment are keys to the promotion of faculty engagement in internationalisation. Hence, it is imperative that university management develop and put into practice an internal policy incentivising faculty members to actively involve themselves in and initiate more internationalised activities and, at the same time, provide a supportive environment where faculty members can efficiently implement activities. Different from many other countries, Cambodian faculty members are paid by teaching hours. This explains why they are reluctant to be involved in activities not directly related to teaching or in any engagements that affect their teaching hours. Thus, HEIs should reconsider the current salary structure if they wish to increase faculty involvement in internationalisation. Even after several public reforms and interventions, the lack of research culture and research capacities continues to be an issue in Cambodian higher education. There should be a practicable mechanism to implement professional progress that is based on merit and knowledge generation, not only knowledge transfer. It is time for Cambodian HEIs to move from teaching-based to research-based institutions. University salaries need to be much more competitive to attract more talented and experienced full-time researchers.

E-learning is the use of the internet and ICT to access learning material, interact with the content, instructor, and learners, and acquire knowledge. Education has grown rapidly and transformed the present isolated, teacher-center face-to-face education into online. Despite the impact of e-Learning, there are many challenges in adopting and implementing it in higher education. Therefore, the main purpose of the study was to investigate the perspective of lectures, challenges, and opportunities of adopting online learning. The study conducted institutional-based mixed quantitative and qualitative study designs at the University of Gondar from June to October 2022. Simple random sampling techniques were employed to select study participants for the quantitative study and purposive sampling was used to select higher officials for an in-depth interview. A structured self-administered and in-depth interview guide questionnaire was used for the quantitative and qualitative data respectfully. Linear regression analysis conducted for the quantitative data while inductive thematic analysis was undertaken for the qualitative data. Thirteen (13) higher officials were involved in an in-depth interview and 366 instructors participated in the quantitative study. The majority of participants believed that e-Learning is applicable. However, almost all participants agreed that the infrastructures are inadequate at the University of Gondar. Five main themes emerged from an inductive thematic analysis which includes: perceptions of adopting online learning, challenges of adopting online learning, opportunities of adopting online learning, strategies to overcome challenges, and higher officials’ willingness and support. Most instructors and all higher officials are willing and happy to adopt. Internet connectivity, electric power, computer access, and poor perception of instructors, students, and employees will be a challenge to adopting e-Learning. Capacity-building training for the instructors and supporting teams and fulfilling infrastructures for the successful implementation of e-Learning at the University of Gondar is recommended.

Freshwaters can experience growths of toxin-producing cyanobacteria or harmful algal blooms (HABs). HAB-producing cyanobacteria can develop akinetes, which are thick-enveloped quiescent cells akin to seeds in vascular plants or quiescent colonies that overwinter in sediment. Overwintering cells produce viable “seed beds” for HAB resurgences and preventative treatments may diminish HAB intensity. The purpose of this literature review was to identify (1) environmental factors triggering germination and growth of overwintering cells, (2) sampling, identification, and enumeration methods, and (3) feasibility of preventative algaecide treatments. Conditions triggering akinete germination (light ≥0.5 μmol m-2s-1, temperature 22-27℃) differ from conditions triggering overwintering Microcystis growth (temperature 15-30℃, nutrients, mixing). Corers or dredges are used to collect surficial (0-2 cm) sediment layers containing overwintering cells. Identification and enumeration via microscopy are aided by dilution, sieving, or density separation of sediment. Grow-out studies simulate environmental conditions triggering cell growth and provide evidence of overwintering cell viability. Lines of evidence supporting algaecide efficacy for preventative treatments include (1) field studies demonstrating scalability and efficacy of algaecides against benthic algae, (2) data suggesting similar sensitivities of overwintering and planktonic Microcystis cells to a peroxide algaecide, and (3) a mesocosm study demonstrating a decrease in HAB severity following preventative treatments. This review informs data needs, monitoring techniques, and potential efficacy of algaecides for preventative treatments of overwintering cells.

Water is a scarce, but vital, resource at Hovenweep National Monument (NM). The National Park Service has prioritized long-term monitoring of water resources at the monument through a variety of programs and indicators since 1999. The purpose of this report is to evaluate water-quantity and water-quality data collected at long-term monitoring sites in Hovenweep NM from 1999 to 2021 for trends over time, and to summarize site-characterization data for currently monitored locations. Data are available for three active monitoring stations—Square Tower Spring, Hackberry Pool, and Goodman Point Spring—and three discontinued monitoring stations—Cajon Pool, Upper Hackberry Spring (Spring #4), and Horseshoe Spring. Water resources at Hovenweep NM have exhibited many trends over the past two decades. Pool levels at both Square Tower Spring and Hackberry Pool went up, with a step increase shown in 2016 (after no sampling in 2014–2015). In contrast, flow decreased by more than half at Goodman Point Spring and ceased at Upper Hackberry Spring (Spring #4). Flow at Horseshoe Spring also decreased, although the period of record at this site was very short. Both Upper Hackberry Spring (Spring #4) and Horseshoe Spring were removed from the monitoring rotation because flows were increasingly absent or too low to measure. Pool-level dynamics and water chemistry at Cajon Pool are characteristic of precipitation-derived water rather than groundwater; this site was removed from the monitoring rotation because it was not a good indicator of groundwater conditions. The water chemistry in both Square Tower Spring and Hackberry Pool changed significantly, but in opposite directions. Square Tower Spring had increasing total dissolved solids (TDS) and specific conductance, with all major ions showing increases over time. Hackberry Pool had decreases in TDS and most major ions through 2010, when water-chemistry lab analyses were suspended due to logistical constraints. Specific conductance continued to decrease at Hackberry Pool through 2021. The reasons for these changes are unknown. Increases in major ions at Square Tower Spring are unlikely to be related to oil and gas development in the region. Decreases in major ions at Hackberry Pool may reflect an increase in the amount of water that is entering the pool from rain and snowmelt rather than groundwater at this site. Water-quality parameters at Goodman Point Spring have remained stable. While the causes of trends in water chemistry at these sites are likely natural, the small quantities of water and harsh water-quality conditions make these sites poor habitat for aquatic life. Groundwater is naturally low in dissolved oxygen—but the dissolved-oxygen concentrations in the two pools are persistently low, sometimes falling to near zero in the summer. Water temperatures also warm in conjunction with air temperatures, with temperatures as warm as 18°C in the pools and 19°C in Goodman Point Spring. Traditionally, Puebloan cultures would have managed these small water resources to promote infiltration and retention of precipitation and to remove sediment and debris. Decreases in flow and increasing vegetation stress are likely tied to increasing air temperatures and long-term drought conditions across the region. The namesake hackberry trees at Hackberry Pool and nearby sites have shown increasing drought stress. Regionally, the underlying Dakota aquifer that feeds springs at the monument was relatively stable from 2008 to 2017, with decreasing levels from 2018 to 2021. Overall, the most concerning trends observed at springs in Hovenweep NM are likely due to climate change. Increasing air temperature threatens springflow and spring-associated vegetation through increased evapotranspiration. While pool levels have increased, recent decreases in the regional Dakota aquifer raise concerns about the stability of pools in the future. Managers could consider the potential benefits and risks of: Prioritizing protections and actions at Square Tower Spring, which has been the most resilient site at the monument in persistence of surface water and vegetation health during extreme drought. Implementing potential climate-adaptation actions that could improve groundwater infiltration upgradient of spring sites. This could include rehabilitating traditional structures to slow the flow of surface water. Implementing traditional management techniques that could increase dissolved-oxygen concentrations in the spring pools. Increasing invasive-plant removal efforts at Goodman Point Spring, which had the greatest number and cover of invasive-plant species of the three currently monitored locations. Developing interpretive stories about water-management techniques and the role of climate change in creating drought stress on iconic hackberry trees.