Books on the topic 'Pushed forward'

This chapter provides historical contextualization of the crisis faced by the social construction approach of race. It reveals that anatomically modern humans are a young species that spent the majority of their existence living in a narrow range of eastern Africa. Indeed the exit of our species has been pushed forward in time from previous estimates. Evolutionary forces of natural selection and genetic drift have differentiated human populations, but this differentiation has been small. Most of the signal of human differentiation occurs in noncoding loci that do not face the force of purifying selection. Within the coding loci, some adaptation to local conditions has occurred. This adaptation does not allow the unambiguous classification of human populations into biological races.

Why do humans produce emotional tears? We propose that the answer to this question can be found in the interindividual functions of emotional crying. The basic assumption is that emotional tears represent a means of communication, which has evolved from distress or separation calls displayed by other animals as well. The reactions of others are the crucial factor that pushed forward the evolution of this phylogenetically new behavior. We substantiate this claim by discussing the ontogenetic development of crying, which sets the stage for explaining the ways this signal could have evolved. We further evaluate the signal value of tears in the context of the events and emotional states that precede or accompany crying, as well as of the consequences of crying for the crying individual. This allows us to conclude that tears predominantly represent a signal of helplessness and prosocial intentions.

This chapter assesses Muller v. Oregon (1908), its significance, and the law it upheld: Oregon's ten-hour law of 1903. Convicted of violating Oregon's law of 1903 that barred the employment of women in factories and laundries for more than ten hours a day, Curt Muller—the owner of a Portland laundry—challenged the constitutionality of the law, which he claimed violated his right of freedom to contract under the due process of the Fourteenth Amendment. On February 24, 1908, the Supreme Court unanimously upheld the Oregon law. This decision marked a momentous triumph for progressive reformers and a turning point in the movement for protective laws. At the same time, by declaring woman “in a class by herself,” the Supreme Court embedded in constitutional law an axiom of female difference. The Muller decision thus pushed public policy forward toward modern labor standards and simultaneously distanced it from sexual equality.

The physiographic setting of the Nile valley, in Sudan as well as in Egypt, provides a nearly homogenizing factor in the cultural and socioeconomic development of Mesolithic and Neolithic prehistoric populations. Unfortunately, a dearth of prehistoric research has hindered the recognition of regional differences and our comprehension of the complexity of such development. Furthermore the past fifty years of archaeological investigations in prehistoric Sudan have not, paradoxically, pushed forward our understanding beyond A. J. Arkell excavations at the Khartoum Hospital site (1949) and Shaheinab (1953), the first prehistoric sites excavated in this region. This premise is necessary in order to advise of thevolatilityof thepicturethat can be drawn with the currently available data. The Mesolithic populations of the Sudanese Nile valley are characterised by their pottery production and associated with a hunter-gatherer-fishers economy. The Neolithization of the region is rooted in these groups, but the contribution of foreign influences cannot be ruled out.

The influence of EU law on the United Kingdom was different from that in France and Greece. The United Kingdom had been at the forefront of the privatization revolution, and the British regulators had engaged in public consultations before the advent of the EU participatory mandates. However, this chapter puts forward a narrative that spans the last two centuries and demonstrates that EU law did indeed lead to consequential changes in institutional structures and practices in the United Kingdom. Public participation in administrative policymaking had been inconsistent with the prevailing perception of the British state in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The New Right and New Labour governments introduced important regulatory reforms but it was EU mandates that pushed significantly in the direction of formalized and institutionalized open public participation, adding impetus to and consolidating previous domestic initiatives. This chapter concludes by looking beyond the telecommunications sector and beyond national borders.

The secret police were one of the most important institutions in the making of communist Eastern Europe. Security Empire compares the early history of secret police institutions, which were responsible for foreign espionage, domestic surveillance, and political violence in communist states, in Poland, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany after the Second World War. While previous histories have assumed that these forces were copies of the Soviet model, the book delves into the ways their origins diverged due to local social conditions, languages, and interpretations of communism. It illuminates the internal tensions inside the forces, between veteran agents who had fought in wars in Spain and Germany, and the younger, more radical agents, who pushed forward the violence, arrests, and show trials inside Eastern European communist parties in the late 1940s and early 1950s. In doing so, the book traces the role of political violence, ideological belief, and surveillance in building communist institutions in Europe by the mid-1950s.

This concluding chapter presents a more general discussion of the interrelationships between ethnicity, organized crime, and social capital, especially as it may apply to the contemporary context in Chicago Heights. This study connected the decades-long ‘success’ of the organized crime operation in Chicago Heights to the persistent balancing act between the resources of closure, violence, and brokerage. Too much or too little of one or another would be potentially damaging to this long-term success. Closure brings value to the organization because it promotes a familiarity and assumed level of trust between individuals. However, when there are strong ties binding groups together, certainty and predictability triumph over variability and innovation. Individuals are unaware of or reluctant to think through or even see new opportunities because the social networks place a premium on routine beliefs and behaviors. An antidote to the excesses of closure is violence. New ideas and new approaches were pushed forward by force and the elimination of opposition. Today, although Italian organized crime presence in Chicago Heights has significantly diminished, organized crime in Chicago Heights persists. African Americans and Latinos have largely taken over the vice operations.

Chapter 6 challenges common sense energy security practices in China. It looks at power in the energy security system, to try to understand how and why the common sense has emerged, while exploring who resists, and how. It begins by examining who has power to frame the narrative, discussing vested interests and the ways in which they push the debate in particular directions. It then surveys ‘alternative’ visions of energy security, highlighting the range of actors that contest the common sense—including official and elite actors as well as non-state interest groups, and what different interpretations of energy security they forward. As part of this, it explores how these different actors contest the common sense, and what alternative visions of energy security they forward.

The American Revolution inspired new movements with a longing to restore what they believed was a primitive and pure form of the church, uncorrupted by the accretions of the centuries. Unlike most Canadians, Americans were driven by the rhetoric of human equality, in which individual believers could dispense with creeds or deference to learned ministers. This chapter argues that one manifestation of this was the Restorationist impulse: the desire to recover beliefs and practices believed lost or obscured. While that impulse could be found in many Protestant bodies, the groups classified as ‘Restorationist’ in North America emerged from what is today labelled the Stone-Campbell movement. They were not known explicitly as Restorationists as they identified themselves as ‘Christian Churches’ or ‘Disciples of Christ’ in a bid to find names that did not separate them from other Christians. The roots of this movement lay in the Republican Methodist Church or ‘Christian Church’ founded by James O’Kelly on the principle of representative governance in church and state. As its ‘Christian’ title implied, the new movement was supposed to effect Christian unity. It was carried forward in New England by Abner Jones and Elias Smith who came from Separate Baptist congregations. Smith was a radical Jeffersonian republican who rejected predestination, the Trinity, the divinity of Christ, and original sin as human inventions and would be rejected from his own movement when he embraced universalism. The Presbyterian minister Barton W. Stone was the most important advocate of the Christian movement in Kentucky and Tennessee. Stone was a New Light Presbyterian who fell out with his church in 1803 because he championed revivals to the displeasure of Old Light Presbyterians. With other ministers he founded the Springfield Presbytery and published an Apology which rejected ‘human creeds and confessions’ only to redub their churches as Christian Churches or Churches of Christ. Stone’s movement coalesced with the movement founded by Alexander Campbell, the son of an Ulster Scot who emigrated to the United States after failing to effect reunion between Burgher and Anti-Burghers and founded an undenominational Christian Association. Alexander embraced baptism by immersion under Baptist influence, so that the father and son’s followers were initially known as Reformed (or Reforming) Baptists. The increasing suspicion with which Baptists regarded his movement pushed Alexander into alliance with Stone, although Campbell was uneasy about formal terms of alliance. For his part, Stone faced charges from Joseph Badger and Joseph Marsh that he had capitulated to Campbell. The Stone-Campbell movement was nonetheless successful, counting 192,000 members by the Civil War and over a million in the United States by 1900. Successful but bifurcated, for there were numerous Christian Churches which held out from joining the Stone-Campbell movement, which also suffered a north–south split in the Civil War era over political and liturgical questions. The most buoyant fraction of the movement were the Disciples of Christ or Christian Churches of the mid-west, which shared in the nationalistic and missionary fervour of the post-war era, even though it too in time would undergo splits.

The nature of perception has always been one of the major topics in the philosophy of mind, while the opposite has been true of perceptual imaginings and perceptual memories. In particular, not much attention is paid to the similarities and differences between memory and imagination in their sensory forms, as well as to the fact that both are, from a phenomenal point of view, much closer to each other than to perception. One central aim of Perceptual Imagination and Perceptual Memory is, therefore, to remedy this situation and to get clearer about the nature of perceptual imaginings and perceptual memories. The contributors examine how perceptual imagination and memory resemble and differ from each other and from other kinds of sensory experience. They question the role each plays in perception and in the acquisition of knowledge. The collection pushes forward the debates about the nature of perceptual imagination and perceptual memory. This innovative study will encourage future discussions on these interesting topics by students and scholars in the field.

Once awareness of nihilism has been awakened by an encounter with the abyss, there is a choice to be made. How do we respond? Do we now collapse into passive despair, or do we defiantly push forward, feeling our way through the darkness, striking out on a path leading nowhere? With the death of God, the collapse of objective meaning and the revelation of an absurd void underling human life, it becomes apparent that nothing remains outside of ourselves to compel aspiration. If we are to avoid utter despondency, we must turn attention inward, toward our own powers of creative imagination, making the resolute decision to become self-motivated....

This chapter examines the life and career of Ixya Herrera. She debuted at the age of twelve, dueting with her idol Linda Ronstadt in front of a crowd at the Tuscon Mariachi Conference 1992 in Arizona. Growing up in California, in the supportive environment of a musical family, and with the legacy of Chicano cultural politics, she has developed a solo career engaging a repertoire of diverse Mexican genres. In her self-crafting processes, Ayben aspires to enchant audiences with the thrill of her singing voice, negotiating stereotypes and placing satisfaction before commercial gain. She continues to push forward with recordings and concert appearances, engaging a form of subtle activism, and demonstrating self-determination and self-definition.

This chapter describes the features of Jamia Nagar, Nizamuddin, and Taj Enclave. It takes forward the narrative of how in the overall logic of city as a vehicle of capital accumulation, segregation of Muslim population in specific neighbourhoods with their contained labour or fixed assets serves a specific purpose. In this chapter, closer attention is paid to built spaces—how discrimination in housing and real estate transaction not only maintains segregation but also aids the project of capital accumulation in favour of other spaces in the city. Muslim middle-class, educated, professionals in these areas are discovered as a specific segment of workers in the neo-liberal city. This aspirational class experiences a different kind of alienation in the city. While they push the boundaries that constrain them, they realize that these are shatterproof.

Although the UK enjoyed an opt-out from EMU, Chang explains that it was influential in its development. The UK successfully defended its interests in financial services despite EMU. Moreover, it often acted as a shield for non-Eurozone countries. Therefore, the withdrawal of the UK from the EU is likely to have an impact within the EMU, altering interstate alliances, changing the balance between euro-ins and euro-outs, and reducing the need to act outside the legal framework of the EU. In addition, the shortfall in the EU budget resulting from the end of the UK financial contributions may change the stakes in fiscal negotiations, creating room for the establishment of a Eurozone fiscal capacity. Finally, it is uncertain to what extent post-Brexit the EU may be able to push forward with the Capital Markets Union and whether the UK may stay connected to it.

This chapter provides an overview of the book. It argues that human dignity deserves a closer examination within the debate on assisted dying. The aim of this book is threefold. First, it will enlighten and explain the widely shared intuitions about human dignity, which has a specific usage in the medical context of terminal illness, because opponents as well as supporters for assisted suicide lay claim to that notion. Second, it will push the debate an important step forward because arguments that are often taken for granted can be more fairly reconsidered once their relationship to dignity has been clarified. Third, if one is able to make sense of dignity even within the complex and seemingly confused context of this debate, one will have taken an important step toward a clarification of it in general, which might lead to its application in other contexts as well.

Alexei Ratmansky’s production of Sleeping Beauty was wrought with careful attention to its music and the manuscripts that preserve Petipa’s choreography. This article begins by touching generally on some aspects of the original ballet that Ratmansky has restored: its technique and style, large multi-generational cast, and full embrace of character dancing. Next, it focuses on musical and choreographic characterizations of the felicitous royal family and their servant Catalabutte and their domestic interactions. Then, it considers Ratmansky’s effective use of the episodes of tension and release that Petipa and Tchaikovsky created to push the action forward. It ends with a short discussion of seeming conflicts between choreography and music during musical codettas, These few details show in small part how, in this production, Ratmansky has exposed anew the dramaturgical brilliance of Tchaikovsky and Petipa, and restored to the stage a Beauty that brings story and character to life with extraordinary vividness.

This book explores ways of thinking, feeling, and talking about homosexuality in the 1970s, an influential decade sandwiched between the partial decriminalization of sex between men in 1969, and the arrival of the HIV/AIDS crisis in the early 1980s. Moving beyond divided Cold War Berlin, this book also shines a light on the scores of lesser-known West German towns and cities that were home to a gay group by the end of the 1970s. Yet gay liberation did not take place only in activist meetings and on street demonstrations, but also on television, in magazine editorial offices, ordinary homes, bedrooms—and beyond. In considering all these spaces and individuals, this book provides a more complex account than previous histories, which have tended to focus only on a social movement and only on the idea of ‘gay pride’. By drawing attention to ambivalence, this book shows that gay liberation was never only about pride, but also about shame; characterized not only by hope, but also by fear; and driven forward not just by the pushes of confrontation, but also by the pulls of conformism. Ranging from the painstaking emergence of the gay press to the first representation of homosexuality on television, from debates over the sexual legacy of 1968 to the memory of Nazi persecution, The Ambivalence of Gay Liberation is the first English-language book to tell the story of male homosexual politics in 1970s West Germany. In so doing, this book changes the way we think about this key period in modern queer history.

As this book has shown the common conception that ‘Churchill’s “radical phase” was cast to the winds’ when he was put in charge of the Navy in October 1911, although well established in the literature, is not, in fact, accurate.1 The radical President of the Board of Trade, eager to improve the lives of the poor, became the radical Home Secretary, no less enthusiastic for social reform, who then became the radical First Lord of the Admiralty, imbued with both a desire and, perhaps more importantly, a will to intervene in order to better conditions for those who served in the Royal Navy. Accordingly, he embarked upon a major programme of improvement across a wide range of different areas all of which affected the everyday life of sailors. Alcohol intake, sexual behaviour, religious practice, corporal punishment, as well as pay and equality of progression, all came under the spotlight while Churchill was First Lord. Of course, not all of the new measures were successful and not all were progressive in the modern understanding of the term, but all of them represented significant attempts to push forward a radical agenda for change....

Assisted death is an extremely contested topic in bioethics. Despite the strongly influential role human dignity plays in this debate, it still has not received the appropriate, multifaceted treatment it deserves. Studies show that the notion of dignity already plays an important role in medical contexts. However, its use in these contexts needs to be analyzed and explained in more detail. A detailed philosophical analysis of dignity and how it relates to assisted death will benefit both the general discussion and the specific bioethical context to which it is applied. The goal of this first in-depth examination of the application of human dignity to assisted suicide is threefold. First, it aims to enlighten and explain the widely shared intuitions about human dignity, which has a specific usage in the medical context of terminal illness, because opponents as well as supporters of assisted suicide lay claim to that notion. Second, it aims to push the debate an important step forward because arguments that are often taken for granted can be more fairly reconsidered once their relationship to dignity has been clarified. Third, by making sense of dignity even within the complex and seemingly confused context of this debate, one will have taken an important step toward a clarification of it in general, which might lead to its application in other contexts as well.

Over 100 entries This encyclopedia is the most comprehensive and up-to-date resource on African politics ever produced. In these peer-reviewed entries, readers will find authoritative overviews of the key methodologies and approaches, as well as all of the major topics in African politics, one of the fastest growing and most dynamic areas of political science. Under the editorial directorship of Nic Cheeseman and associate editors Rita Abrahamsen, Gilbert M. Khadiagala, Peace A. Medie, Rachel Beatty Riedl, and Etienne Smith, The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Politics brings together world-leading researchers from Africa, the United States, and Europe. The Encyclopedia features cutting-edge chapters on a remarkably broad range of topics, and particular areas of strength include: political institutions; identity politics and the significance of ethnicity and religion; the African state and its strengths and weaknesses; development politics; economic policy and management; ideas and ideologies; international relations and regional politics; conflict, violence, and civil war; political and social movements; media and political communication; elections and democracy; research methods and approaches; and ethics and the politics of research. Each clearly written piece provides a concise summary of the state of the art before drawing on new ideas and evidence to push the debate forward. The encyclopedia is therefore essential reading for all who seek to understand core and emerging topics within the vast and growing literature on African politics.

This book advances the idea of democratic mending in response to the growing problem of disconnections in contemporary democracies. Around the globe vital connections in our democratic systems are wearing thin, especially between citizens and their elected representatives, between citizens in polarized public spheres, and between citizens and their complex governance systems. The wide scale of disrepair in our democratic fabric cannot realistically be patched over through institutional redesign or one-off innovation. Instead this book calls for a more connective and systemic approach to repairing democracies. For reform inspiration the authors engage in a critical dialogue between systems thinking in deliberative democracy and contemporary practices of political participation. They present three rich empirical cases of how everyday actors — citizens, community groups, administrators, and elected officials—are seeking to create and strengthen democratic connections in unpromising or challenging circumstances. The cases uncover the practical and varied work of democratic mending; these are small-scale, incremental interventions aimed at repairing disconnects in different parts of democratic systems. The empirical insights revealed in this book push forward ideas on connectivity in democratic theory and practice. They demonstrate that even in moments of dysfunctional disconnection, considerable learning, adaptation, and improvisation for democratic renewal can emerge. Ultimately, this book pioneers an approach to analysing democratic politics which might spark a ‘connective turn’ in the way scholars and practitioners think about and seek to improve democracy at the large scale.

In this book Barbara J. Risman uses her gender structure theory to tackle the question about whether today’s young people, Millennials, are pushing forward the gender revolution or backing away from it. In the first part of the book, Risman revises her theoretical argument to differentiate more clearly between culture and material aspects of each level of gender as a social structure. She then uses previous research to explain that today’s young people spend years in a new life stage where they are emerging as adults. The new research presented here offers a typology of how today’s young people wrestle with gender during the years of emerging adulthood. How do they experience gender at the individual level? What are the expectations they face because of their sex? What are their ideological beliefs and organizational constraints based on their gender category? Risman suggests there is great variety within this generation. She identifies four strategies used by young people: true believers in gender difference, innovators who want to push boundaries in feminist directions, straddlers who are simply confused, and rebels who sometimes identify as genderqueer and reject gender categories all together. The final chapter offers a utopian vision that would ease the struggles of all these groups, a fourth wave of feminism that rejects the gender structure itself. Risman envisions a world where the sex ascribed at birth matters has few consequences beyond reproduction.