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Academic literature on the topic 'Pushto Short stories'
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Journal articles on the topic "Pushto Short stories"
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ISSIAKA, Diafar. "Du Crime À La Chose, Une Scénographie De L’indicible Chez Maupassant." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management (IJSRM) 12, no. 01 (January 17, 2024): 1658–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v12i01.sh04.
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This study concerns a study devoted to the staging of the crime by Maupassant. By focusing on the evocation of the “thing”, we brought out the scenography of the unspeakable in some short stories by Guy de Maupassant. The short story writer evokes incest, adultery or fornication using the word “thing”. Thus the thing is considered as that which is concealed. The “thing” in certain Maupassantian short stories means the unspeakable which is either incest, adultery or fornication. It also designates death, crime or anything that the writer chooses not to name. The “thing” is also described as “infamous” when what the short story writer designates is detestable, ignoble and shameful. It is this repugnance of what is mentioned that pushes the writer to use the term “thing”.
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Kim, Yeonmin. "The Silence of the Postmemory Generation in John McGahern’s Short Stories." Irish University Review 53, no. 2 (November 2023): 228–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/iur.2023.0613.
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This essay argues that McGahern embodies a tension between nostalgia and anti-nostalgia through the silence of characters of a postmemory generation. Although McGahern neither pushes the limit of his works to the realm of political emancipation, nor pursues therapeutic working-through of trauma, he is an artist whose quest for postmemorial dynamics functions both anti-nostalgically as a traumatic symptom of the authoritative post-independence state, and nostalgically as an aesthetic strategy to reinvent the past. First, he describes silence as generational, representing both the space for a tentative truce between the generations and the means by which the postmemory generation can establish its critical identity. Second, McGahern's silence enables his postmemory-generation characters to reinvent the past. On the one hand, the silence reveals intragenerational memory war among members of the later generation as they form different versions of the past. On the other, the silence serves as a creative space for reflective nostalgia to reimagine, and cope with, the trauma of the past.
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U, Mahendran. "The Biographical Portrayal of the Underprivileged People in Puthumaippithan’s Short Stories." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, no. 4 (October 16, 2022): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22429.
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This article deals with history and literature in a straight line. By maintaining a balance between the two, it pays utmost attention to the inevitable reality of the life of the poor. It has to be demonstrated in terms of widely known historical aspects. This article will explain how such aspects apply to literature as well. Here, since literature and history travel hand in hand here, the nature of history that emerges from the structure of literature is going to assume significance. The elite, which does not care much about the underlying individuals, seeks to constrain the historical error of history with the help of a biographical portrayal of the poor. The upper-class historical writings that are thus restricted can be called into question. They can identify areas that have been excluded with political flexibility. They will be a factor in the emergence of new forms to reproduce the lasting impact and scope they have had on the lives of the lower class. For this, the method of collecting and analyzing data that has been refuted by the history within which literature contains becomes essential. Such a method will only to some extent help to gather the realistic environment of societies that have been pushed back. The reality is that what remains has to be compiled in a completely realistic historical context by examining the historical versions that have been carried out, either from the history in which literature speaks or in its way. Or it is necessary to uphold as history the literary forms in circulation held by societies that are accustomed to real life. There is no doubt that elite historical theories will be an obstacle to such an attempt. However, before establishing such a democratic historical equation, it is inevitable that the historical data that is mixed in the mainstream literature will be examined and that is what this article seeks to do.
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Dao Thi Thu, Hang. "Bushido (武士道) - loyal to the king and patriotism in Mishima Yukio’s short stories." Journal of Science Social Science 67, no. 1 (February 2022): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18173/2354-1067.2022-0004.
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Throughout his entire career, Mishima Yukio has always presented as a writer of martial spirit and beauty. Studying the his short stories, we can see a Mishima full of loyal to the king and patriotic with many criteria pushed to the limit. “Bushido” or “loyal to the king and patriotic” is that he not only inherited from his family background, from the situation of Japan protecting the imperial period, but also from favorite books named Hagakure. In his work, the ideal man in the bushido spirit is the full image of the modern Samurai: loyal to the king and patriotism, treating death as light as a feather and whether every moment of life or death, people also donate a rare beautifulness. However, it is because of the trend fascinated by death, his work has a sense of death fanaticism. This is probably the unfortunate limitation of a genius that people still praise as a strange “evil flower”.
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Mishra, Kaustubh. "Subverting Gender in Laxmi Raj Sharma’s ‘Intriguing Women’." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 9, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v9i1.10886.
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This paper close reads the short story collection Intriguing Women by Laxmi Raj Sharma to explicate upon the theme of ideological subversion within it. Sharma deploys his female characters as agents of destabilisation that assert their own identity and thus question the dominant social constructs. In doing this, these characters raise questions about the ruling ideology and its established norms of behavior, selfhood and performance. While Sharma’s usage of motifs and structural forms makes the stories works of art, the actions of his characters make them didactic and pushes the readers towards questioning some of their fundamental assumptions.
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Liao, Xinyu. "A Study of Robot Identity Writing in Isaac Asimov’s Fiction." Communication, Society and Media 7, no. 1 (June 30, 2024): p64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/csm.v7n1p64.
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Isaac Asimov, a famous contemporary American science fiction writer, constructs the identity of robots through describing entities and dialogues in his short story “The Last Question”. If we compare and analyze the author’s other short stories with conceptual metaphor theory and Bakhtin’s theory of dialogue, we will find that the author pushes the development of the storyline through the constructing the robot’s identity and the blurring of the boundaries, and from then on, maps the development of the relationship between man and machine and the course of its development. The purpose of this paper is to explore the special significance of the construction of robot identity and its contribution to the development of the narrative, as well as to analyze the expectations of the human-machine relationship embedded in the novel.
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Cook, Nina Elisabeth. "The Painterly Poe: Architect, Artist, Author." Edgar Allan Poe Review 24, no. 2 (November 2023): 198–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/edgallpoerev.24.2.0198.
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Abstract Many scholars have read Edgar Allan Poe as uniquely enmeshed in an interdisciplinary and intermediary web connecting the visual and practical arts. Poe’s prose is intrinsically multimodal and multisensory, a transgression of disciplinary boundaries that leads to a horrific affect. This article examines three of Poe’s short stories with attention to the figure of the artist, architect, and author within his fiction, arguing that these characters can be read as exemplars of Poe’s aesthetic philosophy laid out in “The Philosophy of Composition.” Poe pushes and explores the limits of disciplinary boundaries by showing the various conjunctions and conflations inherent to artistic practice. In his stories, Poe explores what distinguishes literature from other creative endeavors. It is his fascination with the porous nature of artistic boundaries that drives both the form and content of his tales—and it is this very liminality, this porousness, that makes them truly the harbingers of horror as a genre.
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Nguyen, Phuong Khanh. "METAFICTION AND DROSTE EFFECT IN THE NOVEL “IF ON A WINTER’S NIGHT A TRAVELER” BY ITALO CALVINO." UED Journal of Social Sciences, Humanities and Education 10, Special (September 27, 2020): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.47393/jshe.v10ispecial.738.
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f on a winter's night a traveler is considered one of the greatest novels by Italian writer Italo Calvino. Published in 1979, this literary work, which belongs to the postmodernist narrative style in the form of a frame story, tells about a reader trying to read a book with the same title from beginning to end. Much of the story’s content was written in the second-person’s narration, implying that “you” (the Reader) are the protagonist of the novel. Embedded inside are ten short stories (the loose ends of different novels) read by the main character, which causes the book to constantly switch between settings, narrators, and styles. If on a Winter’s Night a Traveler is truly a perfect illustration for the literary style characterized by metafiction and postmodernism. The novel is a conscious textual play with various techniques employed such as authorial role limitation, reader involvement in the plot line, open structure, non-linearity, fragmentation, multiplicity, and intertextuality. By effectively using these devices, Calvino deconstructs the traditional novel form and creates a new structure which shows a parallel between the processes of writing and reading a text. Calvino acts as the supreme game-master taking control of both the characters and the real players, who have been pushed into this game-like novel. This article focuses on analyzing the charactericstics of metafiction, the Droste effect and deconstruction in Calvino’s novel If on a winter's night a traveler, thereby helping to grasp his playful language and his narrative techniques as well as to discover his metafictional discourse.
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Feitosa, Márcia Manir Miguel, and Cristiane Navarrete Tolomei. "A subversão religiosa pela ironia em Teolinda Gersão: onde reina o fosso da desigualdade social / Religious Subversion through Irony in Teolinda Gersão: Where the Social Inequity Pit Reigns." Revista do Centro de Estudos Portugueses 41, no. 66 (February 11, 2022): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2359-0076.41.66.35-52.
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Resumo: Teolinda Gersão é dona de uma obra que evidencia a complexa relação entre os sujeitos com a família, sociedade, religião, trabalho, espaço etc. Este texto se propõe a analisar dois contos do livro Prantos, amores e outros desvarios (2016): “O meu semelhante” e “Décimo mandamento”, verificando como Gersão retrata a desigualdade social em Portugal, sobretudo, em Lisboa, a partir do sistema capitalista e do processo de globalização, e a consequente segregação socioespacial que divide o centro da burguesia da periferia da classe trabalhadora. Ademais, observa-se como a escritora, num tom irônico, problematiza o papel da religião nesse contexto econômico e social, marcado pela hierarquização de classe, no Portugal contemporâneo. Para a realização deste estudo de classificação básica, seguiu-se as seguintes etapas: (i) pesquisa bibliográfica e revisão da literatura; (ii) quanto à abordagem, a pesquisa é qualitativa, priorizando aspectos subjetivos de fenômenos sociais e do comportamento humano no corpus. A análise dos contos coloca em tela os privilégios da elite, detentora do poder, em contraposição à miséria do trabalhador, apontando para uma desigualdade social estrutural e não ontológica nas narrativas em questão. Portanto, Teolinda destaca como a desigualdade social está atrelada aos interesses do capital, impulsionado pelo contexto neoliberal.Palavras-chave: Teolinda Gersão; desigualdade social; ironia; religiosidade.Abstract: Teolinda Gersão authored works that evidence the complex relationship between the subjects and family, society, religion, work, space, etc. We analyze the following two short stories in the book Prantos, amores e outros desvarios (2016): “O meu semblante” and “Décimo mandamento” to evaluate how Gersão depicts the social inequities from the capitalist system and the globalization process, and its consequential socio-spatial segregation that divides the bourgeoise downtown from the peripherical working class in Portugal, especially Lisbon. Furthermore, we observe how the writer ironically discusses the role of religion in this social and economic context marked by class hierarchy in the contemporaneous Portugal. To perform this basic classification study, we used the following steps: (i) Literature review; (ii) qualitative research prioritizing subjective aspects of social phenomena and human behaviour at the corpus. Short story analysis puts the privileges of the power owning elites in contraposition with the worker’s misery, pointing to the structural and non-ontological social inequity in the narratives studied. Therefore, Teolinda highlights how social inequity is connected to the capital interests, pushed by the neoliberal context.Keywords: Teolinda Gersão; social inequity; irony; religiosity.
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Al-Nasire, Dr Emad Tally Mahade. "The views of Orientalists in the personality Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) - A model - Lammens - Ntnj." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 221, no. 1 (November 6, 2018): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v221i1.425.
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The search of the things that accused him of Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) by Almstherquan (Lammens and Ntnj) as a personal spineless, he went to the pleasures and desires and then died of Asrafh them, and we studied their stories without any intolerance and spasm, and turned out to be marked by prejudice on Imam Hassan ( peace be upon him), but it is a matter of research diagnosis of the reasons that pushed Palmstcherqan to follow this approach, and can these reasons be classified into two categories: the first regards the Muslims themselves and the second is due to the Orientalists and were carrying the ideas may be pre-Islam or that it resulted from a misunderstanding or malice, or their return to the Umayyad novels. Imam Hassan did not have (peace be upon him) droopy, but the problems he faced at the beginning of his successor, at a time when Sid had dominated the Levant for many years at a time and reached Imam Hassan conditions (peace be upon him) to the extent dared some army commanders and escape to Sid, others dared to led the attack on his tent and pulled the place where he prayed beneath him, and dragged him from his shirt and injured him in such circumstances were not the Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) any way but to accept the Magistrate, however it was the conditions if carried out by Mu'awiya was a victory of Imam Hassan (AS peace), and was able to Imam Hassan (peace be upon him), this policy and measure Alaklaia In such sensitive circumstances to keep the egg Islam, and the failure of those who they want to demolish Islam by attacking Imam Hassan policy (peace be upon him) the wise, and God knows where he makes his message.
Books on the topic "Pushto Short stories"
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Pākistān, Akādmī Adabiyāt-i., ed. Da afsāne Intik̲h̲āb. Islāmābād: Akādamī Adabiyāt-i Pākistān, 2010.
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compiler, Azmūn Lāl Pāchā, Khān Muḥammad Arshad compiler, Khatīż Khparandūyah Ṭolanah, and Kandahār Pohantūn. Da Zhabo aw Adabīyāto Pohanżay, eds. Da T̤āhir As̲ar Aprīdī dāstānī kuliyāt: Lanḍī kīse = Tahir Asar Afridi's legend collection : short stories. Jalālkoṭ: Khatīż Khparandūyah Ṭolanah, 2018.
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Anżawr, Zarrīn. Abāsīn kisay kawī: Da kīso muntakhabah majmūʻah. Kābul: Da A.D.J. da Līkwālo Ittiḥādiyah, 1986.
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Anżūr, Zarīn. Puṣhto maʻāṣir dāstānī adabiyāt: Tārīkhī, intiqādī katanah. Jarmanī: Da Afghānistān da Kultūrī Wade Ṭolanah, 2014.
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Sāḥil, Muḥammad Yūsuf. Pah suhelī Puṣhtūnkhwā kṣhe da Pushto nāwil taḥqīqī aw tanqīdī jāyzah: Cirtical & research analysis of Pashto novel in Southern Pashtoonkhwa : da Em. Fil taḥqīqī maqālah. Koṭah: Puṣhto Adabī Ghūrżang, 2018.
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Asīr, Aḥmad ʻAlī. Puṣhto nāwil aw nāwilūnah: Taḥqīq aw tanqīd. Peṣhawar: Yūnīwarsiṭī Buk Ejansī, 2013.
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Ḥaqmal, Bism Allāh. Pah Puṣhto zhabah ke dāstānī adabiyāt: Da ṡeṛandwī ʻilmī rutbe tah da tarfīʻ lapārah. Kābul: Da Afghānistān da ʻUlūmo Akāḍemī, Da Basharī ʻUlūmo Muʻāwanīyat, Da Zhabo aw Adabiyāto ʻIlmī Markaz, Da Puṣhto Zhabe aw Adabiyāto Instītiyūt, 2012.
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Muḥammad, Shahbāz. Da Malakanḍ afsānah. Tāṇah, Malākanḍ: Idārah Mat̤būʻāt Malākanḍ, 2020.
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Shields, Amber. "New Forms, New Stories: Zoya Akhtar’s Short Films." In ReFocus: The Films of Zoya Akhtar, 59–74. Edinburgh University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474476416.003.0004.
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Zoya Akhtar’s short films provide a departure from her other work and new points of examination. First, they are a compelling example to examine in terms of how this format is growing and, consequently, how its appeal to both new and established directors is pushing the production and form of Indian film. Second, it is a greater glimpse into Akhtar as a filmmaker and how through the greater freedom of the short she pushes herself to experiment with different forms, characters and stories as well as her representation of gender, sexuality and class not realised in her features. In her short films seen in Bombay Talkies, Lust Stories and Ghost Stories, similar to her Amazon Prime series Made in Heaven (Zoya Akhtar and Reema Kagti 2019), it is possible to see a more direct take by Akhtar on controversial social topics that adds to our understanding of her work beyond what is seen on the big screen.
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Gloag, Oliver. "6. Camus and Algeria." In Albert Camus: A Very Short Introduction, 86–101. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198792970.003.0006.
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Camus was always ambivalent about colonialism in Algeria and this ambivalence greatly affected him. Camus pushed for more rights to be granted to Algerians after the war, but stopped short of asking for voting rights for all. Camus was to be the advocate for peace and compromise, with one objective in mind: for Algeria to remain French. ‘Camus and Algeria’ considers how the long-repressed colonial reality began slowly to emerge in Camus’s fiction, until it eventually took centre stage. It discusses The Exile and the Kingdom, a collection of short stories that was the last of Camus’s fiction published in his lifetime, and his posthumous novel, The First Man.
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Bors, Edit. "Beaucoup de bruit pour … un microrécit. Lire la littérature courte." In Plaisirs de lire: é/etats de l’art, 47–55. FLUP-ILC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21747/978-989-54784-9-1/lib27a4.
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In order to capture their readers’ attention, micro-fictions integrate implicit and allusive meanings, among other things, into the adopted tone, the chosen narrative structure or the generic hybridation. Their reception is also determined by limited special conditions: in a short time and in few words, micro-fiction have an effect or remains absolutely imperceptible. Some of the stories are not only enjoyable to read but also push the reader to reflect on his reading skills.
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Bischof, Christopher. "Rules and Rule Breaking in Teacher Training Colleges." In Teaching Britain, 68–89. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833352.003.0003.
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Chapter three, ‘Rules and Rule Breaking in Teacher Training Colleges’, taps into the rich and virtually unused archives of seven training colleges in England and Scotland to show how tremendously liberating these institutions could be in practice despite their oppressive rules and infinitesimally detailed timetables. For instance, teachers-in-training reacted to bans on romantic relationships by creating a cult of the romantic. They celebrated courtship and more casual flirtation in poems, paintings, and short stories of their real-world exploits, all of which they circulated widely in ‘friendship albums’ and college ‘literary magazines’. This defiance became the basis of lifelong friendships—and a professional culture that pushed back against the imposition of policies.
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Frattarola, Angela. "Inner Speech as a Gramophone Record." In Modernist Soundscapes, 114–40. University Press of Florida, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056074.003.0006.
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In Jean Rhys’s fiction, advertisements, songs, books, and voices of others impinge upon the interior monologues of her characters. In particular, the popular songs that are integrated into Rhys’s first-person novels enhance the auditory nature of her interior monologues. Yet, while the songs referenced in Voyage in the Dark (1934) and Good Morning, Midnight (1939) sometimes foster automatic responses and clichéd understandings for her narrators, they can also instill a sense of defiance and comfort, making music one of the few channels for a momentary sense of fulfillment and expression. By surveying Rhys’s depiction of popular gramophone recordings and their Bohemian associations in her short stories, this chapter reveals how Rhys crafts and commodifies a bohemian voice in her novels, which sounds out the dialectical relationship between a middle-class public with an appetite for lurid tales of the underbelly of society and so-called bohemians, who pushed the boundaries of individuality and freedom.
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Wickhamsmith, Simon. "Negotiating Faith." In Politics and Literature in Mongolia (1921-1948). Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462984752_ch06.
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Mongolia’s response to religion – specifically to Buddhism – was quite different to Moscow’s hardline push towards atheism and tended to emphasize personal choice of religion while seeking to remove financial and social power from monasteries and senior monks. Much of the literature focuses on the hypocrisy of monks, showing how they used their elevated social position to elicit sexual favors, among other things (as in D. Natsagdorj’s ‘The Venerable Monk’s Tears’ [Lambuguain nulims]). The anti-government uprising in the center-west of the country in the spring of 1932 and the resulting implementation of the moderate New Turn Policy (Shine ergeltiin bodlodo) became the theme of several short stories, including two (‘Balchinnyam the Urianhai’ [Urianhai Balchinnyam] and ‘A Heroic Struggle’ [Baatarlag Temtsel]) written in 1936 by Sh. Sodnomdorj, who himself had fought in the Red Army against the uprising.
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Cooke, Miriam. "Modern and Contemporary Muslim Feminist Literature." In The Oxford Handbook of Islam and Women, 549–68. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190638771.013.13.
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Abstract This chapter reviews Arab, Iranian, and American novels, short stories, memoirs, and poems that engage with modern Muslim women’s concerns about the ways in which they have been held back from enjoying their rights as equal members of the Muslim communities in which they live. Although not without precedent, Muslim feminist literature is a modern phenomenon that was promoted in early twentieth-century Muslim women’s journals. The word “feminism” (nisā’iyya/nisāwiyya) took time to be accepted, especially against the backdrop of European colonial occupation of broad swathes of territory in Asia and Africa. In such areas, fear of association with the British colonizers, who pushed a self-serving colonial feminist policy in order to turn women against their men, made writers cautious about advocating an openly prowomen agenda. Nevertheless, a feminist consciousness did develop in the nineteenth century and gained momentum through the twentieth century, as manifested in a number of literary works penned by Muslim women authors. The works surveyed in this chapter document these women’s resistance and pushback against misogynist interpretations of specific Islamic texts and their attempts to promote instead gender egalitarian and women-friendly construals of the same.
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McQueeney, Kevin. "Two-Tiered Health Care, 1965–1974." In A City without Care, 149–74. University of North Carolina PressChapel Hill, NC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469673929.003.0008.
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Abstract Chapter 7 explores the post-–Civil Rights period when the promise of an integrated health care system evaporated and the racialized health care system became re-entrenched, similar to what occurred in New Orleans a century earlier. This chapter starts with two juxtaposed stories: the simultaneous attempts to expand the white medical district, including the successful creation of Tulane University’s new hospital, and the stymied work to expand Flint Goodridge Hospital, which entered into decline. It explores the creation of the state agency Health Education Authority of Louisiana (H.E.A.L.) and its “urban renewal” efforts to displace Black residents and businesses. This chapter also explores also continued Black health activism, which took several forms. First, Black residents of Tulane Gravier organized against the expansion of the medical district and displacement. Second, Black residents and the NAACP initiated litigation against the formerly all-white hospitals that continued to discriminate, leading to investigations by the federal government, which were undermined by the failure of the federal government to enforce integration. Third, Black residents pushed for Health Department and federally-funded Model Cities health clinics in public housing units and Black neighborhoods, and the Black Panther Party created their own People’s Clinic in the Desire neighborhood; all the clinics proved short-lived. Finally, the chapter examines the transition of Charity Hospital to a “de facto” Black hospital, and the accompanying decrease in state funding and quality of care.
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Nuralam, Inggang Perwangsa, and Muhammad Nazil. "Entrepreneurial Storytelling: Influencing Consumer Behaviour Through Compelling Narratives." In Fostering Sustainable Entrepreneurship In Emerging Market: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, 1–15. FSH-PH Publications, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/futscipress11.
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The digital era has caused a profound change in the paradigm of corporate interaction with consumers. These changes cover how companies communicate, understand, and respond to customer needs. Storytelling can facilitate more positive and meaningful interactions between companies and customers in the digital world. In summary, narrative storytelling significantly influences sustainable entrepreneurship in emerging markets. The creative and authentic use of narratives told and shared allows for the formation of strong bonds between companies and customers. This can motivate customers to take certain actions, such as making a purchase, sharing a story with others, or participating in further interactions with the brand. Remember that as emotional creatures, humans generally respond more positively to messages that evoke emotion. This is why storytelling, which is focused on the emotional aspect, is very effective. Customers want involvement in stories that have an emotional impact, not just being the target of generally monotonous advertising messages. These changes also push companies to seek new communication methods with their audiences. It is where storytelling platforms and channels play a crucial role. Social media is the most common platform that can be used due to its various models (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and Linkedin). Interestingly, some companies are starting to communicate with customers through storytelling, which is shown in the form of short videos or blog reviews. Recent podcasts and live streaming are among the increasingly popular platforms used as storytelling media. It indicates that the company's creativity is being tested, especially in building strong bonds between brands and customers.
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Gray, John S., and Michael Elliott. "The sediment and related environmental factors." In Ecology of Marine Sediments. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198569015.003.0006.
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Our next major question is, how can we characterize the sediment as a habitat for biota? Marine sediments range from coarse gravels in areas subjected to much wave and current action, to muds typical of low-energy estuarine areas and to fine silts and clays in deep-sea sediments. The settling velocity of those particles and the ability of any particle to be re-suspended, moved, and redeposited depends on the prevailing hydrographic regime (e.g. see Open University 2002). The latter will in turn influence the transport of a species´ dispersal stages, especially larvae which will then be allowed to settle following metamorphosis under the appropriate hydrographic conditions (defined as hydrographic concentration). Hence the presence of fine sediments will indicate the depositing/accreting areas which may also be suitable for passively settling organisms. Clearly the particle size is of major importance in characterizing sediments, although sediments can also be categorized by their origin (fluvial, biogenic, cosmogenic, etc.) and their material (quartz, carbonates, clays, etc.) (Open University 2002). On a typical sandy beach the coarsest particles lie at the top of the beach and grade down to the finest sediments at the waterline. The top of the beach is dry and there is much windblown sand, since coarse sands drain rapidly, whereas at the lower end of the beach the sediments are wet, with frequent standing pools. Coarse sediment is found at the top of the shore because as the waves break on the beach the heaviest particles sediment out first. Finer particles remain in suspension longer and are carried seaward on the wave backwash. Beaches change their slope over the seasons, being steeper in winter and shallower in summer. A greater degree of wave energy will produce steeper beaches, as particles are pushed up the beach and so may be stored there, whereas gentle waves produce shallow, sloping beaches. Waves hitting the shore obliquely will create sediment movement as longshore drift. Subtidally, waves are important in distributing and affecting sediments down to depths of 100 m, but the effect decreases exponentially with depth and so the dominant subtidal influences on sediment transport are currents.