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Journal articles on the topic 'PVC electrical cable insulation'
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1
Hadi, Nabipour Afrouzi, Zulkurnain Abdul-Malek, Saeed Vahabi Mashak, and A. R. Naderipour. "Three-Dimensional Potential and Electric Field Distributions in HV Cable Insulation Containing Multiple Cavities." Advanced Materials Research 845 (December 2013): 372–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.845.372.
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Cross-linked polyethylene is widely used as electrical insulation because of its excellent electrical properties such as low dielectric constant, low dielectric loss and also due to its excellent chemical resistance and mechanical flexibility. Nevertheless, the most important reason for failure of high voltage equipment is due to its insulation failure. The electrical properties of an insulator are affected by the presence of cavities within the insulating material, in particular with regard to the electric field and potential distributions. In this paper, the electric field and potential distributions in high voltage cables containing single and multiple cavities are studied. Three different insulating media, namely PE, XLPE, and PVC was modeled. COMSOL software which utilises the finite element method (FEM) was used to carry out the simulation. An 11kV underground cable was modeled in 3D for better observation and analyses of the generated voltage and field distributions. The results show that the electric field is affected by the presence of cavities in the insulation. Furthermore, the field strength and uniformity are also affected by whether cavities are radially or axially aligned, as well as the type of the insulating solid. The effect of insulator type due the presence of cavities was seen most prevalent in PVC followed by PE and then XLPE.
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Edison Selvaraj, D., R. Vijayaraj, U. Satheeshwaran, et al. "Experimental Investigation on Electrical and Mechanical Characteristics of PVC Cable Insulation with Silica Nano Filler." Applied Mechanics and Materials 749 (April 2015): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.749.159.
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Cables are an integral part of the power transmission and distribution network. As the voltage level increases, amount of insulation used in the cable increases. Therefore a need arises for a material with better insulation characteristics to be used in cables. The dielectric strength of cable insulation depends on many factors such as the existence of filler material in the insulation. In this work, laboratory studies on a new filler material for cable insulation have been conducted. The influence of Silicon dioxide (SiO2) filler on the dielectric and mechanical properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cable were analyzed. Comparison is made between the result of measurement and the actual value of the pure specimen. From the results, it is shown that the filler material has improved the dielectric and mechanical properties of the cable insulation.
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Vikas and S. Arya J. "Experimental Investigation of Different Characterisitcs of PVC and XLPE Cables." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 2, no. 6 (2019): 1045–55. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd18830.
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Diagnostic methods for two major cables, PVC and XLPE cables are presented. As a new diagnostic method for the PVC cable insulation, an analysis of the insulation oil sampled from the splices or the end sealing box is proposed. As for diagnostic methods for the XLPE cable insulation, several methods are described to detect water tree deterioration, which is the only major problem with XLPE cables. These methods are classified into off line and live line tests. Especially, newly proposed diagnostic methods are discussed, which can be applied to live line XLPE cables. These are a measuring method of dc current component in ac charging current of cables containing water trees, a method to measure insulation resistance, and a method of detecting electrical tree deterioration in XLPE cable. Vikas | J. S. Arya "Experimental Investigation of Different Characterisitcs of PVC and XLPE Cables" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18830.pdf
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Butt, Yasir, Salman Amin, Muhammad Sohail, and Muhammad Bin Zubaid Ramay. "Parametric change in Insulation Resistance and Breakdown Voltage of Underground PVC Cables under Accelerated Multistress Aging Conditions." Pakistan Journal of Engineering and Technology 4, no. 3 (2021): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.51846/vol4iss3pp31-43.
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PVC is widely used as an electrical insulation for low-voltage indoor wiring and underground cabling. These cables are attacked by contaminants and chemicals present in the soil. The elevated temperatures and pressures inside the soil also adds up to stresses and deteriorates their insulations and sheaths and this eventually goes on damaging the conductors. So their performance in the contaminated service environment should be investigated considering extreme conditions in order to predict and ensure reliable service life. In this research 4 different PVC cable samples (2 core 10 mm2, 4 core 10 mm2, 4 core 120 mm2 and 4 core 240 mm2) were subjected to mechanical (via small punches), thermal, chemical and electrical stress over each core of the cable. Electrical stress was applied with 1 kV AC transformer. These samples were aged for 1000 hours under International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 1000 hours multistress aging conditions. Visual inspection and electrical characterization was done by Breakdown Voltage and Insulation Resistance Test for insulation and sheath at different intervals to investigate early stage degradation and reduction in lifetime. The results were compared with the characterizations already reported in the literature. Physical appearance and chemical degradations were apparent from the visual inspection of end aged samples. Quantitatively the results also indicated the continual decline in the breakdown voltage and insulation resistance over the aging time. Our findings inferred that the depreciation in quality of PVC cables (insulations and sheaths) is likely due to the chemical stresses which also instigates all other stresses
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Vikas and S. Arya J. "A Review on Distribution Cables and Their Diagnostic Methods." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 2, no. 6 (2018): 1039–44. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd18829.
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Diagnostic methods for two major cables, PVC and XLPE cables, are presented. As a new diagnostic method for the PVC cable insulation, an analysis of the insulation oil sampled from the splices or the end sealing box is proposed. As for diagnostic methods for the XLPE cable insulation, several methods are described to detect water tree deterioration, which is the only major problem with XLPE cables. These methods are classified into off line and live line tests. Especially, newly proposed diagnostic methods are discussed, which can be applied to live line XLPE cables. These are a measuring method of dc current component in ac charging current of cables containing water trees, a method to measure insulation resistance, and a method of detecting electrical tree deterioration in XLPE cable. Vikas | J. S. Arya "A Review on Distribution Cables and Their Diagnostic Methods" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18829.pdf
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Leonov, A., and T. Soldatenko. "Resistance evaluation of electrical insulating polymer materials used in flexible cables to operational impact." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. "Physics" Series 108, no. 4 (2022): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2022ph4/72-84.
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The article presents the test results of polymer material properties taking into account the possibility of their application for flexible cables insulation. The main types of cable constructions and their operation features are considered. Existing test determination methods of insulation resistance to thermal, mechanical, electrical and environmental conditions are analyzed. Requirements for laboratory equipment and test conditions are given. Evaluation criteria of test results are noted. Experimental evaluation was carried out for change degree in the properties of the main types of electrical insulation materials used currently during the flexible cable production: polyvinyl chloride compound (PVC), rubber, ethylene propylene rubber (EPR), thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), fluoropolymer. Tests were carried out under the influence of high and low temperatures, aggressive environments, ozone, mechanical loads. The main processes that determine the changes in electrophysical, physical and mechanical properties of the studied materials are described. Resistance of EPR, TPE and fluoropolymer insulation to a wide range of temperatures, mechanical loads, diesel fuel and transformer oil are shown. An increased resistance of EPR to ozone was also noted. Rubber and PVC compound did not pass the tests under the influence of low and high temperatures, showed "poor" resistance to aggressive environments, but passed the mechanical stress tests. Recommendations on tests and application of polymer insulation taking into account the specifics of flexible cables working are presented.
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Li, Xin-jian, Jun Yang, Bing-qiang Yan, and Xiao Zheng. "Insulated Cable Temperature Calculation and Numerical Simulation." MATEC Web of Conferences 175 (2018): 03014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817503014.
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A mathematical model of electrified insulated cable was established to calculate temperature of insulating layer. The insulating layer temperature is determined as a function of the current intensity, time, insulation layer thickness, etc. A widely used polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cable with sectional area of 4 mm2 was selected as example and its insulating layer temperature was simulated using ANSYS. The simulation revealed the evolution of insulating layer temperature with time, and also along radius after a certain time when the cable was applied with 40A and 60A constant current respectively. The analysis method has practical significance to prevent electrical fire and can be applied to analyze spontaneous combustion accident of insulated cable.
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Bilan, T., I. Rezvik, O. Sakhno, O. But, and S. Bogdanov. "Main Approaches to Cable Aging Management at Nuclear Power Plants in Ukraine." Nuclear and Radiation Safety, no. 4(84) (December 19, 2019): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32918/nrs.2019.4(84).07.
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The mechanisms of cable ageing at nuclear power plants (NPPs) mainly depending on the insulation material, as well as the damaging factors affecting cables that are determined by the operating conditions are considered in the paper. The main and additional mechanisms of aging resulting from the effects of damaging factors are provided. The paper presents the main methods of cable aging management: determining the actual service life and testing using field methods and other means. The basic principles for the arrangement of cable aging management at Ukrainian NPPs, as well as the methods used to investigate the technical condition of cables, are presented. A list of mandatory lists has been defined when performing activities on cable aging management. A methodology is described for lifetime extension of cables, and conditions for extending the service life of cables that are in service are provided. A number of methods of testing cables for aging management are considered: visual inspection of insulation and measurement of crack size, discoloration, etc.; insulation hardness test; insulation chemical analysis; electrical insulation tests; tensile strength measurement; measurement of elongation at break; measurements of dielectric loss at low frequency or sweep frequency; testing by dynamic reflectometry method; AC and DC current impedance measurements. The paper presents results of separate laboratory studies for selected 1 kV representative power cables with PVC insulation of SUNPP-1, ZNPP-1 and KhNPP-2 conducted within Ukrainian NPP long-term operation, which included a stage of laboratory examination and examination of cable samples in operating conditions. The following results were obtained: dependence of VVGng 4x6 cable lifetime on operating temperature; dependence of AVVG cable lifetime on operating temperature; dependence of AVVG (a) cable lifetime on operating temperature. There are possibilities and conditions under which the use of cables within long-term operation is permissible.
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Baranov, M. I., S. G. Buriakovskyi, and V. V. Kniaziev. "Destruction of polymer insulation and threshold amplitudes of current pulses of different temporal shapes for electric wires and cables in the low- and high-current circuits of pulse power engineering, electrical engineering and electronic devices." Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, no. 6 (December 3, 2021): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2074-272x.2021.6.05.
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Goal. Development of engineering method for settlement of threshold amplitudes Impk of single-pulse current ip(t) of different temporal shapes for electric wires and cables with polyethylene (PET), polyvinylchloride (PVC) and rubber (R) half-length insulation, used in modern pulsed power engineering, electrical engineering and electronics in their low- and high-current circuits. Methodology. Basis of the theoretical and applied electrical engineering, electrical power engineering, electrophysics bases of technique of high-voltage and large pulsed currents, bases of low- and high-current electronics, measuring technique, electromagnetic compatibility and standardization. Results. Development of engineering method is executed on close calculation determination of threshold amplitudes Impk of single-pulse axial-flow current ip(t) of different temporal shapes for electric wires and cables with copper (aluminum) current-carrying parts and PET, PVC and R half-length insulation, used in the ow- and high-current circuits of pulsed electrical power engineering, electrical engineering and electronics. Electrothermal resistibility of half-length insulation of the examined cable and wire products (CWP), proper maximum to the possible temperatures of heating of current-carrying and insulating parts of the probed wires and cables and shutting out the offensive of the phenomenon destruction in the indicated insulation of CWP, was fixed based on this method. Calculation analytical correlations are obtained for finding in probed CWP of threshold numeral values of Impk amplitudes of pulses of current ip(t), time-varying both on aperiodic dependence of type τf/τp with duration of their front τf and duration of their pulses τp and by law of exponential attenuation sinewave. It is shown that at Imp>Impk destruction of their half-length insulation, resulting in the decline of service life of CWP, will come from the thermal overheat of current-carrying parts of the examined electric wires and cables. The examples of practical application of the offered method are resulted upon settlement for a radiofrequency coaxial cable RC 50-4-11 with middle sizes is easily soiled with continuous PET insulation of threshold amplitudes of Impk of standard aperiodic pulses of current ip(t) from nano-, micro- and millisecond temporal ranges of shape of τf/τp=5 ns/200 ns, τf/τp=10 μs/350 μs and τf/τp=7 ms/160 ms. It is shown that with the proper growth of parameter τp>>τf for flow on a continuous copper tendon and split copper shell of radiofrequency coaxial cable RC 50-4-11 with middle sizes is easily soiled indicated homopolar pulses of current ip(t) substantial diminishing of their threshold amplitudes of Impk (with 531,2 кА for the nanosecond pulse of current of type 5 ns/200 ns to 1.84 кА for the millisecond impulse of current of type of 7 ms/160 ms takes place). Originality. An engineering method is first developed for close settlement of threshold numeral values of Impk amplitudes of single-pulse axial-flow current ip(t) of arbitrary peak-temporal parameters for electric wires and cables with copper (aluminum) current-carrying parts and PET, PVC and R half-length insulation. Practical value. Application in electrical engineering practice of the offered engineering method for determination of threshold amplitudes Impk of the indicated pulses of axial-flow current ip(t) for the probed electric wires and cables will allow considerably to increase service life of examined CWP.
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Grigorev, M. G., H. H. Abakumov, and E. M. Fedorov. "Measurement of geometric parameters of extended objects based on the four-coordinate method with a displacement." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2094, no. 4 (2021): 042089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2094/4/042089.
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Abstract The paper states that the diameter control in the cable industry is one of the fundamental factors in the final product quality. Such control takes place under the condition that data on the diameter of the electrical insulating sheath of the electric cable will be received continuously. It is possible to evaluate the surface quality of the cable insulation coating, to track thinning, thickening, and some other local surface defects when we receive and process data on the object of control in real time. Modern production facilities are focused on resource efficiency. It means that reducing the consumption of expensive cable materials (non-ferrous metals, alloys, glass, polymers) and insulating materials (plastic compounds, PVC, rubber, etc.) will be one of the main factors in setting up a production complex. The continuous control of the diameter has the ability to provide for such a factor, and also makes it possible to automate the adjustment of the diameter as well as the thickness of the insulation coating using the meter as a part of automatic control systems.
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Madani, L., K. S. Belkhir, and S. Belkhiat. "Experimental Study of Electric and Dielectric Behavior of PVC Composites." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 10, no. 1 (2020): 5233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3246.
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Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is usually used as insulation in electrical engineering, mainly as cable insulation sheaths. A method for improving PVC’s dielectric properties, reducing the effects of UV aging, is the use of PVC films doped in alumina and titanium dioxide. This research investigated the influence of alumina and titanium dioxide (Al2O3/TiO2) on the dielectric properties of PVC. Four PVC samples were examined using an RLC impedance analyzer. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was utilized on the sample’s surfaces, exploring the chemical stability of the tested materials. In addition, the volume resistivity and average breakdown voltage of each sample were examined. Doping Al2O3/TiO2 into PVC improved its dielectric properties and volume resistivity while adding more ceramic decreased volume resistivity. Furthermore, the addition of Al2O3/TiO2 caused a significant enhancement in voltage breakdown strength.
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Porowski, Rafał, Robert Kowalik, Piotr Ramiączek, et al. "Application Assessment of Electrical Cables during Smoldering and Flaming Combustion." Applied Sciences 13, no. 6 (2023): 3766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13063766.
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Electrical cables are a potential source of ignition and fire hazards in various types of buildings and industrial installations, as well as in all modes of transportation, including aircraft. Fires in buildings pose the greatest threat to human life and health. The composition of thermal degradation products depends mainly on the type of combustible materials and the type of combustion process—flaming or smoldering. The purpose of this paper was to determine, based on experimental studies, the effects of flaming and smoldering combustion on the response times of fire smoke detectors. In addition, the concentrations of fire gases formed in the process of duct combustion, including CO, SO2, NO2, NO, HCN, HCl, HBr and HF, were measured using an FTIR spectrometer. The results presented confirm the significant effect of the way the cable samples burned on detector tripping time. The highest concentration of smoke (Y) in the test chamber was obtained during flame combustion. It was further found that the characteristics of the cable insulation material used, such as the type of PVC, had a significant effect on the toxicity of the emitted gases. The largest amounts of toxic gases were emitted during the smoldering combustion of a cable with a plasticized PVC sheath.
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Смелков, Г. И., Г. В. Боков, А. А. Варламкин, and О. И. Грузинова. "Topical issues of aging during operation and prediction of fire hazard of cable products including in fire protection systems." Pozharnaia bezopasnost`, no. 3(112) (September 15, 2023): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37657/vniipo.pb.2023.112.3.003.
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В соответствии со статистическими данными кабельные изделия (линии и электропроводки) ежегодно занимают верхнюю строчку в перечне пожарной опасности основных видов электротехнической продукции. Особую опасность представляют пожары на объектах в системах противопожарной защиты, поэтому актуальность проблемы по изучению и снижению пожарной опасности кабельных изделий (КИ) не вызывает сомнений. Весьма очевидным является и тот факт, что пожарная опасность КИ в значительной степени связана со старением электроизоляции, которое, в свою очередь, зависит от условий эксплуатации и срока службы КИ. В статье рассматриваются результаты исследований, которые направлены на поиск критериев, свидетельствующих об «отказном» (прекращение эксплуатации) и пожароопасном уровне старения изоляции кабелей на объекте. Ensuring the fire safety of cable lines and electrical wiring in Russia is traditionally the most acute and urgent problem among all types of electrical installations. This is also confirmed by the statistical data given in the article which show that in 2022 out of more than 60,000 “electric fires” in the country, 68 % are associated with cable lines and electrical wiring. Direct damage from these fires amounted to 78.9 %, and the number of people killed 57.8 %. The article deals with a very important scientific and applied problem of searching physical and chemical indicators that characterize the “failure” (for further operation of cables) state caused by the aging of insulating materials of cable products, in order to use them (indicators) for the prevention of accidents and fires in power networks. The search was carried out using experimental and analytical methods for determining the critical state of insulation (sheaths), based either on the assessment of changes in their mechanical properties (elasticity, tensile strength, etc.), or (for PVC materials) – on the critical value of the concentration of the plasticizer in the sample structure. The method given in the paper for determining the predicted service life of cable products which indirectly characterize their fire hazard, has scientific and applied significance. The calculation is carried out on the basis of the Arrhenius equation using experimentally determined values of the activation energy of insulating materials during their aging, as well as taking into account the data obtained during accelerated thermal tests. The article presents generalized results of research and analysis of literature data on the insignificant effect of the aging process on modern fire-resistant insulating materials used for the manufacture of fire-resistant cables for fire protection systems. In cable products for general industrial purposes with insulation and sheaths made of PVC-compounds, mechanical properties deteriorate significantly during aging (loss of elasticity, brittleness, etc.), while combustibility and, consequently, the rate of combustion spread (due to desorption of the plasticizer) – decreases..
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Putra, Bayu Kurnia, Frandika Laksa Aditia, Muchammad Rafi Syaifulah, Aina Afrina Fairuziya, Aditya Subakti, and Ita Suhermin Ingsih. "Potensi Sampah Anorganik Berbahan Pvc Dengan Tambahan Nano Precipitated Calcium Carbonate Dan Plasticizer Untuk Isolator Kabel Guna Keamanan Bangunan." Media Ilmiah Teknik Sipil 12, no. 3 (2024): 229–36. https://doi.org/10.33084/mits.v12i3.8678.
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The issue of plastic waste, particularly PVC, has become a serious environmental concern in Indonesia due to population growth, which has led to an increase in waste volume. PVC waste is challenging to recycle and often causes environmental problems, such as flooding and fires due to electrical short circuits. This study aims to reduce PVC waste by processing it into a safer and more environmentally friendly cable insulator. The research methods include the collection, sorting, mixing, and testing of PVC waste with the addition of Nano Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (NPCC) and a plasticizer. The results indicate that the PVC waste-based cable insulator possesses adequate tensile strength and elasticity, as well as electrical resistance that meets the standards of SNI 04-6629:2011 and SPLN 42-2:1992. The conclusion of this study is that the utilization of PVC waste as a cable insulator can reduce environmental problems and improve the safety of electrical installations.
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Ali Akbar, Muhammad, Syahrul Humaidi, Kerista Tarigan, Dadan Ramdan, Erna Frida, and Yulianta Siregar. "Overcurrent effects on copper insulated PVC cables and fire resistance via thermal imaging and macrostructure analysis." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 14, no. 2 (2025): 1014–25. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v14i2.8628.
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This study investigates the effects of overcurrent on copper (Cu) insulated polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cables, focusing on their thermal behavior and fire resistance. We utilized thermal imaging, macrostructural analysis, and Joule heating calculations to evaluate six cable samples subjected to various currents. Results showed that with increasing current, the temperature of the cables rose significantly. For example, the CC0 sample, with no current, had a temperature of 36 °C, while the CC110 sample, subjected to 110 A, reached 1,091 °C. Joule heating calculations indicated energy values ranging from 0 J for the CC0 sample to 7,260,000 J for the CC110 sample. Physical observations included minor deformations at 253 °C and complete insulation loss at 1,091 °C. These findings emphasize the critical need for managing overcurrent to prevent severe cable damage and enhance system safety. This research provides practical insights for optimizing cable design and improving thermal management, offering valuable contributions to electrical engineering practices.
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Paun, C., D. E. Gavrila, J. Pintea, et al. "Studies About Gamma-Ray Irradiation of PVC Plates Used in Electric Cable Insulation." Scientific Bulletin of Electrical Engineering Faculty 23, no. 1 (2023): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sbeef-2023-0007.
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Abstract In this paper, studies concerning the changes brought by gamma radiation on some PVC plates were made. The respective samples were exposed to gamma irradiation, at room temperature and different doses, such as (10, 20, 40, 80) kGy. The changes in the irradiated PVC plates’ properties were studied by UV-Vis, electrical measurements, and SEM analysis on non-irradiated and irradiated samples. The results show that gamma irradiation affects the properties of PVC plates. This degradation leads to the appearance of free radicals, the interruption of polymer chains, reticulation, and the decrease of molecular weight.
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Prathamesh, P. Regade, V. Patil Ruturaj, P. Shete Shravan, G. Jain Aditya, and M. Patil P. "Development of prototype Model of Waste Wire separation Machine." Journal of Recent Activities in Production 5, no. 1 (2020): 21–24. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3754083.
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The aim of this project is to make the mechanical design of an automatic scrap wire separating machine. Recycling of electrical cable wire waste requires a separation between the metal and the insulating material. The objective of this project is to separate copper wire from PVC (polyvinylchloride) in the electrical cable. This information is analyzed to know the size of cable and speed of motor which is used in stripping and separating process. The relationship is made for different size of electrical cables and height of the pulley to various size of cable can be feed. Design of this machine is performed using Solid works and Computer Aided Drafting (CAD).
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M.I., Baranov, Buriakovskyi S.G., and Kniaziev V.V. "Destruction of polymer insulation and threshold amplitudes of current pulses of different temporal shapes for electric wires and cables in the low- and high-current circuits of pulse power engineering, electrical engineering and electronic devices." Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, no. 6 (December 3, 2021): 31–38. https://doi.org/10.20998/2074-272X.2021.6.05.
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<strong><em>Goal.</em></strong><em> Development of engineering method for settlement of threshold amplitudes I<sub>mpk</sub> of single-pulse current i<sub>p</sub>(t) of different temporal shapes for electric wires and cables with polyethylene (PET), polyvinylchloride (PVC) and rubber (R) half-length insulation, used in modern pulsed power engineering, electrical engineering and electronics in their low- and high-current circuits. <strong>Methodology.</strong> Basis of the theoretical and applied electrical engineering, electrical power engineering, electrophysics bases of technique of high-voltage and large pulsed currents, bases of low- and high-current electronics, measuring technique, electromagnetic compatibility and standardization. <strong>Results.</strong> Development of engineering method is executed on close calculation determination of threshold amplitudes I<sub>mpk</sub> of single-pulse axial-flow current i<sub>p</sub>(t) of different temporal shapes for electric wires and cables with copper (aluminum) current-carrying parts and PET, PVC and R half-length insulation, used in the ow- and high-current circuits of pulsed electrical power engineering, electrical engineering and electronics. Electrothermal resistibility of half-length insulation of the examined cable and wire products (CWP), proper maximum to the possible temperatures of heating of current-carrying and insulating parts of the probed wires and cables and shutting out the offensive of the phenomenon destruction in the indicated insulation of CWP, was fixed based on this method</em>. <em>Calculation analytical correlations are obtained for finding in probed CWP of threshold numeral values of I<sub>mpk</sub> amplitudes of pulses of current i<sub>p</sub>(t), time-varying both on aperiodic dependence of type </em><em>τ<sub>f</sub>/τ<sub>p</sub> with duration of their front τ<sub>f</sub> and duration of their pulses τ<sub>p</sub> and by law of exponential attenuation sinewave. It is shown that at I<sub>mp</sub>>I<sub>mpk </sub>destruction of their half-length insulation, resulting in the decline of service life of CWP, will come from the thermal overheat of current-carrying parts of the examined electric wires and cables. The examples of practical application of the offered method are resulted upon settlement for a radiofrequency coaxial cable RC 50-4-11 with middle sizes is easily soiled with continuous PET insulation of threshold amplitudes of I<sub>mpk</sub> of standard aperiodic pulses of current i<sub>p</sub>(t) from nano-, micro- and millisecond temporal ranges of shape of τ<sub>f</sub>/τ<sub>p</sub>=5 ns/200 ns, τ<sub>f</sub>/τ<sub>p</sub>=10 μs/350 μs and τ<sub>f</sub>/τ<sub>p</sub>=7 ms/160 ms</em>. <em>It is shown that with the proper growth of parameter </em><em>τ<sub>p</sub>>>τ<sub>f</sub> for flow on a continuous copper tendon and split copper shell of radiofrequency coaxial cable RC 50-4-11 with middle sizes is easily soiled indicated homopolar pulses of current i<sub>p</sub>(t) substantial diminishing of their threshold amplitudes of I<sub>mpk </sub>(with 531,2 кА for the nanosecond pulse of current of type 5 ns/200 ns to 1.84 кА for the millisecond impulse of current of type of 7 ms/160 ms takes place). <strong>Originality.</strong> An engineering method is first developed for close settlement of threshold numeral values of I<sub>mpk</sub> amplitudes of single-pulse axial-flow current i<sub>p</sub>(t) of arbitrary peak-temporal parameters for electric wires and cables with copper (aluminum) current-carrying parts and PET, PVC and R half-length insulation. <strong>Practical value.</strong> Application in electrical engineering practice of the offered engineering method for determination of threshold amplitudes I<sub>mpk</sub> of the indicated pulses of axial-flow current i<sub>p</sub>(t) for the probed electric wires and cables will allow considerably to increase service life of examined CWP.</em>
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Balasubramanian, K. R., S. P. Sivapirakasham, and Jiss Mathew. "Analysis of Chemical Degradative Effects on Low Voltage PVC Insulation Using DSC." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 2475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.2475.
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PVC insulation has extensively been used for insulating low voltage electrical cables. They offer superior insulating properties but how ageing and exposure could affect their insulation properties is a matter of concern. Chemical exposure related failure modes are known but have received only limited study. The traditional testing methods like insulation testing could only test whether the present properties are satisfactory. The application of thermal analysis methods like differential scanning calorimetry could identify the variation in thermal characteristics with respect to ageing and chemical exposure. Polluted environments may cause a direct attack upon a polymer. It has been concluded that significant changes in the behavior of insulation occurs in acidic environment that may lead to insulation failures.
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Berrag, A., S. Belkhiat, and L. Madani. "Investigation of dielectric behavior of the PVC/BaTiO3 composite in low-frequencies." International Journal of Modern Physics B 32, no. 09 (2018): 1850110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979218501102.
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Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is widely used as insulator in electrical engineering especially as cable insulation sheaths. In order to improve the dielectric properties, polymers are mixed with ceramics. In this paper, PVC composites with different weight percentages 2 wt.%, 5 wt.%, 8 wt.% and 10 wt.% were prepared and investigated. Loss index ([Formula: see text]) and dielectric constant ([Formula: see text]) have been measured using an impedance analyzer RLC. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) have been used as characterization techniques. The incorporation of BaTiO3 does not modify the crystallinity and the morphology of the PVC but reduces the space charges, therefore the dielectric losses. The frequency response analysis has been followed in the frequency ranges (20–140 Hz and 115–1 MHz). Relaxation frequencies have been evaluated in each frequency range. Experimental measurements have been validated using Cole–Cole’s model. Experimental results show well that BaTiO3 as a filler improves the dielectric properties of PVC.
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Wang, Ji, Wen Hua Song, Zhong Jun Shu, and Miao Zhang. "The Protective Effect of the Intumescent Coating on the Fire Resistance Performance of Cable." Applied Mechanics and Materials 423-426 (September 2013): 714–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.714.
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The failure time of polyvinylchloride (PVC) insulated power cables was studied using an infrared radiation heating furnace and insulation resistance measurements. The temperature-time curve inside the furnace was similar to that of the ISO 834 standard. Two popular fire protection methods were employed for the cables; one method applied fire-retardant coatings directly on the cable surface, and the other inserted the cables into metal conduits coated with structural steel fire-retardant coating. The results showed that for both protection methods, the failure time of the cable increased with the thickness of the coating. However, if the cable coatings were thicker than 1.5 mm, the coating will crack in the case of cable movement. When the steel structural coating was thinner than 1 mm or thicker than 3 mm, the protective effect was not remarkable for the relatively small expansion multiple. For the longest failure time of the cables, less than 10 minutes in these tests, neither of the two methods was effective in protecting the electrical cables that supply power (on transmit a signal) to equipment required to operate over a relatively long duration in fire conditions.
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Madani, L., K. S. Belkhir, and S. Belkhiat. "Experimental Study of Electric and Dielectric Behavior of PVC Composites." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 10, no. 1 (2020): 5233–36. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3659564.
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Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is usually used as insulation in electrical engineering, mainly as cable insulation sheaths. A method for improving PVC’s dielectric properties, reducing the effects of UV aging, is the use of PVC films doped in alumina and titanium dioxide. This research investigated the influence of alumina and titanium dioxide (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub>) on the dielectric properties of PVC. Four PVC samples were examined using an RLC impedance analyzer. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was utilized on the sample’s surfaces, exploring the chemical stability of the tested materials. In addition, the volume resistivity and average breakdown voltage of each sample were examined. Doping Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> into PVC improved its dielectric properties and volume resistivity while adding more ceramic decreased volume resistivity. Furthermore, the addition of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/TiO<sub>2 </sub>caused a significant enhancement in voltage breakdown strength.
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Мещеряков, А. В., Т. П. Диалектова, А. Н. Задиранов та ін. "ОБРАБОТКА КАБЕЛЯ КАРБОНОВЫМИ КИСЛОТАМИ". Metallurg, № 2-2025 (25 лютого 2025): 92–100. https://doi.org/10.52351/00260827_2025_2_92.
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Известно, что отработавшие свой ресурс электрические кабели с полихлорвиниловой изоляцией большей частью так и остаются в земле, либо направляются на свалку, где их накопительные объемы составляют порядка 70 000 т в год. В этой связи возникает интерес вторичного использования алюминия и меди, для чего разрабатываются различные технологические схемы разделки кабеля. Как правило, это либо механическая разделка, либо технологии высокотемпературного обжига и химической обработки в органических растворителях (дихлорэтан, ацетон, диэтиловый эфир и др.), способных растворять содержащиеся в изоляции пластификаторы, что приводит к неоправданной растрате алюминия и меди. Кроме того, в сочетании с вновь формируемыми механическими и дымовыми отходами, возникает дополнительная серьезная экологическая нагрузка на окружающую среду. Представляет интерес разработка альтернативного и экологически чистого процесса обработки кабеля в растворах слабых карбоновых кислот (уксусной и лимонной), горячей и холодной воде, а также изучение закономерности процесса эффективной обработки защитной полихлорвиниловой изоляции кабельного лома в слабых карбоновых кислотах, горячей и холодной воде. Проведены исследования: – по обработке образцов кабеля в слабых карбоновых кислотах; в горячей и холодной воде; – кинетики изменения массы образца; – механических характеристик ПВХ изоляции. В результате экспериментально установлена зависимость повышения прочности полихлорвиниловой изоляции от степени ее набухания. Показано, что упрочнение изоляции составляет порядка 400–1200% в зависимости от типа раствора. Изучена кинетика процесса набухания полихлорвиниловой изоляции кабеля различных типов. Показано, что их константы скорости имеют достаточно близкие значения, что говорит об общем физико-химическом характере процесса поглощения изоляцией жидкости. Методом регрессионно-корреляционного анализа проведена оптимизация параметров процесса выдержки образцов полихлорвиниловой изоляции в растворах слабых карбоновых кислот, горячей и холодной воде. Показано, что в случае оптимизации регулируемых параметров степень упрочнения ПВХ изоляции возрастет до 4800–5280%. Получены соответствующие эмпирические зависимости процесса упрочнения ПВХ изоляции вида: Y = α0·f(x1)·f(x2)·…·f(xn), где в качестве аргумента функции выступают: степень набухания образца; длительности процесса; температуры и кислотности раствора. It is known that spent electrical cables with polyvinyl chloride insulation (PVC) mostly remain in the ground, or are sent to a landfill, where their cumulative volume is about 70,000 tons per year. In this regard, there is an interest in the recycling of aluminum and copper, for which various technological schemes for cutting cables are being developed. As a rule, this is either mechanical cutting, or technologies of high-temperature firing and chemical treatment in organic solvents (dichloroethane, acetone, diethyl ether, etc.), capable of dissolving plasticizers contained in the insulation, which leads to unjustified waste of aluminum and copper. In addition, in combination with newly generated mechanical and smoke waste, there is an additional serious environmental burden on the environment. It is of interest to develop an alternative and environmentally friendly process for treating cables in solutions of weak carboxylic acids (acetic and citric), hot and cold water. The purpose of this work is to study the regularity of the process of efficiency of processing protective polyvinyl chloride (PVC) insulation of cable scrap in weak carboxylic acids, cold and hot water. To achieve this goal, the following studies were conducted: – processing of cable samples in weak carboxylic acids, cold and hot water; – kinetics of change in sample mass; – mechanical characteristics of PVC insulation. As a result of the work, the dependence of increasing the strength of PVC insulation on the degree of its swelling has been experimentally established. It has been shown that the strengthening of the insulation is about 400–1200%, depending on the type of solution. The kinetics of the swelling process of PVC insulation of various types of cable has been studied. It is shown that their rate constants have fairly close values, which indicates the general physicochemical nature of the absorption process by liquid insulation. Using the method of regression-correlation analysis, the parameters of the process of aging PVC insulation samples in solutions of weak carboxylic acids, hot and cold water were optimized. It has been shown that in case of optimization of the controlled parameters, the degree of strengthening of PVC insulation will increase to 4800–5280%. The corresponding empirical dependences of the PVC insulation strengthening process are obtained in the form: Y=α0·f(x1)·f(x2)·...·f(xn), where the function argument is: the degree of swelling of the sample; the duration of the process; the temperature and acidity of the solution.
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Csányi, Gergely Márk, Semih Bal, and Zoltán Ádám Tamus. "Dielectric Measurement Based Deducted Quantities to Track Repetitive, Short-Term Thermal Aging of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Cable Insulation." Polymers 12, no. 12 (2020): 2809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12122809.
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The effect of short-term (3- and 6-h-long) periodic thermal aging was investigated at three different temperatures on PVC cables and PVC films. Three different temperatures (110, 125, and 140 °C) were used for aging PVC cables and one (110 °C) for PVC films. PVC films were prepared for the investigation containing 0, 30, 40, and 50 weight percent of dioctyl phthalate plasticizer (DOP). The effect of short-term thermal aging was monitored by electrical (dielectric spectrum and voltage response measurement) and mechanical (Shore D hardness) methods. From the loss factor measurements, different deducted quantities were calculated and compared with Shore D hardness, which has been shown to be a parameter reflecting the effect of short-term thermal aging on PVC insulation. The measurements revealed that Shore D hardness is not the best property for monitoring aging. Instead, increasing dissipated power and the shifting behavior of tan δ–frequency curves proved to be the best phenomena for assessing the impact of thermal aging. Simple deducted quantities may provide a basis for following short-term thermal aging.
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Thabet, Ahmed, Youssef Mobarak, Nourhan Salem, and A. M. El-noby. "Performance comparison of selection nanoparticles for insulation of three core belted power cables." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 3 (2020): 2779. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i3.pp2779-2786.
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This paper presents an investigation on the enhancement of electrical insulations of power cables materials using a new multi-nanoparticles technique. It has been studied the effect of adding specified types and concentrations of nanoparticles to polymeric materials such as PVC for controlling on electric and dielectric performance. Prediction of effective dielectric constant has been done for the new nanocomposites based on Interphase Power Law (IPL) model. The multi-nanoparticles technique has been succeeded for enhancing electric and dielectric performance of power cables insulation compared with adding individual nanoparticles. Finally, it has been investigated on electric field distribution in the new proposed modern insulations for three-phase core belted power cables. This research has focused on studying development of PVC nanocomposite materials performance with electric field distribution superior to the unfilled matrix, and has stressed particularly the effect of filler volume fraction on the electric field distribution.
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Ahmed, Thabet, Mobarak Youssef, Salem Nourhan, and M. El-noby A. "Performance comparison of selection nanoparticles for insulation of three core belted power cables." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 3 (2020): 2779–86. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i3.pp2779-2786.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents an investigation on the enhancement of electrical insulations of power cables materials using a new multi-nanoparticles technique. It has been studied the effect of adding specified types and concentrations of nanoparticles to polymeric materials such as PVC for controlling on electric and dielectric performance. Prediction of effective dielectric constant has been done for the new nanocomposites based on Interphase Power Law (IPL) model. The multi-nanoparticles technique has been succeeded for enhancing electric and dielectric performance of power cables insulation compared with adding individual nanoparticles. Finally, it has been investigated on electric field distribution in the new proposed modern insulations for three-phase core belted power cables. This research has focused on studying development of PVC nanocomposite materials performance with electric field distribution superior to the unfilled matrix, and has stressed particularly the effect of filler volume fraction on the electric field distribution.
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Koç, Gökçe, and Ömer Işık. "The Effect of Temperature and Current on the Insulation Performance of PE and PVC Power Cables: A Finite Element Approach." Energies 18, no. 6 (2025): 1366. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18061366.
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In this study, a numerical simulation was used to evaluate the insulation performance of polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) under varied environmental and electrical conditions. Tests were conducted at temperatures of 22 °C and 55 °C, with current levels of 40 A and 60 A, examining key parameters such as electric field intensity, current density, and Joule heating. The results show that, under lower temperature and current conditions, PE demonstrates greater current capacity but suffers from increased Joule heating and energy loss. Conversely, PVC provides more stable insulation with lower energy dissipation. At higher temperatures and currents, PE experiences significant electrical stress and thermal loading, increasing the risk of overheating, while PVC maintains consistent performance. These findings offer valuable guidance for selecting optimal insulation materials in power distribution systems.
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Bal, Semih, and Zoltán Ádám Tamus. "A Method for Assessing the Degradation of PVC-Insulated Low-Voltage Distribution Cables Exposed to Short-Term Cyclic Aging." Electronics 13, no. 6 (2024): 1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13061085.
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The distribution grid comprises cables with diverse constructions. The insulating material used in low-voltage (LV) distribution cables is predominantly PVC. Furthermore, the presence of cables with different structures in the grid poses challenges in detecting the aging of the cable network. Finding a universal and dependable condition-monitoring technique that can be applied to various types of cables is indeed a challenge. The diverse construction and materials used in different cables make it difficult to identify a single monitoring approach that can effectively assess the condition of all cables. To address this issue, this study aims to compare the thermal aging behavior of different LV distribution cables with various structures, i.e., one cable contains a PVC belting layer, while the other contains filler material. The growing adoption of distributed generation sources, electric vehicles, and new consumer appliances in low-voltage distribution grids can lead to short, repetitive overloads on the low-voltage cable network. Hence, these cable samples were exposed to short-term cyclic accelerated aging in the climate chamber at 110 °C. The cable’s overall behavior under thermal stress was evaluated through frequency and time domain electrical measurements (including tan δ and extended voltage response) and a mechanical measurement (Shore D). The tan δ was measured in the frequency range of 20 Hz–500 kHz by using the Wayne-Kerr impedance analyzer. The extended voltage response measurement was conducted using a C# application developed in-house specifically for laboratory measurements in the .NET environment. The study observed a strong correlation between the different measurement methods used, indicating that electrical methods have the potential to be adopted as a non-destructive condition-monitoring technique.
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Mahmoud, Ahmed Mohammed, Loai S. Nasrat, and Abd Allah Ahmed Ibrahim. "Dielectric Properties of Polymer Blends Using Least Square Method." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 2, no. 1 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2017.2.1.207.
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Poly vinyl chloride (PVC) is widely used in high and medium voltage cables insulation due to its low dielectric losses and its ability to improve cables properties in high temperatures. This paper aims to improve PVC electrical properties (dielectric strength) for high voltage and medium voltage cables in respect of mechanical characteristics by adding ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM). Blends of PVC with EPDM were prepared with 0%, 20%, 35%, 50%, 65%, 80%, and 100% by weight percentages concentration. The dielectric strength of the blends was tested in several conditions such as dry, wet and salty wet condition. Tensile strength test was applied to check mechanical properties of the blends. Results were analyzed using least square method in a way to determine the optimum percentage of mixing PVC/EPDM blend, which gives the best of electrical and mechanical properties under different conditions.
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Mahmoud, Ahmed Mohammed, Loai S. Nasrat, and Abd Allah Ahmed Ibrahim. "Dielectric Properties of Polymer Blends Using Least Square Method." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 2, no. 1 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2017.2.1.207.
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Poly vinyl chloride (PVC) is widely used in high and medium voltage cables insulation due to its low dielectric losses and its ability to improve cables properties in high temperatures. This paper aims to improve PVC electrical properties (dielectric strength) for high voltage and medium voltage cables in respect of mechanical characteristics by adding ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM). Blends of PVC with EPDM were prepared with 0%, 20%, 35%, 50%, 65%, 80%, and 100% by weight percentages concentration. The dielectric strength of the blends was tested in several conditions such as dry, wet and salty wet condition. Tensile strength test was applied to check mechanical properties of the blends. Results were analyzed using least square method in a way to determine the optimum percentage of mixing PVC/EPDM blend, which gives the best of electrical and mechanical properties under different conditions.
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Avci, Beyza, Ibrahim Dalmis, and Serdar Yilmaz. "SOFT PVC COMPOUNDING EXTRUDER DESIGN." Journal of the Technical University of Gabrovo 65 (December 2022): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.62853/klgm8197.
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Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is one of the most preferred thermoplastics in the world due to its compatibility with various additives. PVC products are examined in two groups soft and rigid. Sheath, insulation, and filling materials used in electrical cables are some of the common usage areas of soft PVC. In this study, a soft PVC compound extruder machine was designed and manufactured. The system consists of 6 components: powder feeding system, main rotor, discharge transfer screw system, pelletizer, pellet cooling (cooler) unit and main control panel (HMI). In the designed and produced machine, the temperature values can be entered into the HMI panel according to the desired formulation, and the temperatures of the desired sections can be controlled during the compound production using thermocouples. Heating is brought to the desired level using PID control with resistances, cooling with fans in the main screw area and water in the transfer area. During the compound production process, many values such as temperature and pressure values can be controlled from the material feeding section to the pelletizer section. The density of the soft PVC compound produced was measured as 1.475 gr/cm3 . The test sample was produced from PVC compound, which was produced via the compounder designed and manufactured in this study, with a laboratory-type extruder. Tensile and elongation tests were carried out according to the ISO 527-2 test method. As a result of the test, it was observed that produced soft PVC compound extended by 280%. As a result of the experiments, it has been determined that the designed and manufactured compounder machine produces the sheath, insulation and filling materials (Plasticized PVC) used in the electrical cables appropriately.
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M., I. Baranov. "A CHOICE OF ACCEPTABLE SECTIONS OF ELECTRIC WIRES AND CABLES IN ON-BOARD CIRCUITS OF AIRCRAFT ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT." Electrical engineering & electromechanics, no. 1 (February 19, 2020): 39–46. https://doi.org/10.20998/2074-272X.2020.1.06.
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<strong><em>Purpose.</em></strong><em> Implementation of choice of maximum permissible sections S<sub>il</sub> of the uninsulated</em><strong> </strong><em>wires and insulated wires (cables) with copper (aluminum) cores (shells) in the on-board power circuits of electrical equipment of different aircrafts with AC current of frequency f>50 Hz. <strong>Methodology.</strong> Theoretical bases of the electrical engineering, electrophysics bases of technique of high voltage and high pulsed currents, applied thermal physics. <strong>Results.</strong> The engineering approach is developed for a calculation choice on the condition of thermal resistibility of aircraft cable-conductor products (CCP) of maximum permissible sections S<sub>il</sub> of the uninsulated wires, insulated wires and cables with copper (aluminum) cores (shells),</em> <em>polyvinyl chloride (PVC), rubber (R) and polyethylene (PET) insulation, on which in malfunction of operation of on-board aircraft network with AC frequency of f>50 Hz flows of i<sub>k</sub>(t) current at single phase short circuit (SC) with given amplitude-temporal parameters. It is determined that in the on-board power circuits of electrical equipment of aircrafts (f=400 Hz; for permanent time of slump of T<sub>a</sub>=3 ms of аperiodic constituent of current of SC) maximum permissible amplitudes of current</em><em> density of δ<sub>ilm</sub>≈I<sub>mk</sub>/S<sub>il</sub> of single phase SC at time of its disconnecting t<sub>kC</sub>=5 ms in the on-board network of aircraft without dependence on the numerical value of amplitude I<sub>mk</sub> of the given current of SC for the uninsulated wires with copper (aluminum) cores is accordingly about 2.48 (1.40) kA/mm<sup>2</sup>, for wires (cables) with copper (aluminum) cores (shells) and PVC (R) with insulation – 1.85 (1.18) kA/mm<sup>2</sup>, and for wires (cables) with copper (aluminum) cores (shells) and PET insulation – 1.53 (0.99) kA/mm<sup>2</sup>. The influence on a choice in the on-board network of aircrafts of maximum permissible sections S<sub>il</sub> of its CCP and accordingly maximum permissible amplitudes of current density δ<sub>ilm</sub> of current copper (aluminum) parts of its wires and cables of frequency f of AC in the on-board network of aircraft is determined, but duration of flow t<sub>kC</sub> (time of disconnecting) renders in the on-board network of aircrafts of emergency current of SC i<sub>k</sub>(t. For diminishing in the on-board power circuits of electrical equipment of aircrafts of maximum permissible sections S<sub>il</sub> of the electric wires (cables) applied in them and accordingly providing of decline for different aircrafts of mass and overall indicators of their on-board CCP is needed in the on-boar networks of aircrafts along with the use of enhance frequency of f=400 Hz of AC to apply the fast-acting devices of their protecting from SC in course of time wearing-outs of t<sub>a</sub><<100 ms. It isshown that application of enhance frequency of f=400 Hz of AC in the on-board networks of aircrafts as compared to its frequency of f=50 Hz results in the considerable increase (in four times) of fast-acting of devices of their protection from SC, operation of which is based on the air electric explosion of metallic wire. <strong>Originality.</strong> First for the on-board network of aircrafts with AC of frequency of f=400 Hz the maximum permissible sections S<sub>il</sub> and amplitudes of current density δ<sub>ilm</sub> of SC are determined for the uninsulated wires and insulated wires (cables) with copper (aluminum) cores (shells), PVC, R and PET insulation. <strong>Practical value.</strong> Theobtained results will be used in the increase of thermal resistibility of CCP with copper (aluminum) cores (shells), PVC, R and PET insulation applied in the on-board electric networks of different aircrafts. </em>
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Brebu, Mihai, Cornelia Vasile, Smaranda Rovana Antonie, et al. "Study of the natural ageing of PVC insulation for electrical cables." Polymer Degradation and Stability 67, no. 2 (2000): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-3910(99)00114-7.
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Akbar, Muhammad Ali, Kerista Tarigan, Syahrul Humaidi, Dadan Ramdan, and Yulianta Siregar. "Electromigration Effects in Overcurrent PVC-Insulated Copper Wire: Failure and Deformation Impacts." Science and Technology Indonesia 9, no. 3 (2024): 735–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26554/sti.2024.9.3.735-744.
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Electromigration is a critical issue in materials science and electrical engineering, significantly impacting the reliability and efficiency of electrical systems. This study investigates the electromigration behavior of PVC-insulated copper wires under various overcurrent conditions, focusing on material degradation and electrical performance. Copper cables, identified as 046620.3 Eterna CU/PVC 1.5 mm2, were subjected to currents ranging from 0 to 110 A. The mean time to failure (MTTF) was calculated using Black’s equation, revealing a sharp decline in MTTF with increasing current density. Surface morphology analysis using SEM showed the formation of voids and hillocks at higher currents, indicating severe electromigration damage. XRF analysis demonstrated significant changes in the elemental composition, particularly a reduction in copper content and an increase in chlorine and other elements, suggesting degradation of the PVC insulation. FTIR spectroscopy revealed substantial chemical changes in the PVC material, especially under extreme overcurrent conditions, highlighting dehydrochlorination and carbonyl group formation. There is a clear relationship between overcurrent conditions and electromigration phenomena, as evidenced by the observed damage to surface morphology, changes in elemental composition, and alterations in the chemical structure of PVC. The mechanisms and causes of electromigration are explained comprehensively in this work, illustrating how increased overcurrent accelerates the electromigration process, leading to the formation of voids and hillocks in the copper conductor. This damage is accompanied by a significant reduction in copper content and an increase in chlorine levels, indicating the degradation of PVC insulation. FTIR spectra further confirmed these findings by showing chemical changes such as dehydrochlorination and carbonyl group formation under high current stress. The MTTF values reflect the severity of these impacts, with samples exposed to higher currents showing drastically reduced lifespans. For instance, samples subjected to 100 A and 110 A currents exhibited MTTF values of 0.2 minutes and 0.004 minutes, respectively.
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Petraru, Filip, and Marcel Popa. "Influence of the Stabilization System on the Rheological Behaviour of Plasticized PVC for Cables’ Insulation." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 4, no. 1 (2017): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj517.
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The paper is devoted to the rheological study of plasticized PVC - based compositions for cables’ insulation, stabilized with three different systems (Ba laurate/Cd laurate, Sn dibutyl mercaptide, Pb bibasic stearate/Pb bibasic fosfite) in variable ratios. Starting from some measured parameters, several rheological properties - characteristic for the viscous and, respectively, elastic component of flowing - have been calculated (counter pressure, worm gear’s rotation moment, shear stress at the wall, apparent viscosity, standard viscosity and the viscosity index, output pressure from the rheological nozzle, swelling, relaxation time, first function of the normal unitary stresses, index of elasticity). The observation to be made is that the system of thermal stabilization influences strongly the rheological behaviour by both its nature and amount, which requires a careful consideration of the effects, when products of different types are to be designed. The best thermal stabilization is assured by the Pb bibasic stearate/Pb bibasic fosfite - based system. The obtained recipes have been subsequently characterized from the viewpoint of their thermal stability and, equally, of some of their electrical properties. It was observed that the system of thermal stabilization strongly influences the thermal stability as well as the electrical properties of the plasticized PVC recipes. The highest values of thermal stability, which correlated with corresponding electrical properties, have been attained for the Pb- based system. When different stabilization systems are employed, the transparent, translucent or opaque insulations may be obtained.
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Hutagaol, Antonio Gogo, Muhammad Ilham Bayquni, Jan Setiawan, et al. "Effect of gamma radiation on semi-crystalline polyvinyl chloride polymer for low-voltage cable insulator." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 14, no. 2 (2025): 823–32. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v14i2.7940.
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This study explores the properties of semi-crystalline polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymer as insulation material for low-voltage (LV) cables under high gamma radiation exposure. Test samples underwent gamma radiation (60Co) at doses of 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 kGy. The evaluation encompassed surface morphology, electrical conductivity, thermal characteristics, and mechanical properties via tensile tests. Electron microscopy observation indicated surface smoothing and flattening occurred at an irradiation dose of 800 kGy. Gamma radiation with increasing doses results in similar thermogram profiles with slight differences in melting temperature and residue mass. The sample irradiated at a gamma dose of 25 kGy generates an increase in the percentage of crystallinity, indicating the occurrence of crosslinking, while other doses exhibit a decrease of crystallinity with increasing radiation dose. Tensile stress significantly dropped up to 400 kGy but increased at 800 kGy. Elongation at break (EAB) decreased with higher gamma radiation doses. Overall, materials up to 800 kGy remained non-brittle, serving as effective insulators and demonstrating thermal stability within high gamma radiation exposure conditions.
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Mota-Panizio, Roberta, Manuel Jesús Hermoso-Orzáez, Luís Carmo-Calado, et al. "Energy Recovery via Thermal Gasification from Waste Insulation Electrical Cables (WIEC)." Applied Sciences 10, no. 22 (2020): 8253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10228253.
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The recovery of noble metals from electrical wires and cables results in waste materials such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethylene (PE), that is, waste insulation electrical cables (WIEC), which have been processed by gasification for energy recovery. This study focused on the effect of blending the ratio of WIEC on the gasification feedstock composition and the lower heating value (LHV) of produced syngas, through controlled tests and tests under different loads on the generator. The controlled gasification experiments were carried out at blending ratios between pine biomass and WIEC of 90:10, 80:20, and 70:30 and with pine biomass only (100%). For the loads gasification, the experiments were carried out at a blending ratio of 80:20. The controlled experimental results presented that the highest hydrogen content, approximated 17.7 vol.%, was observed at a blending ratio of 70:30 between pine biomass and WIEC and the highest LHV of syngas was observed at a blending ratio of 90:10, with 5.7 MJ/Nm3. For the load gasification experiments, the results showed that the highest hydrogen content was obtained with a load of 15 kW in the generator, approximately 18.48 vol.% of hydrogen content, and the highest LHV of synthesis gas was observed during the 5 kW test, with 5.22 MJ/Nm3. Overall, the new processing of waste insulation electrical cables using a downdraft gasification reactor demonstrates great promise for high quality syngas production.
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Lebedchenko, O. S., V. I. Zykov, and S. V. Puzach. "Assessment of operation of safety channel signal cables at nuclear power plants under fire conditions." Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety 29, no. 4 (2020): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/pvb.2020.29.04.51-58.
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Introduction. Signal cables of safety systems, installed at nuclear power plants (NPPs), retain the ability to conduct modulated signals during the time period needed to switch the reactor facility to a safe mode. However, the ability of signal cables to transmit signals correctly in the high temperature gas medium, which is typical for the early stage of a room fi re, has not been exposed to research.Aims and objectives. The co-authors offer a theoretical assessment of the ability of NPP safety system cables to correctly transmit modulated electric signals if exposed to fi re and current loads. The theoretical research into the temperature of the conductor of a signal cable at the initial stage of fi re has been performed towards this end.Theoretical background. The steady state heat conduction equation, describing heat transmission from the cable core to the environment through the cylinder-shaped insulation layer, is used to measure the temperature of the cable strand.Results and discussion. Temperature dependences describing the relation between the temperature of the conductor of a single - strand and single-wire cable KNEPng(А)-HF on the gas medium temperature are obtained. Relations between the temperature of the gas medium in the room on fi re and the current intensity in the electric cable (if the cable is laid vertically) are presented with account taken of the dependence between the specifi c resistance of the wire and the temperature if the maximal permissible operating temperature of cable strands is 70 °С, the maximal permissible operating temperature of cable strands in the overload operation mode is 80 °С, and the maximal cable strand heating temperature is equal to 160 °С when the short-circuit failure occurs. Maximal current intensity values are obtained for various operating modes in the condition of temperatures typical for the initial stage of an indoor fire, they allow to correctly conduct modulated signals within the time period needed to switch the reactor facility to a safe mode.Conclusions. The developed mathematical model and results of numerical experiments allow to assess the infl uence of the temperature in the room of a nuclear power plant in case of fi re on the ability of a signal cable of the safety system to transfer undistorted modulated signals depending on current loads and signal cable laying patterns (whether it is laid vertically or horizontally), and also to expand the range of the room temperature dependence on the current load provided in Electrical Installations Code (EIC).
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Yannick, Chungu Mwana Mwamba, Michael Kabangu Ngoie, Muliangala Mbalaba Francis, et al. "Performance Survey of PVC Insulation of LC/Gecamines Electrical Cables Subjected to Ageing and Its Life Span Evaluation." World Journal of Engineering and Technology 10, no. 04 (2022): 728–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wjet.2022.104047.
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Thabet, Ahmed, and Mohamed Fouad. "Experimental and simulation analysis for insulation deterioration and partial discharge currents in nanocomposites of power cables." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 14, no. 2 (2024): 1194. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v14i2.pp1194-1202.
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Partial discharge (PD) has a well-established relationship with the lifespan of power cables. This paper has been treated the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with specified nanoparticles for enhancing dielectric degradation and reducing partial discharge current to extending lifespan of power cables. It has been succeeded to creation new polyvinyl chloride nanocomposites that have been synthesized experimentally via using solution-gel (SOL-GEL) technique and have high featured electric and dielectric properties. The validation of nanoparticles penetration inside polyvinyl chloride during synthesis process have been constructed and tested via scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. The partial discharge current mechanisms in polyvinyl chloride nanocomposites have also been simulated in this work by using MATLAB<sup>®</sup> software. This paper has explored the characterization of partial discharge current for variant void patterns (air, water, rubber impurity) in polyvinyl chloride nanocomposites insulations of power cables to clarify the benefit of filling different nanoparticles (Clay, MgO, ZnO, and BaTiO<sub>3</sub>) with varied patterns inside power cables dielectrics. A comparative study has been done for different partial discharges patterns to propose characterization of partial discharges using nanoparticles of appropriate types and concentrations.
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Anandakumaran, K., and D. J. Stonkus. "Determination of PVC cable insulation degradation." Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 14, no. 1 (1992): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.730140108.
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ANDREI, Laura, and Florin CIUPRINA. "ANALIZA CONDUCTIVITĂȚII ELECTRICE A NANOCOMPOZITELOR PVC-TiO2 PRIN SPECTROSCOPIE DIELECTRICĂ." "ACTUALITĂŢI ŞI PERSPECTIVE ÎN DOMENIUL MAŞINILOR ELECTRICE (ELECTRIC MACHINES, MATERIALS AND DRIVES - PRESENT AND TRENDS)" 2020, no. 1 (2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.36801/apme.2020.1.9.
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Electrical conductivity of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and of PVC-TiO2 nanocomposites with TiO2 nanoparticle concentration of 5% was analyzed by dielectric spectroscopy in the frequency range 10^-2 – 10^6 Hz, and for three different temperatures: 310, 320 and 340 K. Frequency variation of the imaginary part of the complex permittivity was analyzed with Havriliak-Negami (HN) model. Temperature influence on this variation was used to determine the activation energy of electric conduction in the studied materials. Frequency variation of the real part of the complex permittivity was analyzed, as well, and the temperature influence on DC conductivity (σDC) and AC conductivity (σAC) was discussed in the paper. The obtained results emphasize an important temperature influence on the dielectric response and, consequently, on the electrical conductivity, especially at low frequencies up to 10^2 Hz, for both PVC and PVC-TiO2 nanocomposites. Thus, at low frequencies in the range 10^-2 – 10^2 Hz, high frequency variations of the imaginary part of the complex permittivity can be noticed, which indicate important charge movements through the polymeric material under electric field. The increase of the temperature leads to an increase of the DC conductivity values, and to an increase of the frequency threshold up to which a frequency independent electrical conduction can be observed. The study presented in this paper shows that the dielectric spectroscopy is a performant tool that allows, besides the highlighting of dielectric relaxations corresponding to the different polarization types from polymeric materials, also to characterize these materials from the point of view of electric conduction. Thus, by dielectric spectroscopy, the electrical insulating materials from the insulations of power cables and electrical machines can be analyzed in a large range of frequencies and temperatures, which allows the understanding of the behavior of these materials in different operating conditions.
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Zhang, Xiang, and Fan Zhang. "Study on the Thermal Degradation Behaviors of the Sheath and Insulation Materials of FR-PVC Cables." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 914–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.914.
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The thermal and kinetic behaviors of the sheath and insulation material taken from the fire-retardant PVC cable have been investigated in the air atmosphere by using thermogravimetrical (TG) analysis method. The degrading activation energy (Ea) of the material were calculated through Kissinger and Flynn-Wall equations based on the TG and DTG curves. The results showed that there were three steps during the degrading process of the FR PVC cable sheath and insulation materials, and the degradation rate increased with the increase of the heating rate. The average activation energy of the sheath and insulation material obtained from Flynn-Wall equation were 118 kJ/mol and 134kJ/mol, respectively.
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bin Ahmad Khiar, Mohd Shahril, Mohd Aizam Talib, Sharin bin Ab Ghani, and Imran bin Sutan Chairul. "Transformer Fault Classification from Polarization Current Measurement Results by Using Statistical Technique." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 654–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.654.
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In general, the presence of moisture and other impurities inside the insulator or oil can cause the breakdown of the power transformer. Polarization and Depolarization Current (PDC) is one of the technique to assess the condition of insulation oil in power transformer and can be applied in many electrical apparatus such as power cables and on load tap changer as well as to estimate conductive and moisture content of the insulation. Basically, it is a technique that is based on time domain measurement and has been used since 1990. For this research, the PDC data will be analyzed using graphical method and statistical technique to classify the transformer faults into a proper range. Lastly, it will be validated with the results from previous research. The output of the research work revealed that in term of the sequence, the results obtain in both graphical technique and the statistical technique is identical with the results presented in previous research. Hence, the range of the faults started with partial discharge, followed by arcing and lastly is the overheating.
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An, Weiguang, Yanhua Tang, Kai Liang, Tao Wang, Yang Zhou, and Zhijie Wen. "Experimental Study on Flammability and Flame Spread Characteristics of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Cable." Polymers 12, no. 12 (2020): 2789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12122789.
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Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is widely applied in cables as insulation materials, which are vital for operation and control of industrial processes. However, PVC cables fires frequently occur, arousing public concern. Therefore, experimental methods are used to study flammability and flame-spread characteristics of PVC cable in this paper. Influences of cable structure and number are investigated, which is scanty in previous works. As cable core number of single cable or cable number of multiple cables rises, average flame height and width increase while the increment decreases. Formulas concerning dimensionless flame height and single cable diameter (or total width of multiple cables) are obtained. The former is negatively correlated with the latter. For single cable, convective heat transfer is dominant, and flame-spread rate decreases as cable core number increases. Cable maximum temperature, which drops first and then rises as cable core number increases, is observed in the cable core area. For multiple cable, the flame-spread rate increases as cable number increases. As the cable number rises, the length of pyrolysis and combustion zone increases while the maximum temperature of cable surface decreases. This work is beneficial to fire hazard evaluation and safety design of PVC cables.
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Kang, Sin-Dong, and Jae-Ho Kim. "Investigation on the Insulation Resistance Characteristics of Low Voltage Cable." Energies 13, no. 14 (2020): 3611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143611.
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This study evaluated the insulation resistance characteristics of TFR-8 (Tray Frame Retardant power cable for fire service) and VCTF (Light PVC Sheathed Circular Cord) cables under external flame, over-current, and accelerated degradation tests. In the accelerated degradation test of the cable, aging times of 10, 20, 30, and 40 years were tested according to a temperature derived using the Arrhenius equation. The insulation resistance of the TFR-8 cables was reduced from a maximum of 7.5 T ohm to 0.008 T ohm during the flame contact and recovered to its original state after cooling. However, dielectric breakdown occurred in the VCTF cable during flame contact and the cable did not return to its original state, even after cooling. In the forced convection oven test, the insulation resistance of the cable was reduced at 160 °C, whereas the insulation resistance of the cable was reduced at 125 °C in the over-current test. This result implied that the over-current had a greater impact than did heat applied externally on the degradation of the cable insulator. In the accelerated degradation tests from 10–30 years, the TFR-8 cable did not show any reduction in insulation resistance at room temperature. However, after an induced aging time of 40 years, the cable showed a rapid reduction in insulation resistance at room temperature.
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Morozova, Tatiana, Maksim Demin, and Alexander Bondarchuk. "Concerning partial discharge detection in cable lines using high-frequency sensors." E3S Web of Conferences 390 (2023): 06030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339006030.
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Partial discharges result in cable line faults that can occur in defective insulation systems made of rubber, polyethylene, XLPE, and flexible PVC. Insulation defects may occur due to disruptions in their production process, cable installation, and operational conditions. Therefore, the diagnostic and monitoring of partial discharge occurrence in cable insulation help prevent emergencies in damaged cable line sections. Partial discharge registration is a non-destructive diagnostic method that helps assess the cable line condition and localize the detected defects. There are various methods of operational monitoring and partial discharge cause analysis based on operative partial discharge sensors. The assessment of cable line condition depends on the efficiency of signal detection and processing by the sensors used. This article reviews the problems of detecting and localizing partial discharges in cable lines and junction boxes using HFCT and UHF sensors. Having analyzed the capabilities of these sensors, we believe that the combined usage of HFCT and UHF sensors is the best method of detecting and localizing partial discharge within the entire cable system (lines and junction boxes).
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Waqas, Hassan, Sumaira Naz, Tayyab Ali Khan, Muhammad bin Ahmed, and Fiaz Khan. "Case Study of PVC Cables Exposed in Accelerated Thermal and Radiation Environment." Defect and Diffusion Forum 418 (August 19, 2022): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-5eim21.
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The objective of the present research is to investigate the degradation phenomenon of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) cable jacket exposed under accelerated thermally aged at 100°C for 4 days then irradiated under n’s flux of 1.5x 1011 n’s / cm2.sec for 1 hr in PARR-2 reactor at PINSTECH. Thermal, mechanical and chemical etc. properties of degraded cable jacket were studied with respect to fresh sample. It was examined that plasticizer content in PVC matrix started to deplete under the effect of temperature which made the matrix more rigid. In addition, the interaction of radiation with polymeric chains weakens the hydrocarbon bonding. The hydrogen and chlorine ions ejected from PVC molecular chains recombine to form hydrogen chloride (HCl) which induces porosity by creating localized pitting. This phenomenon is known as dehydrochlorination which created scissioning in PVC materials. Hence, due to the synergistic effects of temperature and radiation aging, cracks were observed on the outer surface of cable jacket in 2 years equivalent time. This study concludes that cables having PVC insulation are not suitable for long term exposure (i.e. decades) in thermo-irradiation environment.
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Beneš, M., V. Pla?ek, G. Matuschek, et al. "Lifetime simulation and thermal characterization of PVC cable insulation materials." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 82, no. 3 (2005): 761–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-005-0961-6.
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Abro, Shahid Hussain, Syed Aqeel Ahmed Shah, Abdulaziz Solaiman Alaboodi, and Talha Shoaib. "Ageing Analysis of Power Cable used in Nuclear Power Plant." January 2020 39, no. 1 (2020): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2001.18.
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The aim of nuclear power plant ageing management and assessment is to maintain an adequate safety level throughout the life time of the plant and helps in determining the useful operation. Various factors involved in the insulation of polymeric cables such as continuous heat, radiation and atmosphere result in the alteration of chemical and physical properties as well as lowers the service life of material. PVC (Poly Vinyl Chloride) is the most commonly used insulation material in NPP (Nuclear Power Plant). Purpose of this work is to predict the service life of PVC insulation cable for which extrapolation ageing has been performed. Ageing mechanism proceeds in laboratory scale rig to provide temperature and radiation sources. The variation in temperature is regulated and monitored through thermocouple. At higher temperature, semi crystalline free radical may escape out resulting in the degradation of polymer. Different tests have been carried out like shore hardness testing, tensile testing, Differential Scanning Calorimeter and Thermo gravimetric Analysis before and after ageing to analyze the Ageing effect. The impact of ageing days upon yield strength of single stress ageing has been carried out in this research work and it is found that aging has significant effect on service life of cables used in power plants.