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1

Bonacin, Renata Fogaça. "Hidrogéis de PVP e blendas de PVP/polianidridos como potenciais curativos para feridas crônicas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46136/tde-05122011-140143/.

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Hidrogéis compreendem uma importante classe de materiais poliméricos adequados à aplicação como curativos de feridas e queimaduras. A estrutura tridimensional hidrofílica dos hidrogéis permite que estes mantenham a umidade ideal no leito das feridas, absorvam o exsudato e não causem danos ao novo tecido durante as trocas dos curativos. No caso dos hidrogéis, essas trocas podem ser menos frequentes. Além disso, curativos que auxiliem na remoção de tecidos necrosados e ainda sejam capazes de oferecer tratamentos extras que acelerem o processo de cicatrização são desejáveis. Este trabalho apresenta a produção de materiais à base de hidrogel capazes de auxiliar neste processo de diferentes maneiras. Primeiramente, são apresentados hidrogéis formados a partir de nanofibras de poli(N-vinil-2-pirrolidona) (PVP) produzidas por eletrofiação, seguido da reticulação através da utilização de radiação UV-C ou reação de Fenton. A utilização da eletrofiação como técnica auxiliar na formação dos hidrogéis permitiu o controle da porosidade através da formação de fibras de diferentes diâmetros. A evidência de tal propriedade foi constatada através da produção de materiais que apresentam diferentes perfis de liberação da proteína modelo albumina de soro bovino (BSA). O hidrogel de PVP nanoestruturado foi capaz de liberar e manter a atividade da colagenase, uma importante enzima aplicada no tratamento de feridas via desbridamento enzimático, durante as 48 horas em que foi avaliado. Além disso, hidrogéis bactericidas nanoestruturados foram produzidos a partir de nanocompósitos de PVP e nanopartículas de prata (AgNP) produzidos por eletrofiação. Esses hidrogéis apresentaram propriedades térmicas semelhantes aos hidrogéis sem AgNP, diminuindo, contudo, a sua capacidade de intumescimento. Esses hidrogéis mostraram-se ativos contra bactérias gram-positivas e gram-negativas a partir de 100 ppm de AgNPs. Adicionalmente, foi estudada a formação de um hidrogel modelo composto PVP/AgNP/Imidazol, almejando-se a produção de um material bactericida-fungicida a base de hidrogel. Este hidrogel apresentou atividade conta três espécies de Candida a partir de 500 ppm de imidazol no material. Embora exista a formação de um complexo estável entre AgNP e Imidazol, cálculos teóricos e a constatação da atividade fungicida corroboram com o fato de que derivados imidazólicos podem ser liberados a partir deste hidrogel híbrido. A produção de hidrogéis físicos compostos por blendas de PVP/Polianidridos sintetizados a partir de derivados de hidroxicinamatos e ácido salicílico, capazes de liberar moléculas de interesse biológico quando parcialmente degradados hidroliticamente, também é descrita neste trabalho. Os resultados indicam que interações hidrofóbicas entre a PVP e os polianidridos sintetizados podem ser responsáveis pela formação dos hidrogéis físicos e pela miscibilidade das blendas produzidas. Os hidrogéis físicos de PVP/Polianidridos foram obtidos na forma de filmes por evaporação do solvente. Micro- e nanofibras também foram obtidas por eletrofiação. Desta maneira, o presente trabalho contribui com o desenvolvimento de uma geração de curativos multifuncionais aplicados no tratamento de feridas crônicas e queimaduras.
Hydrogels comprise an important class of polymeric materials that finds application as wound and burn dressings. The hydrophilic three-dimensional structure of hydrogels helps to provide the ideal humidity at the wound bed, to remove exsudates and to prevent damages to the new tissue during dressing substitution. Furthermore, these wound dressings are able to remove necrotic tissues and, therefore, capable to offer extra treatments that would benefit the healing processes. This work describes the production of hydrogel based materials that are able to act in wound healing by different ways. First, it is presented hydrogels composed of poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) nanofibers produced by electrospinning, followed by its crosslinking using UV-C radiation or Fenton reaction. The use of electrospinning in the hydrogel formation allowed porosity control by obtaining fibers of different diameters. This was evidenced by achieving materials that present different release profiles of the model protein bovine serum albumin (BSA). The nanostructured PVP hydrogel was capable of releasing and maintaining collagenase activity during 48 hour of evaluation. This is an important enzyme that find application in wound healing based on enzymatic debridement. Moreover, nanostructured bactericidal hydrogels were produced from PVP and silver nanoparticles (AgNP) composite through electrospinning, resulting in hydrogels with thermal properties similar to those hydrogels without AgNP, decreasing its swelling ability. These hydrogels were active against gram-positives and gram-negatives bacteria starting from 100 ppm of AgNP. In addition, the production of a model hydrogel composed by PVP/AgNP/Imidazole was investigated, aiming at a bactericidal-fungicidal hydrogel based material. This hydrogel was active against three Candida having 500 ppm of imidazole into the structure. In spite of the formation of a stable complex between AgNP and imidazole, theoretic calculations and the observed fungicidal activity corroborate with the fact that imidazoles derivatives can be released from this hybrid hydrogel. Physical hydrogels composed of PVP/Polyanhydrides blends were synthesized from hydroxycinammates derivatives and salicylic acid. These materials which were capable of releasing molecules with biological potential upon hydrolysis, are also described in this work. The results indicate that hydrophobic interactions between PVP and the synthesized polyanhydrides could be responsible for the hydrogel formation and blend miscibility as well. PVP/Polyanhydride physical hydrogels were obtained from cast films. Micro- and nanofibers were also obtained by electrospinning. Thus, the present work contributes with the development of the new generation of smart dressings for wound and burn healing.
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2

Cabrera, Sotelo Julieta Gladys. "Hidrogeles de PVA-PVP conteniendo nanopartículas de plata obtenidos por radiación gamma." Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Programa Cybertesis PERÚ, 2009. http://cybertesis.uni.edu.pe/uni/2009/cabrera_sj/html/index-frames.html.

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3

Cook, Joseph P. "PVP Microgels : Theory and Applications." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.520970.

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4

Momesso, Roberta Grazzielli Ramos Alves Passarelli. "Incorporação e liberação de resveratrol em hidrogéis poliméricos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-29082011-143430/.

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Resveratrol (3, 4, 5-trihidroxiestilbeno) é um polifenol produzido por uma grande variedade de plantas em resposta ao estresse e encontrado predominantemente em cascas de uvas. Este princípio ativo apresenta vários benefícios à saúde, como a capacidade antioxidante, relacionada à prevenção de diversos tipos de câncer e do envelhecimento precoce da pele. No entanto, apresenta baixa biodisponibilidade quando administrado por via oral, o que torna interessante sua aplicação tópica. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi a incorporação de resveratrol em hidrogéis poliméricos para obtenção de um sistema de liberação utilizado topicamente contra o desenvolvimento de desordens cutâneas, como o envelhecimento cutâneo e o câncer de pele. As matrizes poliméricas compostas por poli(N-vinil-2-pirrolidona) (PVP), poli(etileno glicol) (PEG) e ágar ou PVP e propano-1,2,3-triol (glicerina) e irradiadas a 20 kGy foram caracterizadas pelos ensaios de fração gel e intumescimento; sua biocompatibilidade preliminar foi avaliada in vitro por meio do ensaio de citotoxicidade utilizando o método de incorporação do vermelho neutro. Devido à baixa solubilidade do resveratrol em água, verificou-se o efeito da adição de 2% de etanol às matrizes. Todas as matrizes estudadas, contendo ou não álcool, apresentaram alto grau de reticulação, capacidade de intumescimento e não apresentaram toxicidade em ensaio preliminar de biocompatibilidade. Os dispositivos foram obtidos pela incorporação de resveratrol nas matrizes poliméricas, realizada de forma direta e indireta, ou seja, antes e após irradiação, respectivamente. Os dispositivos obtidos pelo método direto foram submetidos aos ensaios de fração gel, intumescimento e citotoxicidade e apresentaram-se semelhantes às respectivas matrizes. Os dispositivos contendo 0,05% de resveratrol obtidos pelo método direto e os dispositivos contendo 0,1% de resveratrol obtidos pelo método indireto foram submetidos ao ensaio de cinética de liberação durante 24 h. A quantificação do resveratrol liberado foi realizada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC). Apenas os dispositivos obtidos pelo método indireto apresentaram capacidade de liberar o resveratrol incorporado, que apresentou capacidade antioxidante após liberação.
Resveratrol (3, 4, 5-trihydroxystilbene) is a polyphenolic produced by a wide variety of plants in response to injury and found predominantly in grape skins. This active ingredient has been shown to possess benefits for the health, such as the antioxidant capacity which is related to the prevention of several types of cancer and skin aging. However, the oral bioavailability of resveratrol is poor and makes its topical application interesting. The purpose of this study was to immobilize resveratrol in polymeric hydrogels to obtain a release device for topical use. The polymeric matrices composed of poli(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP), poly(ethyleneglycol) (PEG) and agar or PVP and glycerol irradiated at 20 kGy dose were physical-chemically characterized by gel fraction and swelling tests and its preliminary biocompatibility by in vitro test of cytotoxicity using the technique of neutral red uptake. Due to low solubility of resveratrol in water, the addition of 2% ethanol to the matrices was verified. All matrices showed a high crosslinking degree, capacity of swelling and the preliminary cytotoxicity test showed nontoxicity effect. The devices were obtained by resveratrol immobilizaton in polymeric matrices, carried out in a one-or-two-steps process, that is, before or after irradiation, respectively. The one step resveratrol devices were characterized by gel fraction, swelling tests and preliminary biocompatibility, and their properties were maintained even after the resveratrol incorporation. The devices containing 0,05% of resveratrol obtained by one-step process and 0,1% of resveratrol obtained by two-steps process were submitted to the release test during 24 h. Resveratrol quantification was done by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results obtained in the kinetics of release showed that only the devices obtained by two-step process release the resveratrol, which demonstrate antioxidant capacity after the release.
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Amaral, Renata Hage. "Estudo da incorporação e liberação de um extrato de algas vermelhas em membranas de hidrogel." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-16112009-145201/.

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Os hidrogéis estão dentre as matrizes poliméricas mais utilizadas em tecnologia farmacêutica em razão de sua vasta aplicação e funcionalidade, especialmente em sistema de liberação de fármacos. Tendo em vista o grande avanço nas inovações dos produtos cosméticos, tanto por meio da introdução de novos princípios ativos quanto pelas matrizes utilizadas para liberação controlada dos mesmos, o objetivo deste trabalho foi incorporar e avaliar a liberação de um princípio ativo natural, o ArctAlg®, em membranas de hidrogel, de modo a obter um dispositivo de liberação para fins cosméticos. O ArctAlg® é um extrato aquoso que possui uma excelente ação anti-oxidante, lipolítica, anti-inflamatória e citoestimulante. Foi realizado o estudo das propriedades mecânicas, físicoquímicas e a biocompatibilidade in vitro das membranas de hidrogéis de poli(vinil- 2- pirrolidona) (PVP) e poli(vinil álcool) (PVA) obtidas pela reticulação por radiação ionizante. A caracterização físico-química das matrizes poliméricas foi obtida pelos ensaios de fração gel e intumescimento e o de biocompatibilidade in vitro pelo ensaio de citotoxicidade pelo método de incorporação do vermelho neutro. No ensaio de fração gel tanto o hidrogel de PVP quanto o de PVA apresentaram um alto grau de reticulação. O hidrogel de PVP apresentou uma maior porcentagem de intumescimento em relação ao de PVA e no ensaio de citotoxicidade os hidrogéis mostraram-se atóxicos. A propriedade citoestimulante do ArctAlg® foi verificada no ensaio de citoestimulação com células fibroblásticas de pele de coelho, em que foi evidenciado um aumento de cerca de 50% das células quando em contato com 0,5% do princípio ativo. As membranas de hidrogel preparadas com 3% de ArctAlg® foram submetidas ao ensaio de liberação em incubadora a 37ºC e as alíquotas coletadas durante o ensaio foram quantificadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC). Os resultados obtidos na cinética de liberação mostraram que as membranas de hidrogel de PVP liberaram cerca de 50% do ArctAlg® incorporado e as de PVA em cerca de 30%. No ensaio de citoestimulação do ArctAlg® liberado, o dispositivo de PVP apresentou um aumento em cerca de 80% da população celular em relação ao controle do ensaio, mostrando ser o dispositivo mais indicado para ser utilizado em processos de reparação cutânea.
In pharmaceutical technology hydrogel is the most used among the polymeric matrices due to its wide application and functionality, primarily in drug delivery system. In view of the large advance innovations in cosmetic products, both through the introduction of new active agents as the matrices used for its controlled release, the objective of this study was to evaluate the release and immobilization of a natural active agent, the Arct\'Alg® in hydrogel membranes to obtain a release device for cosmetics. Arct\'Alg® is an aqueous extract which has excellent anti-oxidant, lipolytic, anti-inflammatory and cytostimulant action. Study on mechanical and physical-chemical properties and biocompatibility in vitro of hydrogel membranes of poly(vinyl-2- pyrrolidone) (PVP) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) obtained by ionizing radiation crosslinking have been performed. The physical-chemical characterization of polymeric matrices was carried out by gel fraction and swelling tests and biocompatibility by in vitro test of cytotoxicity by using the technique of neutral red incorporation. In the gel fraction test, both the PVP and PVA hydrogel showed a high crosslinking degree. The PVP hydrogel showed a greater percentage of swelling in relation to PVA and the cytotoxicity test of the hydrogels showed non-toxicity effect. The cytostimulation property of Arct\'Alg® was verified by the cytostimulation test with rabbit skin cells, it was showed an increase at about 50% of the cells when in contact with 0,5% of active agent. The hydrogel membranes prepared with 3% of Arct\'Alg® were subjected to the release test in an incubator at 37°C and aliquots collected during the test were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results obtained in the kinetics of release showed that the PVP hydrogel membranes released about 50% of Arct\'Alg® incorporated and the PVA hydrogel membranes at about 30%. In the cytostimulation test of released Arct\'Alg®, the PVP device showed an increase at about 80% of cell population in relation of test control, showing to be the greater device to be used in processes of skin repair.
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Zha, Jinlong. "Préparation de nanocomposites fonctionnels microfibreux par électro-filage et fluoration." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22718/document.

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Il a été montré que l’addition de fluor en petite quantité sur la surface de nanotubes de carbone mono et multiparois engendre des radicaux à long temps de vie, caractérisés ici par RPE. Ce phénomène a pu être mis à profit pour initier la polymérisation du styrène, de l’acide acrylique ou encore de l’aniline. Les chaînes polymères formées apparaissent alors greffées à la surface des tubes. Il a été observé qu’un tel greffage facilite grandement la mise en suspension des nanotubes dans des solvants organiques. Ce travail s’est également attaché à exalter la complémentarité entre nouveaux matériaux fluorés et techniques avancées de mise en œuvre. Pour la première fois, l’incorporation de nanocarbones fluorés de différentes dimensionnalités (noirs de carbone, nanotubes, nanofibres, nanodisques) dans une matrice polymère électrofilée de polyvinylpyrrolidone a été réalisée. Les tissus nanocomposites microfibreux ainsi obtenus ont ensuite fait l’objet de traitements de re-fluoration en conditions douces, afin d’augmenter leur taux de fluor final et d’en modifier la texture. Les caractérisations par microscopie à balayage, RMN du solide et XPS ont permis d’établir que l’enrichissement en fluor de la matrice polymère et la structure multi échelle spectaculaire résultant du traitement de post-fluoration réalisé permettent d’induire la propriété de superhydrophobicité, mise en évidence par la mesure d’angles de contact avec l’eau supérieurs à 150°
It has been shown that the addition of a small amount of fluorine to the surface of single and multi-walled carbon nanotubes generates long life-time radicals, here studied by EPR. The latter phenomenon can be usefully harnessed to initiate the polymerization of styrene, acrylic acid or still aniline. The polymeric chains thus formed appear to be grafted to the tubes surface. It has been observed that such a grafting process highly increases the dispersibility of tubes in some organic solvents. This work also focused on illustrating how advanced processing techniques may complement the assets of novel fluorinated materials. Hence, the inclusion of fluorinated nanocarbons with varied dimensionalities (carbon black, nanotubes, nanofibers, nanodisks) into an electrospun polyvinylpyrrolidone polymer matrix has been achieved for the first time. The nanocomposite-based microfibrous membranes thus obtained have been reacted with gaseous fluorine in mild conditions, in order to increase their final fluorine content and modify their texture. Characterizations performed using scanning electron microscopy, solid state NMR and XPS have shown that both the fluorination of the polymer matrix and quite spectacular multiscale structure resulting from etching by fluorine induce superhydrophobicity, evidenced through contact angles of the membranes with water exceeding 150°
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Schubert, Martin Verfasser], Marcus A. [Akademischer Betreuer] [Glomb, and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Simat. "Untersuchungen zum Einsatz von PVI, PVP bei Bier und Wein / Martin Schubert. Betreuer: Marcus Glomb ; Thomas Simat." Halle, Saale : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1025231163/34.

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Hauser, Jörg. "Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit einer neuartigen PVP-Jod-Hydrogel-Verbindung." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=967449723.

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Liao, Nam. "Characterization and interphase mechanical properties of epoxy/PVP blends." Thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11072008-063038/.

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AMARAL, RENATA H. "Estudo da incorporacao e liberacao de um extrato de algas vermelhas em membranas de hidrogel." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2009. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9445.

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Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Wu, Yi. "Release behavior of alkyl-p-aminobenzoate ester–PVP solid dispersions." Diss., University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2024.

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Solid polymer-drug dispersions are used to prepare and stabilize amorphous forms of poorly soluble drugs as a means of improving drug solubility, dissolution and bioavailability. Despite many reports on this subject, solid dispersion dissolution mechanisms have not been well understood. An early study was reported by Simonelli, Mehta and Higuchi (SMH) in 1969 and has served as a model for dispersion dissolution behavior. These authors proposed a dissolution model (SMH) which gave good agreement between their experimental results and model predictions for one drug and one type of PVP. Few researchers have applied this traditional approach (SMH) in a systematic fashion to solid dispersion systems. One difficulty is obtaining parameters needed for predictions such as polymer diffusion coefficient, diffusion layer thickness or other pertinent parameters. In this work, a general model has been developed based on the concepts in the traditional approach (SMH) and simulations with this model were performed to show how dispersion dissolution rates change with system variables. Such simulations showed underestimation of dissolution rates resulted when compounds had low solubility. In this work, solid dispersion dissolution behavior was studied systematically with a homologous compound series (alkyl-p-aminobenzoate esters, or PABA esters) and three polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) molecular weights (K15, K30 and K90). The PABA esters with varying solubility used in this study were methyl PABA (MePABA), ethyl PABA (EtPABA), propyl PABA (PrPABA) and butyl PABA (BuPABA). Six solid dispersions for each PABA ester and PVP (weight ratios of PVP:PABA ester 20:1, 10:1, 6:1, 3:1, 4:1 and 2:1) were prepared by a solvent evaporation method. Solid dispersions were obtained and their amorphous character confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Intrinsic dissolution rates for these dispersions were obtained in water with a rotating disc dissolution system. Both dissolution rate of drug (PABA ester) and carrier (PVP) were measured to obtain more information on which to evaluate the release behavior. Measuring the dissolution of the polymer (dispersion agent) and drug is unique in this work and has not been done in most other reported studies. For the more soluble PABA esters (i.e., MePABA, EtPABA and PrPABA), as drug loading increased, PABA ester dissolution rates first increased and then decreased to that of the pure drug for PVP K15 and K30 dispersions. For K90 systems, drug dissolution rates were below pure drug rates and increased steadily as drug loading increased, eventually reaching that of the pure drug. On the other hand, PVP dissolution rates decreased constantly as drug content increased for all three PVP grades. However, the decrease in polymer dissolution was more pronounced for the lower molecular weight PVPs (K15 and K30) than the higher molecular weight PVP (K90). Comparison of drug and polymer dissolution behavior indicated that congruent release of both components occurred when drug loading was low (< 15%). As drug loading increased, more deviation from congruent release behavior was observed. For BuPABA, the least soluble PABA ester, precipitated BuPABA solid accumulated on the disc surface during dissolution. PABA ester relative dissolution rates were calculated and compared with the predictions from the developed general model (based on assumptions in the traditional approach). Such predictions correlated well with experimental results at high drug loadings (i.e., >25%) but at low drug loadings (i.e.,
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Oliveira, Maria José Alves de. "Obtenção de membranas de hidrogéis para tratamento alternativo de Leishmaniose Tegumentar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-08082013-170247/.

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Os hidrogéis foram obtidos a partir de material polimérico reticulado por processo de radiação ionizante de acordo com a técnica de Rosiak. Nos últimos 40 anos o uso dos hidrogéis têm sido investigado para diversas aplicações como curativos. Neste trabalho foram sintetizadas membranas de hidrogéis com poli(N-2- pirolidona) (PVP), poli(álcool vinílico) (PVAl), quitosana e argila laponita em encapsulamento do fármaco para liberação controlada de glucantime sobre a superfície cutânea de tecidos lesados por leishmaniose. O tratamento tradicional dos pacientes infectados pelos parasitas é feito com antimoniato pentavalente de forma injetável. Entretanto estes antimoniatos são muito tóxicos e provocam efeitos colaterais nestes pacientes, além disso, pacientes portadores de doenças cardíacas e renais não podem fazer uso deste tratamento. No tratamento com membranas de hidrogéis aplicadas na superfície de tecidos lesados pela leishmaniose, o fármaco é liberado diretamente no ferimento de forma controlada, diminuindo os efeitos colaterais. As membranas preparadas neste trabalho foram caracterizadas por difração de raios X (DRX), análise de termogravimetria (TG), intumescimento, fração gel, espectroscopia no infravermelho (FTIR), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia de força atômica (AFM). As caracterizações funcionais foram feitas com teste de citotoxicidade e de liberação do fármaco in vitro e in vivo, de acordo com o protocolo de ética do Instituto de Medicina Tropical do Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP. O teste \"in vivo\" dessas membranas provou ser eficiente na liberação controlada de fármacos diretamente nas superfícies lesadas pela leishmaniose. Nos testes \"in vivo\" as membranas de PVP/PVAl/argila 1,5% e glucantime apresentaram evidente contribuição para redução do ferimento chegando a uma cura clínica.
Polymeric Hydrogels formed by crosslinked polymeric chains were obtained by ionizing radiation process according to Rosiak technique. In the last 40 years the use of hydrogels has been investigated for various applications as curatives. In this work hydrogel membranes were synthesized with poly (N-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP), poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA), chitosan and laponita clay for use as a vehicle for controlled glucantime release on the surface of skin tissues injured by leishmaniasis. Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania transmitted by the bite of phlebotomies sandfly. The traditional treatment of patients infected by these parasites is done with pentavalent antimony in injectable form. However, these antimonates are highly toxic and cause side effects in these patients. In addition, patients with heart and kidney disease can not use this treatment. In treatment with drug delivery hydrogel membrane applied on the surface of leishmaniasis injured tissues the drug is released directly to the wound in a controlled manner, reducing the side effects. Membranes prepared in this study were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), swelling, gel fraction, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The characterizations of cytotoxicity and drug release were made \"in vitro\" and \"in vivo\" with functional test according to ethical protocol of the Division of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases at the Hospital of Clinics, São Paulo University-School of Medicine, University. The \"in vivo\" test of these membranes proved to be effective in controlled release of drugs directly into leishmaniasis damaged tissues. Results of \"in vivo\" tests using PVP/PVAl / clay 1,5% and glucantime membrane showed remarkable contribution to wound reduction and cure in clinical therapy.
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Tallevi-Diotallevi, Matteo. "Progettazione e sviluppo di un videogame PVP con personalizzazione dei giocatori." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.

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Questa tesi documenta il design e la creazione di un videogioco del genere Picchiaduro per mezzo del game engine Game Maker Studio. Il gioco permette a due giocatori di sfidarsi sullo stesso PC in una serie di duelli mozzafiato ambientati in un Giappone feudale alternativo. E' anche possibile personalizzare l'aspetto del proprio samurai per mezzo di un editor grafico integrato nel gioco. La tesi documenta le fasi della progettazione e implementazione, con particolare attenzione al design delle meccaniche di gioco, all'organizzazione del codice, alle animazioni, gli effetti visivi e lo stile grafico.
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Rodrigues, Isadora Reis. "Síntese e caracterização de redes poliméricas a base de quitosana com PVP e PVA para aplicação na liberação controlada de fármacos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/8349.

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Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos hidrogéis na forma de membranas a base de quitosana (QUI) com polivinilpirrolidona (PVP) ou poli (álcool vinílico) (PVA), usando como agente de reticulação glutaraldeído, para obtenção de redes poliméricas semiinterpenetrantes e redes poliméricas híbridas, respectivamente. Os hidrogéis foram sintetizados em diferentes razões de PVP/QUI e PVA/QUI (%p/p) com duas concentrações distintas de glutaraldeído, visando estudar a influência da composição química nas propriedades dos materiais. Os hidrogéis foram caracterizados através das técnicas de FTIR, DSC, TGA e DMA. O grau de inchamento, ou capacidade de absorção de água dos hidrogéis foi avaliada em testes de inchamento com soluções aquosas de pH 3, 7 e 9. Os hidrogéis foram avaliados por espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica para avaliar a sua condutividade iônica. A capacidade de armazenamento de amoxicilina pelos hidrogéis e a liberação controlada desta, foi avaliada por espectrofotometria UV e por transporte passivo em uma célula de difusão. O grau de inchamento e o transporte de amoxicilina dos hidrogéis de PVP/QUI e PVA/QUI dependem da composição destes e também do pH do meio. A determinação da condutividade iônica das membranas PVP/QUI e PVA/QUI mostrou-se depende da composição dos hidrogéis. Resultados promissores foram obtidos quanto a condutividade iônica dos hidrogéis e a liberação controlada de amoxicilina.
In this work hydrogels based on chitosan with polyvinylpirrolidone (PVP) or poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were obtained, using glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking agent in order to produce semi-interpenetrating polymer networks or hybrid polymer networks. The hydrogels were synthesized using different PVP/chitosan and PVA/chitosan ratios and different glutaraldehyde concentrations aiming to observe the influence of chemical composition on the hydrogels properties. The hydrogels were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, DSC, TGA, DMA, swelling ratio and impedance spectroscopy. Furthermore, the incorporation of amoxicillin into the hydrogels was carried out and for drug release studies under different pH conditions were realized. It was observed that the hidrogel swelling ratio and amoxicillin delivery of PVP/chitosan and PVA/chitosan hydrogels were influenced by the composition and pH. The impedance studies revealed that the ionic conductivity of membranes is influenced by their composition.
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15

Manjua, Ana Carina Baeta. "Biodispositivos electrónicos implantáveis e biodegradáveis: estudo de nano/microfibras de polivinilpirrolidona-PVP." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/8749.

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Biomédica
Neste trabalho estudaram-se materiais biodegradáveis e biocompatíveis, utilizados na produção de membranas por electrofiação. O desenvolvimento destas membranas teve como principal objectivo a sua utilização em biobaterias. Pretende-se que estas sejam eficientes, biocompatíveis, ultrafinas e biodegradáveis, de modo a tornar viável a sua aplicação em dispositivos biomédicos de implantação subcutânea. Estas biobaterias têm uma estrutura similar a uma bateria comum, sendo compostas por dois eléctrodos (ânodo e cátodo) que contactam electricamente com as superfícies de uma membrana de nanofibras a actuar como suporte e separador electroquímico. Fluidos corporais, como sangue e suor, funcionam como electrólitos e são responsáveis por induzir a passagem de iões através do dispositivo. A investigação consistiu na caracterização físico-química, morfológica, mecânica e electroquímica das matrizes de nano/micro fibras de polivinilpirrolidona (PVP), formando a membrana. Assim, estudou-se a influência do tempo de reticulação do material na biodegradabilidade das membranas na presença de biofluidos, bem como a produção e caracterização morfológica e electroquímica de eléctrodos constituídos por filmes finos de alumínio ou membranas de PVP funcionalizadas com polímeros condutores ou com nanopartículas de ouro e de óxido de ferro. Avaliou-se o desempenho destes eléctrodos aplicados às membranas produzidas (biodispositivo) pela realização de um protótipo testado com soro fisiológico enquanto demonstrador da tecnologia estudada.
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Nel, Marlize. "A comparison of the effect of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and SpermSlow on human spermatozoa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97028.

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Thesis (MMed)--Stellenbosch University, 2105.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), as well as other micromanipulation assisted reproductive technology methods, such as physiologic ICSI (PICSI) and intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection (IMSI), are routinely used in many fertility laboratories around the world. An integral part of these methods is the manipulation of spermatozoa in preparation of the injection into the oocyte. It is common practice to place prepared spermatozoa in a viscous holding medium to facilitate the handling, manipulation and slowdown of spermatozoon movement during the immobilization and injection processes of ICSI. The possible effect of these holding mediums on basic semen parameters, as well as the sperm deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and structural integrity of spermatozoa, is of importance. Hamilton Thorne IVOS® developed an automated software solution for live sperm morphology evaluation under high magnification, called IMSI StrictTM. It combines Tygerberg Strict Criteria morphological classification of human spermatozoa with motile sperm organelle morphology examination (MSOME) and provides software-based categorization. The IMSI StrictTM software was developed to aid in the IMSI spermatozoon selection process that enables objective classification of spermatozoa to remove inter-technician variation. For good optics and spermatozoon evaluation in IMSI StrictTM, spermatozoa need to be moving very slowly or be immotile, but still viable. This can be achieved by placing spermatozoa in a viscous holding medium, either polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or SpermSlowTM, sometimes for a substantial time period. Before marketing the clinical use of IMSI StrictTM, the possible toxicity or deleterious effect of PVP and SpermSlowTM on spermatozoa needs to be excluded. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of PVP and SpermSlowTM on human spermatozoa after different exposure times using a viability stain, CASA motility and kinetic parameters, chromatin packaging analysis (CMA3 staining analysis) and DNA fragmentation analysis (TUNEL analysis). The secondary objective was to evaluate the effect of PVP and SpermSlowTM on human spermatozoa‟s ultrastructure with Transmission Electron Microscopy. This prospective analytical study was conducted at Drs Aevitas Fertility Clinic (Vincent Pallotti Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa) as well as the Fertility Unit at Tygerberg Hospital (Cape Town, South Africa) between July 2013 and October 2014. A total of 90 separate (no duplication) semen samples were analysed for the quantitative analysis (primary objective) and 1 sample for the descriptive analysis (secondary objective). Results showed that although PVP and SpermSlowTM treated sperm outcomes often differed significantly after typical statistical analysis, clinically these two mediums were shown to be equivalent (using a specific statistical test for equivalence) for the tested outcomes. PVP and SpermSlowTM had no detrimental effect clinically on sperm viability, motility parameters, chromatin packaging and DNA fragmentation rate. The secondary investigation indicated that SpermSlowTM might exert a disintegrating effect on various sperm membranes, and as a secondary consequence of the eventual necrotic process, alteration of chromatin and cytoskeletal components. PVP medium on the other hand did not show these disintegrating effects. This finding needs to be further investigated since only one semen sample was evaluated. Based on this study‟s results, either PVP or SpermSlowTM can be used for IMSI StrictTM purposes. However, the study did not include the technical aspects of the usage of PVP and SpermSlowTM.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Intrasitoplasmiese sperm inspuiting (ICSI), sowel as ander mikro-manipulasie voortplantings tegnieke, soos fisiologiese ICSI (PICSI) en intrasitoplasmiese morfologies geselekteerde sperm inspuiting (IMSI), word in baie fertiliteitsklinieke regoor die wêreld gebruik. 'n Integrale deel van hierdie metodes is die manipulasie van spermatosoa ter voorbereiding van die inspuitproses. Dit is algemeen om voorbereide spermatosoa in 'n viskose medium te plaas om die hantering, manipulasie en vertraging van spermatosoön beweging tydens die immobilisasie en inspuitproses van ICSI te fasiliteer. Die effek van hierdie mediums op basiese semenparameters, sowel as die sperm deoksiribonukleïensuur (DNS) en strukturele integriteit van spermatosoa, is van belang. Hamilton Thorne IVOS® het 'n sagteware oplossing, IMSI StrictTM, vir lewende sperm morfologie evaluering onder hoë vergroting ontwikkel. Hierdie sagteware bied sagteware-gebaseerde morfologiese klassifikasie deur die Tygerberg streng kriteria morfologiese klassifikasie met beweeglike spermorganel morfologie ondersoek (MSOME) te kombineer. Die IMSI StrictTM sagteware is ontwikkel om die objektiewe klassifikasie van spermatosoa vir IMSI spermatosoön seleksie moontlik te maak. Spermatosoa moet baie stadig beweeg of immotiel, maar steeds lewensvatbaar wees om goeie optika en spermatosoön evaluering vir IMSI StrictTM te verseker. Dit sal bereik kan word deur spermatosoa in 'n viskose medium, hetsy PVP (“polyvinylpyrrolidone”) of SpermSlowTM, vir 'n aansienlike tydperk te inkubeer. Voordat IMSI StrictTM vir kliniese gebruik bemark kan word moet die moontlike toksisiteit of nadelige effek van PVP en SpermSlowTM op spermatosoa uitgesluit word. Die primêre doel van hierdie studie was om die effek van PVP en SpermSlowTM op menslike spermatosoa na verskillende inkubasie tye te evalueer deur ʼn lewensvatbaarheid kleuring toets, twee sperm DNS toetse (CMA3 en TUNEL) en rekenaar geëvalueerde sperm beweeglikheid toetse te gebruik. Die sekondêre doel was om die effek van PVP en SpermSlowTM op menslike spermatosoa se ultrastruktuur deur middel van Transmissie Elektronmikroskopie te evalueer. Hierdie studie is by Drs Aevitas Fertiliteitskliniek (Vincent Pallotti Hospitaal, Kaapstad, Suid-Afrika) sowel as die Fertiliteitseenheid by Tygerberg Hospitaal (Kaapstad, Suid-Afrika) tussen Julie 2013 en Oktober 2014 uitgevoer. 'n Totaal van 90 semenmonsters vir die kwantitatiewe analise (primêre doel) en een vir die beskrywende analise (sekondêre doel) is ontleed. Resultate het getoon dat alhoewel PVP en SpermSlowTM geïnkubeerde spermuitkomste dikwels na ʼn tipiese statistiese analise betekenisvol verskil, hierdie twee mediums vir die geëvalueerde uitkomste klinies ekwivalent (bepaal deur middel van spesifieke statistiese toetse vir ekwivalensie) is. Die mediums het ook nie klinies 'n nadelige effek op sperm lewensvatbaarheid, beweeglikheid parameters, chromatien verpakking en DNS fragmentasie koers getoon nie. Die sekondêre ondersoek het getoon dat SpermSlowTM hoofsaaklik 'n effek van disintegrasie op verskeie spermmembrane getoon het. Hierdie nekrotiese proses kan lei tot verandering van chromatien en sitoskelet komponente. PVP medium het egter nie dieselfde disintegrerende effek getoon nie. Hierdie bevinding moet egter verder ondersoek word, aangesien slegs een semenmonster geëvalueer is. Alhoewel hierdie studie nie die tegniese aspekte van die gebruik van PVP en SpermSlowTM geëvalueer het nie, kan aanbeveel word dat óf PVP óf SpermSlowTM op grond van geëvalueerde uitkomste tydens die IMSI StrictTM sperm seleksie proses gebruik word.
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Santos, Fernanda Henriques dos 1980. "Caracterização de polivinilálcool e polivinilpirrolidona (PVAI/PVP) para reparo de cartilagem articular mandibular." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263590.

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Orientadores: Cecília Amélia de Carvalho Zavaglia, Vanessa Petrilli Bavaresco
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: Na área médica, para se desenvolver um dispositivo que funcione como implante, deve-se utilizar materiais que sejam compatíveis para funções específicas do corpo humano, e esses são classificados como biomateriais. Neste trabalho, foram determinados os parâmetros que serão aplicados ao laser de infravermelho (condutividade térmica do material, densidade do material e comprimento de onda do laser) utilizado na máquina de prototipagem rápida, a qual será usada para a fabricação do implante. Este implante será composto por um biomaterial polimérico a base de Polivinilalcool (PVAl) e, terá como objetivo a substituição da cartilagem articular mandibular. Estudos já avaliaram as propriedades mecânicas de hidrogéis poliméricos de PVAl mostrando sua aplicabilidade como reparadores da cartilagem articular em articulação de quadril, porém a articulação mandibular é submetida à aplicações de cargas superiores havendo a necessidade de melhoria de suas propriedades mecânica. A mistura física de dois ou mais polímeros é denominada blenda polimérica e seu objetivo é aperfeiçoar ou modificar as propriedades dos materiais adequando-as para uma aplicação específica. A literatura relata que PVAl e Polivinilpirrolidona (PVP) são polímeros miscíveis entre si e, quando não reticulados são solúveis em água. O PVP é um polímero amorfo e autolubrificante, e por isso, foi escolhido para melhorar as propriedades mecânicas do PVAl. Blendas nas composições de 90:10 de PVAl e PVP respectivamente, reticuladas via laser infravermelho utilizando concentração de 2,5% de termoiniciador cianovalérico foram caracterizadas via Espectroscopia do Infravermelho Médio, Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Extração sol-gel. Através desses experimentos foram determinados os parâmetros do laser para posterior utilização na máquina de prototipagem rápida. Foi possível também realizar a cura do material através do laser de infravermelho. A cura foi confirmada através dos outros ensaios realizados
Abstract: In the medical area to develop a device that functions as an implant, one should use materials that are compatible for specific functions of the human body, and these are classified as biomaterials. In this study, we determined the laser parameters that will be applied to the infrared laser (thermal conductivity, material density and wavelength of the laser) in rapid prototyping machine, which will be used to manufacture the implant. This implant is a polymeric biomaterial based on polyvinylalcool (PVAl) and will aim to replace the articular cartilage of the mandible. Studies have evaluated the mechanical properties of polymeric hydrogels PVAl showing its applicability as repairing articular cartilage in hip joint, but the mandibular joint is subjected to loads greater than applications having the need to improve their mechanical properties. The physical mixture of two or more polymers is called polymer blend and its goal is to improve or modify the properties of materials making them suitable for a specific application. The literature reports that PVAl and PVP polymers are miscible and, when not crosslinked, are soluble in water. PVP is an amorphous polymer and selflubricating, and therefore was chosen to improve the mechanical properties of PVAl. Blends in the compositions of 90:10 PVAl and PVP respectively, crosslinked using infrared concentration of 2.5% termoiniciador cianovaléric were characterized by mid-infrared spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and sol-gel fraction. Through these experiments were determined laser parameters for subsequent use in rapid prototyping machine. It was also possible to realize the cure of material through the infrared laser. The cure was confirmed by other tests
Mestrado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
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Esnaashari, Esfahani Rashin. "The effect of addition of a dry binder on compaction properties of dry granulated particles." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för farmaceutisk biovetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-451665.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of content of a copovidone binder (0%, 5% and 10% w/w) and its addition method on compression and compaction properties of six MCCformulations following dry granulation. Briquetting was used to form dry granules for furthercharacterization. The mean yield pressure and fracture strength of granules were assessed at 300MPa on the basis of “in-die” Heckel and Adams model respectively. Then tablet tensile strengthof manufactured tablets was determined at 100 and 300 MPa. The results demonstrated thatintragranular addition of further binder (10%) to MCC could increase plasticity. However, therewas a drastic reduction in compactibility of dry granules mostly impacted by binding capacity ofthe binder. Generally, 5% intragranular:5% extragranular binder under a compaction pressure of300 MPa had the greatest binder efficacy on strength of pure MCC tablets while 10%extragranular binder improved tensile strength significantly at 100 MPa. PVP in a level of 5%w/w had no significant impact on tensile strength of tablets compacted at 100 and 300 MPa.
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Fletcher, John Graham. "The use of a second excipient to alter the characteristics of PVP-drug solid dispersions." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435534.

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Geiser, Susanne. "Untersuchung zur Wirksamkeit der lokalen Behandlung mit einem PVP-Präparat bei der Nachgeburtsverhaltung der Kuh /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1994. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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Hanafi, Yamina. "Étude de la dégradation de membranes en polyéthersulfone / polyvinylpyrrolidone au contact de l’hypochlorite de sodium." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S170.

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Lors de leur utilisation à l’échelle industrielle, les membranes polymères de filtration sont régulièrement soumises à des sollicitations chimiques lors des étapes de nettoyage et de désinfection. Bien que ces opérations restent inévitables pour restaurer les performances des membranes et prévenir la prolifération des micro-organismes, il s’avère néanmoins qu’elles conduisent à un vieillissement prématuré des membranes en conduisant à l’altération de leurs performances de filtration. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’étudier l’impact de l’hypochlorite de sodium, agent de nettoyage et de désinfection largement utilisé en industrie, sur les membranes en polyéthersulfone (PES) / polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Des mesures électrocinétiques ont mis en évidence la dégradation du PES bien qu’il soit considéré comme un polymère très résistant chimiquement. Cette dégradation se produit par deux mécanismes distincts en fonction du pH de la solution d’hypochlorite de sodium : (i) la coupure de chaines du PES, principalement sous l’action de l’espèce HClO et (ii) l’hydroxylation du cycle aromatique du PES par les radicaux °OH formés au sein de la solution d’hypochlorite de sodium. La dégradation de la PVP par ouverture du cycle et son départ partiel de la membrane ont également été confirmés. Les expériences menées conjointement sur des membranes en PES pur et en PES/PVP avec différentes concentrations de PVP ont montré que la dégradation du PES par coupure de chaines se produit indépendamment de la concentration de la PVP dans la membrane. Par contre, la présence de la PVP favorise le mécanisme d’hydroxylation des cycles aromatiques du PES. Par ailleurs, le mécanisme de coupure de chaines du PES se révèle être le principal responsable de la détérioration des performances de filtration des membranes. Dans les conditions de vieillissement appliquées dans cette étude, ni l’hydroxylation du PES ni la dégradation de la PVP ne semblent jouer un rôle important dans la dégradation des propriétés de rétention des membranes. Enfin, la structure des membranes est fortement altérée sous l’action de l’hypochlorite de sodium, les modifications structurales étant plus importantes pour les membranes contenant de la PVP
During industrial operations, filtration polymer membranes are regularly chemically-stressed during cleaning and disinfection steps. Although these latter are still unavoidable to restore the membrane performance and to prevent the proliferation of microorganisms, they lead, however, to membrane premature ageing, which impairs the membrane separation properties. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the impact of sodium hypochlorite, a widely used cleaning and disinfection agent, on polyethersulfone (PES) / polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) membranes. Electrokinetic measurements highlighted the degradation of PES, although the chemical resistance of this latter is well-acknowledged. The degradation of PES occurred through two distinct mechanisms depending on the pH of the sodium hypochlorite solution: (i) the PES-chain scission, which was found to result mainly from the HClO species, and (ii) the hydroxylation of the PES aromatic rings by the °OH free radicals that are formed in the sodium hypochlorite solution. Moreover, the degradation of PVP by a ring opening mechanism and its partial release from the membrane were confirmed. Experiments carried out with pure PES membranes as well as with PES / PVP membranes with different PVP contents showed that the PES-chain scission mechanism occurred whatever the PVP concentration. On the other hand, the presence of PVP was found to promote the hydroxylation of the PES aromatic rings. Furthermore, the PES-chain scission mechanism appeared to play the major role in the worsening of the membrane filtration performance. Under the ageing conditions of this study it seems that neither the PES hydroxylation nor the PVP degradation play a significant role in the worsening of the membrane rejection properties. Finally, the membrane structure was found to be substantially altered by the action of sodium hypochlorite, especially for membranes containing PVP
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Al, Bari Md Abdullah. "Usefulness of Expired Proprietary (Ex-PVP) Maize (Zea Mays L.) Germplasm for U.S. Northern Breeding Programs." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27300.

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Maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines and hybrids are protected by U.S. Patent and/or Plant Variety Protection Act (PVPA). Protection lasts 20 years and it affects breeding access in a highly confidential and competitive market. This research assessed the usefulness of patent expired short-season maize inbred lines. The study was conducted i) to understand the nature of gene action of a short-season maize breeding sample for agronomy and grain quality traits ii) to identify ex-PVP inbred lines and hybrids as potential breeding sources for short-season maize breeding programs for agronomic, grain quality, and nutritional traits iii) to identify and validate heterotic groups of ex-PVP inbreds and NDSU inbred lines, and iv) to identify desirable top heterotic patterns among ex-PVP, industry testers, and NDSU lines. Three North Carolina Mating Design II (NCII) crosses were made including NDSU lines, ex-PVP lines, and top industry testers in the 2010 North Dakota State University (NDSU) Fargo summer nursery and in the 2010 - 2011 NDSU New Zealand winter nursery. Hybrids were planted across six different ND environments in 2011 and 2012 following partially balanced lattice experimental designs. Combining ability analyses were performed following NCII design. Additive and non-additive genetic variances were important for regulating the expression of most traits with the preponderance of additive genetic variance. Our research identified ex-PVP inbred lines PH207, Q381, PHP02, S8324, PHK76, CR1Ht, PHT77, LH205, LH54, and PHJ40 that could be used as breeding sources to increase mostly grain yield. Most of the inbred lines belong to Stiff Stalk (SS), non-SS, or Lancaster backgrounds, although some belong to both SS/non-SS genetic backgrounds. The top heterotic patterns, from our trials, were represented in the following combinations: SS x non-SS, Iodent x SS, SS x Lancaster, Iodent x Lancaster, and SS/non-SS x SS. Our trials suggest most ex-PVP lines are not useful directly in immediate hybrid production for agronomic and grain quality traits. In such a context, improvements in intellectual property and re-thinking of breeding rights access are encouraged to explore more suitable hybrids for short-season maize breeding programs.
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Fernandes, Andreia Sofia Pombinho. "Desenvolvimento de uma cobertura para feridas baseada em nanofíbras de iodopovidona." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/5715.

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Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Biomédica
Em engenharia de tecidos, uma das áreas de interesse é a procura de coberturas para feridas que, simultaneamente, sejam confortáveis para o paciente e eficazes no combate às infecções a que a zona de aplicação está sujeita. Este trabalho teve como objectivo produzir, por electrofiação de soluções contendo PVP e PVP-I, matrizes de nanofibras e investigar a sua capacidade anti-séptica. Numa primeira fase produziram-se matrizes a partir de soluções com 18% PVP e diferentes concentrações de PVPI(1%, 3% e 5%). As soluções foram caracterizadas quanto à sua condutividade, densidade,viscosidade e tensão superficial. A morfologia das matrizes de nanofibras foi avaliada por observação em microscópios óptico e electrónico de varrimento (SEM). Após verificar que a reticulação das matrizes ocorre por irradiação com UV na ausência de fotoniciador, estudou-se a influência do tempo de irradiação na reticulação. Amostras seleccionadas (com diferentes concentrações de PVP-I e irradiadas durante tempos diferentes) foram colocadas em água e foi avaliada, por espectrofotometria de UV-visível, a taxa de libertação do iodo. Foram efectuadas culturas microbiológicas, bacterianas (S. aureus, S. epidermidis e P. aeruginosa) e fúngicas(C. albicans) para determinar as concentrações mínimas inibitórias, CMIs, correspondentes e avaliar a acção biocida de matrizes reticuladas seleccionadas. Esta avaliação foi feita em culturas microbiológicas confluentes (em agar) em testes de difusão seguindo o método Kirby-Bauer. Os testes revelaram zonas de inibição do crescimento dos microorganismos, o que comprova a eficácia biocida das matrizes. Adicionalmente, foi avaliada a acção biocida de uma matriz colocada numa cultura em meio líquido de S. aureus. Este teste indicou uma acção biocida gradual e eficaz.
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BARROS, Sheila de Melo. "Estudo dos efeitos da estrutura química de moléculas poliméricas na interação com nanoporo protéico unitário." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2012. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/12704.

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CAPES
Atualmente, um grande número de técnicas encontra-se disponível para a caracterização de polímeros sintéticos, tais como a cromatografia por exclusão molecular (CEM), ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) e técnicas de caracterização por massa como a ionização/dessorção a laser assistida por matiz (MALDI-TOF). Para a maioria dos polímeros sintéticos com elevada polidispersidade, no entanto, estas técnicas necessitam de outros métodos complementares ou de um tratamento prévio da amostra. Recentemente, foi demostrado que poros de α-hemolisina podem ser usados como um espectrômetro de massas em solução para moléculas de polietilenoglicol (PEG), baseado na interação entre um poro de escala nanométrica e moléculas do analito, onde moléculas poliméricas de diferentes tamanhos no interior do nanoporo promovem diferentes estados de condutância com média característica dos tempos de residência. Neste trabalho a interação entre a Polivinilpirrolidona (PVP) e canais de α-hemolisina na presença de elevada corrente iônica foi utilizada para o desenvolvimento de um novo modelo de espectrômetro de massas para polímeros em espaço confinado, baseado em poros de escala nanométrica. Em nossos experimentos, foi utilizada uma solução banhante de (4M KCl, Tris 5 mM, pH 7,5) e uma amostra polidispersa de PVP de peso médio de 10KDa como analito polimérico. A confecção da bicamada lipídica plana e a inserção do nanoporo unitário na membrana, bem como os registros de correntes iônicas através dos poros, foram obtidos em condições de fixação de voltagem. Os resultados demonstram que poros de α-HL são capazes de detectar a polidispersidade do PVP e discriminar as cadeias moleculares com diferentes tamanhos. Os resultados obtidos com o nanoporo sensor apresentaram dados similares aos obtidos nas análises com o MALDI-TOF convencional. Fornecendo as bases científicas para o desenvolvimento de um espectrômetro de massas a partir do canal unitário uma caracterização em tempo real de polímeros sintéticos em solução.
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25

Shaffer, Traci R. "The Effects of Betadine®, Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and Iodine on Regeneration in the Planarian Dugesia tigrina." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2010. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2247.

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The freshwater planarian has a great capacity to regenerate and is an ideal animal model in the study of stem cell and regeneration biology. In this study planarian regenerating new tails were exposed to nonlethal doses of Betadine®, Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and Iodine. Betadine® is a topical antiseptic commonly used in the healthcare setting and may have a detrimental effect on wound healing. PVP is linked to iodine to create povidone-iodine, the active ingredient in Betadine®. Initially, a preliminary test was performed on the worms to determine the nonlethal concentrations of these chemicals . After this nonlethal concentration was determined, tails were amputated and a designated number of worms were placed in the Betadine®, PVP, and Iodine solutions. Spring water was used as a control. This study determined that Betadine® and PVP showed no significant impact on regrowth rate and wound healing in the planarian, while Iodine did.
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26

Santa, Cruz Pacheco Carolina Maritza. "Efecto de tres suplementos macromoléculas (pva, pvp y bsa) sobre la tasa de maduración, division y desarrollo embrionario in vitro de ovocitos bovinos procedentes de ovarios obtenidos de camal." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/1546.

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El presente estudio se realizó para evaluar el efecto de cuatro suplementos de macromoléculas sobre la tasa de maduración nuclear, así como también determinar la tasa división de ovocitos y desarrollo embrionario posterior a la fecundación a las 48 horas y 168 horas (7 días), respectivamente. Los ovarios fueron obtenidos de animales sacrificados, transportándose al laboratorio en un termo conteniendo solución salina al 0.09%, suplementada con antibiótico-antimicótico a 37 °C. Los CCO´s se obtuvieron de la aspiración de folículos de entre 2-6mm; luego de ser observados en un estéreomicroscopio, 692 ovocitos con dos o más capas de células fueron calificados como aptos para ser madurados en medio TCM-99 enriquecido con suplemento de macromolécula: PVP o PVA o BSA o SFB según sea el tratamiento; cultivados a 39°C bajo una atmósfera de 5% de CO2. Cumplido el tiempo de maduración (24 horas), los ovocitos fueron removidos del medio y lavados con PBS suplementado con SFB y 1 mg/ml de hialuronidasa, para ser fijados en una solución de etanol: ácido acético (3:1). Para la evaluación de la maduración nuclear, se colocaron los ovocitos en una lámina portaobjeto y teñidos con 1% de orceína; las mismas fueron observadas bajo un microscopio para ser evaluadas y clasificadas como Vesícula Germinal (VG), Metafase I (MI), Anafase-Telofase, Metafase II (MII) y degenerados. Para la fecundación se usaron 1680 ovocitos, madurados bajo las mismas condiciones y fecundados con espermatozoides obtenidos de pajillas. Para la obtención de los espermatozoides motiles se centrifugo a 300 gravedades durante 10 minutos bajo una gradiente de Percoll (45/90); el sobrenadante fue retirado y el pellet obtenido retirado para ser reconstituido con TL-STOCK. Los ovocitos maduros y espermatozoides fueron co-cultivados durante 18 horas a 39°C con 5% de CO2 en medio de cultivo KSOM-AA; luego de 48 horas las células cocultivadas fueron trasladadas al medio de cultivo SOF. En el experimento 1, en los ovocitos que alcanzaron la maduración nuclear (Metafase II) se encontró diferencia significativa solo entre los suplementos de macromolécula PVA y SFB con 19.3 + 1.8 y 16.3 + 0.8, respectivamente; mientras que en los grupos PVP, PVA, BSA y PVP, BSA, SFB, respectivamente no se encontró diferencia estadística significativa. En el experimento 2, la tasa de división y desarrollo embrionario posterior a la fecundación a las 48 horas y 168 horas, respectivamente no se encontró diferencia estadística significativa. Estos resultados indican que los suplementos de macromoléculas proporcionan condiciones y requerimientos importantes para la progresión desde estadios de metafase I a metafase II. Palabras claves: Maduración In vitro, ovocitos bovinos, fecundación In vitro.
--- The present study was made to evaluate the effect of four macromolecule supplements on the rate of nuclear maturation, as well as to determine the rate division of oocytes and embryonic development subsequent to the fertilization to the 48 hours and 168 hours (7 days), respectively. The ovaries were obtained from sacrificed animals, being transported to the laboratory in a thermos flask containing saline solution to the 0,09%, with antibioticantimycotic at 37 °C. The CCO´s was obtained from the aspiration of follicles of between 2-6mm; after being observed in stereomicroscope, 692 oocytes with two or more layers of cells were described like apt being in the middle matured TCM-99 enriched with macro-molecule supplement: PVP or PVA or BSA or SFB according to are the treatment; cultivated at 39°C under an atmosphere of 5% of CO2. Turned the time of maturation (24 hours), the oocytes were removed of means and washings with PBS supplemented with SFB and 1 mg/ml of hyaluronidase, to be fixed to an ethanol solution: acetic acid (3: 1). For the evaluation of the nuclear maturation, the oocytes on the slide and dyeings with 1% of orceína were placed; the same ones were observed under a microscope to be evaluated and to be classified like germinal vesicle (VG), metaphase I (MI), anaphase-telophase, metaphase II (MII) and degenerated. For the fertilization 1680 oocytes, matured under the same conditions and fertilized were used with obtained spermatozoa of tubules contained it.. For the obtaining of the motile spermatozoa by centrifuge myself to 300 gravities during 10 minutes under a gradient of Percoll (45/90); the supernatant was retired and pellet obtained retired to be reconstituted with TL-STOCK. The mature oocytes and spermatozoa Co-were cultivated during 18 hours to 39°C with 5% of CO2 in the middle of culture KSOM-AA; after 48 hours the Co-cultivated cells were transferred to means of culture SOF. In experiment 1, in the oocytes that reached the nuclear maturation (Metaphase II) was single significant difference between the macromolecule supplements PVA and SFB with 19.3 + 1.8 and 16.3 + 0.8, respectively; whereas in groups PVP, PVA, BSA and PVP, BSA, SFB, respectively was not significant statistical difference. In experiment 2, the rate of division and embryonic development subsequent to the fertilization to the 48 hours and 168 hours, respectively was not significant statistical difference. These results indicate that the macromolecule supplements they provide conditions and important requirements for the progression from stages of metaphase I to metaphase II. Key words: In vitro Maturation, oocytes bovine, In vitro fertilization.
Tesis
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27

Chan, Siok Yee. "The development of PVP-based solid dispersions using hot melt extrusion for the preparation of immediate release formulations." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2013. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/43365/.

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Bioavailability and clinical effectiveness of a poorly soluble drug can be highly affected by its formulation design. In this respect, research on solid dispersion of hydrophilic carrier has commenced a decade ago to resolve the problem of poorly soluble drug. However, the availability of solid dispersion is commercially limited due to the concerns of its physical instability, unpredictability and inconsistency formulation performance. This is attributed to the lack of fundamental understanding on the processing method, physicochemical properties of the obtained solid dispersion. Therefore, better understanding on the processing methods and factors underlying the performance of solid dispersion may be required to maximize the use of solid dispersion. Hot melt extrusion (HME) method was introduced in formulating solid dispersion. The use of this production method offers many advantages such as environmental friendly, cost sparing and readily scalable production as compared to conventional methods. On the other hand, the hydrophilic polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) polymer with its good stabilising ability in the solid dispersion is less applied in HME process due to its possible degradation at high temperature. However, rejection on the use of PVP without thorough understanding of its potential might lead to underuse of this polymer in HME solid dispersion. This project explores the feasibility of using PVP and its derivative in HME manufacturing method. It offers an in-depth study on the hot melt processing, physical stability and dissolution behaviour of HME PVP-based solid dispersion. Factors affecting the production of fully amorphous solid dispersion and its physical stability are discussed, taking into account the influence of the composition and characteristic of the drug, drug-polymer interaction and the molecular weight of the polymer. In parallel, HME poorly soluble drug in PVP based solid dispersion were produced and investigated for their dissolution performances in order to understand the mechanism underlying the dissolution process of the HME PVP-based solid dispersion system.
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28

Schedler, Kathrin Verfasser], Axel [Akademischer Betreuer] [Kramer, Axel Gutachter] Kramer, and Georg [Gutachter] [Daeschlein. "Charakterisierung von zehnprozentigem PVP-Iod als Referenzsubstanz im Prüfkörpertest / Kathrin Schedler ; Gutachter: Axel Kramer, Georg Daeschlein ; Betreuer: Axel Kramer." Greifswald : Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:9-opus-20359.

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29

Schedler, Kathrin [Verfasser], Axel [Akademischer Betreuer] Kramer, Axel [Gutachter] Kramer, and Georg [Gutachter] Daeschlein. "Charakterisierung von zehnprozentigem PVP-Iod als Referenzsubstanz im Prüfkörpertest / Kathrin Schedler ; Gutachter: Axel Kramer, Georg Daeschlein ; Betreuer: Axel Kramer." Greifswald : Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/115371292X/34.

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30

Fishman, Nikita [Verfasser]. "Funktionelle Ergebnisse nach Greenlight-Laservaporisation (GL-PVP) und Transurethraler Resektion der Prostata (TUR-P) : eine Single-Center-Analyse / Nikita Fishman." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1179779142/34.

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31

Salles, Taís Helena Costa 1986. "Eletrofiação de nanofibras de blendas de gelatina/PVP (poli (vinil pirrolidona)) a partir de soluções de água e ácido acético." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263536.

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Orientador: Marcos Akira d'Ávila
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: A eletrofiação é reconhecida como uma técnica eficiente para a fabricação de microfibras e nanofibras de polímero, devido à sua versatilidade e potencial para aplicações em diversos campos. As aplicações notáveis incluem engenharia tecidual, biossensores, filtração, curativos, liberação controlada de fármacos e imobilização de enzimas. As nanofibras são geradas através da aplicação de um campo elétrico em uma solução polimérica. As fibras fiadas por este processo oferecem várias vantagens, como elevada área de superfície em relação ao volume, alta porosidade e a capacidade de manipular a composição de nanofibras, a fim de obter as propriedades e funções desejadas. Neste trabalho, a eletrofiação de blendas de gelatina com polivinilpirrolidona (PVP) para a fabricação de nanofibras foi investigada. Os polímeros foram fiados a partir de soluções contendo diversas concentrações de água e ácido acético. As soluções foram fiadas a uma tensão positiva de 29,0-29,2 kV, uma distância da ponta da agulha ao coletor de 10 cm, e uma vazão de 1 mL / h. Todas as soluções foram avaliadas quanto ao pH, condutividade elétrica, tensão superficial e viscosidade. Foram investigados os efeitos da concentração de ácido acético nas propriedades das soluções que por sua vez, influenciaram no processo de obtenção de fibras por eletrofiação. Foi observado que há uma correlação entre a concentração de ácido acético e a formação de fibras desse sistema, assim como a influência no diâmetro final das fibras. No presente estudo, uma matriz de nanofibras uniformes com diâmetro aproximado de 519, 355 e 154 nm foram produzidas via eletrofiação. A morfologia das membranas foi avaliada por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). Foi realizada a análise térmica termogravimétrica (TGA) e avaliação de citotoxicidade, visando futuras aplicações em engenharia tecidual
Abstract: The electrospinning is recognized as an efficient technique for the fabrication of polymeric microfibers and nanofibers due to its versatility and potential for applications in many fields. Notable applications include tissue engineering, biosensors, filtration, wound dressings, controlled drug release and enzyme immobilization. The nanofibers are generated by applying an electric field in a polymer solution. The fibers spun by this process offers several advantages such as high surface area relative to volume, high porosity and the ability to manipulate the composition of nanofibers in order to obtain the desired properties and functions desired. In this work, the electrospinning blends of gelatin with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to fabrication nanofibers were investigated. The polymers were electrospun from solutions containing various concentrations of water and acetic acid. The solutions were electrospun at a positive voltage of 29.0 to 29.2 kV, a distance from the needle tip to the collector of 10 cm and a flow rate of 1 mL / h. All solutions were analyzed as your pH, electrical conductivity, surface tension and viscosity. We investigated the effects of acetic acid concentration on the properties of the solutions, on the other hand, influenced the process of obtaining fibers by electrospinning. It was observed that there was a correlation between the concentration of acetic acid and formation of fibers of that system, as well the influence on the final diameter of the fibers. In the present study, a matrix of nanofibers uniform with diameters of approximately 519, 355 and 154 nm had been produced by electrospinning. The morphology of the membranes was evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). We made thermal analysis (TGA) and assessment of cytotoxicity, aiming future applications in tissue engineering
Mestrado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Mestra em Engenharia Mecânica
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32

Silva, André Lima e. [UNESP]. "Estudo estrutural, morfológico, elétrico e óptico de cristais de a-Ag2WO4 dopados com Mo6+ via co-precipitação assistida por PVP." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/136093.

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No presente trabalho, foram sintetizados microcristais de α-Ag2WO4 dopados com Mo6+ nas concentrações de 0, 0,1, 0,2, 0,4 e 0,8% através do método de co-precipitação a 100 ºC na presença de PVP. Obteve-se materiais policristalinos de cor amarela-clara que foram caracterizados por DRX, espectroscopia MicroRaman, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de fotoluminescência e UV/Vis por refletância difusa. O refinamento Rietveld, usando os dados da ficha ICSD Nº 4165, foi empregado para o cálculo dos parâmetros rede e posições atômicas. Indexou-se os DRX das amostras como α e γ-Ag2WO4 pelas fichas cristalográficas JCPDS 34-0061 e JCPDS 33-1197, respectivamente. Os resultados revelaram estruturas com alto grau de desordem que aumenta com o aumento de concentração do Mo6+, redução progressiva do volume de cela unitária e formação da fase cúbica com maiores concentrações do dopante. Exceto para a amostra com 0,1% de dopante, obteve-se cristais com morfologia hexagonal, tamanho em torno de 1 μm, apresentando defeitos morfológicos como fraturas, superfícies irregulares e cristais polifacetados. Notou-se rápido crescimento de nanopartículas de prata na superfície do material durante exposição ao feixe de elétrons acelerados sob 10 keV no microscópio eletrônico de varredura. As amostras apresentaram ainda comportamento ôhmico com resistência da ordem de 1010 Ω・m, com cristais de α-Ag2WO4 puro exibindo forte fotoluminescência na região do vermelho que é reduzida com a dopagem e sem apresentar considerável variação no band gap em função da concentração de Mo6+.
In this study were synthesized Mo6+ doped α-Ag2WO4 microcrystals at concentrations of 0, 0,1, 0,2 0,4 e 0,8% by co-precipitation at 100 ºC in presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone surfactant. Were obtained pale-yellow polycrystalline powders that were characterized by x ray diffraction, MicroRaman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), photoluminescence spectroscopy and UV/Vis diffuse reflectance. They was indexed as alfa and γ-Ag2WO4 by the crystallographic standards JCPDS 34-0061 and 33-1197, respectively. The Rietveld refinament using ICSD No. 4165 was performed to calculation of lattice parameters and atomic positions. The results revealed a high degree of disorder in short, medium and long range which increases with doping such as a progressive reduction of unit cell volume and cubic phase formation is inducted. Except to 0,1% Mo6+, SEM images showed hexagonal crystals, size about 1 μm, presenting morphological defects such as fractures, irregular surfaces and polyfaced crystals. Further was noted a rapid growth of silver nanoparticles on the surface of these materials during exposure to 10 keV electron beam accelerated in SEM. The samples also showed ohmic behavior with 1.074x1010 Ω·m order resistence, α-Ag2WO4 pure crystals exhibited strong photoluminescence in the red region of eletromagnetic spectra which is reduced by doping, with no significant changing on FT profiles by Mo6+ increasing concentration being noted. The lowest band-gap (3.05 eV) was obtained with 0,8% doped sample.
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33

Silva, André Lima e. "Estudo estrutural, morfológico, elétrico e óptico de cristais de a-Ag2WO4 dopados com Mo6+ via co-precipitação assistida por PVP /." Araraquara, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/136093.

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Orientador: Elson Longo da Silva
Banca: Maria Aparecida Zaghete Bertochi
Banca: Valmor Roberto Mastelaro
Resumo: No presente trabalho, foram sintetizados microcristais de α-Ag2WO4 dopados com Mo6+ nas concentrações de 0, 0,1, 0,2, 0,4 e 0,8% através do método de co-precipitação a 100 ºC na presença de PVP. Obteve-se materiais policristalinos de cor amarela-clara que foram caracterizados por DRX, espectroscopia MicroRaman, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de fotoluminescência e UV/Vis por refletância difusa. O refinamento Rietveld, usando os dados da ficha ICSD Nº 4165, foi empregado para o cálculo dos parâmetros rede e posições atômicas. Indexou-se os DRX das amostras como α e γ-Ag2WO4 pelas fichas cristalográficas JCPDS 34-0061 e JCPDS 33-1197, respectivamente. Os resultados revelaram estruturas com alto grau de desordem que aumenta com o aumento de concentração do Mo6+, redução progressiva do volume de cela unitária e formação da fase cúbica com maiores concentrações do dopante. Exceto para a amostra com 0,1% de dopante, obteve-se cristais com morfologia hexagonal, tamanho em torno de 1 μm, apresentando defeitos morfológicos como fraturas, superfícies irregulares e cristais polifacetados. Notou-se rápido crescimento de nanopartículas de prata na superfície do material durante exposição ao feixe de elétrons acelerados sob 10 keV no microscópio eletrônico de varredura. As amostras apresentaram ainda comportamento ôhmico com resistência da ordem de 1010 Ω・m, com cristais de α-Ag2WO4 puro exibindo forte fotoluminescência na região do vermelho que é reduzida com a dopagem e sem apresentar considerável variação no band gap em função da concentração de Mo6+.
Abstract: In this study were synthesized Mo6+ doped α-Ag2WO4 microcrystals at concentrations of 0, 0,1, 0,2 0,4 e 0,8% by co-precipitation at 100 ºC in presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone surfactant. Were obtained pale-yellow polycrystalline powders that were characterized by x ray diffraction, MicroRaman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), photoluminescence spectroscopy and UV/Vis diffuse reflectance. They was indexed as alfa and γ-Ag2WO4 by the crystallographic standards JCPDS 34-0061 and 33-1197, respectively. The Rietveld refinament using ICSD No. 4165 was performed to calculation of lattice parameters and atomic positions. The results revealed a high degree of disorder in short, medium and long range which increases with doping such as a progressive reduction of unit cell volume and cubic phase formation is inducted. Except to 0,1% Mo6+, SEM images showed hexagonal crystals, size about 1 μm, presenting morphological defects such as fractures, irregular surfaces and polyfaced crystals. Further was noted a rapid growth of silver nanoparticles on the surface of these materials during exposure to 10 keV electron beam accelerated in SEM. The samples also showed ohmic behavior with 1.074x1010 Ω·m order resistence, α-Ag2WO4 pure crystals exhibited strong photoluminescence in the red region of eletromagnetic spectra which is reduced by doping, with no significant changing on FT profiles by Mo6+ increasing concentration being noted. The lowest band-gap (3.05 eV) was obtained with 0,8% doped sample.
Mestre
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34

Amorim, Alexandra Mara de. "Estudo das propriedades térmicas, espectroscópicas e eletroquímicas de complexos formados entre o polímero polivinilpirrolidona [PVP] e sais de Cobre(II)." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/94214.

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Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Físicas e Matemáticas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Florianópolis, 2010
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A influencia da massa molar e da concentração do polímero poli(vinilpirrolidona) [PVP] sobre o crescimento de filmes poliméricos sobre a superfície do cobre foram estudadas por técnicas eletroquímicas, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, espectroscopia eletrônica e análises térmicas. Espectros na região do infravermelho e curvas termogravimétricas dos filmes gerados eletroquimicamente a +0,7 V foram comparados aos complexos sintetizados quimicamente, e os resultados apresentaram similaridade entre os compostos gerados de forma química/eletroquímica. O processo de oxidação pode ser descrito como: Cu(0) ' Cu(I) e Cu(I) ' Cu(II), e o complexo de cobre formado em potenciais mais positivos foi caracterizado como Cu(II)/PVP/SCN-, com o cobre ligado ao átomo de oxigênio do PVP e o íon tiocianato ligado através do nitrogênio. Complexos com o polímero PVP obtidos quimicamente com os ânions cloreto e sulfato foram também caracterizados com as técnicas de FTIR e análise térmica. Foram observadas alterações na propriedade dos complexos com a variação do ânion. Os complexos formados com o ânion tiocianato foram investigados através das técnicas eletroquímicas de voltametria cíclica, polarização potenciodinâmica e impedância eletroquímica. Nas curvas de voltametria cíclica, foi observada uma redução abrupta nos valores de corrente com a adição do polímero PVP. Os dados de EIS demonstraram que os filmes produzidos de forma espontânea tiveram melhor eficiência de inibição que os produzidos através de ciclos voltamétricos, e o resultado de quase 99 % de eficiência obtida para o filme crescido durante uma hora em solução contendo H2SO4 1,0 mol L-1 + KSCN 0,1 mol L-1 + PVP-10 0,1 mol L-1 indica que apesar de a solução ácida 1,0 mol L-1 ser mais agressiva, a maior disponibilidade de cobre na forma oxidada e possível protonação do polímero em maior grau favorecem a formação do complexo inibidor, garantindo uma camada protetora de alta eficiência.
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35

Arsat, Rashidah, and rashidah arsat@student rmit edu au. "Investigation of Nanostructured Thin Films on Surface Acoustic Wave and Conductometric Transducers for Gas Sensing Applications." RMIT University. Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2009. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20091002.094407.

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In this thesis, the author proposed and developed nanostructured materials based Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) and conductometric transducers for gas sensing applications. The device fabrication, nanostructured materials synthesis and characterization, as well as their gas sensing performance have been undertaken. The investigated structures are based on two structures: lithium niobate (LiNbO3) and lithium tantalate (LiTaO3). These two substrates were chosen for their high electromechanical coupling coefficient. The conductometric structure is based on langasite (LGS) substrate. LGS was selected because it does not exhibit any phase transition up to its melting point (1470°C). Four types of nanostructured materials were investigated as gas sensing layers, they are: polyaniline, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), graphene and antimony oxide (Sb2O3). The developed nanostructured materials based sensors have high surface to volume ratio, resulting in high sensitivity towards di¤erent gas species. Several synthesis methods were conducted to deposit nanostructured materials on the whole area of SAW based and conductometric transducers. Electropolymerization method was used to synthesize and deposit polyaniline nanofibers on 36° YX LiTaO3 and 64° YX LiNbO3 SAW substrates. By varying several parameters during electropolymerization, the effect on gas sensing properties were investigated. The author also extended her research to successfully develop polyaniline/inorganic nanocomposites based SAW structures for room temperature gas sensing applications. Via electrospinning method, PVP fibres and its composites were successfully deposited on 36° YX LiTaO3 SAW transducers. Again in this method, the author varied several parameters of electrospinning such as distance and concentration, and investigated the effect on gas sensing performance. Graphene-like nano-sheets were synthesized on 36° YX LiTaO3 SAW devices. This material was synthesized by spin-coating graphite oxide (GO) on the substrate and then exposin g the GO to hydrazine to reduce it to graphene. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman characterizations showed that the reduced GO was not an ideal graphene. This information was required to understand the properties of the deposited graphene and link its properties to the gas sensing properties. Thermal evaporation method was used to grow Sb2O3 nanostructures on LGS conductometric transducers. Using this method, different nanoscale structures such as nanorods and lobe-like shapes were found on the gold interdigitated transducers (IDTs) and LGS substrate. The gas sensing performance of the deposited nanostructured Sb2O3 based LGS conductometric sensors was investigated at elevated temperatures. The gas sensing performance of the investigated nanostructured materials/SAW and conductometric structures provide a way for further investigation to future commerciallization of these types of sensors.
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36

ALCANTARA, MARA T. S. "Hidrógeis poliméricos com nanopartículas de prata para aplicações médicas." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2013. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/23511.

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Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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37

Vieira, Giovana Aparecida 1978, Ivonete Oliveira 1962 Barcellos, and Universidade Regional de Blumenau Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química. "Avaliação das propriedades físicas, físico-químicas e colorimétricas de tecidos de malha PES/CO, recobertos com PVP empregando radiação UV-C /." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações FURB, 2015. http://www.bc.furb.br/docs/DS/2015/360439_1_1.pdf.

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Orientador: Ivonete Oliveira Barcellos.
Co-orientador: Ana Paula Serafini Immich Boemo.
A ficha catalográfica foi elaborada pela Biblioteca universitária da Furb, porém a mesma ficou desconfigurada do padrão original enviada ao acadêmico, estando diferente da ficha original.
Dissertação (Mestrado em Química) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau.
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38

Elias, Welman Curi. "Estudos metodológicos de nanopartículas catalíticas de Ag-PVP a partir da análise multivariada, aplicadas á catálise de redução de compostos nitroaromáticos." Florianópolis, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/100426.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Físicas e Matemáticas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química
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O presente trabalho relata o preparo, caracterização e estudo da atividade catalítica de nanopartículas de prata (AgNPs) utilizando a polivinilpirrolidona (PVP) como estabilizante. A otimização dos principais parâmetros experimentais no preparo das AgNPs, i.e. concentrações de NaBH4 (agente redutor) e PVP, foi realizada através da utilização de uma análise multivariada. As AgNPs foram caracterizadas por meio das técnicas de espectrofotometria de UV-Vis, Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão, Espalhamento de Raio-X a Baixo Ângulo e Espalhamento de Luz Dinâmico. A atividade catalítica das AgNPs foram avaliadas através de estudos cinéticos da reação de redução de compostos nitroaromáticos (NACs) com NaBH4, sendo eles o p-nitrofenol , p-nitroanisol, nitrobenzeno, p-bromonitrobenzeno e p-(trifluorometil)nitrobenzeno. O estudo cinético revelou que todas as reações seguiam o modelo de Langmuir-Hinselwood, onde as espécies que participam da reação são adsorvidas e acomodadas na superfície da nanopartícula metálica antes que a reação ocorra. Ainda, tais estudos mostraram que as moléculas de substrato possuem uma afinidade de adsorção muito maior do que as moléculas de BH4- pela superfície das AgNPs. Também, observou-se uma influência considerável do caráter hidrofóbico dos diferentes compostos nitroaromáticos na constante de adsorção do substrato. Seguindo um modelo de catálise homogênea, foi determinado para a reação de redução do p-nitrofenol, a constante de velocidade normalizada pela área superficial da AgNPs de 0,27 s-1 m-2 L. Esse valor encontra-se entre as mais altas constantes de velocidade reportados na literatura. Estudos de relações lineares de energia livre, das constantes de velocidade de Langmuir em função das constantes do substituinte de Hammett (?p, ?-, ?+), mostraram que a relação linear com a constante de substituinte ?- foi a que apresentou o melhor coeficiente de correlação, com uma constante de reação p de 0,588, indicando que substituintes retiradores de elétrons favorecem a reação de redução de NACs, provavelmente pela diminuição de uma carga positiva na formação do estado de transição da reação.
The present work reports the synthesis, characterization and catalytic evaluation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) polyvinylpirrolidone (PVP) composites. The optimization of the main experimental parameters for the synthesis of AgNPs, i.e. concentration of PVP and NaBH4 (reducing agent), was carried though a multivariate analysis. The AgNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Small Angle X-Ray Scattering and Dynamic Light Scattering. The catalytic activity of AgNPs was evaluated though kinetics studies of the reduction reaction of nitro aromatic compounds (NACs), p-nitrophenol , p-nitroanisole, nitrobenzene, p-bromonitrobenzene and p-(trifluormethyl)nitrobenzene, by NaBH4. The kinetics studies revealed that all reactions followed the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model, where the species that participate in the reaction adsorb and accumulate on the NPs surface before they take part in the reaction. Furthermore, these studies showed that the NACs molecules had a much stronger adsorption affinity than the BH4- ions for the Ag-NP surface. Also, it was observed a considerable influence of hydrophobic character of the different nitro aromatic compounds in the adsorption constant. Following a homogeneous model of catalysis, it was determined, for the reduction reaction of p-nitrophenolate, the rate constant normalized to the surface area of the AgNPs to be 0.27 s-1 m-2 L. This value is among the highest rate constant reported in the literature. Linear free energy relationship studies of the Langmuir rate constants of Langmuir as a function of the Hammett substituent constants (óp, ó-, ó+), showed that the linear correlation with ó- constant presented the best correlation coefficient, with a reaction constant ñ of 0.588, indicating that electron withdrawing substituents favor the reduction reaction of the NACs, most probably by the decrease of positive charge in the formation of the reaction transition state.
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39

MACHADO, ANA C. H. R. "Desenvolvimento e avaliacao da incorporacao e liberacao de oleo de acai em hidrogeis de poli(N-vinil-2-pirrolidona." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2010. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9552.

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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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40

BAZZI, AUREA de S. "Estudo da interacao quimica do poli(dimetilsiloxano-g-oxido de etileno) na membrana de poli(N-vinil-2-pirrolidona) e agar induzida com radiacao ionizante." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1999. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10735.

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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41

Altinsoy, Sule. "Polymerization And Characterization Of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611238/index.pdf.

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N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, NVP, was polymerized by &
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-radiation in the presence of atmospheric oxygen and under vacuum at different periods. Polymerization also conducted by using chemical initiator, &
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-Azoisobutyronitrile, AIBN, in bulk at different temperatures and times. The activation energy for polymerization was found from Arrhenius plot as 31,8 kJ/mol. By using the Fox-Flory equation T&
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&
#56394
and k values calculated for each polymerization methods. The polymer obtained was white gel type. The different types of polymer obtained were investigated by FT-IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR, DSC, TGA and viscosity measurement methods. According to the FT-IR and NMR results, the polymerizations proceeded via vinyl group. As expected, solution viscosity measurements and DSC results showed that the glass transition temperature of polymer increases with increasing molecular weight.
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42

GONZALEZ, GONZALEZ JUVENAL 629192, and GONZALEZ JUVENAL GONZALEZ. "Detección de éter etílico en mezcla con etanol empleando compuestos poliméricos a base de polivinilpirrolidona (pvp), polibutadieno (pbd) y negro de carbono." Tesis de maestría, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/66101.

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43

GONZALEZ, GONZALEZ JUVENAL 629192, and GONZALEZ JUVENAL GONZALEZ. "Detección de éter etílico en mezcla con etanol empleando compuestos poliméricos a base de Polivinilpirrolidona (PVP), Polibutadieno (PBD) y Negro de Carbono." Tesis de maestría, UAEM, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/66120.

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44

Rodrigues, Jose Ricardo da Silva. "Estudo das propriedades micro e macroscópicas de blendas de PA6/PPE compatibilizadas com SEBS e de complexo de PVP com Cu(II)." Florianópolis, SC, 2000. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/78386.

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Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Físicas e Matemáticas.
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Análise das propriedades micro e macroscópicas de novos materiais, obtidos a partir da mistura física de dois polímeros comerciais em presença de pequena quantidade de um terceiro polímero que atuará como agente compatibilizante e pela complexação do íon cobre (II) com o nitrogênio piridínico da poli vinil piridina. Blendas binárias e ternárias de polímeros e misturas binárias de polímero com iodeto de cobre são preparadas. Os procedimentos distintos utilizados produzem novos materiais com propriedades diferentes dos componentes puros e de interesse prático. A relação entre propriedades térmicas, mecânicas e a morfologia das blendas de poliamida 6 (PA6) e poli(2,6-dimetil-1,4-oxi fenileno) (PPE) ou PPE modificado com 20% de estireno (mPPE) ou PPE enxertado com anidrido maleico (PPE-g-AM) compatibilizado com o copolímero tribloco poli[estireno-b-(etileno-co-butileno)-b-estireno] enxertado com anidrido maleico (SEBS-g-AM) são estudados. O uso de uma combinação de SEBS-g-AM e SEBS é também usado. A adição de 1% de CuI, em massa, às blendas é também analisada. São empregadas as técnicas de MET, MEV, DSC, TGA e DMA. Propriedades mecânicas são caracterizadas por medidas de resistência ao impacto e tensão-deformação. Misturas binárias polímero/iodeto de cobre (CuI) (mol/mol) são estudados e analisados a formação de complexos polímero-cobre (II). Poli(2-vinil piridina) (P2VP) e poli(4-vinil piridina) (P4VP) são os polímeros usados. A caracterização dos complexos é realizado pelos resultados obtidos das técnicas de DSC, TGA, FTIR, EPR, Raman, MEV e condutividade elétrica.
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45

Pellegrin, Bastien. "Analyse multi-échelle de la dégradation de membranes d'ultrafiltration en polyethersulfone - poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) en conditions d'usage." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2084/.

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Ces travaux portent sur l'étude du vieillissement de membranes d'ultrafiltration en PES / PVP. Ils sont motivés par le constat industriel de l'endommagement des membranes au cours de leur utilisation. Il est démontré que l'hypochlorite de sodium utilisé lors des procédures de lavages sur site de production d'eau potable est le principal responsable du vieillissement des membranes. Cette dégradation chimique conduit à une oxydation radicalaire de la PVP (avec et sans rupture de chaînes), entraînant son élimination partielle de la structure de la membrane. Ce phénomène provoque une augmentation de la perméabilité à l'eau pure, une diminution de la sélectivité et une altération des propriétés mécaniques de la membrane. Une relation directe entre l'évolution de l'allongement à la rupture (déterminé par essais de traction) et la quantité de PVP contenue dans les 40 premiers microns en dessous de la surface de la membrane est notamment établie. Nous mettons également en évidence la relative stabilité de la PES. L'exposition de la PES à l'hypochlorite provoque la formation de phénols ortho-substitués (sans rupture de chaînes), uniquement en présence de PVP. En plus de l'altération de la sélectivité et des propriétés mécaniques, d'un point de vue applicatif, ces modifications chimiques donnent lieu à une augmentation de la sensibilité au colmatage. Les résultats de cette étude de vieillissement accéléré en laboratoire sont supportés par l'analyse de membranes issues de modules ayant opéré durant plusieurs années sur site de production d'eau potable. En effet, les marqueurs macroscopiques et moléculaires de la dégradation présentent, dans les deux cas, les mêmes évolutions. Cependant, l'accent est mis sur l'invalidité du concept de dose, très largement utilisé pour quantifier l'avancement de la dégradation. En effet, nous démontrons que, dans la gamme de concentrations et de temps que nous avons étudié, il existe un effet prépondérant de la concentration par rapport au temps
Motivated by drinking water production plants reporting membrane failure issues, this study investigates the ageing of a commercially available PES / PVP UF hollow fiber. Proof is given that membrane degradation is mainly induced by sodium hypochlorite exposure. The effects on the PES chemical structure are limited, very low extend of chain scission occurs and the formation of an ortho-substituted phenol is observed as the main modification. Experiments show that the presence of PVP and/or PVP degradation products is a required condition for the PES oxidation to occur. On the other hand, PVP appears to be very sensitive to hypochlorite exposure. PVP radical oxidation mechanisms are identified presenting a maximal reaction rate for neutral to slightly basic pH and leading to the partial removal of the PVP degradation products from the membrane structure. Correlation of macroscopic and molecular characterizations demonstrates that PVP degradation is responsible for the membrane integrity loss (impairing selectivity and mechanical performance), while hypochlorite exposure also induces enhanced membrane / solutes interactions, leading to an accentuated fouling. The representativeness of static continuous hypochlorite exposure regarding the actual on-site membrane ageing is confirmed by the analysis of membranes extracted from an industrially operated module. Nevertheless, the hypochlorite dose parameter, widely used in the literature, is demonstrated to be inappropriate to describe the degradation rate: the hypochlorite concentration impact is shown to be dominating the exposure time impact on the degradation rate
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46

Esch, Monika. "Untersuchungen zur Wirksamkeit eines Poly-Vinyl-Pyrrolidon (PVP)–Jodkomplexes zur Behandlung der Dermatitis digitalis (D.d.) und zum Bewegungsverhalten von an D.d. erkrankten Milchkühen." Diss., lmu, 2004. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-26614.

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47

NELLI, NICOLA. "“Sviluppo di materiali biocompositi per la realizzazione di sostituti tissutali per impianti a breve e lungo termine”." Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1011390.

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Tutti i tessuti presenti nel corpo umano sono prevalentemente costituiti da network fibrosi (collagene ed elastina) fortemente interpenetrati con una matrice polisaccaridica amorfa di proteoglicani e glicoproteine non collagenose, formando un solido insolubile permeato da un fluido ionico, la cosiddetta matrice extracellulare (ECM)1, all'interno della quale è inoltre presente una componente cellulare, con funzione di apporto nutrienti a tutti i componenti tissutali. Le proprietà macroscopiche del tessuto vengono determinate dalla particolare composizione e dall’assemblamento dei componenti fibrillari e della matrice. La struttura gerarchica dei tessuti a livello dimensionale [scala molecolare (1-100 nm), scala ultramolecolare (0.1-100 μm) e scala tissutale (0.1-100 mm)] assume un ruolo significativo nel determinarne le proprietà fisiche e fisiologiche. La ECM, in seguito ad una specializzazione del tessuto, riesce ad adempiere alle particolari funzioni richieste, come, ad esempio, la resistenza meccanica nei tendini e legamenti, l’estrema durezza tramite calcificazione nelle ossa e nei denti, la filtrazione nel glomerulo renale, l’adesione nelle membrane basali ecc., rendendosi responsabile di tutte le funzioni di supporto meccanico, elasticità, ancoraggio cellulare, determinazione dell’orientazione cellulare e scambio di molecole e fluidi dei tessuti umani. Le differenti funzioni, grazie ai loro specifici ruoli, rendono questi tessuti estremamente distinguibili a livello micro e macroscopici, permettendo di suddividerli facilmente in due tipologie: tessuti soft o molli (muscoli, cuore, nervi, tendini, legamenti, cartilagini, pelle, cristallino, ecc.) e tessuti hard (prevalentemente ossa e denti). Sulla base della natura e struttura della ECM, la scelta dei materiali per la simulazione delle caratteristiche chimico-fisiche della matrice extracellulare è ricaduta sugli idrogel, polimeri idrofili reticolati che in acqua o in fluidi biologici rigonfiano assorbendo elevate percentuali di liquido, pur rimanendo insolubili. Gli idrogeli sono degli ottimi materiali biomimetici grazie alla possibilità di modulare le loro proprietà strutturali, morfologiche e meccaniche sulla base dell’applicazione richiesta, semplicemente variando la loro composizione e il loro grado di reticolazione (come ad esempio gli idrogeli a base di polivinil alcool2-4). Essi rappresentano pertanto dei candidati ideali per l’ingegneria tissutale e per la medicina rigenerativa. L’attività del progetto di ricerca ha avuto come oggetto principale la sintesi e caratterizzazione di materiali biocompositi a matrice idrogelica da utilizzare come sostituti tissutali. Durante il lavoro svolto sono state identificate alcune tra le patologie articolari maggiormente invalidanti e onerose, da un punto di vista socio-economico, tra cui:  L'osteoartrosi (OA) del ginocchio, patologia di tipo degenerativo, caratterizzata dall’assottigliamento della cartilagine, che conduce, nei casi più avanzati, allo sfregamento delle unità ossee con conseguente formazione di osteosclerosi, eburneazione ossea, cisti ossee, sinoviti, versamento e tumefazione del ginocchio e, in larga scala, rigidità e dolore articolare che compromettono le normali funzioni di deambulazione5.  La degenerazione del disco intervertebrale (IDD) (caratterizzata da una netta diminuzione della vitalità cellulare, una riduzione del contenuto d’acqua del tessuto e conseguente apporto di nutrienti, una graduale sostituzione del nucleo con tessuto fibrocartilagineo e la formazione di fessure e fratture nella porzione esterna dell'anulo fibroso) che può condurre al fallimento strutturale dell'IVD comportando disordini spinali più gravi tra i quali l'erniazione del disco intervertebrale, altra patologia estremamente invalidante6.  Le lesioni meniscali da usura prodotte da lavori usuranti o di tipo traumatico in seguito a stress sportivo, che rappresentano una tipologia di infortunio molto comune, caratterizzata da dolore e invalità temporanea, che costringe il lavoratore o l'atleta a brevi-medi periodi di prognosi nei casi più lievi, e al blocco dell'articolazione nei casi più gravi. Tramite chirurgia è possibile asportare la parte di menisco danneggiata ripristinando la funzionalità dell'articolazione, tuttavia l'asportazione chirurgica comporta una modificazione permanete nell'applicazione dei carichi sulla cartilagine articolare e provoca spesso un'insorgenza precoce dell'OA7. Per far fronte agli inconvenienti prodotti dall'OA, patologia altamente invalidante, è stato progettato e sintetizzato un materiale biomimetico che potesse essere utilizzato come sostituto della cartilagine tibiale, scegliendo come materiale sostitutivo un idrogel di polivinil alcool (PVA), reticolato per via chimica mediante trisodio trimetafosfato (STMP) (entrambi materiali notoriamente atossici e impiegati come additivi alimentari)3,8. Al fine di realizzare un materiale biomimetico in grado di mimare al meglio le proprietà della cartilagine,e quindi scegliere le condizioni migliori di sintesi, sono stati sintetizzati e valutati cinque campioni di idrogel con differenti rapporti molari PVA:STMP (1:0.1; 1:0.25; 1:0.5; 1:1; 1:2), ed è stato monitorato l’effetto della variazione di parametri quali pH (11, 12, 13), concentrazione della soluzione di agente reticolante (10%/20% p/v), tempi di reazione (24, 48, 72 o 96 ore) e modalità di agitazione della soluzione (meccanica/magnetica), nonché metodologia di essiccamento [tramite liofilizzazione (_L) o tramite riscaldamento in stufa a 60°C (_E)],valutandoli in funzione della resa di reazione, solidità e continuità della struttura dei materiali. I materiali sintetizzati sono stati in seguito caratterizzati da un punto di vista chimico [mediante Spettrometria Infrarossa (IR), Spettrometria di Massa di Ioni Secondari (ToF-SIMS), Analisi Colorimetria e Analisi Elementare (AE)] per determinare qualitativamente e quantitativamente l'avvenuta reticolazione; da un punto di vista fisico [mediante Analisi Termogravimetrica (TGA) e valutazione del Contenuto d'acqua (WC)] per valutare l’effetto della reticolazione sulla stabilità termica nella matrice di PVA e per valutare la capacità di rigonfiamento degli idrogel; da un punto di vista morfologico [tramite Microscopia Elettronica a Scansione (SEM) e Calorimetria Differenziale a Scansione (DSC)] per valutare rispettivamente la micro e la mesostruttura delle matrici polimeriche; da un punto di vista reologico e meccanico [mediante Analisi Reologica (AR) e Dinamomeccanica (DMA)] per determinare se le proprietà viscoelastiche dei materiali sono confrontabili con quelle del tessuto cartilagineo del piatto tibiale. Infine, sono stati effettuati test degradativi e citotossicologici secondo le norme internazionali vigenti (ISO/FDIS 10993-5 e 10993-13 Biological evaluation of medical device) per valutare la stabilità chimica e la citotossicità dei materiali sintetizzati. Dalle analisi condotte il campione PVA-H 0.5_E mostra caratteristiche similari a quelle della cartilagine del piatto tibiale in termini di idratazione, stabilità, proprietà meccaniche e citotossicità e può essere potenzialmente impiegato nella realizzazione di impianti biomedici volti alla terapia dell’osteoartrosi9,10. Per far fronte ad uno dei disordini spinali più gravi, l'erniazione del disco intervertebrale, dove una fuoriuscita di materiale normalmente contenuto nel disco intervertebrale (nucleo polposo (NP)) entra in contatto con le strutture nervose contenute nel canale spinale, provocando intenso dolore, è stato proposto un idrogel di PVA, sintetizzato per via chimica mediante reticolazione tramite STMP e arricchito con PVP. Il PVP è un polimero altamente idrofilo che, interagendo mediante legami ad idrogeno con le catene di PVA11, ha permesso di diminuirne il grado di reticolazione, producendo matrici con proprietà meccaniche più simili al NP, e allo stesso tempo di incrementare il contenuto acquoso dei campioni fino ai valori del tessuto da sostituire. Per determinare le migliori condizioni di sintesi, sono stati sintetizzati tre idrogel con uguale rapporto molare PVA:STMP(1:0.5), ma con crescenti contenuti % p/v di PVP (1%, 2.5% e 5% p/v). I materiali sintetizzati sono stati in seguito caratterizzati da un punto di vista chimico (mediante spettrometria infrarossa (IR) e analisi colorimetria) per determinare qualitativamente e quantitativamente l'avvenuta reticolazione e per valutare se l'introduzione del PVP producesse o meno effetti di disturbo all'interno della matrice dell'idrogel. Da un punto di vista fisico (mediante analisi termo gravimetrica (TGA) e valutazione del contenuto d'acqua (WC)) per valutare l’effetto della reticolazione sulla stabilità termica della matrice di PVA e per valutare la capacità di rigonfiamento degli idrogel. Da un punto di vista morfologico (tramite calorimetria a scansione differenziale (DSC)) per valutare la mesostruttura delle matrici sintetizzate. Da un punto di vista reologico (mediante analisi reologica (AR)) per determinare se le proprietà viscoelastiche dei materiali sono confrontabili con quelle del nucleo polposo spinale. Infine, sono stati effettuati test citotossicologici e di proliferazione cellulare secondo le norme internazionali vigenti (ISO/FDIS 10993-5 Biological evaluation of medical device) per valutarne la citotossicità e la citocompatibilità dei materiali sintetizzati. Dai risultati ottenuti il materiale che meglio mima le caratteristiche del NP è il campione 5.0%, con proprietà di idratazione e meccaniche in linea con quelle del NP. Pertanto, il campione 5.0% può essere considerato un valido candidato per la realizzazione di impianti biomedici per la cura delle degenerazioni spinali12. Il lavoro svolto alla ricerca di materiali biomimetici per la cura delle lesioni meniscali è stato affrontato proponendo due tipologie di idrogel differenti, a base di PVA, per la sostituzione/rigenerazione del menisco a seconda della tipologia di lesione subita. Per casi in cui il paziente sia stato sottoposto a menischectomia totale in seguito ad una grave frattura del menisco, è stato proposto un idrogel di PVA, reticolato mediante STMP con un rapporto PVA:STMP 1:0.25, sottoposto a tre reticolazioni consecutive allo scopo di incrementarne le proprietà meccaniche fino al raggiungimento di valori paragonabili a quelli del menisco (c.a. 120 kPa). Tale idrogel è quindi inteso come sostituto permanente13. Per i casi in cui le lesioni del menisco siano di minor entità, è stato proposto uno scaffold cellulare, costituito da un idrogel misto a base di PVA e Gomma-Xantano (XG), reticolati contemporaneamente mediante STMP, come sostituto temporaneo in grado di indurre e favorire la rigenerazione del tessuto meniscale. La XG è stata scelta poichè in grado di favorire e supportare l'adesione, la proliferazione e la differenziazione cellulare14. La ricerca del miglior sostituto ha coinvolto la sintesi di tre campioni con differenti contenuti % p/v di XG-PVA (60-40; 30-70; 15-85). Una volta sintetizzate, entrambe le tipologie di materiali sono state sottoposte a caratterizzazione chimica, fisica e meccanica. Inoltre, i materiali sono stati sottoposti a test di citotossicità in vitro per valutarne l’idoneità come sostituti meniscali temporanei e/o permanenti. Nel caso dei sostituti a lungo termine il campione 3R PVA-H 0.25 può essere considerato come un potenziale sostituto biomimetico del menisco. Da un punto di vista di rilassamento degli sforzi, esso è, infatti, in grado di dissipare istantaneamente la deformazione applicata, toccando mediamente una riduzione percentuale > dell’95% dopo 1 secondo allo stesso modo del tessuto cartilagineo umano15 e possiede valori di G' paragonabili a quelli del menisco13. Mentre nel caso degli scaffold cellulari il materiale che si comporta maggiormente come materiale biomimetico è il campione XG15 con caratteristiche, in termini di idratazione e proprietà meccaniche, idonee alla colonizzazione cellulare. Pertanto, il campione XG15 risulta un potenziale candidato per la realizzazione di impianti biomedici per la cura delle lesioni meniscali e viene abilitato alla successiva fase di valutazione della citotossicità in vitro secondo le norme ISO/FDIS 10993-5.
All human tissues are mainly made by fibrous networks (collagens and elastin) deeply interpenetrated by an amorphous polysaccharide matrix of proteoglycans and non-collagenous glycoproteins, forming an insoluble solid permeated by a ionic fluid, which is the extracellular matrix (ECM)1, in which there is also a cellular component which supplies nutrients for all the tissue components. The macroscopic properties of the tissue are determined by the peculiar composition and assemblage of the fibrillary components and of the matrix. The hierarchical structure of the tissues at a dimensional level [molecular scale (1-100 nm), ultramolecular scale (0.1-100 μm) and tissue scale (0.1-100 mm)] acquire a significant role in the determination of the physical and physiological features. The ECM, as a consequence of the specialization of the tissue, is able to meet expectations for the specific functions required, such as the mechanical resistance in the tendons and ligaments, the extreme hardness through calcification in bones and teeth, the glomerular filtration rate, the adherence to basal membranes, etc., so to be responsible for the mechanical support functions of elasticity, cellular anchoring, the determination of cell orientation and the exchange of molecules and fluids in human tissues. The different functions, thanks to their specific roles, allow us to distinguish the tissues at a micro and macro level, so to divide them easily in two categories: soft tissues (muscles, heart, nerves, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, skin, crystalline lens, etc.) and hard tissues (mainly bones and teeth). On the basis of the nature and the structure of the ECM, hydrogels seemed to be the best choice for the simulation of the chemical-physical features. Hydrogels are renowned for their hydrophilic reticulum, which inflate in water or in biological fluids, absorbing a high percentage of liquids, although remains insoluble. Moreover, they are excellent biomimetic materials for the capability of modulating their structural, morphologic and mechanical features on the basis of the specific need, by varying their composition and their grade of reticulation (such as for hydrogels with a polyvinyl alcohol basis2-4). Therefore, hydrogels were ideal candidates for tissue engineering and for regenerative medicine. The aim of the PhD research was the synthesis and characterization of bio composite materials with a hydrogel matrix to be used as tissue replacement. During this study, some of the most invalidating and high cost articular pathologies have been taken into consideration; among these:  Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee cartilage, degenerative illness, which leads to the friction between the bones, with consequent atherosclerosis formations, eburnation of the bones, bone cists, synovitis, effusion and swelling of the knee and in large scale stiffness and pain which compromise the regular walking functions5.  The degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IDD), featured by a clear drop in cellular liveliness, a reduction of the water content and the consequent nourishment supply, a gradual substitution of the core with a fibrocartilage tissue and the formation of cracks and fractures in the external fibroses annul, which may lead to a structural fail of the IVD, causing also serious spine disorders, another invalidating syndrome6.  Meniscus injuries subject to wear, caused by demanding work, or by trauma or stress, especially for athletes. This last case is very common and it is characterized by pain and a period of impediment, with short or medium term prognosis or with the total block of the articulation. As a result, surgery includes a permanent change in the amount of load and stress on the articular cartilage, which often causes a premature onset of OA7. In order to face inconveniences produced by OA, a biomimetic material was projected and synthesized, so to use it as a substitute of the tibia cartilage. This material was the PVA hydrogel, reticulated chemically through STMP (both materials are notoriously atoxic and used as food additives)3,8. To determine the best conditions, five hydrogel samples with different molar ratios PVA:STMP (1:0.1; 1:0.25; 1:0.5; 1:1; 1:2)were synthetized and valued. While monitoring the effect of the variation of the parameters such as, pH (11, 12, 13), the concentration of the reticulated solution (10%/20% p/v), the reaction time (24, 48, 72 o 96 ore) and the different modalities of solution agitation (mechanical and magnetic), the desiccation methodology (through Lyophilisation (_L) or through heater (_E) 60°C) evaluating the results on the base of the reaction feedback, the solidity and continuity of the materials’ structure.The synthetized materials were later chemically characterized through an IR spectrometry, mass spectrometry of secondary ions (ToF-SIMS), colorimetric test and element analysis (AE), in order to determine the quality and quantity of the reticulum. From a physical point of view, the materials were characterizedthanks to the thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) and the evaluation of the water content (WC), it was possible to value if the entrance of the reticulum changed the thermic stability of the PVA matrix and, moreover, the inflatement capability of the hydrogel. Then, the material was characterized morphologically, through scanning electron microscope (SEM) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)to analyse respectively the micro and the meso-structure. Finally, a rheological and mechanical characterization was made, thanks to a rheological analysis and a dynamo mechanical analysis(DMA) to determine if the viscoelastic properties of the materials are comparable to those of the tibia cartilage tissue. In conclusion, degradation and cytotoxic tests were made, following international procedures (ISO/FDIS 10993-5 e 10993-13 Biological evaluation of medical device), to evaluate the chemicalstability and the cytocompatibility of the synthetizedmaterials. From the analysis made on the sample PVA-H 0.5_E,it is possible to identify similar characteristics to the cartilage of the tibial plafond, in terms of hydration, stability, mechanical properties, and cytotoxicity and, therefore, it may be used in the realization of biomedical implants for the osteoarthritis therapy9,10. In order to face one of the most serious spinal disorders, the herniation of the intervertebral disc, in which a leak of material of the nucleus pulposus (NP) touches the nervous structures of the spine and causes intense pain, it was possible to propose a PVA hydrogel, synthetized chemically through STMP and enriched by PVP. The PVP is a highly hydrophilic polymer, which interacts through hydrogen bonds with the PVA chains11, and has allowed to decrease the degree of reticulation, producing a matrix with similar mechanical properties to the NP, and, at the same time, it has increased the water content of the samples, reaching the measures of the tissue that is being replaced.To determine the best conditions, three hydrogels were synthetized with the same molar ratioPVA:STMP (1:0.5), but with growing contents of PVP % p/v (1%, 2.5% e 5% p/v). The materials were later characterized through a chemical analysis, by IR spectrometry and colorimetric tests to determine the quality and quantity of the reticulum and to appraise if the introduction of PVP produced disturbing effects in the hydrogel’s matrix. More tests were made, by a physical viewpoint, thanks to thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) and evaluation of the water content(WC) to estimate the inflatement capacities of the hydrogels.Morphological tests, through differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) were made to determine the mesostructure. Rheological analyses (AR) were made to determine if the viscoelastic properties of the materials were comparable with those of the spinal nucleus pulposus, and finally cytotoxic tests were made, following international procedures (ISO/FDIS 10993-5 e 10993-13 Biological evaluation of medical device), to evaluate the chemical stability and the cytocompatibility of the synthetized materials. In conclusion, from the results obtained in this study, the best material which mimes best the NP features is the 5.0% sample, with hydration and mechanical properties similar to the NP. Therefore, the 5.0% sample may be considered an excellent possibility for the realization of biomedical implants for the therapy of spinal degenerations12. The research of biomimetic materials for the therapy of meniscal injuries was made by proposing two different samples of PVA based hydrogels for the substitution of regeneration of the meniscus, depending on the type of lesion: For those cases in which the patient had undergone Meniscectomy for a serious fracture, a PVA hydrogel reticulum obtained through STMP with ratioPVA:STMP 1:0.25, after three reticulations with the aim of incrementing the mechanical properties, so to reach similar features to those of the meniscus (approximately120 kPa) was proposed as a possible substitute13.For those cases in which the meniscal lesions were of a minor entity, a cellular scaffold was proposed. This scaffold was made by a hydrogel mix of PVA and Xanthan Gum, reticulated simultaneously through STMP for the regeneration of the meniscal tissue14. The research of the best substitute involved the synthesis of three samples with different content % p/v di XG-PVA (60-40; 30-70; 15-85).Once synthetized, both typologies of materials were cross-examined by a chemical, physical and mechanical characterization. Moreover, the materials undergone citotoxicological tests in vitro to evaluate the suitability for temporary or permanent meniscal substitutes. In the case of long-term substitutes, the sample 3R PVA-H 0.25 may be considered as a potential biomimetic substitute of the meniscus. To what may concern the stress relaxation tests, it is capable of instant dissipation of the deformation performed, by touching a decrease percentage > than 95% after 1 second, similarly to the human cartilage tissue15and with the same G value13.In the case of celluar scaffolds, the sample with improved skils such as biomimetic material is XG15.X15posses good properties in terms of hydration, mechanical properties apt for cellular colonization.Therefore, the sample XG15 is a potential candidate for the realization of biomedical implants for the therapy of meniscal lesions and it is qualified for the following evaluation fase of citotoxicology in vitro, in accordance with the law ISO/FDIS 10993-5.
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48

Hussain, Iqbal. "Fabrication and Characterization of PVA-PVP Based Ocular Film." Thesis, 2015. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/7684/1/2015_Fabrication_Hussian.pdf.

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Abstract:
The eye is standout amongst the most sensitive and complex organs in body,which makes vision possible. Cataract surgery is one of the most common surgeries performed. So after cataract ocular lens is needed for correcting eye power. In this work wehave used PVA--PVPblends to develop ocular film. Films were cross-linked by freeze thawing process and solvent evaporation. We have prepared films of five different concentrations named S1-S5. As per FTIR S3 S4 have better FTIR peaks. They have refractive index between ranges of 1.75-1.9. They have shown good complex modulus reading during rheological study which was comparable with human crystalline lens. Folding endurance has how flexibility increases with PVP. XRD was performed to check crystallinity, SEM and Mechanical testing was performed to measure strength and Youngs modulus. We have also performed haemocompatibility degradation study and got favorable result. Finally we can conclude that it may be used as contact lens purpose
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49

Hsu, Ting-Yu, and 許庭毓. "Study of Pentacene-based TFTs with PVP and PVP-PMMA Dielectrics." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47422911236472589614.

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Abstract:
碩士
國立交通大學
顯示科技研究所
98
Organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) have been extensively explored due to their potentials for low-end electronic applications: drivers for flexible displays, complementary circuits, and radio-frequency identficationtags(RFID). In this study, the electrical characteristics of pentacene-based thin film transistors with PVP or PVP-PMMA as gate dielectric were discussed. PVP is usually used as gate dielectric due to its low leakage current and high mobility. However, device with PVP gate dielectric exhibits obvious the bias stress effect and hysteresis to cause reliability issues. Compared with PVP device, there are slight bias stress effect and non hysteresis observed in the PVP-PMMA device. This difference between both devices may be influenced by the ambient environment. In the further experiment, devices were encapsulated in the dry environment. Compared with PVP-PMMA device, severe lower in the field-effect mobility of PVP device was observed. However, the bias stress effect and hysteresis are effective suppressed in both devices even for PVP-PMMA device after applying a 10000-sec bias and voltage is -30 V to the gate electrode. Based on the above results, the moisture absorption of OH groups in PVP dominates the hysteresis and the electron carrier capture. However, the hydrophobic of CH3 groups in PVP-PMMA block the moisture penetration to avoid the device degradation. In order to further study the moisture effect, the novel structure of PVP device was fabricated to accelerate the moisture penetration rate. When measurement was performed in the ambient air, high mobility and large drain current of the novel device were obtained. When measuring the device in N2 environment, mobility and drain current of the device become small. It is demonstrated that the polarized ratio of OH groups in the gate dielectric influences the carrier concentration in the channel. Based on this mechanism, the novel NH3 sensor is developed. This sensor was operated in the N2 environment while OH groups in PVP kept neutral. Following the entrance of NH3 gas, OH groups react with NH3 molecule to obtain electrons and these additional electrons induced extra hole carrier. The device drain current variation depends on different NH3 concentration and the response of current variation is fast. When removing NH3 gas, the drain current can quickly return to the original current. The novel porous OTFTs can be used as low-cost, non-invasive bio-sensing and its sensitivity can achieve 0.5-ppm ammonia.
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50

Chang, Luk-Kuen, and 張祿坤. "The study in structure and photoelectrics of PPV/PVP polyblends." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97912781474506665877.

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