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Journal articles on the topic 'PWM-audio amplifier'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Cox, S. M., C. K. Lam, and M. T. Tan. "A second-order PWM-in/PWM-out class-D audio amplifier." IMA Journal of Applied Mathematics 78, no. 2 (July 27, 2011): 159–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imamat/hxr042.

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2

LIN, CHUN-WEI, and BING-SHIUN HSIEH. "THE MULTILEVEL TECHNIQUE FOR IMPROVING FILTERLESS CLASS-D AUDIO AMPLIFIERS." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 23, no. 04 (April 2014): 1450047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126614500479.

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Class-D amplifier features very high efficiency on power delivery because its switching operation consumes tiny static power on very low on-resistance. In this work, a multilevel technique is presented to improve total-harmonic-distortion (THD) and signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) of pulse-width-modulation (PWM) filterless class-D amplifiers. The proposed method consists of a multilevel converter and a time division adder (TDA) followed by PWM modulator. The PWM-modulated signal is arranged into several time divisions and then integrated and encoded to a set of parallel control signals for multilevel converter. Instead of the two-level PWM signal, the output signal of a multilevel converter is as stairway with less transient variation. The performance of THD and SNR are therefore improved because the instantaneous variation of signal is greatly reduced. To demonstrate the proposed method, a filterless audio amplifier was implemented by TSMC 5 V–0.35 μm CMOS technology. With 8 Ω speaker and 550 mW maximum power, experiment results show that the THD, SNR and power efficiency can be achieved over 0.02%, 85 dB and 85%, respectively.

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3

Zhangming, Zhu, Liu Lianxi, Yang Yintang, and Lei Han. "A high efficiency PWM CMOS class-D audio power amplifier." Journal of Semiconductors 30, no. 2 (February 2009): 025001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/30/2/025001.

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4

Murtianta, Budihardja. "PENGUAT KELAS D DENGAN METODE SUMMING INTEGRATOR." Elektrika 11, no. 2 (October 8, 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/elektrika.v11i2.1693.

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A class D amplifier is one in which the output transistors are operated as switches. When a transistor is off, the current through it is zero and when it is on, the voltage across it is small, ideally zero. Thus the power dissipation is very low, so it requires a smaller heat sink for the amplifier. Class D amplifier operation is based on analog principles and there is no digital encoding of the signal. Before the emergence of class D amplifiers, the standard classes were class A, class AB, class B, and class C. The classic method for generating signals driving a transistor MOSFET is to use a comparator. One input is driven by an incoming audio signal, and the other by a triangle wave or a sawtooth wave at the required switching frequency. The frequency of a triangular or sawtooth wave must be higher than the audio input. MOSFET transistors work in a complementary manner that operates as a switch. Triangle waves are usually generated by square waves fed to the integrator circuit. So the main part of processing audio signals into PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) is the integrator and comparator. In this paper, we will discuss the work of a class D amplifier system using the summing integrator method as its main part.

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5

Liu, Zi Yi, Xing Xing Jing, and Wen Xi. "Design of a Sawtooth Generator Applied for Class-D Audio Power Amplifier." Applied Mechanics and Materials 241-244 (December 2012): 693–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.241-244.693.

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A systematic introduction to principles and advantages of the class-D audio amplifier based on pulse width modulation (PWM) are presented in this paper. The traditional sawtooth generator needs voltage-regulator tube to server as a core component. Against to such a disadvantage a simple way based on the charging and discharging capacitance is proposed to achieve sawtooth generator. The circuit design is based on SIMC 0.18um process. Spectre simulation results show that the sawtooth generator's performance is good. And it suits for the design of class-D audio power amplifier chip.

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6

Luo, Shumeng, and Dongmei Li. "A digital input class-D audio amplifier with sixth-order PWM." Journal of Semiconductors 34, no. 11 (November 2013): 115001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/34/11/115001.

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7

Kołodziejski, Wojciech, Stanisław Kuta, and Jacek Jasielski. "Open-Loop Class-BD Audio Amplifiers with Balanced Common-Mode Output." Electronics 10, no. 12 (June 9, 2021): 1381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10121381.

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This paper presents new architectures and implementations of original open-loop Class-BD audio amplifiers with balanced Common-Mode output. The output stage of each proposed amplifier includes the typical H-bridge with four MOSFETs and four additional MOSFET switches that balance and keep the Common-Mode output constant. The presented amplifiers employ the extended NBDD PWM or PSC PWM modulation scheme. When the output stage is built only on NMOSFET transistors, gate drivers require a floating power supply, using a self-boost charge pump with capacitive isolation of the control signal. The use of complementary MOSFETs in the output stage greatly simplifies gate control systems. The proposed amplifiers were compared to the typical Class-BD configuration, using the optimal NBDD modulation with respect to audio performance of the Differential-Mode (DM) and Common-Mode (CM) outputs. Basic SPICE simulations and experimental studies have shown that the proposed Class-BD amplifiers have similar audio performance to the prototype with the optimal NBDD modulation scheme, while at the same time having a balanced constant voltage CM output, thus eliminating the main contributor to radiation emission. As a result, the filtering of the DM output signals can be greatly simplified, while the filtering of the CM output signals can be theoretically eliminated. Practically, due to the timing errors added by the gate drivers, spikes are generated at the CM output, which are very easy to filter out by the reduced LC output filter, even at very low L.

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8

Wing-Hong Lau, H. S. H. Chung, C. M. Wu, and F. N. K. Poon. "Realization of digital audio amplifier using zero-voltage-switched PWM power converter." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications 47, no. 3 (March 2000): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/81.841913.

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9

Adduci, Pietro, Edoardo Botti, Enrico Dallago, and Giuseppe Venchi. "PWM Power Audio Amplifier With Voltage/Current Mixed Feedback for High-Efficiency Speakers." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 54, no. 2 (April 2007): 1141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2007.892610.

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10

Kaczmarek, Michal, and Piotr Kaczmarek. "Comparison of the Wideband Power Sources Used to Supply Step-Up Current Transformers for Generation of Distorted Currents." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 10, 2020): 1849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071849.

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In this paper a comparison of the wideband power sources of a pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter and a power supply composed of an audio power amplifier and a two-channel arbitrary generator is discussed. Their application is to supply a step-up current transformer for generation of the distorted current required to test the transformation accuracy of the distorted currents of the inductive current transformers. The proposed equations allow to calculate the maximum rms values of higher harmonic of distorted currents for its required main harmonic component. Moreover, they also enable the calculation of the maximum rms values of the main harmonic of the distorted current for which the required higher harmonic component may be obtained. This defines the usable bandwidth of the tested power source for their specific load. During work on high inductive impedance, the maximum voltage is the limitation that determines the higher harmonic value. While for resistive loads, the maximum current and the transistor’s slew rate are the limiting factors. The usage of the compensation system for the inductive reactance of the step-up current transformer under supply significantly increased its maximum output current. Its rms value with a 10% higher harmonic component up to 5 kHz was almost 400 A instead 100 A for the PWM-based power source and about 800 A instead 200 A for the power supply system with the audio amplifier.

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11

Brodecki, Dariusz, Ernest Stano, Mateusz Andrychowicz, and Piotr Kaczmarek. "EMC of Wideband Power Sources." Energies 14, no. 5 (March 7, 2021): 1457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051457.

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In this paper the results of the EMC tests of the wideband power sources: the PWM-based power source and audio power amplifier are discussed. They are intended to be used to supply the measuring system developed for evaluation of the wideband transformation accuracy of instrument transformers. Therefore, it is required to detect possible interferences that may be caused by the power supply to its operation and that may cause a decrease in its accuracy. The tests concern the conducted emission in the frequencies range from 150 kHz to 30 MHz and the radiated emission in the frequencies range from 30 MHz to 1 GHz. Moreover, the level of conducted disturbances in frequencies range from 100 Hz to 5 kHz generated into the supplying current is measured and the immunity of both wideband power sources to low frequency conductive disturbances in the supplying voltage and current is tested. Then, the voltage gain error and phase shift of the output voltage are measured. The EMC tests of both power sources show lack of compliance with the requirement of the standard IEC 61326-1. However, in system application of the audio power amplifier is possible if required increased immunity to conducted emission of the measuring system is ensured.

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12

Chien, Shih-Hsiung, Yi-Wen Chen, and Tai-Haur Kuo. "A Low Quiescent Current, Low THD+N Class-D Audio Amplifier With Area-Efficient PWM-Residual-Aliasing Reduction." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 53, no. 12 (December 2018): 3377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2018.2873613.

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13

Schnick, O., and W. Mathis. "Realisierung eines verzerrungsarmen Open-Loop Klasse-D Audio-Verstärkers mit SB-ZePoC." Advances in Radio Science 5 (June 13, 2007): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-5-225-2007.

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Abstract. In den letzten Jahren hat die Entwicklung von Klasse-D Verstärkern für Audio-Anwendungen ein vermehrtes Interesse auf sich gezogen. Eine Motivation hierfür liegt in der mit dieser Technik extrem hohen erzielbaren Effizienz von über 90%. Die Signale, die Klasse-D Verstärker steuern, sind binär. Immer mehr Audio-Signale werden entweder digital gespeichert (CD, DVD, MP3) oder digital übermittelt (Internet, DRM, DAB, DVB-T, DVB-S, GMS, UMTS), weshalb eine direkte Umsetzung dieser Daten in ein binäres Steuersignal ohne vorherige konventionelle D/A-Wandlung erstrebenswert erscheint. Die klassischen Pulsweitenmodulationsverfahren führen zu Aliasing-Komponenten im Audio-Basisband. Diese Verzerrungen können nur durch eine sehr hohe Schaltfrequenz auf ein akzeptables Maß reduziert werden. Durch das von der Forschungsgruppe um Prof. Mathis vorgestellte SB-ZePoC Verfahren (Zero Position Coding with Separated Baseband) wird diese Art der Signalverzerrung durch Generierung eines separierten Basisbands verhindert. Deshalb können auch niedrige Schaltfrequenzen gewählt werden. Dadurch werden nicht nur die Schaltverluste, sondern auch Timing-Verzerrungen verringert, die durch die nichtideale Schaltendstufe verursacht werden. Diese tragen einen großen Anteil zu den gesamten Verzerrungen eines Klasse-D Verstärkers bei. Mit dem SB-ZePoC Verfahren lassen sich verzerrungsarme Open-Loop Klasse-D Audio-Verstärker realisieren, die ohne aufwändige Gegenkopplungsschleifen auskommen. Class-D amplifiers are suiteble for amplification of audio signals. One argument is their high efficiency of 90% and more. Today most of the audio signals are stored or transmitted in digital form. A digitally controlled Class-D amplifier can be directly driven with coded (modulated) data. No separate D/A conversion is needed. Classical modulation schemes like Pulse-Width-Modulation (PWM) cause aliasing. So a very high switching rate is required to minimize the aliasing component within the signal band. This paper shows a first implementation of the new SB-ZePoC modulation scheme (Zero Position Coding with Separated Baseband), which allows the generation of a binary signal with separated baseband. Therefore Class-D amplifiers using SB-ZePoC can be run with very low switching rates. Some benefits and problems in the design process because of low switching rates will be discussed. Measurements of a realtime implementation will be presented.

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14

Kuta, Stanisław, Wojciech Kołodziejski, and Jacek Jasielski. "Hybrid Linearized Class-BD Double Sided (LBDD) Digital Pulse Width Modulator (DPWM) for Class-BD Audio Amplifiers." Science, Technology and Innovation 1, no. 1 (December 27, 2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7555.

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The paper presents an original architecture and implementation of 9-bit LBDD hybrid DPWM circuit for Class-BD digital audio amplifier. The input PCM signals are directly transformed into 24-bit LBDD DPWM signals and then are requanized to the 9-bit digital outputs using noise-shaping process to support high fidelity with practical values of time resolution, and finally are converted by the DTCs into the two physical trains of 1-bit PWM signals. The architecture of the proposed Class-BD hybrid DPWM circuit is composed of two Class-AD ones. The hybrid quantizer converts 6 MSB bits using counter method, based on the STM32F407xx microcontroller, while the remaining 3 LSB bits - using a method based on the Programmable Tapped Delay Line (PTDL). All necessary time waveforms are generated on the base of the internal microcontroller oscillator 168 MHz. The proposed 9-bit Class-DB DPWM circuit allows to attain SNR of 110 dB and THD about 0,2% within the audio baseband, at switching frequency of 328.1 kHz, clock frequency of 42 MHz and modulation index M = 0.95. Basic verification of algorithm and circuit operation as well as simulation and preliminary experimental results have been performed.

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15

Kuo, Tai-Haur, Shih-Hsiung Chien, Jyun-Jia Huang, Yi-Wen Chen, and Yu-An Lee. "A 2.4 mA Quiescent Current, 1 W Output Power Class-D Audio Amplifier With Feed-Forward PWM-Intermodulated-Distortion Reduction." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 51, no. 6 (June 2016): 1436–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2016.2543704.

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16

Wang, Wen-Chieh, and Yu-Hsin Lin. "A 118 dB PSRR, 0.00067% (-103.5 dB) THD+N and 3.1 W Fully Differential Class-D Audio Amplifier With PWM Common Mode Control." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 51, no. 12 (December 2016): 2808–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2016.2591828.

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17

Antunes, Victor M. E., V. Ferno Pires, and J. Fernando A. Silva. "Narrow Pulse Elimination PWM for Multilevel Digital Audio Power Amplifiers Using Two Cascaded H-Bridges as a Nine-Level Converter." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 22, no. 2 (March 2007): 425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2006.889912.

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18

Qiu, Yi-Zhi, Shih-Hsiung Chien, and Tai-Haur Kuo. "A 0.4-mA-Quiescent-Current, 0.00091%-THD+N Class-D Audio Amplifier With Low-Complexity Frequency Equalization for PWM-Residual-Aliasing Reduction." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 2021, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2021.3093309.

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