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Journal articles on the topic 'Pygmy sperm whale'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Leone, Angelique, Michael Dark, Hirotaka Kondo, David S. Rotstein, Matti Kiupel, Michael T. Walsh, Claire Erlacher-Reid, Nadia Gordon, and Julia A. Conway. "GASTROINTESTINAL LEIOMYOSARCOMA IN A PYGMY SPERM WHALE (KOGIA BREVICEPS)." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 44, no. 3 (September 2013): 744–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2012-0147r.1.

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2

Credle, V. R. "Iron particles isolated from the dura of pygmy sperm whales Kogia breviceps." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 45 (August 1987): 834–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100128456.

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Magnetite, a highly magnetic iron oxide, is a biomineralization product found in organisms sensitive to the earth's magnetic field. Biogenically produced magnetite differs from magnetite-bearing rocks of geological origin in crystalline morphology, size, and elemental composition. Standard paleomagnetic methods indicate that cetacean brain dura may also contain magnetite. Correllations have been documented between the distribution of cetacean live stranding events and anomalously minimal magnetic field intensities. This would suggest magnetoreceptive abilities in whales. Pygmy sperm whales are one of the most common cetaceans to strand alive in Florida. Therefore, it is of interest to determine whether pygmy sperm whale brain contains magnetite, as this will establish sensitivity to variations in the earth's magnetic field. Reported here are the results of isolation experiments to ascertain whether iron-rich particles are present in pygmy sperm whales, Kogia breviceps.

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3

Harms, Craig A., Rachel Lo Piccolo, David S. Rotstein, and Aleta A. Hohn. "Struvite Penile Urethrolithiasis in a Pygmy Sperm Whale (Kogia breviceps)." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40, no. 3 (July 2004): 588–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-40.3.588.

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4

Measures, Lena, Benoît Roberge, and Richard Sears. "Stranding of a Pygmy Sperm Whale, Kogia breviceps, in the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada." Canadian Field-Naturalist 118, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v118i4.52.

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A Pygmy Sperm Whale, Kogia breviceps, stranded alive and later died in the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence, Quebec, Canada on 28 August 2001. This is the northern-most stranding of this species in the western Atlantic. The whale was estimated to be approximately 3 m long and a longitudinal section from one tooth (31 mm long and 5.0 mm in diameter) revealed 3.5 growth layer groups.

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5

Martinez-Pastor, F., V. Garcia-Macias, J. Garcia, M. Alvarez, E. Anel, P. Herraez, P. de Paz, and L. Anel. "223 DESCRIPTION OF GENITALIA AND SPERM RECOVERED POSTMORTEM FROM A PYGMY SPERM WHALE, KOGIA BREVICEPS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 18, no. 2 (2006): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv18n2ab223.

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A pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps; adult male; 350 kg) was stranded and died on a beach near Cabo Bustos (Asturias, North of Spain) on March 12th, 2005. Finding specimens of this species is a rare event on Spanish shores, although this whale is not considered endangered. Postmortem examination was performed 24 h later. Genitalia (testicles and epididymides) were extracted. The postmortem report indicated that vas deferens and seminal glands seemed to contain an important amount of semen, which was not recovered. Refrigerated genitalia were send to our laboratory, arriving around 40 h postmortem. The refrigerated testicles were in poor physical condition upon arrival, indicating advanced tissue detoriation. The epididymides (very long) were not closely attached to the testicles, but were connected by a loose conjunctive membrane. We divided the epididymides into four regions that approximated the (1) caput, (2) mid-region, (3) corpus, and (4) cauda. Physical characteristics of the genitalia are described in Table 1. The left testicle was larger, and possibly more active, than the right one. A sperm sample was obtained from the cauda region after incising the tissue. Osmolality and pH of the sample were 428 mOsm/kg and 6.62, respectively (maybe due to tissue breakdown) and the sperm concentration was 1194 × 106/mL. Spermatozoa were immotile, even after diluting in buffered medium; it is possible that postmortem damage occurred quickly. However, using flow cytometry we determined that 57% of cauda spermatozoa had intact plasma membranes and acrosomes (determined by staining with 37 mmol/mL propidium iodide and 1 μg/mL PNA-FITC; Sigma, Madrid, Spain). Examination by phase contrast microscopy (×600) showed many spermatozoa with abnormal heads and bent midpieces and flagella, even in the cauda (13% and 21%, respectively). Sperm head morphometry was studied using DiffQuick staining and an automated analysis system (SCA2000; Microptic, Barcelona, Spain). Mean sperm head size was 3.71 ± 0.19 × 2.61 ± 0.12 μm in width and length, respectively. Computer analysis (AnalySiS-GmbH, Cologne, Germany) of phase contrast images revealed that the mean size of the sperm midpiece and flagellum were 3.44 ± 0.19 and 40.95 ± 2.02 μm, respectively. The information obtained after postmortem recovery of the testes and epididymis should be useful to future conservation efforts of the pygmy sperm whale and similar species. The rapid deterioration of the testicular tissue by 40 h postmortem was not expected since good quality sperm samples have been obtained at similar postmortem intervals in other species. Therefore, we recommend that postmortem sperm recovery should be accomplished as rapidly as possible in this species. Table 1. Genitalia measurements

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6

Yang, Wei-Cheng, Victor Fei Pang, Chian-Ren Jeng, Lien-Siang Chou, and Ling-Ling Chueh. "Morbilliviral infection in a pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) from Taiwanese waters." Veterinary Microbiology 116, no. 1-3 (August 2006): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.03.014.

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7

Dunn, Charlotte, and Diane Claridge. "Killer whale (Orcinus orca) occurrence and predation in the Bahamas." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 94, no. 6 (August 6, 2013): 1305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315413000908.

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Killer whales (Orcinus orca) have a cosmopolitan distribution, yet little is known about populations that inhabit tropical waters. We compiled 34 sightings of killer whales in the Bahamas, recorded from 1913 to 2011. Group sizes were generally small (mean = 4.2, range = 1–12, SD = 2.6). Thirteen sightings were documented with photographs and/or video of sufficient quality to allow individual photo-identification analysis. Of the 45 whales photographed, 14 unique individual killer whales were identified, eight of which were re-sighted between two and nine times. An adult female (Oo6) and a now-adult male (Oo4), were first seen together in 1995, and have been re-sighted together eight times over a 16-yr period. To date, killer whales in the Bahamas have only been observed preying on marine mammals, including Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis), Fraser's dolphin (Lagenodelphis hosei), pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) and dwarf sperm whale (Kogia sima), all of which are previously unrecorded prey species for Orcinus orca.

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8

Rousselet, Estelle, Megan Stolen, Wendy N. Durden, Teresa Jablonski, Nicole I. Stacy, and David S. Rotstein. "Bilateral Polycystic Kidneys and Focal Renal Cystadenoma in a Pygmy Sperm Whale (Kogia breviceps)." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 55, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2018-01-019.

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9

Ostrom, Peggy H., Jon Lien, and Stephen A. Macko. "Evaluation of the diet of Sowerby's beaked whale, Mesoplodon bidens, based on isotopic comparisons among northwestern Atlantic cetaceans." Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, no. 4 (April 1, 1993): 858–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-110.

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Sowerby's beaked whale, Mesoplodon bidens, is a poorly known and infrequently encountered species. Consequently, its behavior and habitat requirements are largely unknown. Evidence of the trophic level and diet of M. bidens was obtained through a comparison of δ13C and δ15N values for this species with those for eight other cetaceans and the basking shark, Cetorhinus maximus. The δ13C value for M. bidens (−18.5 ± 1.1‰) was similar to that for all other cetaceans (−18.7 to −17.2‰) except the sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus, and the blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus (−22.8 and −20.1‰, respectively). At least a portion of the range of δ13C values for the cetaceans and the basking shark is thought to be related to variations in the lipid content of the samples. Nitrogen isotope values appear to reflect trophic position. Based on δ15N, organisms can be ordered along a trophic continuum bracketed by the planktivorous basking shark (9.9‰) and the piscivorous white-beaked dolphin, Lagenorhynchus albirostris (16.2‰). The trophic position of M. bidens (δ15N = 11.7‰) is intermediate between those of the pygmy sperm whale, Kogia breviceps (δ15N = 11.9‰), and the sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus (δ15N = 11.1‰), and thus supports previous suggestions that these species feed at similar trophic positions. The estimated δ15N value of the diet of M. bidens, 8.7‰, is consistent with a diet that has a large contribution from small offshore squid, δ15N = 9.3‰.

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10

Stamper, M. Andrew, Brent R. Whitaker, and T. David Schofield. "CASE STUDY: MORBIDITY IN A PYGMY SPERM WHALE KOGIA BREVICEPS DUE TO OCEAN-BOURNE PLASTIC." Marine Mammal Science 22, no. 3 (July 2006): 719–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00062.x.

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11

Davenport, J., L. Cotter, E. Rogan, D. Kelliher, and C. Murphy. "Structure, material characteristics and function of the upper respiratory tract of the pygmy sperm whale." Journal of Experimental Biology 216, no. 24 (September 26, 2013): 4639–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.083782.

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12

Collareta, Alberto, Olivier Lambert, Christian de Muizon, Mario Urbina, and Giovanni Bianucci. "<i>Koristocetus pescei</i> gen. et sp. nov., a diminutive sperm whale (Cetacea: Odontoceti: Kogiidae) from the late Miocene of Peru." Fossil Record 20, no. 2 (December 7, 2017): 259–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/fr-20-259-2017.

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Abstract. Among odontocetes, members of the family Kogiidae (pygmy and dwarf sperm whales) are known as small-sized and in many respects enigmatic relatives of the great sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus. Most of the still scanty fossil record of Kogiidae is represented by isolated skulls and ear bones from Neogene deposits of the Northern Hemisphere, with the significant exception of Scaphokogia, a highly autapomorphic genus from late Miocene deposits of the Pisco Formation exposed along the southern coast of Peru. Here we report on a new fossil kogiid from Aguada de Lomas, a site where the late Miocene beds of the Pisco Formation are exposed. This specimen consists of an almost complete cranium representing a new taxon of Kogiidae: Koristocetus pescei gen. et sp. nov. Koristocetus mainly differs from extant Kogia spp. by displaying a larger temporal fossa and well-individualized dental alveoli on the upper jaws. Coupled with a relatively elongated rostrum, these characters suggest that Koristocetus retained some degree of raptorial feeding abilities, contrasting with the strong suction feeding specialization seen in Recent kogiids. Our phylogenetic analysis recognizes Koristocetus as the earliest branching member of the subfamily Kogiinae. Interestingly, Koristocetus shared the southern coast of present-day Peru with members of the genus Scaphokogia, whose unique convex rostrum and unusual neurocranial morphology seemingly indicate a peculiar foraging specialization that has still to be understood. In conclusion, Koristocetus evokes a long history of high diversity, morphological disparity, and sympatric habits in fossil kogiids, thus suggesting that our comprehension of the evolutionary history of pygmy and dwarf sperm whales is still far from being exhaustive.

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13

Beasley, I., Y. Cherel, S. Robinson, E. Betty, and R. Gales. "Pygmy Sperm Whale (Kogin breiJiceps) stranding record in Tasmania, Australia, and diet of a single specimen." Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 147 (2013): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26749/rstpp.147.25.

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14

Brentano, Renata, and Maria Virginia Petry. "Marine debris ingestion and human impacts on the Pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) in southern Brazil." Marine Pollution Bulletin 150 (January 2020): 110595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110595.

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15

Song, Zhongchang, Xiao Xu, Jianchen Dong, Luru Xing, Meng Zhang, Xuecheng Liu, Yu Zhang, Songhai Li, and Per Berggren. "Acoustic property reconstruction of a pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) forehead based on computed tomography imaging." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 138, no. 5 (November 2015): 3129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4935135.

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16

Poth, C., C. Fung, O. Güntürkün, S. H. Ridgway, and H. H. A. Oelschläger. "Neuron numbers in sensory cortices of five delphinids compared to a physeterid, the pygmy sperm whale." Brain Research Bulletin 66, no. 4-6 (September 2005): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.02.001.

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17

Bagge, L. E., H. N. Koopman, S. A. Rommel, W. A. McLellan, and D. A. Pabst. "Lipid class and depth-specific thermal properties in the blubber of the short-finned pilot whale and the pygmy sperm whale." Journal of Experimental Biology 215, no. 24 (September 12, 2012): 4330–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.071530.

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18

Gannier, Alexandre. "Comparison of odontocete populations of the Marquesas and Society Islands (French Polynesia)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89, no. 5 (November 26, 2008): 931–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315408002713.

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Small boat surveys were organized to study cetaceans of the Marquesas (9°S and 140°W) and the Society Islands (17°S and 150°W) in French Polynesia. Prospecting took place from 12–15 m sailboats, between 1996 and 2001 with systematic visual searching. Boats moved according to sea conditions, at a mean speed of 10 km/h. Effective effort of 4856 km in the Marquesas and 10,127 km in the Societies were logged. Relative abundance indices were processed for odontocetes using data obtained with Beaufort 4 or less. In the Marquesas, 153 on-effort sightings were obtained on 10 delphinids species including the spotted dolphin, spinner dolphin, bottlenose dolphin, melon-headed whale and rough-toothed dolphin. In the Societies, 153 sightings of 12 odontocetes included delphinids (spinner, rough-toothed and bottlenose dolphins, short-finned pilot and melon-headed whales, Fraser's dolphin, Risso's dolphin and pygmy killer whale) and two species of beaked whales, the sperm whale and dwarf sperm whale. Relative abundance indices were higher in the Marquesas than in the Societies both inshore (0.93 ind/km2 against 0.36 ind/km2) and offshore (0.28 ind/km2 against 0.14 ind/km2). Differences in remote-sensed primary production were equally important, the Marquesas waters featuring an annual average of 409 mgC.m−2 · day−1 and the Societies of only 171 mgC · m−2 · day−1. The presence of a narrow shelf around the Marquesas also accounted for differences in odontocete populations, in particular the delphinids.

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19

Keenan-Bateman, TF, WA McLellan, AM Costidis, CA Harms, DM Gay, DS Rotstein, SA Rommel, CW Potter, and DA Pabst. "Habitat use pattern of the giant parasitic nematode Crassicauda magna within the pygmy sperm whale Kogia breviceps." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 127, no. 3 (March 5, 2018): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao03205.

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20

Byard, Roger W., Aaron J. Machado, and David McLelland. "Endobronchial sand casts: an unusual marker of saltwater immersion in a juvenile pygmy sperm whale (kogia breviceps)." Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology 7, no. 2 (September 19, 2010): 222–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12024-010-9191-8.

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21

LaMere, Sarah A., Judy A. St. Leger, Mark D. Schrenzel, Simon J. Anthony, Bruce A. Rideout, and Daniel R. Salomon. "Molecular Characterization of a Novel Gammaretrovirus in Killer Whales (Orcinus orca)." Journal of Virology 83, no. 24 (October 7, 2009): 12956–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01354-09.

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ABSTRACT There are currently no published data documenting the presence of retroviruses in cetaceans, though the occurrences of cancers and immunodeficiency states suggest the potential. We examined tissues from adult killer whales and detected a novel gammaretrovirus by degenerate PCR. Reverse transcription-PCR also demonstrated tissue and serum expression of retroviral mRNA. The full-length sequence of the provirus was obtained by PCR, and a TaqMan-based copy number assay did not demonstrate evidence of productive infection. PCR on blood samples from 11 healthy captive killer whales and tissues from 3 free-ranging animals detected the proviral DNA in all tissues examined from all animals. A survey of multiple cetacean species by PCR for gag, pol, and env sequences showed homologs of this virus in the DNA of eight species of delphinids, pygmy and dwarf sperm whales, and harbor porpoises, but not in beluga or fin whales. Analysis of the bottlenose dolphin genome revealed two full-length proviral sequences with 97.4% and 96.9% nucleotide identity to the killer whale gammaretrovirus. The results of single-cell PCR on killer whale sperm and Southern blotting are also consistent with the conclusion that the provirus is endogenous. We suggest that this gammaretrovirus entered the delphinoid ancestor's genome before the divergence of modern dolphins or that an exogenous variant existed following divergence that was ultimately endogenized. However, the transcriptional activity demonstrated in tissues and the nearly intact viral genome suggest a more recent integration into the killer whale genome, favoring the latter hypothesis. The proposed name for this retrovirus is killer whale endogenous retrovirus.

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22

Fernández, R., M. B. Santos, M. Carrillo, M. Tejedor, and G. J. Pierce. "Stomach contents of cetaceans stranded in the Canary Islands 1996–2006." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89, no. 5 (April 20, 2009): 873–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315409000290.

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Stomach contents were analysed from 23 cetaceans, including individuals of 12 species from the families Delphinidae, Physeteridae, Kogiidae and Ziphiidae, stranded between 1996 and 2006 in the Canary Islands. Cephalopod mandibles(beaks)were found in 21 stomachs and fish remains(otoliths and jaw bones)appeared in 4 stomachs. Two stomachs contained only eye lenses. Cephalopods eaten by dolphins were mainly from the families Ommastrephidae, Sepiidae and Enoploteuthidae, whereas whales had mainly taken specimens of the oceanic squid families Histiotheutidae and Cranchiidae. Fish remains included a pelagic species(i.e. garfish,Belone belone)in dolphin stomachs and bathypelagic(i.e. black scabbard fish,Aphanopus carbo, lantern fish,Lampadena luminosa)and demersal species(Lophiussp.)in a pygmy sperm whale(Kogia breviceps)stomach. Most of the prey species identified are not of commercial interest but one of the sperm whales(Physeter macrocephalus)contained a fishing hook among the stomach contents. Five(22%)of the cetaceans examined had also plastic debris in their stomachs, with big plastic items being taken by deep diving teuthophagous whales.

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23

Shamsi, S., C. Spröhnle-Barrera, and M. Shafaet Hossen. "Occurrence of Anisakis spp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in a pygmy sperm whale Kogia breviceps (Cetacea: Kogiidae) in Australian waters." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 134, no. 1 (April 25, 2019): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao03360.

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24

Benites-Palomino, Aldo, Jorge Vélez-Juarbe, Rodolfo Salas-Gismondi, and Mario Urbina. "Scaphokogia totajpe, sp. nov., a new bulky-faced pygmy sperm whale (Kogiidae) from the late Miocene of Peru." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 39, no. 6 (November 2, 2019): e1728538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2019.1728538.

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25

Mcalpine, Donald F., Laurie D. Murison, and Eric P. Hoberg. "NEW RECORDS FOR THE PYGMY SPERM WHALE, KOGIA BREVICEPS (PHYSETERIDAE) FROM ATLANTIC CANADA WITH NOTES ON DIET AND PARASITES." Marine Mammal Science 13, no. 4 (October 1997): 701–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1997.tb00093.x.

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26

Pascual, Santiago, and Elvira Abollo. "SEM study of Anisakis brevispiculata Dollfus, 1966 and Pseudoterranova ceticola (Deardoff and Overstreet, 1981) (Nematoda: Anisakidae), parasites of the pygmy sperm whale Kogia breviceps." Scientia Marina 66, no. 3 (September 30, 2002): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2002.66n3249.

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27

Annalaura Mancia, Demetri D. Spyropoulos, Wayne E. McFee, Danforth A. Newton, and John E. Baatz. "Cryopreservation and in vitro culture of primary cell types from lung tissue of a stranded pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 155, no. 1 (January 2012): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.04.002.

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28

Castro, C., K. Van Waerebeek, D. Cárdenas, and JJ Alava. "Marine mammals used as bait for improvised fish aggregating devices in marine waters of Ecuador, eastern tropical Pacific." Endangered Species Research 41 (March 12, 2020): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr01015.

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Fish aggregating devices (FADs) are floating objects typically used to attract and capture pelagic fish in industrial tuna fisheries. This study documents 9 cases, involving 31 marine mammals, of incidentally captured, killed or otherwise retrieved cetaceans and pinnipeds which were used, or presumably used, as bait for improvised fish aggregation devices (IFAD) by artisanal fishers in coastal Ecuador. At least 3 species of small cetaceans were affected, including pantropical spotted dolphin Stenella attenuata, short-finned pilot whale Globicephala macrorhynchus, pygmy killer whale Feresa attenuata and an unidentified small delphinid, as well as South American sea lions Otaria byronia which were reportedly killed on purpose for this fishing practice. A sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus and a humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae were presumably found floating at sea and opportunistically exploited as FADs. The South American sea lion represented 80.6% of marine mammals used as bait associated with FADs (25 sea lions out of 31 marine mammals), while the remaining 5 (possibly 6) cetacean species represented 19.4%. This is the first report of baited FADs in Ecuador, the extent of which is still unknown. This fishing technique has not been documented in other nations along the west coast of South America, although baiting of gillnets with marine mammal parts is common in Peru. Without fisheries management and regulation, this illegal fishing practice could rapidly expand and lead to further direct kills and conservation problems for targeted marine mammal populations in the eastern tropical Pacific. A bottom-up fisheries policy in concert with community-based conservation to ban the use of marine mammals as FAD bait is recommended.

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29

Viricel, Amélia, and Patricia E. Rosel. "Looking into a whale’s heart: investigating a genetic basis for cardiomyopathy in a non-model species." Genome 60, no. 8 (August 2017): 695–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2016-0203.

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Understanding the pathogenesis of complex diseases can benefit from multi-species comparative studies. Yet these studies rarely include natural populations of non-model species. Here, we focused on the cause of a heart muscle disease, cardiomyopathy (CM), affecting multiple mammalian species including humans, cats, dogs, and certain species of whales. Mutations in genes coding for sarcomeric proteins have been identified as a leading cause for CM in humans, and some were also revealed to be responsible for CM in cats. We investigated whether similar mutations could be detected in the deep-diving pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps), which is one of two cetacean species known to display CM. We sequenced portions of two candidate genes (MYH7: 3153 bp and MYBPC3: 3019 bp) in 55 whales including affected and unaffected individuals. Mutation screening revealed six nonsynonymous substitutions that were predicted to have an effect on protein function. However, the etiology of CM is likely complex and probably multi-factorial as three of these mutations were observed in unaffected individuals from our control group. This incomplete penetrance could be partly age-related and could also be due to the influence of environmental factors on the development of CM, as seen in humans.

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30

Song, Zhongchang, Yu Zhang, Steven W. Thornton, Songhai Li, and Jianchen Dong. "The influence of air-filled structures on wave propagation and beam formation of a pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) in horizontal and vertical planes." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 142, no. 4 (October 2017): 2443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5008855.

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31

Quiazon, Karl Marx A. "Anisakis Dujardin, 1845 infection (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in Pygmy Sperm Whale Kogia breviceps Blainville, 1838 from west Pacific region off the coast of Philippine archipelago." Parasitology Research 115, no. 9 (June 14, 2016): 3663–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-016-5169-0.

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32

Portes Santos, Cláudia, and Liliane Lodi. "Occurrence of Anisakis physeteris Baylis, 1923 and Pseudoterranova sp. (Nematoda) in Pygmy Sperm Whale Kogia breviceps (De Blainvillei, 1838) (Physeteridae) in Northeastern Coast of Brazil." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 93, no. 2 (March 1998): 187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761998000200009.

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33

McGovern, Barry, Ross M. Culloch, Michael O'Connell, and Simon Berrow. "Temporal and spatial trends in stranding records of cetaceans on the Irish coast, 2002–2014." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 98, no. 5 (December 8, 2016): 977–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315416001594.

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Using Irish strandings data collected between 2002 and 2014, seasonal and annual trends in the number of strandings for all strandings identified to species level (N = 1480), and for the five most frequently reported species: common dolphin (25.7% of records), harbour porpoise (22.2%), long-finned pilot whale (8.8%), striped dolphin (6.9%) and bottlenose dolphin (6.9%) were investigated. With the exception of bottlenose dolphins, there was a significant linear increase in the number of strandings across years for all species and for all strandings collectively, that were identified to species-level. Only common dolphins demonstrated a significant increase in the proportion of records relative to all other strandings, which may be indicative of a real rise in the number of strandings of this species. Common dolphins and harbour porpoises showed a similar significant difference in monthly strandings, with more strandings occurring during the earlier months of the year. Significant differences in the gender of stranded animals were found in common, striped, bottlenose and Atlantic white-sided dolphins and sperm and pygmy sperm whales. Live and mass stranding events were primarily comprised of pelagic species. Most strandings occurred on the south and west coasts, with two hotspots for live and mass strandings identified. The patterns and trends identified are discussed in relation to the caveats in interpreting strandings data. Specifically to Ireland, the findings highlight the urgent need to build on the current volunteer reporting network and augment this comprehensive dataset with post-mortem examinations to better understand the cause of the trends identified. The importance of strandings data in informing conservation and management guidelines of these species’ is discussed.

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Coram, Amber, Neil Angelo S. Abreo, Robert P. Ellis, and Kirsten F. Thompson. "Contribution of social media to cetacean research in Southeast Asia: illuminating populations vulnerable to litter." Biodiversity and Conservation 30, no. 8-9 (May 18, 2021): 2341–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02196-6.

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AbstractLitter in the marine environment, in particular plastic, is a significant threat to marine megafauna. Cetaceans are known to ingest or become entangled in marine debris, likely impacting individuals and populations. Southeast Asia is a biodiversity hotspot and harbours a diverse cetacean assemblage. However, there are key knowledge gaps relating to the impact of litter in this region due the lack of experts to survey its vast coastlines. This study aims to address such gaps by using social media, gathering data from Facebook posts relating to cetacean strandings and litter across Southeast Asia between 2009 and 2019. Results show that at least 15 cetacean species have been negatively affected by litter, with ingestion most commonly affecting deep-diving species. Epipelagic and mesopelagic foragers were most vulnerable to entanglement. Davao in the Philippines was identified as a litter-related stranding hotspot. The Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) and pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) are particularly vulnerable to litter. The combination of social media and peer reviewed literature can help build a more complete picture of the spatial distribution of marine litter and the scale of the impact it has on cetacean populations. In this study we provide details of a valuable online tool for helping to understand the impact of marine litter on cetaceans and other charismatic species that are a focus of community engagement.

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Mancia, Annalaura, Demetri D. Spyropoulos, Wayne E. McFee, Danforth A. Newton, and John E. Baatz. "Erratum to “Cryopreservation and in vitro culture of primary cell types from lung tissue of a stranded pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps)” [Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 155 (2012) 136 - 142]." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 156, no. 3-4 (November 2012): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2012.07.003.

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Mu, Yuan, Xin Huang, Rui Liu, Yulin Gai, Na Liang, Daiqing Yin, Lei Shan, Shixia Xu, and Guang Yang. "ACPT gene is inactivated in mammalian lineages that lack enamel or teeth." PeerJ 9 (January 22, 2021): e10219. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10219.

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Loss of tooth or enamel is widespread in multiple mammal lineages. Although several studies have been reported, the evolutionary mechanisms of tooth/enamel loss are still unclear. Most previous studies have found that some tooth-related genes have been inactivated in toothless and/or enamel-less mammals, such as ENAM, ODAM, C4orf26, AMBN, AMTN, DSPP, etc. Here, we conducted evolutionary analyses on ACPT playing a key role in amelogenesis, to interrogate the mechanisms. We obtained the ACPT sequences from 116 species, including edentulous and enamel-less mammals. The results shows that variant ORF-disrupting mutations were detected in ACPT coding region among nine edentulous baleen whales and three enamel-less taxa (pygmy sperm whale, aardvark, nine-banded armadillo). Furtherly, selective pressure uncovered that the selective constraints have been relaxed among all toothless and enamel-less lineages. Moreover, our results support the hypothesis that mineralized teeth were lost or degenerated in the common ancestor of crown Mysticeti through two shared single-base sites deletion in exon 4 and 5 of ACPT among all living baleen whales. DN/dS values on transitional branches were used to estimate ACPT inactivation records. In the case of aardvark, inactivation of ACPT was estimated at ~23.60–28.32 Ma, which is earlier than oldest aardvark fossil record (Orycteropus minutus, ~19 Ma), suggesting that ACPT inactivation may result in degeneration or loss of enamel. Conversely, the inactivation time of ACPT estimated in armadillo (~10.18–11.30 Ma) is later than oldest fossil record, suggesting that inactivation of ACPT may result from degeneration or loss of enamel in these mammals. Our findings suggested that different mechanisms of degeneration of tooth/enamel might exist among toothless and enamel-less lineages during evolution. Our study further considered that ACPT is a novel gene for studying tooth evolution.

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Poynton, SL, BR Whitaker, and AB Heinrich. "A novel trypanoplasm-like flagellate Jarrellia atramenti n. g., n. sp. (Kinetoplastida: Bodonidae) and ciliates from the blowhole of a stranded pygmy sperm whale Kogia breviceps (Physeteridae): morphology, life cycle and potential pathogenicity." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 44 (2001): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao044191.

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Jabbar, Abdul, Ian Beveridge, and Malcolm S. Bryant. "Morphological and molecular observations on the status of Crassicauda magna, a parasite of the subcutaneous tissues of the pygmy sperm whale, with a re-evaluation of the systematic relationships of the genus Crassicauda." Parasitology Research 114, no. 3 (December 9, 2014): 835–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-014-4245-6.

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ÁRNASON, ÚLFUR, and KURT BENIRSCHKE. "Karyotypes and idiograms of sperm and pygmy sperm whales." Hereditas 75, no. 1 (February 12, 2009): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1973.tb01143.x.

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West, Kristi L., William A. Walker, Robin W. Baird, Whitney White, Gregg Levine, Eric Brown, and David Schofield. "Diet of pygmy sperm whales (Kogia breviceps) in the Hawaiian Archipelago." Marine Mammal Science 25, no. 4 (October 2009): 931–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00295.x.

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41

Merkens, Karlina, Anne Simonis, and Erin Oleson. "Long-term monitoring of Physeteroidea (sperm whales, dwarf, and pygmy sperm whales) in the Central and Western Pacific." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 139, no. 4 (April 2016): 2062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4950112.

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Vidal, Omar, Lloyd T. Findley, Peggy J. Turk, and Richard E. Boyer. "RECENT RECORDS OF PYGMY SPERM WHALES IN THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA, MEXICO." Marine Mammal Science 3, no. 4 (October 1987): 354–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1987.tb00323.x.

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Dinets, Vladimir. "Letter to Editor: Apparent Surface Feeding by Pygmy Sperm Whales (Kogia breviceps)." Aquatic Mammals 47, no. 2 (March 15, 2021): 111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1578/am.47.2.2021.111.

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Ohishi, K., E. Katsumata, K. Uchida, and T. Maruyama. "Two stranded pygmy sperm whales (Kogia breviceps) with anti-Brucella antibodies in Japan." Veterinary Record 160, no. 18 (May 5, 2007): 628–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.160.18.628.

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Vélez-Juarbe, Jorge, Aaron R. Wood, and Catalina Pimiento. "Pygmy sperm whales (Odontoceti, Kogiidae) from the Pliocene of Florida and North Carolina." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36, no. 4 (March 23, 2016): e1135806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2016.1135806.

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Thornton, Steven W., William A. Mclellan, Sentiel A. Rommel, Richard M. Dillaman, Douglas P. Nowacek, Heather N. Koopman, and D. Ann Pabst. "Morphology of the Nasal Apparatus in Pygmy (Kogia Breviceps) and Dwarf (K. Sima) Sperm Whales." Anatomical Record 298, no. 7 (June 13, 2015): 1301–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.23168.

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Beatson, Emma. "The diet of pygmy sperm whales, Kogia breviceps, stranded in New Zealand: implications for conservation." Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 17, no. 2-3 (March 21, 2007): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11160-007-9039-9.

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Brown, Eileen Dellner, Gregory D. Bossart, and John E. Reynolds. "THE MICROSCOPIC AND IMMUNOHISTOLOGIC ANATOMY OF THE ENDOCRINE PANCREAS OF PYGMY AND DWARF SPERM WHALES (KOGIIDAE)." Marine Mammal Science 4, no. 4 (October 1988): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1988.tb00538.x.

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Santos, M. B., G. J. Pierce, A. Lopez, R. J. Reid, V. Ridoux, and E. Mente. "PYGMY SPERM WHALES KOGIA BREVICEPS IN THE NORTHEAST ATLANTIC: NEW INFORMATION ON STOMACH CONTENTS AND STRANDINGS." Marine Mammal Science 22, no. 3 (July 2006): 600–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00038.x.

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Baird, Robin William. "Sightings of Dwarf ( Kogia sima ) and Pygmy ( K. breviceps ) Sperm Whales from the Main Hawaiian Islands." Pacific Science 59, no. 3 (2005): 461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/psc.2005.0031.

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