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1

Stöckle, M., S. Müller, and H. Riedmiller. "Pyonephrose durch Ischiadikushernie." Aktuelle Urologie 20, no. 05 (September 1989): 266–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1061225.

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2

Schneider, K., F. J. Helmig, R. Eife, R. Belohradsky, K. Devens, and H. Fendel. "Diagnostik und Therapie der Pyonephrose im Säuglings- und Kindesalter." RöFo - Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Röntgenstrahlen und der bildgebenden Verfahren 148, no. 05 (May 1988): 572–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1048250.

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3

Lutter, F. X., E. Lohss-Baumgärtner, and R. Maier. "Pyonephrose durch Xanthinsteine bei einer mit Allopurinol behandelten Hündin." Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere 42, no. 01 (2014): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1623742.

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ZusammenfassungEine 2-jährige, kastrierte Mischlingshündin wurde mit schmerzhaftem Abdomen, Fieber und Erbrechen als Notfall vorgestellt. Ursache für das akute Abdomen war eine Pyonephrose der linken Niere durch vier Xanthinsteine, die den Ureter verlegt hatten. Nach operativer Entfernung der stark veränderten linken Niere erholte sich die Hündin schnell. Das Tier hatte zur Behandlung einer Leishmaniose über einen längeren Zeitraum Allopurinol erhalten, sodass die Xanthinstein-Bildung wahrscheinlich auf die Gabe von Allopurinol zurückzuführen ist. Da auch in der rechten Niere kleine Konkremente vorhanden waren, wurde Allopurinol abgesetzt. Die Hündin erhält seither eine purinarme Diät. Leishmaniosetiter und Nierenfunktion werden regelmäßig überwacht.
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4

Lesser, M., S. Krüger, K. Nuss, T. Sydler, and U. Braun. "Sonographische Befunde und Therapie bei einer Kuh mit Pyonephrose." Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde 156, no. 7 (June 27, 2014): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0036-7281/a000603.

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5

Petrén, Gustaf. "EINE WIE GROSSE ROLLE SPIELEN ABNORME NIERENGEFÄSSE ALS URSACHE VON HYDRO-NEPHROSE RESP. PYONEPHROSE?" Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica 10, S16 (February 4, 2010): 322–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0463.1933.tb06343.x.

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6

Erol, Ali, Soner Çoban, and Ali Tekin. "A Giant Case of Pyonephrosis Resulting from Nephrolithiasis." Case Reports in Urology 2014 (2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/161640.

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Pyonephrosis is an uncommon disease that is associated with suppurative destruction of the renal parenchyma in adults. Upper urinary tract infection and obstruction play a role in its etiology. Immunosuppression from medications (steroids), diseases (diabetes mellitus, AIDS), and anatomic variations (pelvic kidney, horseshoe kidney) may also be risk factors for pyonephrosis. Fever, shivering, and flank pain are frequent clinical symptoms. On physical examination, a palpable abdominal mass may be associated with the hydronephrotic kidney. Septic shock and death can occur if the disorder is not treated with urgent surgery. After the acute phase, most patients are treated with nephrectomy. In this paper, we share the etiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of pyonephrosis using the background of a case with giant pyonephrosis developing due to a kidney stone, the most common cause of upper urinary tract obstruction.
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7

Rampelotto, Roberta Filipini, Talita Bertazzo, Guilherme Lopes Weis, Paulo Roberto De Jesus, Mariane Vargas, Betina Meneghetti, Nara Lucia Dal Forno, Adenilde Sala, and Rosmari Hörner. "Pyonephrosis caused by Salmonella sp. in a patient with polycystic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis." Scientia Medica 27, no. 2 (May 30, 2017): 26565. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1980-6108.2017.2.26565.

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*** Pyonephrosis caused by Salmonella sp. in a patient with polycystic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis ***AIMS: This article reports a case of pyonephrosis caused by Salmonella sp. in a patient with polycystic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis treatment.CASE DESCRIPTION: An elderly male patient previously diagnosed with polycystic kidney disease undergoing standard hemodyalitic treatment presented uronephrosis, evolving to pyonephrosis caused by Salmonella sp., and was successfully treated with ciprofloxacin.CONCLUSIONS: The polycystic kidney disease may have contributed to the bacteria’s attachment to the kidney, due to increase of permeability of the intestinal mucosa, easier bacterial translocation to bloodstream and its subsequent accommodation in the infected organ.
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8

Mokadem, Seif, Mohamed Ali Nouioui, Salma Kalai, Tarek Taktak, Houssem Mediouni, Ramzi Khiari, and Samir Ghozzi. "Non Typhoidal Salmonella Pyonephrosis in an Asymptomatic Immunocompetent Patient." Case Reports in Urology 2019 (September 22, 2019): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4198275.

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A 50-year-old man with no past medical history presented with 5 months history of right flank discomfort. Physical examination was unremarkable. CT-scan showed a large right renal pelvic calculi and upper pole hydronephrosis. He underwent open surgical procedure and we peroperatively discovered upper pole pyonephrosis. Bacteriological samples of pus grew group D Salmonella. We prescribed third generation cephalosporin for 14 days. The patient made a steady recovery. Non typhoidal salmonella (NTS) urinary tract infection (UTI) is extremely rare and usually associated with immunosuppressive chronic disease or genito urinary tract abnormalities. Pyonephrosis due to NTS have been reported twice. We report the first case of asymptomatic NTS pyonephrosis.
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9

Dierks, Paul R., Robert A. Clark, and Harold B. Spitz. "Emphysematous Pyonephrosis." Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography 1, no. 4 (July 1985): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/875647938500100402.

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10

Rojas-Moreno, Christian. "Pyonephrosis and pyocystis." IDCases 6 (2016): 104–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2016.10.005.

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11

Dar, Manzoor Ahmad, Muzzain Iqbal, Abdul Rouf Khawaja, Mohammad Saleem Wani, Arif Hamid Bhat, Sajad Ahmad Malik, and Yaser Ahmad Dar. "Minimally invasive procedures for urological disorders in pregnant patients: our experience." International Surgery Journal 7, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20195977.

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Background: Urological disorders like stone disease, pyonephrosis secondary to obstruction and trauma are common during pregnancy with global incidence of 1 in 250 to 1 in 3000. These diseases can complicate any pregnancy and timely diagnosis and management is of utmost importance for safety of the mother and fetus. Managing these cases entails morbidity and minimally invasive procedures avoiding anesthesia have definite advantage.Methods: It was an observational study. Pregnant patients with nephrolithiasis, pyonephrosis, complicated post-traumatic ureteropelvic junction (PUJ) obstruction (PUJO) and trauma were included in the study.Results: Out of total 84 cases, 45 required intervention. Percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) for pyonephrosis secondary to PUJO and obstructed PUJ calculus was done in 11 and 14 cases respectively. Bilateral PCN for bilateral nephrolithiasis was done in 7 cases. Silicon double-J stenting for ureteric calculus was done in 13 cases. One case of spontaneous fornicial rupture of kidney without stone disease was managed conservatively as were 4 cases of trauma with concomitant renal injury, 18 cases of non-obstructive renal stones and 16 cases of pyelonephritis. Seven patients lost follow-up. One case each of pyonephrosis and polytrauma had fetal death at term unrelated to urological cause. In rest 75 patients, primary pathology was tackled after 6-8 weeks of delivery.Conclusions: Urological diseases during pregnancy are not an uncommon entity and can pose risk to both mother and fetus. With good clinical vigil, use of minimally invasive procedures, close monitoring and follow up, these patients can be safely managed without any adverse events to the fetus and mother.
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12

Batista da Costa, José, Jean-Nicolas Cornu, Dorian Levgraverend, Hugues Cordel, Christophe Ridel, Julien Letendre, Olivier Traxer, Mohamed Tligui, and François Haab. "Pyonephrosis Caused by Salmonella Typhi: A Case Report." Urologia Internationalis 96, no. 2 (August 8, 2014): 241–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000360741.

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Introduction: Salmonella is a rare cause of urinary tract infections. We report here a unique case of pyonephrosis due to Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) complication, a stone-related obstructive pyelonephritis. Case Report: A 47-year-old man, without any history of typhoid fever or gastrointestinal symptoms, presented with a pyonephrosis and life-threatening bacteremia following an acute obstructive right pyelonephritis caused by S. Typhi. The patient was treated by urinary drainage (ureteral stent), antibiotics, and delayed right nephrectomy. We postulated that urolithiasis could explain asymptomatic chronic urinary carriage of S. Typhi. Conclusion:S. Typhi is one possible cause of life-threatening urinary tract infection, especially in the context of urolithiasis.
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13

Florido, Christopher, Josi L. Herren, Mithil B. Pandhi, and Matthew M. Niemeyer. "Emergent Percutaneous Nephrostomy for Pyonephrosis: A Primer for the On-Call Interventional Radiologist." Seminars in Interventional Radiology 37, no. 01 (March 2020): 074–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3401842.

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AbstractPyonephrosis is gross accumulation of pus within an obstructed renal collecting system that, if left untreated, can lead to potentially fatal septic shock. Treatment requires urgent decompression coupled with systemic antibiotics. Percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) placement, first described in 1976 for the treatment of pyonephrosis, is now widely utilized for emergent decompression in these patients. When performed by an experienced interventional radiologist, PCN is a safe procedure with technical success rates of over 96 to 99%. This article will address the clinical presentation of pyonephrosis, and will discuss the indications, technique, complications, and outcomes of emergent PCN placement. Additionally, the expanded indications for PCN placement in nonemergent scenarios will also be described.
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14

Martín Guerra, Javier Miguel, Miguel Martín Asenjo, and Carlos Jesús Dueñas Gutiérrez. "Pyonephrosis by Lelliottia amnigena." Medicina Clínica (English Edition) 151, no. 10 (November 2018): 419–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medcle.2018.01.033.

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15

LEZIN, M. ST, R. HOFMANN, and M. L. STOLLER. "Pyonephrosis: Diagnosis and Treatment." British Journal of Urology 70, no. 4 (October 1992): 360–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410x.1992.tb15788.x.

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16

CONNOLLY, LEONARD P., SUSAN A. CONNOLLY, and S. TED TREVES. "Ectopic Ureterocele with Pyonephrosis." Clinical Nuclear Medicine 26, no. 11 (November 2001): 938–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003072-200111000-00011.

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17

Patel, Ramnik, Ngozi Nwokoma, and George K. Ninan. "Primary neonatal MRSA pyonephrosis." International Urology and Nephrology 45, no. 4 (August 21, 2012): 939–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11255-012-0260-7.

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18

Camúñez, F., A. Echenagusia, M. L. Prieto, P. Salom, F. Herranz, and C. Hernández. "Percutaneous nephrostomy in pyonephrosis." Urologic Radiology 11, no. 1 (December 1989): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02926481.

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19

Fultz, Patrick J., William R. Hampton, and Saara M. S. Totterman. "Computed tomography of pyonephrosis." Abdominal Imaging 18, no. 1 (March 1993): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00201709.

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20

Kavaguti, Silvia K., Barbara R. Mackevicius, Murilo F. de Andrade, Silvio Tucci Jr, and Ana P. C. P. Carlotti. "Abdominal Compartment Syndrome Caused by Massive Pyonephrosis in an Infant with Primary Obstructive Megaureter." Case Reports in Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/174167.

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21

Pérez, José María Hernández, Pedro Miguel Rodríguez Suárez, and Jordi Freixinet Gilart. "Pleural Empyema Secondary to Pyonephrosis." Archivos de Bronconeumología ((English Edition)) 44, no. 5 (2008): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1579-2129(08)60045-2.

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22

Ng, Yee-Yung, Sui-Huei Shen, and William Ji-Sien Huang. "CHRONIC PYONEPHROSIS WITH POLYCYSTIC CHANGE." Nephrology 10, no. 4 (August 2005): 422–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1797.2005.00411.x.

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23

Janardhanam, Krishnamohan, Senthilnathan Ramasamy, and Jeyakumar Paramasivam. "Supernumerary kidney presenting as pyonephrosis." Indian Journal of Urology 25, no. 3 (2009): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-1591.56175.

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24

Sharma, Shailesh, Anup Mohta, and Prakash Sharma. "Neonatal pyonephrosis ? a case report." International Urology and Nephrology 36, no. 3 (2004): 313–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11255-004-0926-x.

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25

Tamburrini, Stefania, Marina Lugarà, Michele Iannuzzi, Edoardo Cesaro, Fiore De Simone, Dario Del Biondo, Roberta Toto, et al. "Pyonephrosis Ultrasound and Computed Tomography Features: A Pictorial Review." Diagnostics 11, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11020331.

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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most frequent community-acquired and healthcare-associated bacterial infections. UTIs are heterogeneous and range from rather benign, uncomplicated infections to complicated UTIs (cUTIs), pyelonephritis and severe urosepsis, depending mostly on the host response. Ultrasound and computed tomography represent the imaging processes of choice in the diagnosis and staging of the pathology in emergency settings. The aim of this study is to describe the common ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT) features of pyonephrosis. US can make the diagnosis, demonstrating echogenic debris, fluid/fluid levels, and air in the collecting system. Although the diagnosis appears to be easily made with US, CT is necessary in non-diagnostic US examinations to confirm the diagnosis, to demonstrate the cause and moreover to stage the pathology, defining extrarenal complications. In emergency settings, US and CT are differently used in the diagnosis and staging of pyonephrosis.
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26

Takao, Akira, Yasuki Nakayama, Takaharu Ichikawa, Michihisa Saegusa, Souhei Asano, and Kenji Aramaki. "SEPTIC SHOCK DUE TO PYONEPHROSIS-CALCULOSA." Japanese Journal of Urology 92, no. 4 (2001): 530–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5980/jpnjurol1989.92.530.

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27

Choi, Jihye, and Junghee Yoon. "Primary pyonephrosis in a young dog." Journal of Small Animal Practice 53, no. 5 (April 26, 2012): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01195.x.

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28

CHOI, JIHYE, JAEYONG JANG, HEEYEON CHOI, HYUNWOOK KIM, and JUNGHEE YOON. "ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF PYONEPHROSIS IN DOGS." Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 51, no. 5 (June 10, 2010): 548–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01702.x.

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29

Chang, Che‐Wei, and Chun‐Nung Huang. "Pyonephrosis drained by double‐J catheter." Clinical Case Reports 8, no. 12 (September 2, 2020): 3586–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ccr3.3204.

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30

Evangelista, Isabella, Alessandra Colombo, Antonino Mazzone, and Nicola Mumoli. "Renal pyonephrosis with massive pleural empyema." Intensive Care Medicine 47, no. 8 (April 19, 2021): 908–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-021-06403-4.

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31

Gautam P., Varun, and Manjusha M. Litake. "A rare case of squamous cell carcinoma with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in a patient with chronic obstructive renal calculi." International Surgery Journal 4, no. 4 (March 25, 2017): 1501. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20171172.

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Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the kidney is a rare entity. Often it is confused with Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis (XGP), which is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the kidney, associated with the destruction of the renal parenchyma usually in the setting of an infectious process. A 76 year old male presented with right flank pain and vomiting. On examination, was found to have tenderness with localized guarding in the right flank. Investigations revealed a mass arising from the lower pole of the right kidney which was hydronephrotic and had features suggestive of stage III xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) with pyonephrosis and the presence of multiple calculi. Patient initially underwent a drainage of the pyonephrosis and subsequent nephrectomy. Histopathology revealed the presence of both XGP and SCC in the resected kidney specimen. Chronic nephrolithiasis is a predisposing factor for both XGP and SCC. XGP shares many characteristics with SCC in terms of both its radiographic appearance and its ability to involve the adjacent structures. Chronic nephrolithiasis is a predisposing factor for both XGP and SCC. XGP shares many characteristics with SCC in terms of both its radiographic appearance and its ability to involve the adjacent structures.
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32

Jeffrey, RB, FC Laing, VW Wing, and W. Hoddick. "Sensitivity of sonography in pyonephrosis: a reevaluation." American Journal of Roentgenology 144, no. 1 (January 1985): 71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.144.1.71.

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33

Kondapi, Divya, Vikrant Tambe, and Housam Hegazy. "Pyeloduodenal fistula as a result of pyonephrosis." Urology Case Reports 21 (November 2018): 36–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eucr.2018.08.010.

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34

Stöckle, M., S. C. Müller, and H. Riedmiller. "Ureterosciatic Hernia A Rare Cause of Pyonephrosis." European Urology 16, no. 6 (1989): 463–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000471641.

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35

VARGA, ATTILA, MORSHED SALAH, GYÖRGY TÓTH, and CSABA TÓTH. "RENAL TUMOR-LIKE PYONEPHROSIS WITH FOREIGN BODY." Journal of Urology 165, no. 3 (March 2001): 891–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(05)66554-8.

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36

Lucan, Mihai, Gheorghitaiacob, Ciprian Lucan, Paulos Yohannes, and Paul Rotariu. "Retroperitoneoscopic Nephrectomy v Classic Lumbotomy for Pyonephrosis." Journal of Endourology 18, no. 3 (April 2004): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/089277904773582787.

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37

Jalbani, Imran Khan, Muhammad Khurrum, and Wajahat Aziz. "Spontaneous rupture of pyonephrosis leading to pyoperitoneum." Urology Case Reports 26 (September 2019): 100928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eucr.2019.100928.

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38

Prelevic, Rade, Bosko Milev, Mihajlo Ignjatovic, Mirko Jovanovic, and Danilo Prelevic. "Secondary reno colic fistula caused by pyonephrosis." Vojnosanitetski pregled, no. 00 (2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp181007067p.

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39

Satoh, Akinori, and Tomohiko Iigaya. "Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 with pyonephrosis." International Journal of Urology 9, no. 7 (July 2002): 402–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-2042.2002.00483.x.

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40

Lele, Col Prasad, Lt Col Manoj Kumar Tangri, Maj Debkalyan Maji, and Brig S. K. Gupta. "Pyonephrosis: A Rare Cause of Puerperal Pyrexia." Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India 66, S2 (March 3, 2016): 601–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13224-016-0849-3.

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41

Mooreville, Michael, Guillermo C. Elkouss, Albert Schuster, Alexander E. Pearce, and Joseph Rosen. "Spontaneous renocolic fistula secondary to calculous pyonephrosis." Urology 31, no. 2 (February 1988): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0090-4295(88)90042-8.

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42

Oh, KS, CH Son, and CH Park. "Spontaneous nephro-cutaneous fistula with pyonephrosis in two dogs: two case reports." Veterinární Medicína 62, No. 1 (January 27, 2017): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/184/2015-vetmed.

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This report describes the case of spontaneous nephro-cutaneous fistula with pyonephrosis due to renal calculi and obstructive nephropathy without renal surgery or trauma history in two dogs. A five-year-old, female, Shih-tzu and a seven-year-old, female, Maltese were presented with erythematous swelling, and subcutaneous abscess formation in their flanks. Complementary exams were performed and ultrasonography revealed marked enlargement of the kidneys with hyperechoic purulent debris filling, subcutaneous abscesses and the formation of draining sinus tracts between renal abscesses and subcutaneous tissue. At surgery, kidneys were grossly dilated and contained purulent material, which was visible in the draining sinus tract in the abdominal wall. Thus, a nephrectomy was performed. The dogs recovered uneventfully and three months later there were no further specific problems.
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43

Domingos, André Luís Alonso, Ricardo Brianezi Tiraboschi, Rodolfo Borges Reis, Antonio Carlos Pereira Martins, Cassio Bottene Schneider, Sylvio Tucci Jr, Haylton Jorge Suaid, and Edson Luis Paschoalin. "Laparoscopic nephrectomy: analysis of 34 patients." Acta Cirurgica Brasileira 18, suppl 5 (2003): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-86502003001200017.

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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical experience of laparoscopic nephrectomy for benign and malignant diseases at a university hospital. METHODS: From February 2000 to March 2003, 34 patients (14 men and 20 women) underwent transperitoneal laparoscopic total nephrectomy at the Hospital das Clinicas - FMRP-USP: 28 (82.3%) patients had benign diseases and 6 (17.7%) malignant neoplasias. Benign diseases were represented by: urinary stones (N-9, 32.1%), chronic pyelonephritis (N-8, 28.6%), vesicoureteral reflux (N-4, 14.3%), ureteropelvic obstruction (N-3, 10.7%), multicystic kidney (N-2, 7.1%) and pyonephrosis (N-2, 7.1%). Patients age range was 2-79 years (mean - 35,1 years). RESULTS: In 32/34 patients the procedures were accomplished successfully. In 2 (5.8%) cases of pyonephrosis, open conversion was necessary due to perinephric abscess and difficulties in dissection of renal hilum. Two patients had intraoperative complications (1 duodenum serous laceration an 1 vascular lesion of renal hilum), but both were managed laparoscopically. Two (5.8%) post operative complications (1 delayed bleeding and 1 pancreatic fistula) required open surgical exploration. The mean time of hospital stay was 58h (18 to 240h). CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic nephrectomy proved to be a method safe and associated with a low rate of morbidity, shorter hospital stay and no casualties.
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44

Patil, Milind, Manish Baria, and Ankita Parmar. "A study of the complications among the patients undergoing retroperitoneal and transperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy for pyonephrosis." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 7, no. 11 (October 24, 2019): 4287. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20195003.

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Background: Nowadays laparoscopy have gained wider acceptance in urology that leads to more reports on the potential complications. This study was conducted to evaluate the complications among the patients undergoing retroperitoneal and transperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy.Methods: Analysis was done retrospectively through review of a maintained database of 219 consecutive laparoscopic simple nephrectomies done for pyonephrosis from July 2001 to February 2013 at the department of urology Civil Hospital and B J Medical College Ahmedabad.Results: Total 219 simple nephrectomies performed between July 2001 to February 2013 for pyonephrosis. In 165 (75.3%) of patient’s procedure was through trans peritoneal route while retroperitoneal access was used in 54(24.6%) patients. In our study there were major complications in 12 patients with laparoscopic transperitoneal group and in 4 patients in laparoscopic retro peritoneal group. The minor complication rate in present study was 13.3% (22/165) in laparoscopic transperitoneal group and 11.1% (6/54) in laparoscopic retroperitoneal group.Conclusions: There were major complications in patients with laparoscopic transperitoneal group and in few patients in laparoscopic retro peritoneal group. In most other series it was seen that retroperitoneoscopic surgery may be associated with more complications, the findings are unfounded. Minor complications can be managed easily if there is low threshold for conversion to open surgery.
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45

Vehmas, T., M. Päivänsalo, M. Taavitsainen, and I. Suramo. "Ultrasound in Renal Pyogenic Infection." Acta Radiologica 29, no. 6 (November 1988): 675–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418518802900613.

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A series of 34 patients with renal or perirenal pyogenic infection (18 with pyonephrosis, 10 with renal abscess and 6 with perirenal abscess) is presented to evaluate diagnosis with ultrasound and treatment with percutaneous ultrasound guided aspiration/drainage. Specific findings, defined as sediment echoes or dispersed internal echoes in a hydronephrotic renal collecting system, were noted in 39 per cent of pyonephrosis cases. Abscesses were mainly round or oval hypoechoic lesions measuring from 2 to 15 cm in diameter. Two abscesses were multilocular and one showed a septum. The appearance suggested tumor in 25 per cent. Because of this non-specificity of ultrasound we recommend diagnostic aspirations and further radiologic and other examinations in difficult cases. Four patients were treated by conservative means only, 13 with percutaneous aspiration or drainage, 9 with a combined drainage procedure and surgery, and 8 surgically. The length of the mean hospital stay was shortest in the group with the percutaneous drainage procedure (PDP) although the difference was not statistically significant. PDP was not effective in 12 per cent and surgery was used in these two cases to ensure cure. Complications occurred more often in the PDP group than in the surgery group but the most serious complication was a post-operative one. The different modes of treatment are discussed. The overall mortality was 5.9 per cent.
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46

Manjula, K., Geethanjali Nagaraj, Krishna Shetty, and CSBR Prasad. "Incidental upper tract urothelial carcinoma presenting as pyonephrosis." BLDE University Journal of Health Sciences 2, no. 2 (2017): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/bjhs.bjhs_2_17.

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Lucan, Mihai, Paul Rotariu, Gheorghita Iacob, Liviu Ghervan, Marius Neculoiu, Valerian Lucan, Cornel Burghelea, and Daniel Sàrh. "Retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy versus classic lumbotomy for pyonephrosis." European Urology Supplements 1, no. 1 (January 2002): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1569-9056(02)80722-9.

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48

Alpert, Gershon, Joseph M. Campos, and Howard M. Snyder. "PYONEPHROSIS PRESENTING AS TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME IN INFANCY." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 4, no. 5 (September 1985): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-198509000-00030.

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PERIMENIS, P. "Pyonephrosis and Renal Abscess Associated with Kidney Tumours." British Journal of Urology 68, no. 5 (November 1991): 463–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410x.1991.tb15385.x.

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50

Kamboj, Mayanka, Justin Lee Loy, and Abhilash Koratala. "Renal ultrasonography: a reliable diagnostic tool for pyonephrosis." Clinical Case Reports 6, no. 6 (April 6, 2018): 1176–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ccr3.1512.

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