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Journal articles on the topic 'Pyrenoid'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

McKay, R. Michael L., and Sarah P. Gibbs. "Composition and function of pyrenoids: cytochemical and immunocytochemical approaches." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 5 (1991): 1040–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-134.

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At present, little physiological or biochemical data exist for pyrenoids mainly because isolation of intact pyrenoids using standard cell-fractionation methodology has met with only limited success. Techniques of microscopical cytochemistry and immunocytochemistry, however, readily lend themselves to the in situ investigation of pyrenoid composition. Immunocytochemical analyses have demonstrated that in evolutionarily diverse groups of pyrenoid-containing algae and hornworts, the Calvin cycle enzyme ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) is predominantly pyrenoid-localized.

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2

Kuchitsu, Kazuyuki, Mikio Tsuzuki, and Shigetoh Miyachi. "Polypeptide composition and enzyme activities of the pyrenoid and its regulation by CO2 concentration in unicellular green algae." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 5 (1991): 1062–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-136.

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Effects of environmental conditions on the pyrenoid were investigated in unicellular green algae. During adaptation to CO2 limitation, the pyrenoid and pyrenoid starch developed within several hours, while stroma starch was degraded, suggesting that metabolism around the pyrenoid is regulated independently from that in other stromal spaces. This pyrenoid development was light-dependent and inhibited by DCMU but was not affected by changes in nitrogen assimilation. Pyrenoids isolated from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mainly consisted of the two subunits of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxy

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3

Ascaso, C., D. H. Brown, and S. Rapsch. "The Effect of Desiccation on Pyrenoid Structure in the Oceanic Lichen Parmelia Laevigata." Lichenologist 20, no. 1 (1988): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282988000076.

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AbstractPhycobiont cells of Parmelia laevigata contain chloroplasts with pyrenoids penetrated by a reticulum of tubules. The occurrence and significance of such tubules in algae is discussed. Although these tubules collapsed in desiccated cells, their lumen reappeared on rehydration. However, in such desiccated cells, pyrenoglobuli did not become peripherally located within the pyrenoid, except when damage occurred to the pyrenoid matrix. Rehydration of desiccated cells reduced the number of pyrenoglobuli per pyrenoid.

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4

Itakura, Alan K., Kher Xing Chan, Nicky Atkinson, et al. "A Rubisco-binding protein is required for normal pyrenoid number and starch sheath morphology inChlamydomonas reinhardtii." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 37 (2019): 18445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904587116.

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A phase-separated, liquid-like organelle called the pyrenoid mediates CO2fixation in the chloroplasts of nearly all eukaryotic algae. While most algae have 1 pyrenoid per chloroplast, here we describe a mutant in the model algaChlamydomonasthat has on average 10 pyrenoids per chloroplast. Characterization of the mutant leads us to propose a model where multiple pyrenoids are favored by an increase in the surface area of the starch sheath that surrounds and binds to the liquid-like pyrenoid matrix. We find that the mutant’s phenotypes are due to disruption of a gene, which we call StArch Granul

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5

Meyer, Moritz T., Alan K. Itakura, Weronika Patena, et al. "Assembly of the algal CO2-fixing organelle, the pyrenoid, is guided by a Rubisco-binding motif." Science Advances 6, no. 46 (2020): eabd2408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd2408.

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Approximately one-third of the Earth’s photosynthetic CO2 assimilation occurs in a pyrenoid, an organelle containing the CO2-fixing enzyme Rubisco. How constituent proteins are recruited to the pyrenoid and how the organelle’s subcompartments—membrane tubules, a surrounding phase-separated Rubisco matrix, and a peripheral starch sheath—are held together is unknown. Using the model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, we found that pyrenoid proteins share a sequence motif. We show that the motif is necessary and sufficient to target proteins to the pyrenoid and that the motif binds to Rubisco, sugge

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6

Karbovska, V., and I. Kostikov. "Ultrastructural features of organization of the cell and pirenoids in Stichococcus-like algae." Modern Phytomorphology 5 (April 1, 2014): 279–84. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.161039.

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The results of SEM study of cell organization and some feature of the structure of pyrenoids in several authentic strains of the genus Stichococcus Nägeli from ACKU collection are reported. Our results showed a variety of organizations of the pyrenoid in this group of green microalgae and allowed to describe five main types of pyrenoids.

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7

Kikutani, Sae, Kensuke Nakajima, Chikako Nagasato, Yoshinori Tsuji, Ai Miyatake та Yusuke Matsuda. "Thylakoid luminal θ-carbonic anhydrase critical for growth and photosynthesis in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, № 35 (2016): 9828–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1603112113.

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The algal pyrenoid is a large plastid body, where the majority of the CO2-fixing enzyme, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) resides, and it is proposed to be the hub of the algal CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM) and CO2 fixation. The thylakoid membrane is often in close proximity to or penetrates the pyrenoid itself, implying there is a functional cooperation between the pyrenoid and thylakoid. Here, GFP tagging and immunolocalization analyses revealed that a previously unidentified protein, Pt43233, is targeted to the lumen of the pyrenoid-penetrating thylakoid in the

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8

Mackinder, Luke C. M., Moritz T. Meyer, Tabea Mettler-Altmann, et al. "A repeat protein links Rubisco to form the eukaryotic carbon-concentrating organelle." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 21 (2016): 5958–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1522866113.

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Biological carbon fixation is a key step in the global carbon cycle that regulates the atmosphere's composition while producing the food we eat and the fuels we burn. Approximately one-third of global carbon fixation occurs in an overlooked algal organelle called the pyrenoid. The pyrenoid contains the CO2-fixing enzyme Rubisco and enhances carbon fixation by supplying Rubisco with a high concentration of CO2. Since the discovery of the pyrenoid more that 130 y ago, the molecular structure and biogenesis of this ecologically fundamental organelle have remained enigmatic. Here we use the model

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9

Wang, Lianyong, and Martin C. Jonikas. "The pyrenoid." Current Biology 30, no. 10 (2020): R456—R458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.02.051.

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10

Osafune, Tetsuaki, Shuji Sumida, Tomoko Ehara, Eiji Hase, and Jerome A. Schiff. "Immunocytochemical studies on the behavior of RuBisCO and LHCP II during the cell cycle of synchronized Euglena gracilis." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 3 (1990): 662–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100160868.

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Changes in the morphology of pyrenoid and the distribution of RuBisCO in the chloroplast of Euglena gracilis were followed by immunoelectron microscopy during the cell cycle in a light (14 h)- dark (10 h) synchronized culture under photoautotrophic conditions. The imrnunoreactive proteins wereconcentrated in the pyrenoid, and less densely distributed in the stroma during the light period (growth phase, Fig. 1-2), but the pyrenoid disappeared during the dark period (division phase), and RuBisCO was dispersed throughout the stroma. Toward the end of the division phase, the pyrenoid began to form

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11

Gunning, B. E. S., and O. M. Schwartz. "Confocal microscopy of thylakoid autofluorescence in relation to origin of grana and phylogeny in the green algae." Functional Plant Biology 26, no. 7 (1999): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp99076.

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Confocal microscopy was used to examine heterogeneity of chlorophyll fluorescence in chloroplasts of selected green algae, in the light of evidence that the technique reveals the distribution of photosystem II (PSII). Three levels of complexity were seen: (1) uniform fluorescence (Codium) or intergrading zones of bright and less bright fluorescence in genera known from electron microscopy to have irregular areas of thylakoid appression (e.g. Chlamydomonas — in which Bertos and Gibbs (J. Phycol., 34, 1009, 1998) have found absence of segregation of photosystem I (PSI) and PSII, Ulothrix, Stigeo

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12

Czerwik-Marcinkowska, Joanna, Teresa Mrozińska, and Maria Webb-Janich. "Basicladia chelonum (Collins) W.E. Hoffmann et Tilden (Chlorophyta, Cladophorophyceae) from Cuba (Caribbean): new observation of the ultrastructure of its vegetative cells." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 78, no. 1 (2011): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2009.008.

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<em>Basicladia chelonum</em> (Collins) W.E. Hoffmann and Tilden (1930) principally known from North America and Hawaii was recently (2004) found in Cuba (Caribbean) from artificial pool growing on shells of musk turtles (Trachemys decussata Gray). Specimens collected in Cuba were subjected to detailed examinations also using a transmission electron microscope. On one hand, these studies confirmed many features of this species previously described by earlier authors in the specimens from Texas. On the other hand, the present studies revealed structures unknown so far (pyrenoid struc

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13

Okada, M., Y. Okabe, M. Kono, K. Nakayama, and H. Satoh. "Peptide composition and enzyme activities of isolated pyrenoids from the green alga Bryopsis maxima." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 5 (1991): 1053–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-135.

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Pyrenoids of Bryopsis maxima contained several minor components other than the large subunit (LS) and the small subunit of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). Among the minor components, polypeptides of 95, 67, and 41 kDa reacted with an antibody against the LS polypeptide. Amino acid sequences of these polypeptides were determined and compared with that deduced from the LS gene (rbcL) screened from the chloroplast DNA library of B. maxima. The N-terminal sequence of the LS peptide was not post-translationally processed and was almost identical with those of the polypept

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14

Atkinson, Nicky, Christos N. Velanis, Tobias Wunder, David J. Clarke, Oliver Mueller-Cajar, and Alistair J. McCormick. "The pyrenoidal linker protein EPYC1 phase separates with hybrid Arabidopsis–Chlamydomonas Rubisco through interactions with the algal Rubisco small subunit." Journal of Experimental Botany 70, no. 19 (2019): 5271–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz275.

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Pyrenoid linker EPYC1 interacts with specific structures of the Rubisco small subunit. Modified plant Rubisco interacts with EPYC1 to form pyrenoid-like aggregates, a key feature of the algal CO2-concentrating mechanism.

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15

Hanson, David, T. John Andrews, and Murray R. Badger. "Variability of the pyrenoid-based CO2 concentrating mechanism in hornworts (Anthocerotophyta)." Functional Plant Biology 29, no. 3 (2002): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp01210.

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Hornworts (Anthocerotophyta) are the only group of land plants with pyrenoid-containing chloroplasts. CO2 exchange and carbon isotope discrimination values (Δ13C) values have previously demonstrated the presence of a CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM) in some pyrenoid-containing species. We have examined hornwort CCM function by using a combined fluorometer/mass spectrometer based technique to compare pyrenoid-containing (PhaeocerosProsk. and Notothylas Sull.) and pyrenoid-lacking (Megaceros Campbell) hornworts, with the liverwort Marchantia polymorphaL. that has standard C3 photosynthesis and

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16

Pröschold, Thomas, and Tatyana Darienko. "Choricystis and Lewiniosphaera gen. nov. (Trebouxiophyceae Chlorophyta), two different green algal endosymbionts in freshwater sponges." Symbiosis 82, no. 3 (2020): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13199-020-00711-x.

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Associations of freshwater sponges with coccoid green algae have been known for a long time. Two types of coccoid green algae, which are commonly assigned as zoochlorellae, are recognized by morphology: small coccoids (< 3 μm) without pyrenoids and larger Chlorella-like algae (4–6 μm) with pyrenoids. Despite their wide distribution in some freshwater sponges, these green algae were never studied using a combined analysis of morphology and molecular phylogeny. We investigated several endosymbiotic strains isolated from different Spongilla species, which were available in culture collections.

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17

Martynenko, Nikita, Elena Kezlya, and Evgeniy Gusev. "Description of a New Species of the Genus Cryptomonas (Cryptophyceae: Cryptomonadales), Isolated from Soils in a Tropical Forest." Diversity 14, no. 11 (2022): 1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14111001.

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A new species, Cryptomonas tropica sp. nov., is described from Cat Tien National Park (Vietnam) based on morphological and molecular data. Strains of the new species were isolated from soil, which is an unusual environment for photosynthetic cryptomonads. This species has elliptical cells in ventral view and a single plastid notched into several irregular lobes without microscopically visible pyrenoids. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from nuclear-encoded SSU, LSU, ITS2 rDNA and psbA cpDNA show that the new species forms an independent branch on the phylogenetic tree of the genus Cryptomon

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18

Moroney, James V., and Zhi-Yuan Chen. "The role of the chloroplast in inorganic carbon uptake by eukaryotic algae." Canadian Journal of Botany 76, no. 6 (1998): 1025–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-077.

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The role of the chloroplast in the adaptation to low CO2 by eukaryotic algae is reviewed. Eukaryotic algae can grow on very low CO2 levels because of the presence of a CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM). This review is focused on the localization of key photosynthetic enzymes such as ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco) and carbonic anhydrase as well as the location of presumptive components of the CCM and photorespiratory cycle within the chloroplast. Previous immunolocalization studies place as much as 99% or as little as 5% of the cell's Rubisco in the chloroplast pyreno

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19

Yamano, Takashi, Chihana Toyokawa, Daisuke Shimamura, Toshiki Matsuoka, and Hideya Fukuzawa. "CO2-dependent migration and relocation of LCIB, a pyrenoid-peripheral protein in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii." Plant Physiology 188, no. 2 (2021): 1081–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab528.

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Abstract Most microalgae overcome the difficulty of acquiring inorganic carbon (Ci) in aquatic environments by inducing a CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM). In the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, two distinct photosynthetic acclimation states have been described under CO2-limiting conditions (low-CO2 [LC] and very low-CO2 [VLC]). LC-inducible protein B (LCIB), structurally characterized as carbonic anhydrase, localizes in the chloroplast stroma under CO2-supplied and LC conditions. In VLC conditions, it migrates to aggregate around the pyrenoid, where the CO2-fixing enzyme ribulose 1,5-b

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20

Stoyneva, Maya P., Elisabeth Ingolic, Georg Gartner, and Wim Vyverman. "The pyrenoid ultrastructure in Oocystis lacustris." Fottea 9, no. 1 (2009): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5507/fot.2009.013.

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21

Meyer, Moritz T., Charles Whittaker, and Howard Griffiths. "The algal pyrenoid: key unanswered questions." Journal of Experimental Botany 68, no. 14 (2017): 3739–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erx178.

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22

Ehara, Tomoko, Shuji Sumida, Tetsuaki Osafune, and Eiji Hase. "Three-dimensional distribution of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygemase during the early development of proplastids in dark-grown Euglena cells transferred to an inorganic medium." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 3 (1990): 906–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100162090.

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As shown previously, Euglena cells grown in Hutner’s medium in the dark without agitation accumulate wax as well as paramylum, and contain proplastids showing no internal structure except for a single prothylakoid existing close to the envelope. When the cells are transferred to an inorganic medium containing ammonium salt and the cell suspension is aerated in the dark, the wax was oxidatively metabolized, providing carbon materials and energy 23 for some dark processes of plastid development. Under these conditions, pyrenoid-like structures (called “pro-pyrenoids”) are formed at the sites adj

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23

Riry, Maria, Hermalina Sinay, and Ritha Lusian Karuwal. "Morphological Characterization of Brown Algae Turbinaria sp From The Coastal Water of Aboru Village Central Maluku." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 22, no. 2 (2022): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v22i2.3303.

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The coastal water of Aboru village is one site with high diversity of marine biological resources such as brown algae. The purpose of this study was to determine the morphological character of the brown algae Turbinaria from the coastal water of Aboru Village. The procedure consists of field collection, and observations in the laboratory. The morphological characters observed were the presence/absence of rhizoid/holdfast, cauloid/stipe, phylloid/blades, and presence/absence of pyrenoid/vesicle (air bubbles), thallus length, phylloid length, and thallus branching type. The data obtained were an

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24

Tanaka, Atsuko. "Accessory structures of pyrenoid in secondary chloroplast." PLANT MORPHOLOGY 35, no. 1 (2023): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5685/plmorphol.35.23.

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25

Zhan, Yu, Christophe H. Marchand, Alexandre Maes, et al. "Pyrenoid functions revealed by proteomics in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii." PLOS ONE 13, no. 2 (2018): e0185039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185039.

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26

HE, Pei-min, Wei-ning WU, Jian-hua ZHAO, Gen-yun CHEN, and Da-bing ZHANG. "STUDIES ON ULTRASTRUCTURE OF PYRENOID FROM SEVERAL ALGAE." Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica 26, no. 4 (2002): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/issn1000-3207-2002-4-327-a.

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27

Wang, Lianyong, Takashi Yamano, Shunsuke Takane, et al. "Chloroplast-mediated regulation of CO2-concentrating mechanism by Ca2+-binding protein CAS in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 44 (2016): 12586–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1606519113.

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Aquatic photosynthetic organisms, including the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, induce a CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM) to maintain photosynthetic activity in CO2-limiting conditions by sensing environmental CO2 and light availability. Previously, a novel high-CO2–requiring mutant, H82, defective in the induction of the CCM, was isolated. A homolog of calcium (Ca2+)-binding protein CAS, originally found in Arabidopsis thaliana, was disrupted in H82 cells. Although Arabidopsis CAS is reported to be associated with stomatal closure or immune responses via a chloroplast-mediated retrogra

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28

Prasad, Ravindra, Sanjay Kumar Gupta, Nisha Shabnam, et al. "Role of Microalgae in Global CO2 Sequestration: Physiological Mechanism, Recent Development, Challenges, and Future Prospective." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (2021): 13061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313061.

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The rising concentration of global atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has severely affected our planet’s homeostasis. Efforts are being made worldwide to curb carbon dioxide emissions, but there is still no strategy or technology available to date that is widely accepted. Two basic strategies are employed for reducing CO2 emissions, viz. (i) a decrease in fossil fuel use, and increased use of renewable energy sources; and (ii) carbon sequestration by various biological, chemical, or physical methods. This review has explored microalgae’s role in carbon sequestration, the physiological apparatus,

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29

Meyer, M. T., T. Genkov, J. N. Skepper, et al. "Rubisco small-subunit -helices control pyrenoid formation in Chlamydomonas." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. 47 (2012): 19474–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1210993109.

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30

Rochaix, Jean-David. "The Pyrenoid: An Overlooked Organelle Comes out of Age." Cell 171, no. 1 (2017): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.09.012.

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31

Seo, Kyung Suk, and Lawrence Fritz. "Diel changes in pyrenoid and starch reserves in dinoflagellates." Phycologia 41, no. 1 (2002): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-41-1-22.1.

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32

An, Yaqi, Dong Wang, Jingxia Du, Xinwei Wang, and Jianwei Xiao. "Pyrenoid: Organelle with efficient CO2-Concentrating mechanism in algae." Journal of Plant Physiology 287 (August 2023): 154044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154044.

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33

Jonikas, Martin, Jessica Hennacy, Nicki Atkinson, et al. "Abstract 1462: Structure, biogenesis, and engineering of the pyrenoid." Journal of Biological Chemistry 299, no. 3 (2023): S507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2023.103947.

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34

Boldina, O. N. "Cytological study of Сhloromonas typhlos (Chlamydomonadaceae, Chlorophyta) from North-Western Russia". Novosti sistematiki nizshikh rastenii 51 (2017): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/nsnr/2017.51.5.

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The strain of biflagellated green monad, selected from the specimen gathered in the Novgorod Region was studied by light and electron microscopy. The species was identified on the base of coincidence of the majority of specific light and ultrastructural signs revealed in both the strain SAG 26.86 of Chloromonas typhlos (Gerloff) Matsuzaki et al. and in studied strain. On LM level the cells are ellipsoid, some asymmetric, 12–17 μm long, 8–13 μm wide, with an apical, hardly distinguished hemispherical papilla flattened on the top. Chloroplast parietal, cup-shaped, thickened on one side, with big

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35

Gee, Christopher W., and Krishna K. Niyogi. "The carbonic anhydrase CAH1 is an essential component of the carbon-concentrating mechanism in Nannochloropsis oceanica." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 17 (2017): 4537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1700139114.

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Aquatic photosynthetic organisms cope with low environmental CO2 concentrations through the action of carbon-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs). Known eukaryotic CCMs consist of inorganic carbon transporters and carbonic anhydrases (and other supporting components) that culminate in elevated [CO2] inside a chloroplastic Rubisco-containing structure called a pyrenoid. We set out to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying the CCM in the emerging model photosynthetic stramenopile, Nannochloropsis oceanica, a unicellular picoplanktonic alga that lacks a pyrenoid. We characterized CARBONIC ANHYD

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36

He, Shan, Hui-Ting Chou, Doreen Matthies, et al. "The structural basis of Rubisco phase separation in the pyrenoid." Nature Plants 6, no. 12 (2020): 1480–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41477-020-00811-y.

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37

Lopez-Ruiz, Antonio, Jean Pierre Verbelen, Jose Manuel Roldan, and Jesus Diez. "Nitrate Reductase of Green Algae Is Located in the Pyrenoid." Plant Physiology 79, no. 4 (1985): 1006–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.79.4.1006.

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38

McKay, R. M. L., Sarah P. Gibbs, and K. C. Vaughn. "RuBisCo activase is present in the pyrenoid of green algae." Protoplasma 162, no. 1 (1991): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01403899.

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39

Mukherjee, Ananya, and James V. Moroney. "How protein - protein interactions contribute to pyrenoid formation in Chlamydomonas." Journal of Experimental Botany 70, no. 19 (2019): 5033–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz299.

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This article comments on:Atkinson N, Velanis CN, Wunder T, Clarke DJ, Mueller-Cajar O, McCormick AJ. 2019. The pyrenoidal linker protein EPYC1 phase separates with hybrid Arabidopsis-Chlamydomonas Rubisco through interactions with the algal Rubisco small subunit. Journal of Experimental Botany, 70, 5271–5285.

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40

Badger, Murray R., T. John Andrews, S. M. Whitney, et al. "The diversity and coevolution of Rubisco, plastids, pyrenoids, and chloroplast-based CO2-concentrating mechanisms in algae." Canadian Journal of Botany 76, no. 6 (1998): 1052–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-074.

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Algae have adopted two primary strategies to maximize the performance of Rubisco in photosynthetic CO2 fixation. This has included either the development of a CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM), based at the level of the chloroplast, or the evolution of the kinetic properties of Rubisco. This review examines the potential diversity of both Rubisco and chloroplast-based CCMs across algal divisions, including both green and nongreen algae, and seeks to highlight recent advances in our understanding of the area and future areas for research. Overall, the available data show that Rubisco enzymes fr

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41

Suharsono. "ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE ENDOSYMBIOTIC DINOFLAGELLATE Symbiodinium microadriaticum LIVING IN THE SEA ANEMONE Anemonia viridis." Marine Research in Indonesia 28 (May 11, 2018): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/mri.v28i0.412.

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The zooxanthella, Symbiodinum microadriaticum, an endosymbiotic dinoflagellate shows variation in its ultrastructure within its population in the sea anemone, Anemonia viridis. Such variation included the number of thylakoid, the structure of inclusions and the structure of amphiesma. The string-like structure was also found in the nucleoplasm. Some zooxanthellae have a branching or double pyrenoid with two or three stalks. Under certain condition, which are not clearly understood, two or three zooxanthellae are enclosed within one very thick membrane.

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Pavlovska, M., and I. Kostikov. "Morphological features of the species of the genus Chlamydomonas s.l. (Chlorophyta) from various molecular clades." Modern Phytomorphology 2 (April 1, 2012): 91–93. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.162449.

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The morphology of 78 authentic strains from 5 clades into culture condition was investigated. The complex of phenotype features was established. Such features as: type of mucilage and their origin, mucilage collapse under methylene blue, saving papilla and stigma in not motile stage, extracellular matrix formation inside cell wall, the way of sporangium break, pyrenoid and stigma habit before cell division, cell shape, chloroplast morphology. Diagnostic features for determination of taxa on clades level are discussed.

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Mukherjee, Ananya. "CO2 Concentration in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Effect of the Pyrenoid Starch Sheath." Plant Physiology 182, no. 4 (2020): 1796–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.20.00267.

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Sharwood, Robert E. "A step forward to building an algal pyrenoid in higher plants." New Phytologist 214, no. 2 (2017): 496–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.14514.

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Miyaji, Kazuyuki. "A new type of pyrenoid in the genus Rhizoclonium (Cladophorales, Chlorophyta)." Phycologia 38, no. 4 (1999): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-38-4-267.1.

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Neustupa, Jiří, and Marek Š. ejnohová Eliáš. "A taxonomic study of two Stichococcus species (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) with a starch-enveloped pyrenoid." Nova Hedwigia 84, no. 1-2 (2007): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0029-5035/2007/0084-0051.

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John, David M., Michael J. Wynne, and Petro M. Tsarenko. "Reinstatement of the genus Willea Schmidle 1900 for Crucigeniella Lemmermann 1900 nom. illeg. (Chlorellales, Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta)." Phytotaxa 167, no. 2 (2014): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.167.2.10.

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The genus Willea Schmidle (1900a: 157) was created based on Crucigenia irregularis Wille (1898: 317), a species described as having no pyrenoid but later discovered to be present, although often indistinct (Komárek 1974). The same year Lemmermann (1900b) described the new genus Crucigeniella Lemmermann (1900b: 307, 308), based on differences in cell arrangement and morphology and presence or absence of cellular spaces, with Crucigeniella lunarisLemmermann (1900b: 308) as the type species. Later, Lemmermann (1904, p. 22) transferred Willea irregularis(Wille) Schmidle (1900a: 157) to the genus C

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He, Pei-Min, Da-Bing Zhang, Geng-Yun Chen, Qi-Gen Liu, and Wei-Ning Wu. "Gold Immunolocalization of Rubisco and Rubisco Activase in Pyrenoid of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii." ALGAE 18, no. 2 (2003): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4490/algae.2003.18.2.121.

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Wunder, Tobias, Zhen Guo Oh, and Oliver Mueller‐Cajar. "CO 2 ‐fixing liquid droplets: Towards a dissection of the microalgal pyrenoid." Traffic 20, no. 6 (2019): 380–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tra.12650.

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Nagasato, Chikako, and Taizo Motomura. "NEW PYRENOID FORMATION IN THE BROWN ALGA, SCYTOSIPHON LOMENTARIA (SCYTOSIPHONALES, PHAEOPHYCEAE) 1." Journal of Phycology 38, no. 4 (2002): 800–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2002.01241.x.

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