Academic literature on the topic 'Pyrethrum oil'

Pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) is commercially cultivated for the extraction of natural pyrethrin insecticides from the oil glands inside seed. Yield decline has caused significant yield losses in Tasmania during the last decade. A new pathogen of pyrethrum causing crown rot and reduced growth of the plants in yield decline affected fields of northern Tasmania was isolated from necrotic crown tissue and described as Paraphoma vinacea. Multigene phylogenetic identification of the pathogen also revealed that P. vinacea was a new species different from other Paraphoma type strains. Glasshouse pathogenicity experiments showed that P. vinacea significantly reduced belowground and total biomass of pyrethrum plants 2 months after inoculation. Dull-tan to reddish-brown discoloration of the cortical and subcortical crown tissue was observed in 100% of the infected plants. P. vinacea infected 75% of the plants inoculated with root dip and soil drench inoculation techniques in an inoculation optimization experiment. P. vinacea, the causal agent of Paraphoma crown rot disease, represents an important pathogen that will negatively impact the commercial cultivation of pyrethrum in Tasmania.

Pyrethrum pulchrum an impressive flower growing on large-stoned screes at the snow line, usually on glacier moraines in the mountains of Central Asia and South Siberia. The purpose of this study was to determine the essential oil composition from the aerial part of Pyrethrum pulchrum growing in Mongolia. The essential oil was obtained by hydro distillation and it had yield determined 0.1%. The oil was analyzed by GC-MS techniques. Fifty-seven components were identified representing 99.98% of the total oil composition. The main compounds of essential oil were camphor (33.9%), linalool (21.1%), α-pinene (9.0%), (Z)-γ-Curcumyl 2-methylbutyrate (4.82%), pentylcurcumene (3.21%), camphene (2.85%), tricosane (2.78%), nerolidol (2.63%), α-selinene (1.8%) and β-penine (1.4%). To our best knowledge, no previous studies have been reported on the chemical composition of the essential oil of Pyrethrum pulchrum. Дэгжин шиваантиг (Pyrethrum pulchrum Ledeb.) ургамлын эфирийн тосны химийн найрлагын судалгаа Хураангуй: Дэгжин шиваантиг (Pyrethrum pulchrum Ledeb.) нь Төв Ази болон Өмнөд Сибирийн уулархаг бүс нутгийн хад асгатай өндөр уулын бүслүүрт тархан ургадаг цэцэгт ургамал юм. Бид Монгол оронд ургадаг Дэгжин шиваантиг ургамлын газрын дээд хэсгийн эфирийн тосны химийн найрлагыг тодорхойллоо. Эфирийн тосыг усны уураар нэрж гарган авахад гарц 0.1% байв. Хийн хроматограф-масс спектрометрийн аргаар эфирийн тосны найрлаганд нийт 57 нэгдэл тодорхойлогдсон ба камфор (33.9%), линалоол (21.1%), α-пенин (9.0%), (Z)-γ-куркумил-2-метилбутират (4.82%), пентилкуркумен (3.21%), камфен (2.85%), трикосан (2.78%), неролидол (2.63%), α-селин (1.8%) ба β-пенин (1.4%) зэрэг нэгдлүүд зонхилон агуулагдаж байв. Энэхүү судалгааны ажил нь Дэгжин шиваантиг ургамлын эфирийн тосны судалгааг анх удаа хийж, танилцуулж буйгаар онцлог юм. Түлхүүр үгс: Нийлмэл цэцэгтэн , Дэгжин шиваантиг, Марал цэцэг, эфирийн тос

Anacyclus pyrethrum is a herbaceous plant that belongs to the Asteraceae family. The focus of the present study is to extract the essential oil from this plant, to determine its chemical composition and to evaluate its insecticidal activity against the larvae of the mosquito Culex pipiens. The essential oil from A. pyrethrum collected from the region of Bensliman in Morocco was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry were studied. Essential oil yield obtained by hydrodistillation was 0.09%. The major aroma constituents were Spathulenol (20.47%), Germacrene D (16.48%), Caryophyllene oxide (13.20%), 4(14)-Salviale-1-one (8.27%) and Caryophyllene 4(14),8(15)-dien-5α-ol (7.30%). The larvicidal test carried out according to a methodology based on the standard protocol of the World Health Organization was studied on 4th instar larvae of C. pipiens and showed that A. pyrethrum essential oil possesses remarkable insecticidal properties. After 24 hours of exposition, larvicidal assays revealed a 100% mortality of C. pipiens larvae. The dose of 40 μL/mL was toxic enough to cause 100% larval mortality of C. pipiens. The lethal concentrations LC50 and LC90 calculated for the essential oil studied were of the order of 14.79 μL/mL and 19.95 μL/mL, respectively. To control mosquitoes, this essential oil extracted from A. pyrethrum might be used as a natural insecticide and therefore could be an alternative to synthetic insecticides already present on the market.

Non-Chemical Control of Some Important Pests of Sweet CherrySome non-chemical insecticides were tested for efficacy of control of fall webworm,Hyphantria cunea(Drury), and of cherry weevil,Rhynchites auratus(Scop.) in the laboratory and black cherry aphid,Myzus cerasi(Fabr.) under field conditions. Hendreson & Tilton formula was applied for evaluation of efficacy. NeemAzal T/S (azadirahtin) at the concentration 0.5% and Naturalis (Beauveria bassiana) used at 0.2% or 0.3% have shown the best results against black cherry aphid. Good results were also obtained with Pyrethrum FS (pyrethrin + sesame oil + soft potassium soap) used at 0.05% or 0.1%, with NeemAzal T/S at 0.3%, PreFeRal WG (Paecilomyces fumosoroseus) at 0.2% and with Naturalis at 0.1%. The effect of PreFeRal WG, applied at 0.1% was unsatisfactory. Against the fourth instar larvae of fall webworm, excellent results were noted for Pyrethrum (0.05% and 0.1%) and Naturalis (0.1% and 0.2%). Very good effects were also obtained with the BMP 123WP (Bacillus thuringiensis), used in concentration of 0.1%. NeemAzal T/S - 0.5% had still good, albeit lower, efficacy. Against the cherry weevil only Pyrethrum FS was tested. This insecticide resulted in a very good efficacy, when used at the concentration 0.1% and still satisfactory - at 0.05%.

<p>Telah dilakukan pembuatan formula fly spray dengan bahan aktif utama ekstrak piretrum dan uji efTektivitasnya dilakukan terhadap serangga rumah tangga. Penelitian dimulai dari April sampai Oktober 2001 di Laboratorium Fisiologi Hasil dan Keteknikan, Balinro dan Laboratorium Entomologi, Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, IPB Komponen formula terdiri dari ekstrak piretrum, minyak serai wangi, minyak wijen, naftalen, pine oil, pclarut pertasol CB dan LAWS. Perlakuan formulasi yaitu dibual variasi konsentrasi ekstrak piretrum ( 0.041% dan 0.052% ), penambahan/tanpa pine oil (0%, 0.1%) dan natalen (0%, 1.0%) serta jenis pclarut (LAWS dan pertasol CB). Uji effektivitas dilakukan terhadap serangga rumah tangga yaitu lalat, nyamuk, semut dan kecoa. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa dua formula yaitu Fi dan F, adalah formula paling effektif terhadap lalat Musca domeslica dan sebagai formula terpilih adalah Fj. Formula ini effektif terhadap nyamuk Culex qumquefasciatus dengan mematikan 92% pada menit ke dua sangat efektif terhadap semut t'onera sp. dengan angka kematian 100% pada menit ke dua, dan kurang effektif terhadap kecoa Blatella germanica menyebabkan kematian 90% pada menil ke 30. Komposisi formula F&gt; terdii dari ekstrak piretrum dengan kadar piretrin 0.041%, minyak serai wangi 0.1%, minyak wijen 3%, natalen 1% dan pelarut LAWS. Pelarut terbaik untuk formula ini adalah LAWS.</p><p>Kata kunci: Fly spray, Piretrum, formulasi, uji effektivitas, serangga rumah tangga</p><p> </p><p><strong>ABSTRACT </strong></p><p><strong>Fly spray formulation of pyrethrum extract and its effectiveness on houseflies</strong></p><p>The production of ly spray formula with active ingredient pyrethrum extract and its efficacy on houselics were conducted from Apil to October 2001 at (he Research Institute for Spice and Medicinal Crops, Bogor and at Entomology laboratory of FKH - IPB. The formula was made from pyrethrum extract, citronella oil, sesame oil, natalein, pine oil and solvent, i.e pertasol CB and LAWS. The parameters observed were the variation concentration of pyrethrum extract (0.041% and 0.051%), added with pine oil (0%, 0.1%), natalein (0%, 1.0%) and solvents (LAWS and pertasol CB). The eficacy lest was conducted on houselies which included housely, mosquito, ant and cockroach. The result showed that F&gt; and Fi were ihe most effective to M. domeslica and Fi is the selected formula. Fi was effective to Cx. qumquefasciatus mosquito which killed 92% of the mosquito in two minutes, and very effective to Ponera sp ants which killed 100% in iwo minutes, and less effective to B. germanica cockroach which killed 90% in half hour. The Fj formula was made from pyrethrum extract with 0.041% piretrin, 0.1% citronella oil, 3% sesame oil, 1% natalein and LAWS solvent LAWS was the best solvent for the formula.</p><p>Key words : Fly spray, pyrethrum, formulation, efficacy test, houselies</p>

Pyrethrum (Tanacetum cineraiifolium) which is a natural insecticide has many properties, but the most important are raid action, very low toxicity for mammalian, lack of insect immunity, broad of activity, lack of persistence and degraded quickly by UV in sunlight and very effective insect repellent. Organic farmers can use pyrethrins as an insecticide for fruit and vegetable crops. Easily degraded by oxygen, light and temperature, pyrethrum compounds are environmentally friendly and compatible with organic farming. A. pyrethrum roots contain anacyclin, pellitorine, hydrocarolin, inulin, traces of volatile oil and seasamin. The roots of A. pyrethrum are used in traditional medicine of different countries to treat epilepsy, rheumatism, cephalalgia, paralysis and hemiplegia. N-alkylamids and ester pyrethrine are the main constituents of roots which have tremendous medicinal values. The plant is also a natural pesticide with considerable antimicrobial properties. It has also possessed antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsive, antimicrobial, local anaesthetic, oxidative DNA damage preventive, immunostimulatory, saliva-stimulating, male libido enhancing, anti-mutagenesis and insecticidal activities.

Canopies of the locally occurring Amazonian tree species Calophyllum brasiliense. Camb. (Guttiferae, height 10 m) were fogged after dawn on the same day at five adjacent localities in a 20-year-old plantation at the Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve near Manaus/Brazil, using natural pyrethrum (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%), Baythroid (0.3%) and diesel oil, respectively. The 1152 ants collected represented 52 species, 17 genera and five subfamilies. The highest number of ant species was obtained with the synthetic pyrethrum Baythroid 0.3% and with natural pyrethrum 1.5%. About 46% of the total ant species were only collected in the first hour after fogging, and 17% only during the second hour, after trees had been heavily shaken. About 73% of the total ant specimens dropped in the first hour. Data on alpha-diversity, eveness and frequency of ants indicated a rapidly decreasing knock-down effect of both the synthetic and natural pyrethrum after application. The ant fauna in the canopy of C. brasiliense is somewhat distinct compared with that of Goupia glabra Aubl. (Celastraceae, height 45 m) from the primary forest of the reserve.

The chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from the aerial parts of Pyrethrum pulchrum Ledeb. were investigated. Dried plant material was hydro-distillated yielding 0.1% of essential oil. The oil was analyzed by GC-MS techniques. Fifty-five compounds were identified representing 99.7% of the total oil composition. Camphor was the predominant compound (33.9%) followed by linalool (21.1%) and α-pinene (9.0%). The antimicrobial activity of the oil was determined using the disk diffusion method against Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis), Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli), Mycobacterium vaccae and fungi (Candida albicans, Sporidiobolus salmonicolor and Penicillum notatum). The essential oil of P. pulchrum displays an intermediate activity against selected bacteria.

Botanical insecticides keep attracting more attention from environmental and small farmers worldwide as they are considered as a suitable alternative to synthetic insecticides. The outstanding properties of pyrethrum include rapid action, low mammalian toxicity, broad spectrum of activity, lack of insect immunity, lack of persistence and of course effective insect repellent. Pyrethrum is a natural insecticide which has many properties, but the most important are rapid action, very low toxicity for mammalian, lack of insect immunity, broad of activity, lack of persistence and quick degradation by UV-sunlight and very effective insect repellent. Using natural pesticide may lead to organic farming, and advantage of organic farming is more beneficial to biodiversity and the environment, which reduces dietary exposure to pesticides. Chinese star anise has anti-bacterial and anti-fungal characters. It is useful in treatment of diseases like asthma, bronchitis and dry cough. One of its most compounds is Shikimic acid which is used as a drug in curing influenza and flu virus. It also consists of Linalool which is good for overall health because of its anti-oxidants characters. Its seeds are good source of minerals like calcium, iron, copper, potassium, manganese, zinc, and magnesium. The seeds are a great source of essential B-complex vitamins such as pyridoxine, niacin, riboflavin and thiamin. Chinese star anise is also a good source of anti-oxidant vitamins such as vitamin-C and vitamin-A. The essential oil of Star anise contains anethole which has shown several functional properties including antimicrobial, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and oestrogenic properties. Star anise primarily contains anethole and fatty oil. Its essential oil has a sweetish, burning flavor and a highly aromatic odor. Organic farmers may use these two ancient Chinese herbs which can lead to industrial sustainability.

Pyrethrum oil sourced from Tanacetum cinerariifolium is the main commercial source of the natural pesticide, pyrethrum oil with the active components being pyrethrin esters. Pyrethrum oil also contains sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) with pyrethrosin being the major STL. Following the refining process, pyrethrins are diluted from 80% to 53% with paraffinic naphthenic (LPA) carrier oil and pyrethrosin, which makes up 0.2-0.4% of the final product, is less soluble in the diluted oil and precipitates during storage. These crystals have been reported to block the nozzles during insecticide application. In addition, it has been reported that exposure of humans to pyrethrosin elicits an allergenic response. The solubility of pyrethrosin in pyrethrin oil diluted with a carrier oil is a major factor that compromises the quality of pyrethrin oil. This study focuses on two aspects: pyrethrosin solubility in stored pyrethrin oil in the presence of carrier oils and the investigation of the biosynthetic pathway for the production of STLs. Firstly, pyrethrum STLs were characterised and quantified using different techniques, including X-ray crystallography, polarised light microscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The precipitate was found to be pyrethrosin, despite the tentative identification of seven other STLs in the oil including cyclo-pyrethrosin, β-cyclo-pyrethrosin, dihydro-β-cyclopyrethrosin, C7-C8 guaianolides, tatridin A and dihydro-tatridin A and C7-C8 eudesmanolide, chrysanin. A method for quality control prior to distribution of the commercial product using polarised micoscopy was developed. Quantitative analytical methods developed in this study to analyse pyrethrum oil firstly trialled the use of liquid chromatography, as the pyrethrin esters are thermally labile however, coupling this with detection using Mass Spectrometry (MS) with Electrospray Ionisation (ESI) was non quantitative as the esters were found to degrade in the electrospray ionisation (ESI) chamber at high temperatures (400°C), whilst pyrethrosin condensed at lower temperatures (120°C, 200°C). Photo Diode Array (PDA) detection was also unsuitable for the simultaneous analyses of pyrethrosin and pyrethrin esters as co-eluting peaks required the specificity of Single Ion Monitoring (SIM). Similarly, when analysed by Gas Chromatography with detection by Flame Ionisation Detection (GC/FID), degraded pyrethrin I coeluted with pyrethrosin, resulting in an elevated baseline on the GC chromatogram. An optimal temperature gradient for GC was established which minimised the degradation of pyrethrin esters allowing for the quantification of pyrethrosin in the trials undertaken in this study. With a view to selectively remove pyrethrosin from pyrethrum oil prior to distribution, the application of silica and octadecane columns were trialled. Silica was found to effectively retain 94% solubilised pyrethrosin in reverse phase chromatography using hexane as the mobile phase while normal phase chromatography using octadecane as the matrix was less effective. Centrifugation was a superior method for removing precipitated pyrethrosin crystals when compared to filtration (0.45μm). The precipitation of pyrethrosin from oil is facilitated in the industry by storage of refined oil, diluted with carrier oil at -10°C, for a period of months, incurring significant costs to commercial operations. This study established the rate of precipitation under different storage conditions in several time series trials. The agitation of oil during storage to provide nucleation sites only slightly increased the rate of crystallisation. The study showed that the majority of the crystals were formed within the first 10 days at -10°C. Subsequent trials confirmed that the rate of precipitation was independent of storage temperature and predominantly occurred within the first 5 to 10 days of storage at both -10°C and 4°C. Larger-scale storage trials of pyrethrin oil at -10°C, 4°C, and room temperature showed that no significant difference in the rate of crystal formation was found for up to 90 days between the treatments. The blockage of spray nozzles by crystals could be alleviated by keeping pyrethrosin in solution. As such, the solubility of pyrethrosin in pyrethrin oil that had been diluted with different carrier oils was established. The solubility of pyrethrosin in mineral oil was found to be 9.4, 6.6, 5.93, 5.27, 5.1, 4.4 and 3.4 mg/g in 100, 90, 85, 80, 73, 70 and 55% diluted oil, respectively. A faster rate of precipitation was recorded for increasing amounts of carrier oil. The use of Isopar-M oil, mineral oil, and canola oil as alternative carrier oils were trialled at dilutions of 100, 80, 70, 55, 45, and 38 % relative to pyrethrum oil. All of the oils formed a partition except canola oil. Pyrethrosin concentration remained constant over time in all of the different dilution ratios of canola oil in pyrethrum oil. The localisation of STLs in the trichomes of pyrethrum flowers was confirmed by the selective extraction of the lactones by dipping the complete pyrethrum flower head in DCM. Only trace levels of esters were co-extracted, with the exception of cinerin 1. Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) images confirmed that the trichomes were emptied of oil without damaging the epidermis. An alternative to the removal of pyrethrosin from pyrethrum oil was to selective breed out the genetics for the production of STLs. Two seed lines named ‘Evil’ and ‘Virtuous’ had been selectively bred to produce high and low levels of pyrethrosin, respectively. Examples of each were propagated, vernalised and the flowers screened. The lowest level of pyrethrosin was 0.06%, detected in Virtuous, which was 24 times less than that recorded for Evil at 1.42%. Peaks tentatively identified as cyclopyrethrosin and dihydro-B-cyclopyrethrosin, on average, were more concentrated in Virtuous plants. ESEM was used to determine the size, density, and distribution of trichomes in both seed lines. On average, there was no significant difference in the trichomes number, although the spatial distance between organelles was found to be significantly different between the two seedlines. The genetic difference between Evil and Virtuous presented the opportunity to investigate the biosynthetic pathway of STLs. Three enzymes, TcGAS, TcGAO, and TcCOS, previously identified as providing the precursors to STLs, were compared by analysing the Gene Expression Ratio (GER) of these enzymes. The entire methodology of GER analysis was optimised for Tasmanian pyrethrum seedlines. Primers to allow for DNA amplification by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) were designed along with the primers for two reference genes TcGAPDH and TcActin7, using a nucleotide sequence database GenBank of National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), and a public database for primer design Primer 3 of Free Software Foundation USA. The PCR program was optimised for primers specificity for all five genes. The amplified DNA of TcGAS, TcGAO, and TcGAPDH showed a single band on the gel with the expected number of base pairs (bp) when referenced to a ‘ladder’ of known gene fragment sizes, however, a double band was observed for TcCOS, and this may have been due to the formation of primer dimers. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to establish a DNA standard curve with good linear regression efficiency of TcGAS (efficiency:1.00, R\(^2\)=0.9995), TcGAO (efficiency:0.97, R\(^2\)=0.9996), TcGAPDH (efficiency:1.01, R\(^2\)=0.9997), and TcCOS (efficience:0.99, R\(^2\)=0.9994). Melt curves analysis confirmed the purity of DNA for all the genes except for TcCOS, which showed a double peak. Each gene was sequenced, and the BLAST database showed the TcGAPDH sequence matched 93% with the related species Helianthus annuus. The sequences for TcGAS, TcGAO, and TcCOS matched 100%, 97%, and 100% respectively with Tanacetum cinerariifolium and TcActin7 matched 96% with Chrysanthemum morifolium, which is a plant species closely related to pyrethrum in Asteraceae. The relative rate of expression for the three genes in Evil and Virtuous was compared using the technique known as GER analysis. The RNA of six Biological Replicates (BRPS) from stage 3 flowers of each seedline were extracted. The RNA Integrity Number (RIN) for each BRP was >7, confirming the quality of the RNA. The Reverse Transcriptase qPCR (RT-qPCR) of TcGAPDH showed good Cq differences for both seedlines but the melt curve of the cDNA from the Evil seedline presented two peaks rather than a single DNA amplicon. Sequence analysis of the TcGAPDH revealed that the two peaks of the amplicon were due to nucleotide degeneracy of the sequence in Evil BRPS. In GER analysis by RT-qPCR, the cDNA segments of the 12 BRPS were amplified, and the expression ratio of each gene was calculated against two reference genes using the Relative Expression Software Tools (REST) method. The results showed TcGAS expression is down-regulated (p=0.025), while TcGAO (p=0.59) and TcCOS (p=0.14) were at the same level in Virtuous relative to Evil plants. The down-regulated expression of TcGAS correlated with lower pyrethrosin concentrations but did not correlate with the overall increased levels of other STLs, which were higher in Virtuous compared to Evil. Down-regulation of TcGAS, and the implied decrease in the biosynthesis of germacrene A, a precursor to STLs early in the biosynthetic pathway, may provide for the redirection of resources to other secondary metabolites in Virtuous plants such as flavonoids or other minor bioactives. This study provides knowledge to reconsider existing processes for the production of quality pyrethrum oil in terms of pyrethrosin solubility and storage. Investigations undertaken into the biosynthetic pathway for STLs contributes to the understanding of enzyme activity to inform pyrethrum breeding programs.

Many plant–insect interactions crucially affect human lives, like pollination of crops or insect infestations of useful plants. Some directly benefit our lives. Honey bees produce honey from floral nectars. The composition of honey is discussed. Adulteration of honey can be detected by H-NMR techniques. The chemical composition of beeswax is described and compared with fats and oils and paraffin wax from crude oil. Silk is produced by silk moths whose larvae are raised on a diet of mulberry leaves. Silk, the strongest natural fiber, consists of two main proteins: fibroin and sericin. Several secondary plant metabolites in mulberry leaves make them attractive to silk moth caterpillars. Kermes, a red dye, is derived from the kermes scale insect Kermes vermilio that feeds on kermes oaks. Cochineal is a red dye obtained from the cochineal scale insect (Dactylopius coccus) that lives on cactus pads of the genus Opuntia. Both are anthraquinone dyes. Plant compounds that repel or kill herbivorous insects have diverse chemical structures. Azadirachtin from the neem tree and pyrethrins from the pyrethrum plant are examples of strong insect repellents from plants. Pyrethroids are synthetically derived from pyrethrins. Rotenone from the roots of Derris sp. is a broad-spectrum pesticide. Nicotine is a potent and highly toxic broad-spectrum insecticide. The natural compounds inspired the development of synthetic products.