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1
Verma, P. P. S., D. Kumar, B. Kumar, R. C. Padalia, and A. Kumar. "Flower yield potential of Pyrethrum (<em>Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium</em> L.) under various NPK Levels in the Lower Hills of Uttarakhand, India." Journal of Agricultural Sciences – Sri Lanka 18, no. 3 (September 5, 2023): 432–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jas.v18i3.9811.
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Purpose: A favorable environment is available for the cultivation of Pyrethrum in the hilly regions of India, as well as in some mountainous areas of India. In view of the demand for Pyrethrin, it is very necessary to promote the huge cultivation of Pyrethrum. There is no misconception that research work has not been done to promote Pyrethrum, but the data related to the assessment of the right amount of nutrients required for the crop is not available in research related to agrotechnology. If the crop is to be taken as a ratoon crop, then it is very important to estimate the amount of nutrients for single recommendation of crop cultivation. Research Method: A research experiment was conducted in the year 2021 at the CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Research, Centre Purara, Bageshwar (Uttarakhand) to study the flower yield potential of Pyrethrum under various NPK levels in the lower hills of Uttarakhand. The experiment was carried out in Complete Randomized Block Design. The six different levels of NPK (kg ha-1) were taken as treatments, i.e., control, 60:60:20, 80:70:30, 100:80:40, 120:90:50, and 150:100:60. Various plant growth and yield parameters considered in the study include plant height (cm), plant diameter (cm), number of flower heads, fresh flower weight plant-1 (g), dry flower weight plant-1(g), fresh flower yield (kg ha-1), dry flower yield (kg ha-1), Pyrethrin concentration (%) and yield (kg ha-1). Findings: Based on the research findings, it seems that the NPK level of 120:90:50 is the best combination to obtain the highest dry flower yield (310.49 kg ha-1) in the lower hills of Uttarakhand. However, the fresh flower weight obtained was the highest under the NPK level of 100:80:40 i.e., 840.47 kg ha-1, but it’s dry flower yield estimated was 301.93 kg ha-1 which was the second highest yield after 310.49 kg ha-1. This could be due to the difference in moisture levels in fresh flowers at the time of harvesting.Research Limitation: Considering the climate of the hilly regions of Uttarakhand, not much work has been done to assess and standardize the proper amount of nutrients required for Pyrethrum crop cultivation, which needs to be done.Originality/ Value: In the hilly areas of Uttarakhand, farmers are interested in the cultivation of Pyrethrum, but if farmers will adopt this crop cultivation as a ratoon crop, then in such a situation it is absolutely necessary to assess the proper amount of nutrients. This research will prove helpful in promoting the cultivation of Pyrethrum in the hilly areas of Uttarakhand.
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Moslemi, Azin, Peter K. Ades, Tim Groom, Pedro W. Crous, Marc E. Nicolas, and Paul W. J. Taylor. "Paraphoma Crown Rot of Pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium)." Plant Disease 100, no. 12 (December 2016): 2363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-16-0628-re.
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Pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) is commercially cultivated for the extraction of natural pyrethrin insecticides from the oil glands inside seed. Yield decline has caused significant yield losses in Tasmania during the last decade. A new pathogen of pyrethrum causing crown rot and reduced growth of the plants in yield decline affected fields of northern Tasmania was isolated from necrotic crown tissue and described as Paraphoma vinacea. Multigene phylogenetic identification of the pathogen also revealed that P. vinacea was a new species different from other Paraphoma type strains. Glasshouse pathogenicity experiments showed that P. vinacea significantly reduced belowground and total biomass of pyrethrum plants 2 months after inoculation. Dull-tan to reddish-brown discoloration of the cortical and subcortical crown tissue was observed in 100% of the infected plants. P. vinacea infected 75% of the plants inoculated with root dip and soil drench inoculation techniques in an inoculation optimization experiment. P. vinacea, the causal agent of Paraphoma crown rot disease, represents an important pathogen that will negatively impact the commercial cultivation of pyrethrum in Tasmania.
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Li, Jiawen, Zhizhuo Xu, Tuo Zeng, Li Zhou, Jinjin Li, Hao Hu, Jing Luo, and Caiyun Wang. "Overexpression of TcCHS Increases Pyrethrin Content When Using a Genotype-Independent Transformation System in Pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium)." Plants 11, no. 12 (June 15, 2022): 1575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11121575.
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Pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) is one of the most important industrial crops for the extraction of pyrethrins, which are natural insecticidal compounds. Progress in pyrethrum molecular breeding with the objective of increasing pyrethrin content has been slow for lack of a suitable gene transfer system. Regeneration recalcitrance is a crucial barrier to establishing a genetic transformation system in pyrethrum. Therefore, in this study, an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system in pyrethrum was developed using shoot apical meristems from germinated seedlings. Factors affecting transformation efficiency were optimized. Optimal conditions included explants at the “no true leaf” stage with a half apical meristem, an Agrobacterium tumefaciens cell density of OD600 = 0.5, two days of cocultivation, and the incorporation of 1.5 mg L−1 6-BA and 30 mg L−1 kanamycin into the selection medium. Under the optimized conditions, two expression cassettes (proTcCHS-GUS and proRbcS-TcCHS) were successfully transformed into pyrethrum. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Southern blotting, reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), and histochemical staining confirmed the identity of proTcCHS-GUS transgenic plants. PCR and RT-qPCR analyses confirmed the identity of proRbcS-TcCHS transgenic plants. The transformation efficiency was 0.83% (5 transgenic lines/600 infected explants). The relative concentration of pyrethrins in proRbcS-TcCHS transformants (OX T0-1: 1.50% or OX T0-2: 1.24%) was higher than that in nontransformed plants (WT: 0.76%). Thus, the genetic transformation system overcame the low regeneration efficiency and integrated a foreign gene into the pyrethrum genome. The new system is a suitable and effective tool for creating high-yielding cultivars of pyrethrum.
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Kardinan, Agus, Tri Eko Wahyono, and Nurbetti Tarigan. "The Effectiveness of Pyrethrum, Neem, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae Against Brown Plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal.)." Buletin Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat 30, no. 1 (October 3, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/bullittro.v30n1.2019.1-10.
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<p>Brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal) is the main pest on rice cultivation. Synthetic insecticides application had negative impact to the human health and environment. The research objective was aimed to examine the effectiveness of botanical (pyrethrum and neem) and bio-insecticides (Beauveria bassiana/Bb and Metarhizium anisopliae/Ma) against brown plant hopper. Research was conducted at Entomology Laboratory of Indonesian Spices and Medicinal Crops Research Institute, Bogor in 2017. Trial consisted of two activities: the effectiveness of botanical and bio-insecticides to brown plant hopper mortality and horizontal transmission of bio-insecticides on brown plant hoppers. Botanical pesticide tested was (1) pyrethrum I (5 ml.l-1 water ), (2) pyrethrum II (5 ml.l-1 water), (3) neem I (20 ml.l-1 water), (4) neem II (20 ml.l-1 water), (5) synthetic insecticide (2 ml.l-1 water) and (6) control. Bio-insecticide treatments were (1) Bb (spraying, 2.5 ml/plant), (2) Bb (granule, 5 g/pot), (3) Ma (spraying, 2.5 ml/plant), (4) Ma (granule, 5 g/ pot) and (5) control. Treatments of horizontal transmission was the ratio of infected : healthy brown plant hopper 1 : 10; 2 : 10; 3 : 10 and 4 : 10. Botanical insecticides were prospective to suppressing brown plant hopper population of 85-87 % (pyrethrum) and 60-70 % (neem). B. bassiana was able to suppress brown plant hopper population (18.2%), better than M. anisopliae (5.6 %). Biological insecticide application by contact (spraying) was better than applied in granules form. Botanical insecticide application showed no horizontal transmission from infected to healthy insect. Botanical insecticide (pyrethrum and neem) was more prospective than bio-insecticide (B. bassiana and M. anisopliae) in controlling brown plant hopper. </p>
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Jawhari, Fatima Zahra, Hamada Imtara, Abdelfattah El Moussaoui, Hind Khalis, Imane Es-Safi, Omkulthom Al Kamaly, Asmaa Saleh, Mohammad Khalid Parvez, Raja Guemmouh, and Amina Bari. "Reproductive Biology of the Two Varieties of Anacyclus pyrethrum L.—Anacyclus pyrethrum var. pyrethrum (L.) Link and Anacyclus pyrethrum var. depressus (Ball.) Maire—An Endemic Endangered Species." Plants 11, no. 17 (September 2, 2022): 2299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11172299.
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The reproductive system is essential for the structuring and transmission of genetic diversity. Understanding the reproductive biology of threatened endemic species is considered to be a crucial element for the implementation of effective conservation strategies. Given the lack of information and the insufficient state of knowledge on the reproductive system of Anacyclus pyrethrum L., a threatened medicinal species endemic to Morocco, we are the first to study the reproductive biology of two varieties of Anacyclus pyrethrum L.: Anacyclus pyrethrum var. pyrethrum (L.) Link and Anacyclus pyrethrum var. depressus (Ball.) Maire. The reproductive biology of the two varieties was examined in detail by studying the development of the inflorescence, phenology of flowering, breeding system, pollinators, production, and seed dispersal. The experimental results described in this work suggest that Anacyclus pyrethrum L. is a gynomonic species, with a mixed autogamy–allogamy reproductive regime with a high predominance of allogamy. It appears to be partially self-incompatible, with allogamy rates for Anacyclus pyrethrum var. depressus (Ball.) Maire and Anacyclus pyrethrum var. pyrethrum (L.) Link of 78.70% and 79.01%, respectively. It depends on pollination vectors to produce a large number of seeds. This study on the breeding system of Anacyclus pyrethrum L. provides a tool for developing management strategies and adequate conservation measures.
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Yahiaoui, Hassiba, Melanie-Jayne Howes, Samuel Ohiomakhare, Ahmed M’Hamedi, and Paul L. Chazot. "Algerian Anacyclus pyrethrum aqueous extract: novel antioxidant and neuroprotectant activity of a chemically profiled aqueous extract." South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology 7, no. 6 (October 16, 2018): 262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.38150/sajeb.7(6).p262-270.
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Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag has a long tradition of medical use in Algeria. We report for the first time the antioxidant, functional and neuroprotective properties of this plant from Algeria. Differences in biochemical and physiological properties for the aqueous and methanol extracts of A. pyrethrum are reported and related to the main chemical constituents. The A. pyrethrum extracts contained amino acids, caffeoylquinic acids, N-feruloyltyramine and alkaloids, including including N-alkylamides, common in this plant species. Aqueous extracts (0.1 mg/ml) are neuroprotective against H2O2-induced oxidative stress, while methanol extracts (high phenolic content), despite significant antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activity, caused dysregulation of calcium signalling in neurons and was not apparently neuroprotective. Such knowledge can provide incentive for the sustainable cultivation of Algerian A. pyrethrum, with the aim of supporting conservation strategies and preserving biodiversity.
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Andreev, Radoslav, Hristina Kutinkova, and Konstantinos Baltas. "Non-Chemical Control of Some Important Pests of Sweet Cherry." Journal of Plant Protection Research 48, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10045-008-0059-9.
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Non-Chemical Control of Some Important Pests of Sweet CherrySome non-chemical insecticides were tested for efficacy of control of fall webworm,Hyphantria cunea(Drury), and of cherry weevil,Rhynchites auratus(Scop.) in the laboratory and black cherry aphid,Myzus cerasi(Fabr.) under field conditions. Hendreson & Tilton formula was applied for evaluation of efficacy. NeemAzal T/S (azadirahtin) at the concentration 0.5% and Naturalis (Beauveria bassiana) used at 0.2% or 0.3% have shown the best results against black cherry aphid. Good results were also obtained with Pyrethrum FS (pyrethrin + sesame oil + soft potassium soap) used at 0.05% or 0.1%, with NeemAzal T/S at 0.3%, PreFeRal WG (Paecilomyces fumosoroseus) at 0.2% and with Naturalis at 0.1%. The effect of PreFeRal WG, applied at 0.1% was unsatisfactory. Against the fourth instar larvae of fall webworm, excellent results were noted for Pyrethrum (0.05% and 0.1%) and Naturalis (0.1% and 0.2%). Very good effects were also obtained with the BMP 123WP (Bacillus thuringiensis), used in concentration of 0.1%. NeemAzal T/S - 0.5% had still good, albeit lower, efficacy. Against the cherry weevil only Pyrethrum FS was tested. This insecticide resulted in a very good efficacy, when used at the concentration 0.1% and still satisfactory - at 0.05%.
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Iamonico, D. "Notas sobre Tanacetum corymbosum s. l. (Asteraceae)." Collectanea Botanica 37 (December 28, 2018): 013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/collectbot.2018.v37.013.
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Se presenta un estudio nomenclatural y taxonómico sobre Chrysanthemum italicum L., C. achilleae L., C. tanacetifolium Pourr., Pyrethrum cinereum Griseb., P. clusii Fisch. ex Rchb., P. clusii Tausch, P. daucifolium Pers. y P. tenuifolium Ten., táxones que pertenecen al grupo crítico de Tanacetum corymbosum. Se propone una nueva clasificación infraespecífica de Tanacetum corymbosum (L.) Sch. Bip. s. l. y se reconocen cinco subespecies sobre la base de un estudio morfológico del material tipo y otros especímenes. Se proporciona una clave de diagnóstico de los táxones estudiados. Se propone también un cambio nomenclatural, i.e. Tanacetum corymbosum subsp. daucifolium (Pers.) Iamonico comb. nov. Se designan lectotipos para los nombres Chrysanthemum cinereum (espécimen conservado en GOET), Chrysanthemum achilleae (imagen de Micheli), Chrysanthemum italicum (en LINN), Pyrethrum clusii de Rechenbach (ilustración de Clusius), Pyrethrum tenuifolium (en G) y Pyrethrum clusii de Tausch (imagen de Clusius). Se designa un neotipo para Chrysanthemum tanacetifolium (en P).
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Catalano, Caterina, Angela Carra, Francesco Carimi, Antonio Motisi, Loredana Abbate, Mauro Sarno, and Alessandra Carrubba. "Long-Term Field Evaluation of Conventional vs. Micropropagated Plants of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium." Agronomy 12, no. 11 (November 5, 2022): 2756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112756.
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Pyrethrum is a perennial herbaceous plant endemic to the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, and introduced in large areas of nearly all continents, where it is cultivated for the industrial extraction of pyrethrins. Pyrethrins are a group of six closely related monoterpene esters, widely used as natural insecticides. The world production of natural pyrethrins is lower than the market demand, and a wider introduction of this crop within the Mediterranean agrosystems could be an appealing opportunity for farmers and manufacturers. The availability of adequate amounts of selected plant material to bring into cultivation is, however, one of the major issues. Therefore, the in vitro propagation of elite pyrethrum genotypes could be a suitable alternative to conventional propagation methods. In this paper, we present the results of a 9-year field comparison between pyrethrum plants coming from an in vitro propagation protocol and plants obtained by cutting from the same mother plants. Furthermore, since plantlets derived from in vitro regeneration may experience ploidy changes, we evaluated the stability of the ploidy level of pyrethrum-micropropagated plants by flow cytometry (FCM) analysis. FCM screening revealed no differences among the morphotypes and between them and the mother plant. Likewise, the field evaluation of plants gave no significant differences between flower yields in both groups. Hence, micropropagation was confirmed as an easy, efficient and reproducible method to obtain large quantities of selected pyrethrum genotypes.
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Tóth, Stefan, Michal Stricík, Stefan Týr, and Tomás Veres. "The possibilities of Slovakian pyrethrum production." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 27, no. 3 (2012): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1203245t.
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This paper discusses possibilities for pyrethrum Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium (Trevir.) Vis. production in southern regions of Slovakia, with an emphasis on target marketing, management constraints and further research. Pyrethrum is not a traditional crop in Slovakia but prospects have opened up for its cultivation. The high yields and quality of some suitable pyrethrum ecotypes provide the grounds for effective field production under favorable conditions. Pyrethrum yielding 1.275 t of dried flowers per hectare and having at least 1.5% pyrethrum content can be a profitable and highly lucrative crop with an economic result ranging from 413 to 1071 ? per ha. A SWOT analysis revealed that pyrethrum production in Slovakia could take a course of an offensive strategy. However, intensive production of this commodity needs further development. Prospects for this non-traditional crop in Slovakia are also promising in terms of development of farming systems in which plant protection products of botanical origin would be welcome. Improved processing and stabilization of extract would further increase the possibilities.
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Jawhari, Fatima Zahra, Abdelfattah E. L. Moussaoui, Mohammed Bourhia, Hamada Imtara, Hamza Saghrouchni, Kenza Ammor, Hayat Ouassou, et al. "Anacyclus pyrethrum var. pyrethrum (L.) and Anacyclus pyrethrum var. depressus (Ball) Maire: Correlation between Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents with Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Chemically Characterized Extracts." Plants 10, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10010149.
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In this work, two varieties of Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) including Anacyclus pyrethrum var. pyrethrum (L.) and Anacyclus pyrethrum var. depressus (Ball) Maire were evaluated for their mineral and chemical compositions, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities using hydroalcoholic extracts from their different parts (leaves, capitula, roots, and seeds). The phytochemical and mineral compositions were carried out using standard methods. The antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid), and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) tests. The antimicrobial activity was assayed using the agar diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration methods. The results of the chemical analysis showed that both varieties contained interesting mineral and chemical compositions with potentially active compounds; among them, N-isobutyl-2,4-heptadiene-6-monoynamide and cinnamic acid were detected in the Anacyclus pyrethrum var. pyrethrum (L.) only while thiadiazolo [5,4-d] pyrimidin-7-amine and N-isobutyl-2,4-undecadiene-8,10-diynamide compounds were limited to the Anacyclus pyrethrum var. depressus (Ball) Maire. In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the two varieties demonstrated that the different parts had prominent antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed great similarity in the activity of the leaves, capitula, and seeds of both plants and a high difference in roots. Anacyclus pyrethrum var. pyrethrum roots were characterized by a high content in phenols and flavonoids and better antibacterial activities compared to Anacyclus pyrethrum var. depressus (Ball) Maire roots, which were characterized by better antioxidant activities. From this study, it can be concluded that the two varieties of Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) showed promising mineral and chemical compositions with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.
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Pethybridge, Sarah J., Frank S. Hay, Tim Groom, and Calum R. Wilson. "Improving Fungicide-Based Management of Ray Blight Disease in Tasmanian Pyrethrum Fields." Plant Disease 92, no. 6 (June 2008): 887–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-6-0887.
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Ray blight disease, caused by Phoma ligulicola var. inoxydablis, is a serious threat to the Tasmanian pyrethrum industry. The management of this disease relies upon the strategic application of fungicides in early spring. A range of fungicides were assessed for their efficacy in controlling ray blight disease in Tasmanian pyrethrum fields, and the primary objective of this study was to increase fungicide options available to growers in different resistance groups. Fungicides were assessed under in vitro conditions, within five replicated-plot field trials over three seasons (2004 to 2006) and in single-plot trials over eight fields in 2005. In each of the field trials, regular assessments of disease intensity (defoliation severity and the incidence of stems with ray blight), stem height, and the number of flowers produced on each stem were made using stems as the primary sampling unit. Canopy reflectance at 830 nm and the Difference Vegetative Index, measured using a handheld multispectral radiometer, also were used to compare fungicide effects on green leaf area. The effect of fungicides on the dry weight of flowers, pyrethrin content within the flowers, flower maturity, and pyrethrin yield were determined. Under in vitro conditions, boscalid reduced both conidial germination and mycelial growth at concentrations of at least 0.16 μg/ml. In field trials 1 and 2 (in 2004), the premixed formulation of pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pristine) increased pyrethrin yield by an average of 79% compared with nontreated plots over the two locations. Furthermore, in single-plot trials, pyraclostrobin + boscalid increased pyrethrin yield by 134 and 60% compared with the industry-recommended protocol (single application of azoxystrobin at 150 g a.i./ha [Amistar WG] and two additional applications of a tank mixture of difenoconazole at 125 g a.i./ha [Score] and chlorothalonil at 1,008 liters a.i./ha [Bravo 720] at 14- to 21-day intervals) and nontreated plots, respectively. In field trials 3 (in 2005) and 4 and 5 (in 2006), similar yield benefits also were produced by applying pyraclostrobin (Cabrio SC) or boscalid (Filan) alone or in combination with chlorothalonil (Bravo 720) at 1.4 liters of product per hectare, regardless of the rates of pyraclostrobin (250 and 125 g a.i./ha) and boscalid (500 and 250 g a.i./ha) used. These data were used to recommend the incorporation of boscalid to improve the fungicide-based management of ray blight disease. This decreases the number of applications of both strobilurin and triazole fungicides which have been used extensively for the management of ray blight and other diseases in Tasmanian pyrethrum fields and are prone to fungicide resistance development.
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Varga, Filip, Zlatko Liber, Jernej Jakše, Ante Turudić, Zlatko Šatović, Ivan Radosavljević, Nina Jeran, and Martina Grdiša. "Development of Microsatellite Markers for Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevis.) Sch. Bip., a Plant with a Large and Highly Repetitive Genome." Plants 11, no. 13 (July 5, 2022): 1778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11131778.
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Dalmatian pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevis.) Sch. Bip.) is an outcrossing plant species (2n = 18) endemic to the eastern Adriatic coast and source of the natural insecticide pyrethrin. Due to the high repeatability and large genome (1C-value = 9.58 pg) our previous attempts to develop microsatellite markers using the traditional method were unsuccessful. Now we have used Illumina paired-end whole genome sequencing and developed a specific procedure to obtain useful microsatellite markers. A total of 796,130,142 high-quality reads (approx. 12.5× coverage) were assembled into 6,909,675 contigs using two approaches (de novo assembly and joining of overlapped pair-end reads). A total of 31,380 contigs contained one or more microsatellite sequences, of which di-(59.7%) and trinucleotide (25.9%) repeats were the most abundant. Contigs containing microsatellites were filtered according to various criteria to achieve better yield of functional markers. After two rounds of testing, 17 microsatellite markers were developed and characterized in one natural population. Twelve loci were selected for preliminary genetic diversity analysis of three natural populations. Neighbor-joining tree, based on the proportion of shared alleles distances, grouped individuals into clusters according to population affiliation. The availability of codominant SSR markers will allow analysis of genetic diversity and structure of natural Dalmatian pyrethrum populations as well as identification of breeding lines and cultivars.
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Scott, Jason B., David H. Gent, Tamieka L. Pearce, Sarah J. Pethybridge, Stacey J. Pilkington, and Frank S. Hay. "Mycoflora Associated With Pyrethrum Seed and the Integration of Seed Steam Treatment Into Foliar Disease Management Strategies." Plant Disease 101, no. 11 (November 2017): 1874–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-17-0309-re.
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A complex of foliar diseases can affect pyrethrum in Australia, but those of greatest importance are ray blight, caused by Stagonosporopsis tanaceti, and tan spot, caused primarily by Didymella tanaceti. Isolation of fungi from pyrethrum seed lots produced over 15 years resulted in recovery of six known pathogens: S. tanaceti, D. tanaceti, Alternaria tenuissima, Colletotrichum tanaceti, Stemphylium botryosum, and Botrytis cinerea. The incidence of S. tanaceti and D. tanaceti isolated from seed varied between 0.9 and 19.5% (mean = 7.7%) and 0 and 24.1% (mean = 5.3%) among years, respectively. Commercial heat treatment of pyrethrum seed via steaming reduced the incidence of D. tanaceti from 10.9 to 0.06% and the incidence of S. tanaceti from 24.6% to nondetectable levels (<0.18%). In a second experiment, both species were reduced to nondetectable levels (<0.20%) from their initial incidences of 22.4 and 2.4%, respectively. In a field study in 2013, colonization of pyrethrum foliage by S. tanaceti was reduced from 21.1 to 14.3% in early winter when heat-treated seed was planted. However, isolation frequency of D. tanaceti was not affected significantly by seed treatment in this year. In a related experiment in 2015, the isolation frequency of D. tanaceti in plots planted from heat-treated seed depended on both prior application of an industry-standard fungicide program and proximity to another pyrethrum field in autumn. The fungus was recovered at a similar frequency in fungicide-treated and nontreated plots located near other pyrethrum fields (13.8 versus 16.3%, respectively), whereas recovery of the pathogen was reduced by fungicide applications in geographically remote pyrethrum fields (6.7 versus 1.4%, respectively). However, these differences in isolation frequency of D. tanaceti in autumn did not obviate the need for later fungicide applications to suppress foliar disease intensity in spring or flower yield in summer, independent of the proximity to other pyrethrum fields. This study suggests that steam treatment of seed can delay development of the foliar disease complex on pyrethrum, although an extremely low level of remaining infected seed or exogenous sources of inoculum necessitates the use of foliar fungicide applications in spring.
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Ilinkin, Vladimir, Boryanka Traykova, and Marina Stanilova. "In vitro clonal propagation of Tanacetum cinerariifolium and establishment of an ex situ collection of selected clones." BioRisk 20 (May 15, 2023): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.20.97566.
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Dalmatian pyrethrum Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Sch. Bip. (Asteraceae) is a perennial herb endemic to the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. The species is widely cultivated in many countries for its bioactive compounds pyrethrins, which are used as natural insecticides. Plants derived from seeds vary greatly in pyrethrin content; therefore, the vegetative propagation of high-quality individuals is very important for the establishment of agricultural pyrethrum crops. The present study deals with rapid in vitro multiplication of pyrethrum, ex vitro adaptation of selected clones and creation of an ex situ collection, as a first step towards introducing the species into agriculture in Bulgaria. Seeds from a private ex situ collection in Bulgaria and from a natural Croatian population were used as initial material for in vitro cultures initiation. Basal MS medium (Murashige and Skoog 1962) or MS supplemented with different concentrations of kinetin and indole-3-butyric acid were used for seed germination and multiplication of one-seed derived clones by consecutive subcultivations. The propagation effectiveness was evaluated as a number of new plants obtained per initial shoot. Considerable losses were noticed due to both endophytic contaminations and necrosis, especially on media supplemented with plant growth regulators. These problems were overcome by medium optimization: adding an antibiotic and modifying the medium to increase the calcium concentration using CaCO3. In the best medium variant (basal MS + 200 mg/L Medaxone + 75 mg/L Ca) no more infected plants were observed, and the percentage of necrotic plants decreased threefold, which resulted in formation of 38.06±10.11 new plants per initial shoot for a period of 7 months. Three hundred and sixty plants were ex vitro adapted in a phytotron (88% surviving rate), then 16 plants from 4 selected clones were transferred to the ex situ collection and bloomed twice from the very first growing season (June and September). The number of the flower heads increased in the second year of field cultivation and an average of 328±138 capitula per plant were counted for the best clone. The first trials to establish a pilot plantation of pyrethrum are promising.
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Jawhari, Fatima Zahra, Abdelfattah El Moussaoui, Hamada Imtara, Hamza Mechchate, Imane Es-Safi, Mohamed Bouhrim, Loubna Kharchoufa, Achraf Miry, Dalila Bousta, and Amina Bari. "Evaluation of the acute toxicity of the extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum var. pyrethrum (L.) and Anacyclus pyrethrum var. depressus Maire in Swiss mice." Veterinary World 14, no. 2 (February 22, 2021): 457–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.457-467.
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Background and Aim: Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) has been used in traditional North African and Indian medicine for the treatment of several diseases such as cancer, rheumatism, epilepsy, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. Despite its medical benefits, few studies have examined its toxicity. The present study evaluated the acute toxicity of hydroethanolic extracts of different parts (roots, seeds, leaves, and capitula) of two varieties of A. pyrethrum (L.), namely, A. pyrethrum var. pyrethrum (L) and A. pyrethrum var. depressus (Ball) Maire, in mice. Materials and Methods: Acute toxicity was evaluated after the oral administration of different extracts at doses of 300, 500, and 2000 mg/kg. Mortality, body weight, general behavior, and adverse effects were observed daily for 14 days. At the end of the experiment, mice were sacrificed, and biochemical parameters and histopathology of the liver, kidneys, and spleen were analyzed. Results: The extracts of different parts of both plants induced no signs of toxicity or mortality during the observation period, excluding capitulum and seed extracts, which induced slight sedation at a dose of 2000 mg/kg. The LD50 of the extracts was estimated to exceed 2000 mg/kg. The administration of A. pyrethrum var. pyrethrum roots at a dose of 300 mg/kg resulted in significantly increased AST levels. However, the A. pyrethrum var. depressus root extract induced significant increases in the levels of both transaminases (alanine aminotransferase [ALT] and aspartate aminotransferase [AST]). The remaining extracts of both plants at a dose of 500 mg/kg significantly increased AST levels. Moreover, all plant extracts excluding the A. pyrethrum var. pyrethrum capitulum extract at 2000 mg/kg provoked significant increases in AST levels, and A. pyrethrum var. depressus roots provoked a significant increase of ALT levels. Meanwhile, mice treated with high doses of extracts (2000 mg/kg) displayed histopathological changes in the liver, kidneys, and spleen characterized by hepatic distress, inflammatory infiltration, focal tubular necrosis, vascular congestion, and lymphoid hyperplasia. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that the hydroethanolic extracts of different parts of two varieties of A. pyrethrum (L.) were not toxic in mice at low concentrations, whereas some toxic effects were detected in mice treated at 2000 mg/kg.
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Liu, Yuzhu, Niloofar Vaghefi, Peter K. Ades, Alexander Idnurm, Aabroo Ahmed, and Paul W. J. Taylor. "Globisporangium and Pythium Species Associated with Yield Decline of Pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) in Australia." Plants 12, no. 6 (March 17, 2023): 1361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12061361.
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Pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) cultivation in Australia, which accounts for the majority of global production of natural insecticidal pyrethrins, is affected by a persistent yield decline which in part is caused by a complex of pathogens. Globisporangium and Pythium species were isolated from crown and roots of pyrethrum plants showing stunting and brown discoloration of crown tissue, and from soil adjacent to diseased plants from yield-decline-affected sites in Tasmania and Victoria, Australia. Ten known Globisporangium species (Globisporangium attrantheridium, G. erinaceum, G. intermedium, G. irregulare, G. macrosporum, G. recalcitrans, G. rostratifingens, G. sylvaticum, G. terrestris and G. ultimum var. ultimum), two new Globisporangium species (Globisporangium capense sp. nov. and Globisporangium commune sp. nov.) and three Pythium species (Pythium diclinum/lutarium, P. tracheiphilum and P. vanterpoolii) were identified through morphological studies and multigene phylogenetic analyses using ITS and Cox1 sequences. Globisporangium ultimum var. ultimum, G. sylvaticum, G. commune sp. nov. and G. irregulare were most abundant. Globisporangium attrantheridium, G. macrosporum and G. terrestris were reported for the first time in Australia. Seven Globisporangium species were pathogenic on both pyrethrum seeds (in vitro assays) and seedlings (glasshouse bioassays), while two Globisporangium species and three Pythium species only caused significant symptoms on pyrethrum seeds. Globisporangium irregulare and G. ultimum var. ultimum were the most aggressive species, causing pyrethrum seed rot, seedling damping-off and significant plant biomass reduction. This is the first report of Globisporangium and Pythium species causing disease in pyrethrum globally and suggests that oomycete species in the family Pythiaceae may have an important role in the yield decline of pyrethrum in Australia.
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Mekhadmi, Nour Elhouda, Randa Mlik, Asma Abidd, Aicha Adaikae, Assia Bentahar, Safia Ben Amour, Aicha Mouane, et al. "Anacyclus pyrethrum extracts." Italian Journal of Food Science 36, no. 3 (July 1, 2024): 80–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v36i3.2627.
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Anacyclus pyrethrum, a native Algerian medicinal plant, demonstrates notable therapeutic efficacy. The bioactive profile of the Anacyclus pyrethrum extract was examined using HPLC-UV-VIS, which showed a high concen-tration of phenolic compounds (33.46 ± 0.57 mg EAG/g EP) and flavonoids (11.08 ± 0.24 mg E Qu/g EP). The Anacyclus pyrethrum extract exhibited significant antioxidant activity in iron chelation (IC50 = 0.019 ± 0.0006 mg/ ml) DPPH (IC50 = 0.142± 0.001 mg/ml), ABTS+ (IC50 = 0.079 ± 0.0005 mg/ml) and OH (IC50 = 0.845 ± 0.052mg/ ml) radicals. Anti-inflammatory investigations were conducted using both in vitro and in silico methods. The in vitro testing involved evaluating the denaturation of egg albumin and BSA, while the in silico tests focused on measuring the effect of caffeic acid on the COX-2 protein. The anti-inflammatory capacity of the substance was similar to that of Aspirin, with a value of 76.1 ± 1.04% compared to Aspirin’s 81.11 ± 1.6%. Our extract exhibited a fatal dose (LD50) of 45.847 ± 1.661 mg/ml and showed significant antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 2.5 to 27.5 mg/ml. The findings emphasize the wide range of medicinal uses of Anacyclus pyrethrum, underscoring its significance in both traditional and modern pharmacology.
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Sladonja, Barbara, Marin Krapac, Dean Ban, Zoran Užila, Slavica Dudaš, and Dušica Dorčić. "Effect of soil type on pyrethrum seed germination." Journal of Plant Protection Research 54, no. 4 (December 30, 2014): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jppr-2014-0063.
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Abstract Pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Sch. Bip.) is an autochthonous insecticidal plant from Dalmatia (Croatia). It is commercially grown worldwide with a particularly fast expansion in Africa and Australia (Tasmania) and used as a natural insecticide. The study was conducted in Istria, Croatia, in a greenhouse, to determine the effect of soil type on the germination of pyrethrum seeds. The effect of different soil types on the germination of pyrethrum was found to be highly significant. The highest percentage of germination was found on white clay loam (soil type 2), and the lowest on red clay Terra Rossa (soil types 1 and 6). Seed germination was greatly influenced by soil texture, foremost silt percentage, and soil pH. The present study suggests that pyrethrum seed germination is best on slightly alkaline clayey loams with moderate nutrients. Positive correlation was confirmed among germination percentage and silt content and soil pH.
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Witt, J. Dale, Stuart L. Warren, Thomas G. Ranney, and James R. Baker. "Biorational and Conventional Plant Protectants Reduce Feeding by Adult Japanese Beetles." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 17, no. 4 (December 1, 1999): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-17.4.203.
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Abstract Nine commercial plant protectants were tested for efficacy against feeding by adult Japanese beetles (Popillia japonica Newman). Treatments included an endotoxin from a bacterium [Bacillus thuringiensis (Berl.) var. san diego]; microencapsulated pyrethrum extracted from pyrethrum [Tanacetum cinnerariifolium (Trev.) Schultz-Bip.], two extracts from neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss); an extract from cayenne pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum Longum Group); an extract from garlic (Allium sativum L.); rotenone extracted from galedupa (Derris trifoliata Lour.) and barbasco [Lonchocarpus sericeus (Poiret) Kunth] or timbo (L. nicou Aublet D.C.); carbaryl (1-napthyl methylcarbamate); and the pyrethroid, fenpropathrin. Experimental plots were located at the Horticulture Field Laboratory (HFL), Raleigh, and the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center (MHCREC), Fletcher, NC. Himalayan birches [Betula utilis var. jacquemontii (Spach) Winkl.] were used as host plants. Treatments were applied twice, 2 weeks apart. Five weeks after initial application, trees treated with fenpropathrin averaged 2% defoliation vs. 40% defoliation for the control trees at HFL; and 3% defoliation vs. 100% defoliation for the control trees at MHCREC. Rotenone treatments averaged 10% defoliation at HFL and 92% defoliation at MHCREC. The following treatments were not significantly different from the control at week 5 at either location: garlic extract, neem extracts, cayenne pepper extract, microencapsulated pyrethrum, encapsulated bacterial endotoxin, and carbaryl.
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Ambrožič Dolinšek, Jana, Maja Ravnikar, Jana Žel, Tina Demšar, Marjana Camloh, Katarina Cankar, and Taja Dreo. "Tissue culture of Pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) and associated microbial contamination." Acta Biologica Slovenica 53, no. 1 (July 1, 2010): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/abs.53.1.15369.
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Microbial contamination was observed on several subcultures of Pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) (Trevir.) Schultz-bip. callus lines. The presence of microorganisms- sms was detected by isolation of contaminants in pure culture from 7 out of 34 callus lines and direct ampliication of eubacterial 16S rDNA in the pyrethrum callus and plants and isolated bacteria. Altogether 16 contaminants were further analyzed, observing their morphology on several media and restriction of ampliied 16S rDNA. Analysis revealed presence and persistence of morphologically and genetically diverse bacteria in pyrethrum tissue culture. Due to cross-reactivity of 16S rDNA primers with DNA of plant origin, no conclusions could be drawn on the origin of contaminants.
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SHAHRAJABIAN, Mohamad H., Wenli SUN, and Qi CHENG. "Spanish chamomile (Anacyclus pyrethrum) and pyrethrum (Tanacetum cineraiifolium): organic and natural pesticides and treasure of medicinal herbs." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 13, no. 1 (March 3, 2021): 10816. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb13110816.
Full textAbstract:
Pyrethrum (Tanacetum cineraiifolium) which is a natural insecticide has many properties, but the most important are raid action, very low toxicity for mammalian, lack of insect immunity, broad of activity, lack of persistence and degraded quickly by UV in sunlight and very effective insect repellent. Organic farmers can use pyrethrins as an insecticide for fruit and vegetable crops. Easily degraded by oxygen, light and temperature, pyrethrum compounds are environmentally friendly and compatible with organic farming. A. pyrethrum roots contain anacyclin, pellitorine, hydrocarolin, inulin, traces of volatile oil and seasamin. The roots of A. pyrethrum are used in traditional medicine of different countries to treat epilepsy, rheumatism, cephalalgia, paralysis and hemiplegia. N-alkylamids and ester pyrethrine are the main constituents of roots which have tremendous medicinal values. The plant is also a natural pesticide with considerable antimicrobial properties. It has also possessed antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsive, antimicrobial, local anaesthetic, oxidative DNA damage preventive, immunostimulatory, saliva-stimulating, male libido enhancing, anti-mutagenesis and insecticidal activities.
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El Mokhtari, Kawtar, M'hammed EL Kouali, Mohammed Talbi, Latifa Hajji, and Abdelhak El Brouzi. "Chemical composition and insecticidal activity of Anacyclus pyrethrum essential oil from the Bensliman area against Culex pipiens." Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry 10, no. 1 (January 21, 2020): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.13171/mjc101020211198kem.
Full textAbstract:
Anacyclus pyrethrum is a herbaceous plant that belongs to the Asteraceae family. The focus of the present study is to extract the essential oil from this plant, to determine its chemical composition and to evaluate its insecticidal activity against the larvae of the mosquito Culex pipiens. The essential oil from A. pyrethrum collected from the region of Bensliman in Morocco was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry were studied. Essential oil yield obtained by hydrodistillation was 0.09%. The major aroma constituents were Spathulenol (20.47%), Germacrene D (16.48%), Caryophyllene oxide (13.20%), 4(14)-Salviale-1-one (8.27%) and Caryophyllene 4(14),8(15)-dien-5α-ol (7.30%). The larvicidal test carried out according to a methodology based on the standard protocol of the World Health Organization was studied on 4th instar larvae of C. pipiens and showed that A. pyrethrum essential oil possesses remarkable insecticidal properties. After 24 hours of exposition, larvicidal assays revealed a 100% mortality of C. pipiens larvae. The dose of 40 μL/mL was toxic enough to cause 100% larval mortality of C. pipiens. The lethal concentrations LC50 and LC90 calculated for the essential oil studied were of the order of 14.79 μL/mL and 19.95 μL/mL, respectively. To control mosquitoes, this essential oil extracted from A. pyrethrum might be used as a natural insecticide and therefore could be an alternative to synthetic insecticides already present on the market.
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Billes Luka Nzilano and Baraka John Mvile. "Optimizing pyrethrum planting dates to enhance productivity in a changing climate: A case of southern Highlands in Tanzania." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 12, no. 1 (June 30, 2024): 2538–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.12.1.1060.
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Pyrethrum has excellent potential for growing and industrial production in Tanzania, offering an environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic pesticides and reducing pest and disease incidence without altering the natural balance. Planting date and seeding rate are critical for the productivity of pyrethrum; however, farmers in recent years have been experiencing climate change, resulting in unreliable planting periods. This study seeks to optimize the planting date for increased crop production. The study was conducted in the Umalila Highlands in the Mbeya region, with demonstration plots established in three villages (Iyunga Mapinduzi, Santilya, and Pashungu) and planted at monthly intervals from January to April. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The highest flower yield was achieved with early planting dates, particularly in January, with yields progressively decreasing from February to April. Sowing in January produced a yield of approx. 550 kg ha-1, significantly more than the April control with approx. 122 kg ha-1. The survival rate of Pyrethrum plants was highest at about 75% when planted in January and decreased to 72% in February, 67% in March and 57% in April. Pyrethrum planted in January had the most significant plant height, rosette size, and number of stems at all three sites, while April plantings had the worst performance and higher disease scores. Positive correlations were observed between yield and plant traits, such as height, rosette size, and number of stems, with negative correlations between yield and disease scores.
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Jawhari, Fatima Zahra, Hamada Imtara, Abdelfattah El Moussaoui, Hind Khalis, Imane Es-safi, Asmaa Saleh, Omkulthom Al kamaly, Mohammad Khalid Parvez, and Amina Bari. "Effects of Pre-Treatments and Conservation Conditions on Seed Viability and Germination of Two Varieties of an Endangered Species Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Link (Asteraceae)." Horticulturae 9, no. 4 (April 10, 2023): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9040472.
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This research presents, for the first time, a study of seed germination for two varieties, ‘Anacyclus pyrethrum var. pyrethrum (L.) Link’ and ‘Anacyclus pyrethrum var. depressus (Ball.) Maire’, of an endemic and endangered medicinal species listed in the IUCN red list as Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Link. Our objective was to provide information for their protection as well as a sustainable development strategy, by understanding whether the seeds germinate easily or have very specific germination requirements, and whether the storage conditions provided for the seeds were sufficiently favorable for the development of the species. A study of seed germination of the two varieties was conducted on lots of 25 seeds for each variety/treatment. Five treatments were used to break seed dormancy, which were chemical scarification with sulphuric acid (H2SO4), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and potassium nitrate (KNO3); hot water (80 °C); and cold scarification at 4 °C. The viability was examined for stored seeds (6 months, 1 year and 2 years) and for those that did not germinate after the germination test at harvest, using the tetrazolium test. The dormancy was broken via cold scarification (4 °C) and chemical scarification (H2O2, H2SO4, NP (KNO3)). The results also showed that a long storage time in wet cold (4 °C) causes a loss of seed viability, whereas a long storage time at −17 °C causes seed dormancy, which can be broken by cold scarification and chemical scarification. It was concluced that the rarity of the species was not due to the reproductive system, but to the overexploitation of the species during the flowering season, which influenced the natural regeneration of the species.
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Pethybridge, Sarah J., Frank Hay, Suzanne Jones, Calum Wilson, and Tim Groom. "Seedborne Infection of Pyrethrum by Phoma ligulicola." Plant Disease 90, no. 7 (July 2006): 891–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0891.
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The incidence of Phoma ligulicola in Tasmanian pyrethrum seed and methods of managing seedborne mycoflora were determined. Fourteen different fungi were regularly isolated from seed, including Alternaria tenuissima, Stemphylium botryosum, and P. ligulicola, which have been documented as pathogens of pyrethrum. Comparisons between the incidence of these fungi from seed surface-sterilized with sodium hypochlorite and nontreated seed indicated they occurred both within and on the outside of the seed. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for the detection of P. ligulicola was also developed, with a detection limit of 800 fg of fungal DNA. The assay detected infested seed lots down to an incidence of 0.5%. Reliable amplification of the target DNA was achieved with the addition of bovine serum albumin to reduce the influence of inhibitors from pyrethrum seed. Agar plate tests and PCR demonstrated variability with pyrethrum cultivars in the presence and viability of P. ligulicola in seed. Effective management strategies for the reduction of seedborne P. ligulicola included the regular use of fungicides for reducing foliar disease intensity in the seed fields prior to harvest. Seed treatments with fludioxonil and thiabendazole/thiram also significantly reduced the incidence of seedborne P. ligulicola and increased seed germination and seedling survival.
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Yamashiro, Takanori, Akira Shiraishi, Koji Nakayama, and Honoo Satake. "Draft Genome of Tanacetum Coccineum: Genomic Comparison of Closely Related Tanacetum-Family Plants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 13 (June 24, 2022): 7039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137039.
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The plant Tanacetum coccineum (painted daisy) is closely related to Tanacetum cinerariifolium (pyrethrum daisy). However, T. cinerariifolium produces large amounts of pyrethrins, a class of natural insecticides, whereas T. coccineum produces much smaller amounts of these compounds. Thus, comparative genomic analysis is expected to contribute a great deal to investigating the differences in biological defense systems, including pyrethrin biosynthesis. Here, we elucidated the 9.4 Gb draft genome of T. coccineum, consisting of 2,836,647 scaffolds and 103,680 genes. Comparative analyses of the draft genome of T. coccineum and that of T. cinerariifolium, generated in our previous study, revealed distinct features of T. coccineum genes. While the T. coccineum genome contains more numerous ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP)-encoding genes, the number of higher-toxicity type-II RIP-encoding genes is larger in T. cinerariifolium. Furthermore, the number of histidine kinases encoded by the T. coccineum genome is smaller than that of T. cinerariifolium, suggesting a biological correlation with pyrethrin biosynthesis. Moreover, the flanking regions of pyrethrin biosynthesis-related genes are also distinct between these two plants. These results provide clues to the elucidation of species-specific biodefense systems, including the regulatory mechanisms underlying pyrethrin production.
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Wahab, Atia Tul, Muniza Shaikh, Uzma Naqeeb, Shakil Ahmed, M. Iqbal Choudhary, and Atta-ur Rahman. "Study of Anacyclus pyrethrum Lag. Root Extract against Aedes aegypti Linn. Larvae: Potential Vector Control for Dengue Viral Fever." Records of Natural Products 15, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 476–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25135/rnp.243.21.02.1979.
Full textAbstract:
Anacyclus pyrethrum Lag. is a medicinal plant. In this study we evaluated the susceptibility of larvae of Aedes aegypti Linn. against potential larvicidal effects of root extract of A. pyrethrum. Bioassays were performed using World Health Organization methodologies. GC-MS analysis was employed to determine the contents of the extract. The underlying mechanisms of larvicidal activity were analyzed by using morphological, histological, and Reactive Oxygen species (ROS) studies. The GC-MS of A. pyrethrum root extract showed nine compounds. During initial screening, the root extract killed 90% of 3rd instar larvae of A. aegypti at 0.2 mg/mL concentration as compared to standard permethrin. Different larval stages exhibited 100% larvicidal activity, especially more naive 1st and 2nd instar larvae. The dose dependent larvicidal activity against 3rd instar larvae, showed reduced effect with decreased concentration. Disruption in gut line of 3rd instar larvae is proposed to be mediated from the ROS production, evident in fluorescent oxidant sensitive assay. The extract exhibited non-cytotoxic profile in brine shrimp lethality assay with IC50 of 126.93 ± 0.3 µg/mL as compared to standard etoposide i.e., IC50 = 7.46 ± 0.05 μg/mL. The study inferred that the root extract of A. pyrethrum can serve as promising biopesticide for the control of A. aegypti, which is a vector of many viral diseases.
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KAYA, Serhat. "THE EFFECTS OF PYRETHRUM EXTRACT ON Galleria mellonella HEMOLYMPH PHENOLOXIDASE ENZYME." Journal of Scientific Perspectives 4, no. 4 (November 7, 2020): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26900/jsp.4.024.
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Pyrethrum is a natural neurotoxic insecticide which is obtained from the flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium plant. Pyrethrum extract causes DNA damage, genotoxic effect, induction of autophagy and apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inhibition of biochemical processes. The greater wax moth Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is gaining increasing attention in immunity studies as an invertebrate model organism. Melanization, which is the most important response of invertebrate humoral immunity, occurs when inactive prophenoloxidase turns into phenoloxidase enzyme. Changes in phenoloxidase enzyme activity are an important marker for humoral immunity. In our study, the phenoloxidase enzyme activity of hemolymph collected from G. mellonella larvae treated with different doses of pyrethrum extract was determined by reading against a certain absorbance in an ELISA microplate reader. The findings obtained from this study showed that 0.6 mg/ml pyrethrum extract increased phenoloxidase enzyme activity. Doses above and below this dose did not cause a significant change in phenoloxidase activity compared to control groups. In the evaluation made in terms of the change of enzyme activity over time, while the enzyme activity increased rapidly in the first 15 minutes, the enzyme activity rate decreased after the 20th minute. The effect of pyrethrum extract on phenoloxidase enzyme activity in G. mellonella larval hemolymph at a certain dose is consistent with the literature. The reason for this effect of the extract is closely related to its genotoxic and cytotoxic effects.
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Thakur, Vishal, Apoorva Pathania, Harmandeep Kour, and Anu Radha Pathania. "ANACYCLUS PYRETHRUM: A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF PHYTOCHEMISTRY, TRADITIONAL USES, AND POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES." Journal of Advanced Scientific Research 14, no. 09 (October 31, 2023): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.55218/jasr.202314902.
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Since ancient times, Anacyclus pyrethrum has been utilized as an aphrodisiac. In Ayurvedic medicine, the plant is used toboost libido and enhance sexual performance. Pyrethrins and anacyclins, among other plant substances, improve vaginalblood flow and sensation. It raises libido and promotes hormone synthesis. The plant is also claimed to have powerfulantioxidant qualities that enhance overall well-being. In addition to being used for its intended purpose, Anacycluspyrethrum is thought to provide potential health advantages. It functions as an oxygen inhibitor and has anti-inflammatoryqualities that might help in the fight against chronic illnesses, including cancer and heart disease. Additionally, someresearch has revealed that the herb may have neuroprotective qualities, making it a viable therapy for brain diseases likeAlzheimer's. The herb Anacyclus pyrethrum has a long history of use as a traditional medicine. It is a powerful naturalmedicine thanks to its aphrodisiac effects and oral health advantages. Additionally, the possible health advantages outsideof its regular use make for an intriguing research topic.
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Pethybridge, Sarah J., David H. Gent, Paul D. Esker, William W. Turechek, Frank S. Hay, and Forrest W. Nutter. "Site-Specific Risk Factors for Ray Blight in Tasmanian Pyrethrum Fields." Plant Disease 93, no. 3 (March 2009): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-3-0229.
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Ray blight of pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium), caused by Phoma ligulicola var. inoxydablis, can cause defoliation and reductions of crop growth and pyrethrin yield. Logistic regression was used to model relationships among edaphic factors and interpolated weather variables associated with severe disease outbreaks (i.e., defoliation severity ≥40%). A model for September defoliation severity included a variable for the product of number of days with rain of at least 0.1 mm and a moving average of maximum temperatures in the last 14 days, which correctly classified (accuracy) the disease severity class for 64.8% of data sets. The percentage of data sets where disease severity was correctly classified as at least 40% defoliation severity (sensitivity) or below 40% defoliation severity (specificity) were 55.8 and 71%, respectively. A model for October defoliation severity included the number of days with at least 1 mm of rain in the past 14 days, stem height in September, and the product of the number of days with at least 10 mm of rain in the last 30 days and September defoliation severity. Accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were 72.6, 73.6, and 71.4%, respectively. Youden's index identified predictive thresholds of 0.25 and 0.57 for the September and October models, respectively. When economic considerations of the costs of false positive and false negative decisions and disease prevalence were integrated into receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for the October model, the optimal predictive threshold to minimize average management costs was 0 for values of disease prevalence greater than 0.2 due to the high cost of false negative predictions. ROC curve analysis indicated that management of the disease should be routine when disease prevalence is greater than 0.2. The models developed in this research are the first steps toward identifying and weighting site and weather disease risk variables to develop a decision-support aid for the management of ray blight of pyrethrum.
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Jawhari, Fatima Zahra, Abdelfattah El Moussaoui, Mohammed Bourhia, Hamada Imtara, Hamza Mechchate, Imane Es-Safi, Riaz Ullah, et al. "Anacyclus pyrethrum (L): Chemical Composition, Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, and Wound Healing Properties." Molecules 25, no. 22 (November 23, 2020): 5469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225469.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Anacyclus pyrethrum (A. pyrethrum) is a wild species belonging to the family Asteraceae, which is used in traditional medicines. Aim of the study: This work was undertaken to study the chemical composition, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing properties of hydroalcoholic extracts of different parts (roots, seeds, leaves, and capitula) of A. pyrethrum. Material and Methods: The phytochemical analysis of the studied extracts was conducted by GC-MS. The analgesic activity was evaluated in mice using acetic acid and formaldehyde methods. The anti-inflammatory activity was tested using the inhibitory method of edema induced in rats. The healing activity of the hydroethanolic extracts was explored by excision and incision wound healing models in rats. Results: The phytochemical analysis of the studied plant extracts affirmed the presence of interesting compounds, including some newly detected elements, such as sarcosine, N-(trifluoroacetyl)-butyl ester, levulinic acid, malonic acid, palmitic acid, morphinan-6-One, 4,5.alpha.-epoxy-3-hydroxy-17-methyl, 2,4-undecadiene-8,10-diyne-N-tyramide, and isovaleric acid. The extracts of different parts (roots, seeds, leaves, and capitula) exhibited promising anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and wound healing effects, with percentages of inhibition up to 98%, 94%, and 100%, respectively. Conclusion: This study might contribute towards the well-being of society as it provides evidence on the potential analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing properties of A. pyrethrum.
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Scott, Jason B., David H. Gent, Frank S. Hay, and Sarah J. Pethybridge. "Estimation of Pyrethrum Flower Number Using Digital Imagery." HortTechnology 25, no. 5 (October 2015): 617–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.25.5.617.
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Flower number is the primary determinant of yield in pyrethrum (Tanacetum cineariifolium). Traditional estimates of flower numbers use physical harvesting of flowers, which is time consuming, destructive, and complicated. The precision of flower number estimates may be highly influenced by spatial heterogeneity of plant density and vigor. Here, we examined the potential for digital image analysis to enable rapid, nondestructive assessment of flower number. This technique involved removal of pixels with color profiles not typical of the disc florets of pyrethrum. Particle counting was then performed using defined size and shape parameters to estimate flower numbers. Estimates of flower number based on image analyses were correlated with physical harvests of flowers, with estimates representing about an average of 32% of total flower numbers present within a sampling unit. This relationship was consistent across all observed flower densities. Covariate analysis indicated that occurrences of crop lodging and over mature flower canopies had significant, detrimental effects on system predictions. Pyrethrum flowers were spatially aggregated within fields with the degree of aggregation greatest at the lowest flower densities. Based on modeled flower distributions, eight quadrats (0.49-m2 sampling unit) were sufficient to achieve a cv of 0.1 in a 600-m2 plot area in all but the lowest flower densities. The utility of this approach for biomass assessment in pyrethrum and other Compositae is discussed.
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Elazzouzi, Hanane, Kamal Fadili, Ali Cherrat, Smail Amalich, Nadia Zekri, Hannou Zerkani, Imane Tagnaout, Christophe Hano, Jose M. Lorenzo, and Touria Zair. "Phytochemistry, Biological and Pharmacological Activities of the Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag: A Systematic Review." Plants 11, no. 19 (September 30, 2022): 2578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11192578.
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Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) (Asteraceae) is an important annual medicinal herb and is widespread in Morocco and Algeria. Most of its parts are used in traditional medicine and the roots are the most important parts used. The present review gives an account of the updated information on its phytochemical and pharmacological properties. We have collected the essential characteristics and the different scientific data of the A. pyrethrum species, and reviewed its potential. It is seen from the literature that A. pyrethrum is a rich source of the phytochemical constituents such as alkaloids (pellitorin) and n-alkylamides. This species also contains pyrethrins, sesamin, traces of essential oils and a wide range of other chemical compounds. These active substances possess antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. The plant has an antidiabetic, insecticidal and immunostimulatory effect, as well as an aphrodisiac and antioxidant potentials, and various other important medicinal properties. Many traditional uses are also reported in previous research such as for rheumatism, sciatica, colds, neuralgia and paralysis. This species is considered to be a sialagogue, and used in the treatment of stomach ailments, diseases of inflammation of the mouth, against cysts in the genital tract and to relieve toothaches. Thus, further research must be carried out in order to establish any relationship between the traditional uses, phytochemistry and toxicity. Moreover, A. pyrethrum is quite promising as a medicinal agent, so further clinical trials should be performed to prove its efficacy.
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Javid, Muhammad, Pingjie Zhang, Paul W. J. Taylor, Sarah J. Pethybridge, Tim Groom, and Marc E. Nicolas. "Interactions between waterlogging and ray blight in pyrethrum." Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 7 (2013): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13064.
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The effects of waterlogging, alone and combined with ray blight disease (caused by Stagonosporopsis tanaceti), on pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) plant growth were quantified in glasshouse trials. Six pyrethrum cultivars were initially studied for their response to 6 days of waterlogging and their recovery from waterlogging during 26 days post-waterlogging. Waterlogging caused substantial root death and leaf wilting and accelerated senescence in all cultivars. Root growth was 80% more reduced than shoot growth. Cultivar ‘F’ showed significantly higher root porosity and growth following waterlogging than other cultivars. In contrast, cv. ‘C’ had the greatest growth reduction from waterlogging and poor root-system recovery after waterlogging. Plants of cvv. C and F inoculated with S. tanaceti and then waterlogged were more significantly affected than were those exposed to waterlogging only. For both cultivars, shoot growth under the combined treatment, relative to initial growth, recovered up to 25%, but root growth suffered irreversible damage. The combined treatment decreased the number of stems by 39% compared with waterlogging alone after the post-waterlogging period. In conclusion, pyrethrum cultivars showed differential reactions to waterlogging; but growth in all cultivars was seriously affected by a combination of waterlogging and infection by ray blight.
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Hay, F. S., G. R. Stirling, S. J. Pethybridge, and B. Chung. "A survey of nematodes associated with pyrethrum in Tasmania, Australia, and the susceptibility of pyrethrum cultivars to root-lesion nematode." Australasian Plant Pathology 38, no. 1 (2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ap08068.
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Arora, Anshu, Rakesh Chawla, Deepak Kumar, Sandeep Kumar, Suraj Bansal, Karamjeet Kaur, and Vijender Kumar. "PHARMACOGNOSTIC STANDARDIZATION OF ANACYCLUS PYRETHRUM LINN AND ITS BIOLOGICAL STUDIES." Indian Drugs 59, no. 01 (March 7, 2022): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.59.01.12538.
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Despite the long history of traditionally used and clinically potential plant Anacyclus pyrethrum (Akarkara; family – Asteraceae) root parts, the plant has never been investigated systematically for the scientific phytochemical and biological studies till date. Thus, present investigation was envisaged to perform experiments to study phytochemical and biological activities. The various extracts and fractions were subjected to phytochemical screening. The complete profile of pharmacognostic standards of plant was established as per standardized procedures. The results revealed that the plant contain alkaloids, anthraquinone glycosides, carbohydrates, tannins and flavonoids. The thin layer chromatography of petroleum ether-, chloroform and methanol extracts showed presence of three-, seven- and five spots. Quantitatively maximum phenolic content was found in ethyl acetate fraction (6.48 % w/w) followed by methanol extract (2.40 % w/w). Various extracts and fractions of plant were screened for antioxidant activity by DPPH method, and the results revealed that maximum activity was shown by ethyl acetate fractions as compared to other test samples. In antimicrobial studies, the zone of inhibition in mm was determined by cup plate method. Amongst various test samples, only the ethyl acetate fraction showed maximum antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 7443, Staphylococcus epidermides MTCC 1133, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 2449 and Escherichia coli MTCC 1235 followed by methanol extract whereas other test samples were devoid of antibacterial activity. In antifungal study, ethyl acetate fraction exhibited maximum antibacterial and antifungal activity against Candida albicans MTCC 1637 and Aspergillus niger MTCC 1235, followed by methanol extract, whereas other test samples were devoid of antifungal activity. The research findings of the present investigations suggest that phenolic compounds might be responsible for the biological profile of plant. Further, it can be concluded that a complete monograph of plant has been established. These findings are very important for natural product scientists before performing any research work on plant.
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Pethybridge, Sarah J., Paul Esker, Phillip Dixon, Frank Hay, Tim Groom, Calum Wilson, and Forrest W. Nutter. "Quantifying Loss Caused by Ray Blight Disease in Tasmanian Pyrethrum Fields." Plant Disease 91, no. 9 (September 2007): 1116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-9-1116.
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The efficacy of newly implemented fungicide recommendations on reducing the intensity of ray blight disease caused by Phoma ligulicola to achieve site-specific attainable yield potentials in Tasmanian pyrethrum fields was quantified over two seasons in 46 and 51 fields during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons, respectively. Disease intensity and yield in two plots (10 × 24 m), one following the commercial fungicide protocol recommendations and the second receiving no fungicide, were assessed in each pyrethrum field. The commercial fungicide protocol consisted of one application of azoxystrobin at 150 g a.i./ha, followed by two applications of a tank mixture of difenoconazole at 125 g a.i./ha and chlorothalonil at 1,008 liters a.i./ha at 14- to 21-day intervals. This program resulted in significant decreases in defoliation severity and the incidence of stems and flowers with ray blight, and increases in the height of stems and number of flowers produced per stem in October and November. In plots receiving the commercial fungicide protocol, the dry weight of flowers was increased by 76 and 68% in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Moreover, pyrethrin yield increased by 81 and 78% when the commercial fungicide protocol was used compared with the nontreated plots. Tobit regression was used to examine the relationships and thresholds among disease intensity measures (defoliation severity, stem severity, and incidence of flowers with ray blight) assessed just prior to harvest. This regression utilized a left-censored regression model to define subminimal thresholds, as none of the disease intensity measures could be less than 0. Defoliation severity had a threshold of 35.3% before stem severity linearly increased and a threshold of 38.2% before the incidence of flowers with ray blight linearly increased. Finally, the threshold for stem severity was 13.7% before the incidence of flowers with ray blight linearly increased. These thresholds can be used to assist growers in making disease management decisions with the objective of minimizing loss of flowers by maintaining defoliation severity below the critical point at which the incidence of flowers with ray blight begins to linearly increase.
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Lelwala, Ruvini V., Jason B. Scott, Peter K. Ades, and Paul W. J. Taylor. "Population Structure of Colletotrichum tanaceti in Australian Pyrethrum Reveals High Evolutionary Potential." Phytopathology® 109, no. 10 (October 2019): 1779–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-03-19-0091-r.
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Colletotrichum tanaceti, the causal agent of anthracnose, is an emerging pathogen of commercially grown pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) in Australia. A microsatellite marker library was developed to understand the spatio-genetic structure over three sampled years and across two regions where pyrethrum is cultivated in Australia. Results indicated that C. tanaceti was highly diverse with a mixed reproductive mode; comprising both sexual and clonal reproduction. Sexual reproduction of C. tanaceti was more prevalent in Tasmania than in Victoria. Little differentiation was observed among field populations likely due to isolation by colonization but most of the genetic variation was occurring within populations. C. tanaceti was likely to have had a long-distance gene and genotype flow among distant populations within a state and between states. Anthropogenic transmission of propagules and wind dispersal of ascospores are the most probable mechanisms of long-distance dispersal of C. tanaceti. Evaluation of putative population histories suggested that C. tanaceti most likely originated in Tasmania and expanded from an unidentified host onto pyrethrum. Victoria was later invaded by the Tasmanian population. With the mixed mode of reproduction and possible long-distance gene flow, C. tanaceti is likely to have a high evolutionary potential and thereby has ability to adapt to management practices in the future.
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Pethybridge, Sarah J., Frank S. Hay, Calum R. Wilson, and Tim Groom. "Development of a Fungicide-Based Management Strategy for Foliar Disease Caused by Phoma ligulicola in Tasmanian Pyrethrum Fields." Plant Disease 89, no. 10 (October 2005): 1114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-1114.
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The efficacy of a range of fungicides were assessed under in vitro conditions in four field trials over three seasons for the management of ray blight of pyrethrum, caused by the fungus Phoma ligulicola in Tasmania. Fungicides belonging to the demethylation inhibitor group, including prochloraz, tebuconazole, difenoconazole, and cyproconazole, produced the most significant reduction in mycelial growth in vitro compared with unamended controls. Significant reductions in germination of conidia resulted from low concentrations of azoxystrobin. In the field, azox-ystrobin (as Amistar) at a rate of 300 g of product/ha significantly decreased disease intensity and increased pyrethrin yield (kg/ha) in all seasons. Applications of either azoxystrobin or difenoconazole (as Score) at a rate of 250 ml of product/ha in early spring were the most effective, whereas no significant benefit was demonstrated from applications in autumn. Over all seasons, azoxystrobin applications resulted in double the weight of flowers produced compared with nontreated areas, whereas increases in pyrethrin content within the flowers were season and location specific. Application of azoxystrobin and chlorothalonil (as Bravo 720) at a rate of 1.4 liters of product/ha resulted in a 45 to 48% increase in flowers, reduced defoliation, and increased stem diameter. The weight of individual flowers and flower maturity was not significantly affected by fungicide application. These data provide the basis for cost-effective management of this disease.
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Pethybridge, S. J., and C. R. Wilson. "Confirmation of ray blight disease of pyrethrum in Australia." Australasian Plant Pathology 27, no. 1 (1998): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ap98004.
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Wei, Rongrui, Qinge Ma, Guoyue Zhong, and Zhipei Sang. "Hepatoprotective Xanthones from the Aerial Parts of Pyrethrum tatsienense." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 56, no. 2 (March 2020): 224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10600-020-02993-5.
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Varga, Filip, Nina Jeran, Zlatko Šatović, Martina Biošić, and Martina Grdiša. "High diversity of natural Dalmatian pyrethrum based on pyrethrin composition at intra- and interpopulation level." Phytochemistry 192 (December 2021): 112934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112934.
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Hay, Frank S., David H. Gent, Stacey J. Pilkington, Tamieka L. Pearce, Jason B. Scott, and Sarah J. Pethybridge. "Changes in Distribution and Frequency of Fungi Associated With a Foliar Disease Complex of Pyrethrum in Australia." Plant Disease 99, no. 9 (September 2015): 1227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-14-1357-re.
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In Australia, pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) is affected by a foliar disease complex that can substantially reduce green leaf area and yield. Historically, the most important foliar disease of pyrethrum in Australia has been ray blight, caused by Stagonosporopsis tanaceti, and other fungi generally of minor importance. Temporal fluctuations in the frequency of fungi associated with foliar disease were quantified in each of 83 fields in northern Tasmania, Australia, during 2012 and 2013. Sampling was conducted throughout winter (April to July), spring (August to September), and summer (November) representing different phenological stages. Microsphaeropsis tanaceti, the cause of tan spot, was the pathogen most prevalent and isolated at the highest frequency, irrespective of sampling period. The next most common species was S. tanaceti, whose isolation frequency was low in winter and increased in spring and summer. Known pathogens of pyrethrum, Alternaria tenuissima, Colletotrichum tanaceti, and Stemphylium botryosum were recovered sporadically and at low frequency. Two species of potential importance, Paraphoma chrysanthemicola and Itersonilia perplexans, were also found at low frequency. This finding suggests a substantial shift in the dominant pathogen associated with foliar disease, from S. tanaceti to M. tanaceti, and coincides with an increase in defoliation severity in winter, and control failures of the spring fungicide program. Factors associated with this finding were also investigated. Sensitivity of M. tanaceti and S. tanaceti populations to the fungicides boscalid and cyprodinil collected prior to and following disease control failures in the field were tested under in vitro conditions. A high proportion (60%) of the M. tanaceti isolates obtained from fields in which no response to the spring fungicide program was found were insensitive to 50 µg a.i./ml boscalid. This represented a 4.2-fold increase in the frequency of this phenotype within the M. tanaceti population over 2 years. No shifts in sensitivities to cyprodinil of M. tanaceti and S. tanaceti, or S. tanaceti to boscalid, were observed. Considering the increase in defoliation severity over winter, the benefits of applying fungicides in autumn, in addition to the commercial standard (spring only), were quantified in 14 individual field trials conducted in 2011 and 2012. Mixed-model analysis suggested fungicide application in autumn may improve pyrethrum growth during late winter and early spring, although effects on defoliation and yield were minimal. The increasing prevalence and isolation frequency of M. tanaceti and boscalid resistance within the population is of concern and highlights the urgent need for adoption of nonchemical methods for disease management in Australian pyrethrum fields.
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Ouarghidi, Abderrahim, Bronwen Powell, Gary J. Martin, and Abdelaziz Abbad. "Traditional Sustainable Harvesting Knowledge and Distribution of a Vulnerable Wild Medicinal Root (A. pyrethrum var. pyrethrum) in Ait M’hamed Valley, Morocco." Economic Botany 71, no. 1 (March 2017): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12231-017-9374-2.
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Fernández-Grandon, G. Mandela, Steven J. Harte, Jaspher Ewany, Daniel Bray, and Philip C. Stevenson. "Additive Effect of Botanical Insecticide and Entomopathogenic Fungi on Pest Mortality and the Behavioral Response of Its Natural Enemy." Plants 9, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9020173.
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Sustainable agricultural intensification employs alternatives to synthetic insecticides for pest management, but these are not always a direct replacement. Botanical insecticides, for example, have rapid knockdown but are highly labile and while biological pesticides are more persistent, they are slow acting. To mitigate these shortcomings, we combined the entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) Metarhizium anisopliae with pyrethrum and evaluated their efficacy against the bean aphid, Aphis fabae. To ascertain higher trophic effects, we presented these treatments to the parasitoid, Aphidius colemani, on an aphid infested plant in a Y-tube olfactometer and measured their preferences. Aphid mortality was significantly higher than controls when exposed to EPF or pyrethrum but was greater still when exposed to a combination of both treatments, indicating an additive effect. This highlights the potential for applications of pyrethrum at lower doses, or the use of less refined products with lower production costs to achieve control. While parasitoids were deterred by aphid infested plants treated with EPF, no preference was observed with the combination pesticide, which provides insight into the importance that both application technique and timing may play in the success of this new technology. These results indicate the potential for biorational pesticides that combine botanicals with EPF.
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Jeran, Nina, Martina Grdiša, Filip Varga, Zlatko Šatović, Zlatko Liber, Dario Dabić, and Martina Biošić. "Correction to: Pyrethrin from Dalmatian pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Sch. Bip.): biosynthesis, biological activity, methods of extraction and determination." Phytochemistry Reviews 20, no. 5 (October 2021): 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11101-021-09778-w.
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Kardinan, Agus, Tri Eko Wahyono, and Nurbetti Tarigan. "Persistence of Botanical Insecticide Residue of Pyrethrum and Neem in Rice Plant." Buletin Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat 28, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/bullittro.v28n2.2017.191-198.
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<em>Brown planthopper is still a major problem in rice. Control using botanical insecticides is considered less effective, since its persistence in rice plantation is short. Research on the persistence of botanical insecticide residues of pyrethrum and neem in rice has been conducted in green house of Entomology, Indonesian Spices and Medicinal Crops Research Institute, Bogor from January to December 2016. The research was aimed to determine the persistence of botanical insecticide residue on rice by testing it to brown planthopper mortality. The study was arranged in complete randomized design with six treatments and four replications. The treatment consisted of two pyrethrum formulas (EC); two neem formulas (EC); positive controls of synthetic insecticides (a.i. carbosulfan) and negative control (water). The method used was Leaf Residue Method, by spraying the formula into one month-old rice plants, then 10 brown planthopper nymphs of forth instar were introduced into each plant in the first, second, third and fourth day after spraying. The planthopper mortality was observed in the first, third, sixth, 24th and 48th hours after introduction. The residuals of all insecticides tested were still affecting the mortality of brown planthopper until the fourth day after spraying, although the effectiveness</em> <em>decreased by the time. The average mortality on the first day introduction after spraying ranged between 53-73 % and in the fourth day after spraying was 18-25 %.</em>
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Meurer-Grimes, Barbara, J. E. Casida, and G. B. Quistad. "Pyrethrum Flowers. Production, Chemistry, Toxicology, and Uses." Brittonia 48, no. 4 (October 1996): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2807884.
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Pethybridge, Sarah J., Frank Hay, Paul Esker, Calum Wilson, and Forrest W. Nutter. "Use of a Multispectral Radiometer for Noninvasive Assessments of Foliar Disease Caused by Ray Blight in Pyrethrum." Plant Disease 91, no. 11 (November 2007): 1397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-11-1397.
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Foliar disease due to ray blight (Phoma ligulicola) in pyrethrum was quantified at three locations over 2 years in Tasmania, Australia. To obtain a range of ray blight disease intensities, replicated plots were treated with fungicides that varied in efficacy to control ray blight. Visual disease assessments and measurement of canopy reflectance were made at least once during spring (September through December). Visual assessments involved removal of flowering stems at ground level from which measurements of defoliation severity and the incidence of stems with ray blight were obtained. Reflectance of sunlight from pyrethrum canopies was measured at 485, 560, 660, 830, and 1,650 nm using a handheld multispectral radiometer. Measurements from these wavelengths also were used to calculate all possible reflectance ratios, as well as four vegetative indices. Relationships between wavelength bands, reflectance ratios, vegetative indices, and disease intensity measures were described by linear regression analyses. Several wavelength bands, ratios, and vegetative indices were significantly related in a linear fashion to visual measures of disease intensity. The most consistent relationships, with high R2 and low coefficients of variation values, varied with crop growth stage over time. The ratio 830/560 was identified as the best predictor of stem height, defoliation severity, and number of flowers produced on each stem in October. However, reflectance within the near-infrared range (830 nm) and the difference vegetative index was superior in November. The use of radiometric assessment of disease was noninvasive and provided savings in disease assessment time, which is critical where visual assessment is difficult and requires destructive sampling, as with pyrethrum.