Journal articles: 'Pyrgi'

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Yangaki, Anastasia G. "A beekeeper’s kit of the First Byzantine period in Eleutherna (Crete)." Journal of Greek Archaeology 7 (November 23, 2022): 298–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/jga.v7i.1718.

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The site of ancient Eleutherna is located in the regional unit of Rethymnon, around 25 km away from the town of that name, in the region of Mylopotamos, northwest of Mount Ida. Hills characterise the archaeological zone of the site, deeply cut through by two streams, to the east and to the west. It is a naturally fortified site, blessed with rich vegetation. Systematic excavations in Eleutherna by the University of Crete began in 1985. The whole site was divided into three Sectors. The eastern and western sides of one of these hills, Pyrgi, have been excavated (Sectors I and III, respectively), as well as the hill of Pyrgi (Figure 1), itself, which corresponds to the acropolis, and the hill to west of Pyrgi, Nisi (Sector II). These two hills are oriented north-south. The former has a more pointed shape at the northern end, and consists of terraces that have an elevation of 320 to 380 m. There lies the Central Plateau of the Acropolis of Eleutherna. Thanks to the investigations, architectural remains from various eras have been revealed on the eastern and western sides, as well as on the end of each of these hills. During the period from the 4th until at least the first half of the 8th century AD, forming part of the so-called First Byzantine period of the island, which is of interest to us, Eleutherna experienced great growth. Important architectural remains from a settlement of that period are mainly concentrated in the valley east of Pyrgi (Sector I) and on the hill of Pyrgi (Sector II).

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Ivanković, Milorad. "A New Decipherment of the Pyrgi Tablets with Reliance on Astronomy." Athens Journal of Mediterranean Studies 9, no. 2 (2023): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajms.9-2-3.

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The three golden tablets from Pyrgi, an ancient site on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea, in Lazio, Italy, known as Laminae Pyrgienses discovered in 1964 is the only bilingual Etruscan text of which one tablet is inscribed in Phoenician and the other two in Etruscan. Hoped to be a kind of Etruscan ‘Rosetta Stone’ with identical texts in two languages, the initial enthusiasm turned into disappointment when the researchers realized that the texts were incongruent with each other, the Etruscan being rather paraphrased from the Phoenician, or vice versa. Since then a number of attempts at its deciphering were undertaken but with moderate success. Despite some progress achieved in recent years, there still remain some portions of the Etruscan text that defy sound interpretation of its content. The present paper takes quite a different approach, relying on the astronomical data already alluded to by the texts of the Pyrgi tablets themselves for more promising results. Keywords: Pyrgi tablets, Phoenician, Etruscan, goddesses, astronomy

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de Grummond, Nancy T. "Moon Over Pyrgi: Catha, an Etruscan Lunar Goddess?" American Journal of Archaeology 112, no. 3 (2008): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3764/aja.112.3.419.

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4

Schmitz, Philip C. "The Phoenician Text from the Etruscan Sanctuary at Pyrgi." Journal of the American Oriental Society 115, no. 4 (1995): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/604727.

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Wylin, Koen. "Pyrgi B et la rédaction de la Tabula Cortonensis." Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire 84, no. 1 (2006): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rbph.2006.5004.

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Stathopoulou, Charoula. "Traditional patterns in Pyrgi of Chios: Mathematics and Community." Nexus Network Journal 9, no. 1 (2007): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00004-006-0032-8.

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Facchetti, Giulio. "Basilea, Zü 332. Coppa attica a figure nere iscritta. Etrusco uneial." Aristonothos. Rivista di Studi sul Mediterraneo Antico 20 (December 20, 2024): 53–62. https://doi.org/10.54103/2037-4488/27597.

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Il contributo esamina gli aspetti linguistici dell’iscrizione e individua in uno stesso ambito territoriale e cronologico – Pyrgi, fine del VI – inizi del V secolo a.C. – la compresenza di due appellativi leggermente distinti (Uni e Unei-) per designare la stessa divinità. L’evidenza va probabilmente collegata all’esistenza di due tradizioni scribali e linguistiche distinte, di cui la variante Unei- sembrerebbe rappresentare una forma più “enfatica” destinata ad essere infine riassorbita in Uni.

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Wikander, Ola. "The religio-social message of the gold tablets from Pyrgi." Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome 1 (November 2008): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-01-06.

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The gold tablets from Pyrgi, studied many times for linguistic and philological reasons, constitute a clear example of religio-social ideology at work. They deploy their themes (the goddess, the ruler, the sanctuary) in a way that helps create the symbolical universe of the readers, in whose world it is inscribed that these things are part of a greater, orderly whole. The texts are here analysed from the points of view of ideology, power and religious tendency, as parts of the system of religious symbolism that they seek to legitimize. Rhetorical points are also touched upon, as well as the fundamental question of the implied readership of the texts.

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Bagnasco Gianni, Giovanna. "Basilea, Zü 332. Coppa attica a figure nere iscritta. L’iscrizione." Aristonothos. Rivista di Studi sul Mediterraneo Antico 20 (December 20, 2024): 37–52. https://doi.org/10.54103/2037-4488/27596.

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Il contributo esamina gli aspetti epigrafici e di contesto dell’iscrizione mi uneial graffita sul piede della coppa esaminata per gli aspetti archeologici da Cristina Ridi. Su tali basi prescinde da un collegamento del piede con la coppa e la sua iconografia. Gli elementi raccolti sembrerebbero consentire qualche considerazione ai fini di circoscrivere la cultura epigrafica di riferimento nel luogo e nel periodo in cui fu prodotta la lamina bronzea dall’area C del santuario monumentale di Pyrgi alla fine del VI – inizi del V secolo a.C.

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10

Camous, Thierry. "Les Phéniciens dans l'historiographie romaine et la sous-évaluation du rôle joué par les influences sémitiques dans la République avant les guerres puniques." Revue des Études Anciennes 109, no. 1 (2007): 227–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rea.2007.6538.

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Rome connut dans sa plus haute histoire une influence phénicienne notable. Les témoignages archéologiques révèlent les traces du passage des commerçants phéniciens dans un Latium ancien idéalement situé entre Étrurie et Campanie. Les plus anciens cultes de Rome et des environs -Satricum, Pyrgi -ont été, à l’image de l’Hercule de l’ara Maxima, fortement influencés par les Phéniciens. De même on ne doute plus guère aujourd’hui de l’historicité des traités romano-carthaginois. L’historiographie romaine qui se forge avec les premiers annalistes qui ont connu la guerre d’ Hannibal a consciemment évincé de la «vulgate » l’élément phénicien, alors même qu’elle n’a pu ignorer l’importance de son influence sur les origines de Rome et la première histoire de l'Vrbs.

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11

Schmitz, Philip, and Sergio Battaglini. "Le lamine di Pyrgi: Le bilingue etrusco-fenicia e il problema delle origini etrusche." Journal of the American Oriental Society 123, no. 3 (2003): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3217766.

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12

Knoppers, Gary N. ""The God in His Temple": The Phoenician Text from Pyrgi as a Funerary Inscription." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 51, no. 2 (1992): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/373534.

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13

Anzidei, Marco, Fawzi Doumaz, Antonio Vecchio, et al. "Sea Level Rise Scenario for 2100 A.D. in the Heritage Site of Pyrgi (Santa Severa, Italy)." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 2 (2020): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8020064.

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Sea level rise is one of the main risk factors for the preservation of cultural heritage sites located along the coasts of the Mediterranean basin. Coastal retreat, erosion, and storm surges are posing serious threats to archaeological and historical structures built along the coastal zones of this region. In order to assess the coastal changes by the end of 2100 under the expected sea level rise of about 1 m, we need a detailed determination of the current coastline position based on high resolution Digital Surface Models (DSM). This paper focuses on the use of very high-resolution Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) imagery for the generation of ultra-high-resolution mapping of the coastal archaeological area of Pyrgi, Italy, which is located near Rome. The processing of the UAV imagery resulted in the generation of a DSM and an orthophoto with an accuracy of 1.94 cm/pixel. The integration of topographic data with two sea level rise projections in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR5 2.6 and 8.5 climatic scenarios for this area of the Mediterranean are used to map sea level rise scenarios for 2050 and 2100. The effects of the Vertical Land Motion (VLM) as estimated from two nearby continuous Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations located as close as possible to the coastline are included in the analysis. Relative sea level rise projections provide values at 0.30 ± 0.15 cm by 2050 and 0.56 ± 0.22 cm by 2100 for the IPCC AR5 8.5 scenarios and at 0.13 ± 0.05 cm by 2050 and 0.17 ± 0.22 cm by 2100, for the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) 2.6 scenario. These values of rise correspond to a potential beach loss between 12.6% and 23.5% in 2100 for Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 2.6 and 8.5 scenarios, respectively, while, during the highest tides, the beach will be provisionally reduced by up to 46.4%. In higher sea level positions and storm surge conditions, the expected maximum wave run up for return time of 1 and 100 years is at 3.37 m and 5.76 m, respectively, which is capable to exceed the local dune system. With these sea level rise scenarios, Pyrgi with its nearby Etruscan temples and the medieval castle of Santa Severa will be exposed to high risk of marine flooding, especially during storm surges. Our scenarios show that suitable adaptation and protection strategies are required.

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Moore, Daniel. "The Etruscan Goddess Catha." Etruscan Studies 21, no. 1-2 (2018): 58–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/etst-2017-0030.

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Abstract The Etruscan goddess Catha has long been regarded as a solar deity. G. Thulin (1906) was one of the first to characterize Catha as a solar deity based on inscriptions referencing Catha on a mirror from Orbetello and on the Piacenza Liver. Although Thulin’s interpretations of these inscriptions have been challenged, the goddess Catha is still perceived to be a solar deity. Evidence from the goddess’s cult site at Pyrgi, where she was known as Kautha, inscriptions on artifacts that bear her name, and bucchero vessels that appear to display the goddess as a potnia theron suggest that the idea of Catha/Kautha as a solar deity should be set aside. Instead, the Etruscan goddess Catha/Kautha should be viewed as a chthonic fertility deity, of particular importance to elites in Orientalizing Etruria, who appealed to her to guide the spirits of the dead into the afterlife and to protect young mothers and infants, who would ensure the hereditary succession of their class.

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15

Orlando, Luciana, Laura M. Michetti, Barbara Belelli Marchesini, Paolo Papeschi, and Fabio Giannino. "Dense georadar survey for a large‐scale reconstruction of the archaeological site of Pyrgi (Santa Severa, Rome)." Archaeological Prospection 26, no. 4 (2019): 369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arp.1750.

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16

Preusz, Michal, Jan Tříska, Naděžda Vrchotová, Josef Vilímek, Flavio Enei, and Klára Preusz. "Chemical profile of organic residues from ancient amphoras found in Pyrgi and Castrum Novum, Tyrrhenian Sea (Italy)." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 24 (April 2019): 565–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.02.002.

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17

Bianchi, Edoardo. "Italy after the Pyrrhic War: the Beginnings of Roman Colonization in Etruria." Klio 100, no. 3 (2018): 765–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/klio-2018-0129.

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Summary My paper aims to clarify the subsequent steps of Rome’s encroachment on Etruria in the aftermath of the Pyrrhic War. As is well known, the Latin colony of Cosa was founded in 273 BC on the Tyrrhenian coast to the north of Vulci; moreover, in the years 264–245 BC, four citizen colonies were founded on the Caeretan coast, namely Castrum Novum, Pyrgi, Alsium and Fregenae. Unfortunately, it is not easy to reconstruct precisely what the Roman movements in Etruria were, or how the Etruscans reacted to them. Above all, it is difficult to determine whether (and to what extent) a colonial foundation like Cosa – which was contemporary with the establishment of Paestum in Lucania – was part of a broader and coherent strategy that the Romans had been following in their expansion into the Italian peninsula. By evaluating all the available evidence, I will try to demonstrate that the foundation of Cosa depended more upon particular contingencies than upon any preconceived plan for the conquest of Italy.

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Cingano, Ettore. "Il duello tra Tideo e Melanippo nella "Biblioteca" dello Ps. Apollodoro e nell'altorilievo etrusco di Pyrgi. Un'ipotesi stesicorea." Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica 25, no. 1 (1987): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20538966.

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19

Rovere, Alessio, Fabrizio Antonioli, Flavio Enei, and Stefano Giorgi. "Relative sea level change at the archaeological site of Pyrgi (Santa Severa, Rome) during the last seven millennia." Quaternary International 232, no. 1-2 (2011): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2010.07.003.

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Shin, Yeonoh, Mark Hedglin, and Katsuhiko S. Murakami. "Structural basis of reiterative transcription from the pyrG and pyrBI promoters by bacterial RNA polymerase." Nucleic Acids Research 48, no. 4 (2020): 2144–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz1221.

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Abstract Reiterative transcription is a non-canonical form of RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase in which a ribonucleotide specified by a single base in the DNA template is repetitively added to the nascent RNA transcript. We previously determined the X-ray crystal structure of the bacterial RNA polymerase engaged in reiterative transcription from the pyrG promoter, which contains eight poly-G RNA bases synthesized using three C bases in the DNA as a template and extends RNA without displacement of the promoter recognition σ factor from the core enzyme. In this study, we determined a series of transcript initiation complex structures from the pyrG promoter using soak–trigger–freeze X-ray crystallography. We also performed biochemical assays to monitor template DNA translocation during RNA synthesis from the pyrG promoter and in vitro transcription assays to determine the length of poly-G RNA from the pyrG promoter variants. Our study revealed how RNA slips on template DNA and how RNA polymerase and template DNA determine length of reiterative RNA product. Lastly, we determined a structure of a transcript initiation complex at the pyrBI promoter and proposed an alternative mechanism of RNA slippage and extension requiring the σ dissociation from the core enzyme.

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Turfa, Jean MacIntosh, and Alwin G. Steinmayer. "The comparative structure of Greek and Etruscan monumental buildings." Papers of the British School at Rome 64 (November 1996): 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246200010333.

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LA STRUTTURA COMPARATIVA DEGLI EDIFICI MONUMENTALI GRECI ED ETRUSCHISe esaminati da un punto di vista ingegneristico, gli edifici monumentali greci presentano sostanziali differenze con quelli di origini etrusco/italica. La tecnica greca comprendeva l'uso di imponend architravi in pietra atti a resistere al carico imposto lateralmente dai pesand tetti in tegole di terracotta. Gli Etruschi risolsero lo stesso problema grazie all'uso di travi su cui veniva scaricata la tensione. L'uso di travi di tensione in Italia rese possible la copertura a tetto di strutture con campate molto ampie (senza colonne interne) e con ampi aggetti, stabilendo così la caratteristica configurazione del tempio toscano. Calcoli basati sulle misure dei tempi greci ed etrusco/italici hanno evidenziato come la trave di tensione toscana fosse più efficiente rispetto alle tecniche greche dell'epoca. Gli architetti greci, in virtù dell'abbondanza di utile materiale da costruzione e di lavoro stagionale, non erano forse stimolati allo sviluppo di nuove tecniche, o forse non riuscirono mai a risolvere il problema delle giunture di tensione.In contrasto con i metodi moderni, che fanno uso intensivo del metallo, gli antichi ingegneri etruschi erano costretti ad usare giunture di collegamento in legno nelle strutture di legno del tetto, al fine di porre una resistenza al carico laterale dei tetti in tegole. Questa pratica potrebbe già essere stata introdotta nell'VII secolo a.C., quando le tegole di terracotta furono introdotte nelle città etrusche. Tale tecnica è attestata dalle campate di grandi edifici quali l'edificio sudest di Murlo (c. 630–600 a.C), il tempio Portonaccio a Veii ed il tempio A di Pyrgi, e viene data per scontata per il Capitolium a Roma (dedicate nel 509 a.C). Le travi di tensione continuarono ad essere usate per vari secoli, rendendo possibile la costruzione delle basiliche romane della media e tarda repubblica, nonché i tipi successivi.

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Meng, Qi, and Robert L. Switzer. "Regulation of Transcription of the Bacillus subtilis pyrG Gene, Encoding Cytidine Triphosphate Synthetase." Journal of Bacteriology 183, no. 19 (2001): 5513–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.19.5513-5522.2001.

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ABSTRACT The B. subtilis pyrG gene, which encodes CTP synthetase, is located far from the pyrimidine biosynthetic operon on the chromosome and is independently regulated. The pyrGpromoter and 5′ leader were fused to lacZ and integrated into the chromosomes of several B. subtilis strains having mutations in genes of pyrimidine biosynthesis and salvage. These mutations allowed the intracellular pools of cytidine and uridine nucleotides to be manipulated by the composition of the growth medium. These experiments indicated that pyrGexpression is repressed by cytidine nucleotides but is largely independent of uridine nucleotides. The start ofpyrG transcription was mapped by primer extension to a position 178 nucleotides upstream of the translation initiation codon. A factor-independent termination hairpin lying between thepyrG promoter and its coding region is essential for regulation of pyrG expression. Primer-extended transcripts were equally abundant in repressed and derepressed cells when the primer bound upstream of the terminator, but they were much less abundant in repressed cells when the primer bound downstream of the terminator. Furthermore, deletion of the terminator from pyrG-lacZ fusions integrated into the chromosome yielded elevated levels of expression that was not repressible by cytidine. We suggest that cytidine repression of pyrGexpression is mediated by an antitermination mechanism in which antitermination by a putative trans-acting protein is reduced by elevated levels of cytidine nucleotides. Conservation of sequences and secondary structural elements in the pyrG5′ leaders of several other gram-positive bacteria indicates that theirpyrG genes are regulated by a similar mechanism.

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Shin, Yeonoh, and Katsuhiko Murakami. "Structural basis of reiterative transcription from the pyrG and pyrBI promoters by bacterial RNA polymerase." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 76, a1 (2020): a84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767320099158.

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Turnbough, Charles L., and Robert L. Switzer. "Regulation of Pyrimidine Biosynthetic Gene Expression in Bacteria: Repression without Repressors." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 72, no. 2 (2008): 266–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00001-08.

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SUMMARY DNA-binding repressor proteins that govern transcription initiation in response to end products generally regulate bacterial biosynthetic genes, but this is rarely true for the pyrimidine biosynthetic (pyr) genes. Instead, bacterial pyr gene regulation generally involves mechanisms that rely only on regulatory sequences embedded in the leader region of the operon, which cause premature transcription termination or translation inhibition in response to nucleotide signals. Studies with Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis pyr genes reveal a variety of regulatory mechanisms. Transcription attenuation via UTP-sensitive coupled transcription and translation regulates expression of the pyrBI and pyrE operons in enteric bacteria, whereas nucleotide effects on binding of the PyrR protein to pyr mRNA attenuation sites control pyr operon expression in most gram-positive bacteria. Nucleotide-sensitive reiterative transcription underlies regulation of other pyr genes. With the E. coli pyrBI, carAB, codBA, and upp-uraA operons, UTP-sensitive reiterative transcription within the initially transcribed region (ITR) leads to nonproductive transcription initiation. CTP-sensitive reiterative transcription in the pyrG ITRs of gram-positive bacteria, which involves the addition of G residues, results in the formation of an antiterminator RNA hairpin and suppression of transcription attenuation. Some mechanisms involve regulation of translation rather than transcription. Expression of the pyrC and pyrD operons of enteric bacteria is controlled by nucleotide-sensitive transcription start switching that produces transcripts with different potentials for translation. In Mycobacterium smegmatis and other bacteria, PyrR modulates translation of pyr genes by binding to their ribosome binding site. Evidence supporting these conclusions, generalizations for other bacteria, and prospects for future research are presented.

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Schoeninger, Karine, Diego Galvão de Pádua, Lidianne Salvatierra, and Marcio Luiz de Oliveira. "First Record of Pediobius pyrgo Walker (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in South America and its Emergence from Egg Sacs of Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch (Araneae: Theridiidae)." EntomoBrasilis 8, no. 1 (2015): 79–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v8i1.470.

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We record the first time the occurrence of Pediobius pyrgo (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) for South America. This is also the first report of P. pyrgo emerging from egg sacs of Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch (Araneae: Theridiidae).  Primeiro Registro de Pediobius pyrgo (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) na América do Sul e sua Emergência em Sacos de Ovos de Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch (Araneae: Theridiidae) Resumo. Registramos pela primeira vez a ocorrência de Pediobius pyrgo (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) para a América do Sul. Este também é o primeiro relato de P. pyrgo emergindo de sacos de ovos de Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch (Araneae: Theridiidae).

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Jørgensen, Casper Møller, Karin Hammer, and Jan Martinussen. "CTP Limitation Increases Expression of CTP Synthase in Lactococcus lactis." Journal of Bacteriology 185, no. 22 (2003): 6562–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.185.22.6562-6574.2003.

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ABSTRACT CTP synthase is encoded by the pyrG gene and catalyzes the conversion of UTP to CTP. A Lactococcus lactis pyrG mutant with a cytidine requirement was constructed, in which β-galactosidase activity in a pyrG-lacLM transcriptional fusion was used to monitor gene expression of pyrG. A 10-fold decrease in the CTP pool induced by cytidine limitation was found to immediately increase expression of the L. lactis pyrG gene. The final level of expression of pyrG is 37-fold higher than the uninduced level. CTP limitation has pronounced effects on central cellular metabolism, and both RNA and protein syntheses are inhibited. Expression of pyrG responds only to the cellular level of CTP, since expression of pyrG has no correlation to alterations in UTP, GTP, and ATP pool sizes. In the untranslated pyrG leader sequence a potential terminator structure can be identified, and this structure is required for regulation of the pyrG gene. It is possible to fold the pyrG leader in an alternative structure that would prevent the formation of the terminator. We suggest a model for pyrG regulation in L. lactis, and probably in other gram-positive bacteria as well, in which pyrG expression is directly dependent on the CTP concentration through an attenuator mechanism. At normal CTP concentrations a terminator is preferentially formed in the pyrG leader, thereby reducing expression of CTP synthase. At low CTP concentrations the RNA polymerase pauses at a stretch of C residues in the pyrG leader, thereby allowing an antiterminator to form and transcription to proceed. This model therefore does not include any trans-acting protein for sensing the CTP concentration as previously proposed for Bacillus subtilis.

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Jung, Young Yun, Chulwon Kim, In Jin Ha, et al. "Pyrimethamine Modulates Interplay between Apoptosis and Autophagy in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 15 (2021): 8147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158147.

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Pyrimethamine (Pyri) is being used in combination with other medications to treat serious parasitic infections of the body, brain, or eye and to also reduce toxoplasmosis infection in the patients with HIV infection. Additionally, Pyri can display significant anti-cancer potential in different tumor models, but the possible mode of its actions remains unclear. Hence, in this study, the possible anti-tumoral impact of Pyri on human chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) was deciphered. Pyri inhibited cell growth in various types of tumor cells and exhibited a marked inhibitory action on CML cells. In addition to apoptosis, Pyri also triggered sustained autophagy. Targeted inhibition of autophagy sensitized the tumor cells to Pyri-induced apoptotic cell death. Moreover, the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) and its downstream target gene Bcl-2 was attenuated by Pyri. Accordingly, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated STAT5 knockdown augmented Pyri-induced autophagy and apoptosis and promoted the suppressive action of Pyri on cell viability. Moreover, ectopic overexpression of Bcl-2 protected the cells from Pyri-mediated autophagy and apoptosis. Overall, the data indicated that the attenuation of STAT5-Bcl-2 cascade by Pyri can regulate its growth inhibitory properties by simultaneously targeting both apoptosis and autophagy cell death mechanism(s).

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Xiao, C. L., and R. J. Boal. "Distribution of Potebniamyces pyri in the U.S. Pacific Northwest and Its Association with a Canker and Twig Dieback Disease of Pear Trees." Plant Disease 89, no. 9 (2005): 920–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0920.

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Winter pears (Pyrus communis) in the United States are produced primarily in the Pacific Northwest. Potebniamyces pyri (anamorph Phacidiopycnis piri) is the causal agent of Phacidiopycnis rot, a recently reported postharvest disease on pears in the United States. Infection of fruit by P. pyri occurs in the orchard, and symptoms develop during storage. P. pyri was observed to be associated with cankers, dead bark, and twig dieback of pear trees. P. pyri was isolated from 40 to 50% of the twig samples exhibiting dieback symptoms from three commercial d'Anjou pear orchards, and 35% of dying bark samples from one orchard. However, little information is available regarding pathogenicity of P. pyri on pear trees. To determine the distribution of P. pyri, dying and dead bark samples were collected from pear orchards in various pear-producing areas in Oregon and Washington, and examined for presence of fruiting bodies (pycnidia or apothecia) of P. pyri. In the orchard, 2-year-old twigs were wounded using a sterile cork borer with or without spraying with a commercial aerosol tissue-freezing product at the wound sites. Wounds were then inoculated with either mycelial plugs from an agar medium or conidial suspensions of P. pyri. In a separate experiment, freshly made pruning wounds were inoculated with conidial suspensions of P. pyri. Canker development was monitored approximately monthly for up to 6 months after inoculation, at which time reisolation of P. pyri was attempted. P. pyri was found to be widespread in the Pacific Northwest. Incidence of trees infected by P. pyri based on presence of viable pycnidia in pear orchards ranged from 0 to 100%. Monthly tree inoculations in the orchard indicated that P. pyri in general did not cause cankers on non-cold-injured, wound-inoculated twigs, but apparently became established on cold-injured, wound-inoculated twigs and caused small cankers. Minor dieback developed on twigs inoculated at pruning wounds. At 6 months after inoculation, P. pyri was recovered from the majority of inoculated twigs. Thus, P. pyri appears to be a weak canker-causing pathogen on pear trees.

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Choi, Yeon-Jae, Hyerang Eom, Rutuja Nandre, et al. "Simultaneous gene editing of both nuclei in a dikaryotic strain of Ganoderma lucidum using Cas9-gRNA ribonucleoprotein." Journal of Microbiology 63, no. 1 (2025): e:2409006. https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2409006.

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The presence of multiple nuclei in a common cytoplasm poses a significant challenge to genetic modification in mushrooms. Here, we demonstrate successful gene editing in both nuclei of a dikaryotic strain of Ganoderma lucidum using the Cas9-gRNA ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP). The RNP targeting the pyrG gene was introduced into dikaryotic protoplasts of G. lucidum, resulting in the isolation of 31 mycelial colonies resistant to 5-fluoroorotic acid (5-FOA). Twenty-six of these isolates were confirmed as dikaryotic strains by the presence of two distinct A mating type markers, denoted as A1 and A2. All dikaryons exhibited clamp connections on their mycelial hyphae, while the remaining 5 transformants were monokaryotic. Subsequent sequence analysis of PCR amplicons targeting pyrG revealed that two dikaryons harbored disrupted pyrG in both nuclei (pyrG-/pyrG-), while 10 and 14 displayed pyrG+/pyrG- (A1/A2) and pyrG-/pyrG+ (A1/A2) configurations, respectively. The disruption was achieved through non-homologous end joining repair, involving deletion or insertion of DNA fragments at the site of the double-strand break induced by RNP. Importantly, the nuclei were stable throughout 10 serial transfers over a period of 6 months. These findings highlight the capability of RNP to target genes across multiple nuclei within the same cytoplasm.

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Ridgway, D. "Oggetti iscritti di epoca orientalizzante in Eturia. G Bagnasco Gianni. L'altorilievo di Pyrgi: dei ed eroi greci in Etruria. G Colonna. Etruscan Italy: Etruscan Influences on the Civilizations of Italy from Antiquity to the Modern Era. JF Hall." Classical Review 48, no. 1 (1998): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cr/48.1.141.

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Zou, Lin, Xiao-Ye Wang, Xiao-Xiao Zhang, et al. "Toward electron-deficient pyrene derivatives: construction of pyrene tetracarboxylic diimide containing five-membered imide rings." Chemical Communications 51, no. 63 (2015): 12585–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc04860e.

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Electron-deficient pyrene-1,2,6,7-tetracarboxylic diimide (PyrDI) and pyrene-4,9-dicyano-1,2,6,7-tetracarboxylic diimide (PyrDI-CN) containing five-membered imide rings have been designed and synthesized as a new family of aromatic diimides.

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Yuan, Hongbo, Bingke Shi, Tianxiang Huang, et al. "Biological Control of Pear Valsa Canker Caused by Valsa pyri Using Penicillium citrinum." Horticulturae 7, no. 7 (2021): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7070198.

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Valsa canker caused by Valsa pyri is one of the most destructive diseases of commercial pear. For the present analysis, 29 different endophytic fungal strains were isolated from the branches of a healthy pear tree. In dual culture assays, strain ZZ1 exhibited robust antifungal activity against all tested pathogens including Valsa pyri. Microscopic analyses suggested that following co-culture with ZZ1, the hyphae of V. pyri were ragged, thin, and ruptured. ZZ1 also induced significant decreases in lesion length and disease incidence on detached pear branches inoculated with V. pyri. ZZ1 isolate-derived culture filtrates also exhibited antifungal activity against V. pyri, decreasing mycelial growth and conidium germination and inhibiting V. pyri-associated lesion development on pear branches. These results suggest that the ZZ1 isolate has the potential for use as a biological control agent against V. pyri. The strain was further identified as Penicillium citrinum based on its morphological characteristics and molecular analyses. Overall, these data highlight a potentially valuable new biocontrol resource for combating pear Valsa canker.

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Meng, Qi, and Robert L. Switzer. "cis-Acting Sequences of Bacillus subtilis pyrG mRNA Essential for Regulation by Antitermination." Journal of Bacteriology 184, no. 23 (2002): 6734–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.184.23.6734-6738.2002.

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ABSTRACT Expression of the Bacillus subtilis pyrG gene, which encodes CTP synthetase, is repressed by cytidine nucleotides. Regulation involves a termination-antitermination mechanism acting at a transcription terminator located within the 5′ untranslated pyrG leader sequence. Deletion and substitution mutagenesis of a series of pyrG′-lacZ transcriptional fusions integrated into the B. subtilis chromosome demonstrated that only the terminator stem-loop and two specific 4- to 6-nucleotide RNA sequences were required for derepression of pyrG by starvation for cytidine nucleotides. The first sequence, GGGC/U, comprises the first four nucleotides at the 5′ end of the pyrG transcript, and the second, GCUCCC, forms the first six nucleotides of the 5′ strand of the terminator stem. All of the nucleotides lying between the two required RNA sequences can be deleted without loss of regulation. We propose that an as-yet-unidentified regulatory protein binds to these two RNA segments and prevents termination of transcription in the pyrG leader region when intracellular CTP levels are low.

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Hayashida, Kenji, Rei Shimizu, Yusuke Hikita, Kotaro Takeyasu, and Junji Nakamura. "Deactivation Mechanism of Pyridinic Nitrogen-Doped Carbon for ORR in Acidic Media." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 42 (2022): 1599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02421599mtgabs.

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Nitrogen doped (N-doped) carbons are attracting attention as Pt-free catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells. N-doped carbon catalysts exhibit high activity comparable to that of platinum in basic media whereas the activity is significantly reduced in acidic media. To solve the deactivation mechanism based on kinetics, we have investigated the reaction pathway of N-doped carbon catalysts. The active site of pyridinic nitrogen (pyri-N) is protonated to be pyridinium (pyri-NH+) in acidic media due to acid-base equilibrium of pyri-N + H+ ⇄ pyriNH+ (1) Following to Eq. (1), we recently exhibited that pyriNH+ + e- + O2⇄ O2a + pyri-NH(2) proceeds using model catalysts with homogenous active sites. In the step, the electrochemical reduction from pyri-NH+ to pyri-NH and thermal O2 adsorption simultaneously occurs wherein the adsorption of O2 promotes the electron transfer into π* orbital of pyri-NH. We proposed that the hydration of pyri-NH+ lowers the redox potential of Eq. (2) decreasing the ORR activity in acidic media. In the present study, we further considered the acid-base equilibrium of pyri-N in Eq. (1) to comprehensively answer why the ORR activity of N-doped carbon catalyst is high in alkaline media and is decreased in acidic media. To investigate the relationship between acid-base equilibrium and the activity, the electrochemical measurements were performed in electrolyte solutions of various pH. Figure 1 shows the onset potential (voltage at -100 μA/cm2) as a function of pH measure with a model catalyst of 1,10-phenanthroline/(carbon black). In the range from pH 5 to 13, the onset potential decreased with a slope of ~59 mV/pH, while at below pH 5, the onset potentials were almost constant. This indicates that the reaction mechanism changes due to the shift of the acid-base equilibrium. In low pH, the reactions determining the onset potential is assumed to be Eq. (2). On the other hand, at high pH, the reaction should start from pyri-N but not from pyri-NH+. We have figured out that pyri-N + H2O +e- + O2⇄ O2a + pyri-NH + OH- (3) takes place in alkaline madia. Figure 2 shows the N1s peak of the model catalyst applied voltage at pH 13 in N2-(left) and O2-(right)saturated electrolyte. A peak at 400.5 eV appeared at higher applied voltage in O2-saturated electrolyte. This means that pyri-N (399.2 eV) is reduced at a higher potential in the presence of O2 to form pyri-NH. In other words, oxygen adsorption and reduction of pyri-N simultaneously occurred in the presence of O2. The redox potentials of Eq. (2) and (3) explain the pH dependences of the onset potentials. The Nernst equations of Eq. (2) and Eq. (3) show pH-independent redox potential vs. RHE and pH-dependent redox potential vs. RHE with the slope of 59 mV/pH, respectively. This also means that the activity depends on the acid-base equilibrium of pyri-N. We also calculated the redox potentials based on DFT as shown in Figure 3. The additional important point is that the redox potentials of Eq. (2) is strongly influenced by the hydration whereas the redox potentials of Eq. (3) is not influenced by the hydration because the stability of pyri-N is not changed by the hydration. Therefore, the ORR activity in alkaline media is high because the redox potential of Eq. (2) vs. RHE is higher for the higher pH and is not influenced by the hydration. On the other hand, the activity in acidic media is lowered by the hydration. This is that the suppression of the hydration by the introduction of the hydrophobicity at the vicinity of the active site can significantly promote the activity in acidic media. Figure 1

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Auger, Philippe, Romain Bonafos, and Serge Kreiter. "Mancozeb resistance patterns among Kampimodromus aberrans and Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) strains from French vineyards." Canadian Entomologist 136, no. 5 (2004): 663–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n03-115.

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AbstractLaboratory bioassays were carried out on two species of phytoseiid mites to investigate their resistance to the fungicide mancozeb. Susceptible and suspected resistant strains of Kampimodromus aberrans (Oudemans) and Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten were tested. Mancozeb resistance factors were low to moderate: they reached 6.3 and 11.7 for K. aberrans and T. pyri, respectively. Intrinsic toxicity of mancozeb was approximately 5–10-fold more pronounced in females of K. aberrans than in females of T. pyri. The female susceptibility pattern of the most resistant strain of K. aberrans was quite close to that of the most susceptible strain of T. pyri. The LC50 values for the most resistant strains of K. aberrans and T. pyri were 4.6 and 43 times higher, respectively, than the maximum field application rate of mancozeb recommended for control of downy mildew in vineyards. Using a diagnostic concentration, a limited survey in vine plots indicated that most of the K. aberrans strains we tested were susceptible to mancozeb, but a few consisted of both resistant and susceptible individuals. All strains of T. pyri collected in Burgundy were susceptible. Half of the T. pyri strains from Bordeaux were susceptible and the other half were mixed populations of resistant and susceptible individuals.

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Garcia, Alexis, Gloria Adedoyin, Joseph Heitman, and Soo Chan Lee. "Construction of a Recyclable Genetic Marker and Serial Gene Deletions in the Human Pathogenic Mucorales Mucor circinelloides." G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics 7, no. 7 (2017): 2047–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.117.041095.

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Abstract Mucor circinelloides is a human pathogen, biofuel producer, and model system that belongs to a basal fungal lineage; however, the genetics of this fungus are limited. In contrast to ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, basal fungal lineages have been understudied. This may be caused by a lack of attention given to these fungi, as well as limited tools for genetic analysis. Nonetheless, the importance of these fungi as pathogens and model systems has increased. M. circinelloides is one of a few genetically tractable organisms in the basal fungi, but it is far from a robust genetic system when compared to model fungi in the subkingdom Dikarya. One problem is the organism is resistant to drugs utilized to select for dominant markers in other fungal transformation systems. Thus, we developed a blaster recyclable marker system by using the pyrG gene (encoding an orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase, ortholog of URA3 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae). A 237-bp fragment downstream of the pyrG gene was tandemly incorporated into the upstream region of the gene, resulting in construction of a pyrG-dpl237 marker. To test the functionality of the pyrG-dpl237 marker, we disrupted the carRP gene that is involved in carotenoid synthesis in pyrG− mutant background. The resulting carRP::pyrG-dpl237 mutants exhibit a white colony phenotype due to lack of carotene, whereas wild type displays yellowish colonies. The pyrG marker was then successfully excised, generating carRP-dpl237 on 5-FOA medium. The mutants became auxotrophic and required uridine for growth. We then disrupted the calcineurin B regulatory subunit cnbR gene in the carRP::dpl237 strain, generating mutants with the alleles carRP::dpl237 and cnbR::pyrG. These results demonstrate that the recyclable marker system is fully functional, and therefore the pyrG-dpl237 marker can be used for sequential gene deletions in M. circinelloides.

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Elsholz, Alexander K. W., Casper Møller Jørgensen, and Robert L. Switzer. "The Number of G Residues in the Bacillus subtilis pyrG Initially Transcribed Region Governs Reiterative Transcription-Mediated Regulation." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 5 (2006): 2176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01611-06.

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ABSTRACT Derepression of pyrG expression in Bacillus subtilis involves CTP-sensitive reiterative transcription, which introduces up to 11 extra G residues at the 5′ ends of pyrG transcripts. Insertion of three or more additional Gs at the 5′ end of the pyrG initially transcribed region abolished reiterative transcription and caused constitutive expression.

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Croft, B. A., P. Shearer, G. J. Fields, and H. W. Riedl. "DISTRIBUTION OF METASEIULUS OCCIDENTALIS (NESBITT) AND TYPHLODROMUS PYRI SCHEUTEN (PARASITIFORMES: PHYTOSEIIDAE) IN APPLE ORCHARDS OF THE HOOD RIVER VALLEY, OREGON." Canadian Entomologist 122, no. 1 (1990): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent1225-1.

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AbstractIn a survey of predaceous phytoseiid mites from 65 apple blocks in the Hood River Valley, Oregon, Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) and Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten were the principal species present. Metaseiulus occidentalis predominated over T. pyri by a ratio of about 2:1 in 1984 mites collected during 1985. In experimental, commercial, and integrated pest management blocks, M. occidentalis was present alone or predominated over T. pyri in up to 88% of the blocks, whereas T. pyri occurred alone or predominated in up to 20% of the blocks. Both species occurred in near equal proportions in a maximum of 20% of blocks. An analysis of nine factors influencing the relative abundance of M. occidentalis and T. pyri indicated that vegetation in the habitat surrounding the block and the pesticides used were most important. In 1986, seasonal distributions and proportions of predatory mites found in individual blocks were similar to those found in 1985. The feasibility of managing mixed populations of T. pyri and M. occidentalis in Hood River orchards is discussed.

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Billiald, H. E., N. A. Straw, and A. J. A. Stewart. "Adult fecundity, host plant preferences, field activity and parasitism in the leaf weevil Phyllobius pyri (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 100, no. 3 (2009): 303–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485309990307.

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AbstractAdults of the leaf weevil Phyllobius pyri (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) feed on a wide variety of broadleaved trees and occasionally cause severe defoliation in newly established farm woodlands. There is little information, however, on the relative susceptibility of different tree species to damage or on the habitat associations of adults and larvae of P. pyri, which might indicate the conditions that predispose trees to attack. Captures of adult P. pyri in emergence and flight traps in the current study indicated population densities in grassland of 0.5–6.4 adults per m2 at emergence but higher densities up to 13.5 per m2 in young pine plantations, where there was a mixture of grassy patches and young, naturally regenerating birch trees. The close proximity of larval food resources (grass roots) and a favoured adult host-plant, which also occurs in young farm woodlands, provided ideal conditions for P. pyri and allowed high population densities to develop. Feeding and performance experiments indicated that cherry, birch, oak and hornbeam were most susceptible to P. pyri, whereas field maple, hawthorn, rowan, lime and especially ash were resistant. Adult female P. pyri emerged in May reproductively immature and fed on tree foliage for 15.9±0.9 days before laying their first batch of eggs. Adults lived for 33.3±1.5 days, on average, and females laid a mean of 191.9±34.5 eggs (maximum=589) during their lifetime. Eggs hatched after 16–20 days. During 2003 and 2004, 11–16% of adult P. pyri were parasitised by Pygostylus falcatus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and 19–29% were parasitised by Rondania fasciata (Diptera: Tachinidae).

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Silva, Darliane Evangelho, Joseane Moreira Nascimento, Anderson De Azevedo Meira, et al. "Phytoseiid mites under different vineyard managements in the subregions of Lima and Cávado of the Vinho Verde region in Portugal." Systematic and Applied Acarology 24, no. 5 (2019): 918. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.24.5.13.

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Knowledge about phytoseiid species associated with vines is a preliminary step in the development and implementation of integrated management strategies against phytophagous mites such as Panonychus ulmi. The aim of this study was to perform a comparative survey of phytoseiids present in abandoned, organically managed, and conventionally managed vineyards, as well as to compare ecological indices in these production systems. Samplings were conducted between July and September 2017 in vineyards situated in the Subregions of Lima and Cávado, the Vinho Verde region. A total of 50 leaves/vineyard were collected from 12 vineyards, kept in containers at low temperature and taken to Escola Superior Agrária-Instituto Politécnico Viana do Castelo to be screened under a stereoscope microscope. A total of 3.153 phytoseiid mites were sampled, belonging to eight species distributed across the vineyards analyzed. The most common species were Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus) pyri (45.7%), Kampimodromus aberrans (39%), and Phytoseius macropilis (8.7%). Higher richness occurred in abandoned vineyards, with seven species, and the most abundant were K. aberrans (46.5%) and T. (T.) pyri (28.9%). Only two predatory species were present (in similar proportions) in organically managed vineyards, T. (T.) pyri and K. aberrans, while T. (T.) pyri predominated in conventionally managed vineyards (93.8%). Kampimodromus aberrans, P. macropilis, and T. (T.) pyri were eudominant in abandoned vineyards while K. aberrans and T. (T.) pyri were eudominant in organic vineyards. Typhlodromus (T.) pyri was eudominant and T. (T.) exhilaratus was dominant in conventionally managed vineyards. Therefore, we might conclude that phytoseiid abundance significantly differs among vineyard management types, with higher ecological indices in abandoned vineyards, and lower indices in conventional managed vineyards in the northern region of Portugal.

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Ali, Emran Md, Laxmi K. Pandit, Katie A. Mulvaney, and Achour Amiri. "Sensitivity of Phacidiopycnis spp. Isolates from Pome Fruit to Six Pre- and Postharvest Fungicides." Plant Disease 102, no. 3 (2018): 533–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-17-1014-re.

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Phacidiopycnis washingtonensis and P. pyri cause speck rot and Phacidiopycnis rot on apple and pear, respectively. Infection occurs in the orchard and remains latent, and symptoms appear after months of storage. Decay management relies on orchard sanitation and pre- and postharvest fungicides. In a 2017 survey, speck rot accounted for 6.4% of apple decay in central Washington, whereas Phacidiopycnis rot accounted for 3.9 and 6.7% of total pear decay in Washington and Oregon, respectively. Sensitivities of baseline populations of 110 P. washingtonensis and 76 P. pyri isolates collected between 2003 and 2005 to preharvest fungicides pyraclostrobin (PYRA) and boscalid (BOSC) and to postharvest fungicides thiabendazole (TBZ), fludioxonil (FDL), pyrimethanil (PYRI), and difenoconazole (DFC) were evaluated using a mycelial growth inhibition assay. Mean effective concentrations necessary to inhibit 50% growth (EC50) of P. washingtonensis were 0.1, 0.3, 0.8, 1.8, 2.1, and 4.8 µg/ml for FDL, PYRI, TBZ, DFC, PYRA, and BOSC, respectively. Respective mean EC50 values for P. pyri were 0.2, 0.6, 1.6, 1.1, 0.4, and 1.8 µg/ml. The sensitivity of exposed P. washingtonensis and P. pyri populations collected in 2017 revealed potential shifts toward BOSC and PYRA resistance. The efficacy of the six fungicides to control isolates of each pathogen with different in vitro sensitivity levels was evaluated on apple and pear fruit. FDL, DFC, and PYRI controlled both Phacidiopycnis spp. regardless of their EC50 values after 5 months of storage at 0°C in a regular atmosphere. The consistent occurrence of Phacidiopycnis spp. will require continuous monitoring and development of disease management strategies based on fungicide phenotypes and efficacy of existing fungicides assessed herein.

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Abbaspour-Gilandeh, Yousef, Abdollah Aghabara, Mahdi Davari, and Joe Mari Maja. "Feasibility of Using Computer Vision and Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Detection of Some Apple Pests and Diseases." Applied Sciences 12, no. 2 (2022): 906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12020906.

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There are many methods to detect plant pests and diseases, but they are primarily time-consuming and costly. Computer vision techniques can recognize the pest- and disease-damaged fruits and provide clues to identify and treat the diseases and pests in their early stages. This study aimed to identify common pests, including the apple capsid (Plesiocoris rugicollis)/AC, apple codling moth (Cydia pomonella)/ACM, Pear lace bug (Stephanitis pyri)/PLB, and one physiological disease-apple russeting/AR in two cultivars, Golden Delicious and Red Delicious, using the digital image processing and sparse coding method. The Sparse coding method is used to reduce the storage of the elements of images so that the matrix can be processed faster. There have been numerous studies on the identification of apple fruit diseases and pests. However, most of the previous studies focused only on diagnosing a pest or disease, not on computational volume reduction and rapid detection. This research focused on the comprehensive study on identifying pests and diseases of apple fruit using sparse coding. The sparse coding algorithm in this work was designed using Matlab software. The apple pest and disease detection were performed based on 11 characteristics: R, G, B, L, a, b, H, S, V, Sift, and Harris. The class detection accuracy using the sparse coding method was obtained for 10 classes with three views of apple for S. pyri of red apple as 81%, S. pyri of golden apple as 88%, golden apple russeting as 85%, S. pyri and russeting of red apple as 100%, S. pyri and russeting of golden apple as 80%, codling moth of red apple as 86%, codling moth of golden apple as 72%, S. pyri of red apple as 83%, S. pyri of golden apple as 90%, codling moth and S. pyri of red apple as 80%, and codling moth and S. pyri of golden apple as 67%. The total processing time for developing the dictionary was 220 s. Once the dictionary was developed, pest and disease detection took only 0.175 s. The results of this study can be useful in developing automatic devices for the early detection of common pests and diseases of apples. Although the study was focused on apple diseases, results for this work have huge potential for other crops.

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Chroboková, E., J. Suchá, H. Ludvíková, and P. Lauterer. "Occurrence of potential vectors of phytoplasma in pear orchards with different plantation management." Horticultural Science 41, No. 3 (2014): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/77/2014-hortsci.

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During 2009&ndash;2011, regular captures of Cacopsylla pyri, C. pyrisuga and C. pyricola in four pear orchards (one conventional orchard, one integrated pest management (IPM) orchard, two organic orchards) were conducted in the Czech Republic. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests were performed on psyllids captured from the orchards with the highest occurrence of these insects. The DNA extracted from pairs of psyllid individuals was analysed by nested PCR (R16F2n/R2-fU5/rU3) and restriction fragment length polymorphism method (RFLP) (RsaI, BfmI). Two C. pyri individuals captured on 11/05/2011 in the IPM orchard tested positive for Ca. P. pyri. Ca. P. pyri presence was confirmed in 8 out of the 9 Cacopsylla samples tested by subsequent nested PCR (P1/P7- f01/r01). In 2010 a higher amount of C. pyri was captured in the conventional orchard during June/July and in the IPM orchard during March, May, June and July. In 2010 and 2011 no or lower psyllids presence was detected in the organic orchard No. 1 and in the organic orchard No.&nbsp;2. It is important to control pear decline by controlling the vector of the disease. &nbsp;

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Valasevich, N., and B. Schneider. "Detection, Identification, and Characterization of Phytoplasmas Infecting Apple and Pear Trees in Belarus." Plant Disease 100, no. 11 (2016): 2275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-16-0498-re.

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In Samochvalovichi, Belarus, apple and pear tree root samples were examined for the presence of phytoplasmas using a universal 16S rDNA-based PCR assay. Out of 27 tested apple trees, 23 were found to be infected by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ and 46 out of 58 pear trees were positive for the presence of ‘Ca. P. pyri.’ Species were identified by sequence analysis of the 16S rDNA amplicons. The molecular diversity of the phytoplasma isolates was examined by analysis of an hflB gene using single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and sequence analysis. Therefore hflB gene amplicons from ‘Ca. P. mali’ and ‘Ca. P. pyri’ accessions were cloned after amplification. Screening of 640 cloned hflB fragments by SSCP analysis revealed the presence of eight different profiles for ‘Ca. P. mali’ and 12 different profiles for ‘Ca. P. pyri.’ The variants were sequenced and compared in multiple alignments. The nucleic acid homology among the hflB gene fragments ranged between 95.4 and 100.0% and 81.3 to 100.0% for ‘Ca. P. mali’ and ‘Ca. P. pyri,’ respectively, indicating a high genetic variability within the species. This is the first report on the occurrence of ‘Ca. P. mali’ and ‘Ca. P. pyri’ in Belarusian apple and pear trees and their molecular diversity.

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Chouinard, Gérald, Sylvie Bellerose, Michèle Roy, and Charles Vincent. "A note on the activity and species composition of sesiids [Lepidoptera: Sesiidae] as measured by pheromone traps and trunk sampling in apple orchards of southwestern Quebec." Communication brève 87, no. 3 (2007): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/015855ar.

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Abstract Adult males and larvae of sesiids were monitored in ten (1989–1991), five (2000) and two (2004) Quebec apple orchards. Multi Pher III traps baited with 99.1% Z, Z-3, 13-octadecadienyl acetate and 0.9% Z, E plus E, Z-3, 13-octadecadienyl acetate were used for adults, and trunk sampling was used for larvae. Synanthedon scitula, S. pyri, Podosesia syringae, S. acerrubri, S. fulvipes, S. exitiosa, S. acerni and Sesia tibialis males were captured between 1989 and 1991. Only 5 of the 347 adults of the S. scitula/pyri complex captured in 2000 belonged to S. pyri.

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Civolani, Stefano, Daniele Mirandola, Lorenzo Benetti, Luca Finetti, Marco Pezzi, and Giovanni Bernacchia. "Effects of Acibenzolar-S-methyl on the Probing Behaviour and Mortality of Cacopsylla pyri on Pear Plants." Insects 13, no. 6 (2022): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13060525.

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European pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyri, is one of the worst pests of pear in Europe. We investigated whether acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) application on pear plants might affect the behaviour in C. pyri. The elicitor was applied on pear potted plants, and after 48 h, we confirmed the ASM-mediated induction of several Pathogenesis-Related protein (PR) coding genes. At the same time, an in-depth analysis was performed on the probing behaviour of adults and nymphs of C. pyri on ASM-treated pear plants by the EPG-DC system, as well as the assessment of young nymphs’ survival 7 days after the ASM application. The elicitor application weakly interfered with C. pyri nymphs probing behaviour and survival, while it did not affect adult stages. These data confirm previous observations obtained on C. pyricola and suggest that the elicitor does not represent a viable tool in the control of pear psylla species, especially if used alone, but it might be used in integrated management strategies focused on other plant pathogens such as Erwinia amylovora.

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Civolani, Stefano, Daniele Mirandola, Lorenzo Benetti, Luca Finetti, Marco Pezzi, and Giovanni Bernacchia. "Effects of Acibenzolar-S-methyl on the Probing Behaviour and Mortality of Cacopsylla pyri on Pear Plants." Insects 13, no. 6 (2022): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13060525.

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Abstract:

European pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyri, is one of the worst pests of pear in Europe. We investigated whether acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) application on pear plants might affect the behaviour in C. pyri. The elicitor was applied on pear potted plants, and after 48 h, we confirmed the ASM-mediated induction of several Pathogenesis-Related protein (PR) coding genes. At the same time, an in-depth analysis was performed on the probing behaviour of adults and nymphs of C. pyri on ASM-treated pear plants by the EPG-DC system, as well as the assessment of young nymphs’ survival 7 days after the ASM application. The elicitor application weakly interfered with C. pyri nymphs probing behaviour and survival, while it did not affect adult stages. These data confirm previous observations obtained on C. pyricola and suggest that the elicitor does not represent a viable tool in the control of pear psylla species, especially if used alone, but it might be used in integrated management strategies focused on other plant pathogens such as Erwinia amylovora.

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48

Haghighi, Sepand. "Pyrgg: Python Random Graph Generator." Journal of Open Source Software 2, no. 17 (2017): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.21105/joss.00331.

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Osmanli, Ismikhan. "Poem creation of Mahtymguly Pyragi." Comparative Literature Studies, no. 1 (2023): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.59849/2663-4414.2023.1.25.

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Riedle-Bauer, Monika, Caroline Paleskić, Christina Schönhuber, Martina Staples, and Günter Brader. "Vector transmission and epidemiology of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ in Austria and identification of Cacopsylla pyrisuga as new pathogen vector." Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 129, no. 2 (2022): 375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41348-021-00526-y.

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AbstractPear decline, induced by the phytoplasma 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri', transmitted by pear psyllids, is one of the most devastating diseases on Pyrus communis in Europe and North America. Investigations of pear psyllids in 4 pear orchards in lower Austria showed the presence of Cacopsylla pyri, C. pyricola and C. pyrisuga at all locations. PCR analyses revealed overall phytoplasma infection rates for C. pyri of 5.4%, for C. pyricola, of 4.6%, for C. pyrisuga remigrants of 9.6% and for C. pyrisuga emigrants of 0%. The rates of PCR-positive C. pyri and C. pyricola individuals varied greatly in the course of the year, and the highest infection rates were observed in late summer, autumn and in late winter. In transmission experiments with healthy pear seedlings, winterform individuals of C. pyri and C. pyricola transmitted the pathogen to 19.2% (5 out of 26) and 4.8% (2 out of 41) of the test plants, respectively. The vectoring ability of C. pyrisuga was experimentally proven for the first time, and in transmission experiments with remigrants, 9.5% (2 out of 21) of the pear seedlings were infected. Our data indicate a significant risk of pathogen transmission in pear orchards during the greater part of the year, especially in late winter, early spring and autumn. Multilocus sequence analysis by aid of the genes aceF and imp allowed the discrimination between 15 phytoplasma types. Three so far undescribed aceF genotypes and four undescribed imp genotypes were identified.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pyrgi'

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