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Journal articles on the topic 'Pyroclastic fountains'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Calvari, Sonia, and Giuseppe Nunnari. "Comparison between Automated and Manual Detection of Lava Fountains from Fixed Monitoring Thermal Cameras at Etna Volcano, Italy." Remote Sensing 14, no. 10 (2022): 2392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14102392.

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The Etna volcano is renowned worldwide for its extraordinary lava fountains that rise several kilometers above the vent and feed eruptive columns, then drift hundreds of kilometers away from the source. The Italian Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia-Osservatorio Etneo (INGV-OE) is responsible for the monitoring of Mt. Etna, and for this reason, has deployed a network of visible and thermal cameras around the volcano. From these cameras, INGV-OE keeps a keen eye, and is able to observe the eruptive activity, promptly advising the civil protection and aviation authorities of any chan

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2

Lepore, S., and C. Scarpati. "New developments in the analysis of column-collapse pyroclastic density currents through numerical simulations of multiphase flows." Solid Earth 3, no. 1 (2012): 161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-3-161-2012.

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Abstract. A granular multiphase model has been used to evaluate the action of differently sized particles on the dynamics of fountains and associated pyroclastic density currents. The model takes into account the overall disequilibrium conditions between a gas phase and several solid phases, each characterized by its own physical properties. The dynamics of the granular flows (fountains and pyroclastic density currents) has been simulated by adopting a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes model for describing the turbulence effects. Numerical simulations have been carried out by using different val

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3

Lepore, S., and C. Scarpati. "New developments in the analysis of volcanic pyroclastic density currents through numerical simulations of multiphase flows." Solid Earth Discussions 4, no. 1 (2012): 173–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-4-173-2012.

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Abstract. A granular multiphase model has been used to evaluate the action of differently sized particles on the dynamics of fountains and associated pyroclastic density currents. The model takes into account the overall disequilibrium conditions between a gas phase and several solid phases, each characterized by its own physical properties. The dynamics of the granular flows has been simulated by adopting a Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes model for describing the turbulence effects. Numerical simulations have been carried out by using different values for the eruptive column temperature at the

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4

Becerra-Ramírez, Rafael, Rafael U. Gosálvez, Estela Escobar, Elena González, Mario Serrano-Patón, and Darío Guevara. "Characterization and Geotourist Resources of the Campo de Calatrava Volcanic Region (Ciudad Real, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain) to Develop a UNESCO Global Geopark Project." Geosciences 10, no. 11 (2020): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10110441.

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The Campo de Calatrava Volcanic Region is located in Central Spain (Ciudad Real province, Castilla-La Mancha) where some eruptions of different intensity and spatial location took place throughout a period of more than 8 million years. As a result, more than 360 volcanic edifices spread over 5000 km2. Eruptions of this volcanic system were derived from alkaline magmas with events of low explosivity (Hawaiian and Strombolian). These events are characterized by three different manifestations: the emission of pyroclasts (cinder and spatter cones) and lava flows; some hydromagmatic events, which l

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5

Ganci, Gaetana, Giuseppe Bilotta, Francesco Zuccarello, Sonia Calvari, and Annalisa Cappello. "A Multi-Sensor Satellite Approach to Characterize the Volcanic Deposits Emitted during Etna’s Lava Fountaining: The 2020–2022 Study Case." Remote Sensing 15, no. 4 (2023): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15040916.

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Between December 2020 and February 2022, the South East Crater of Etna has been the source of numerous eruptions, mostly characterized by the emission of lava fountains, pyroclastic material and short-lasting lava flows. Here we estimate the volume and distribution of the lava deposits by elaborating multi-source satellite imagery. SEVIRI data have been elaborated using CL-HOTSAT to estimate the lava volume emitted during each event and calculate the cumulative volume; Pléiades and WorldView-1 data have been used to derive Digital Surface Models, whose differences provide thickness distributio

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6

Iguchi, Masato, Haruhisa Nakamichi, and Takeshi Tameguri. "Integrated Study on Forecasting Volcanic Hazards of Sakurajima Volcano, Japan." Journal of Disaster Research 15, no. 2 (2020): 174–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2020.p0174.

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Several types of eruptions have occurred at Sakurajima volcano in the past 100 years. The eruption in 1914 was of a Plinian type followed by an effusion of lava. The progression of seismicity of volcanic earthquakes prior to the eruption is reexamined and seismic energy is estimated to be an order of 1014 J. Lava also effused from the Showa crater in 1946. Since 1955, eruptions frequently have occurred at the Minamidake or Showa craters at the summit area. Vulcanian eruptions are a well-known type of summit eruption of Sakurajima, however Strombolian type eruptions and continuous ash emissions

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7

Brown, R. J., S. Blake, T. Thordarson, and S. Self. "Pyroclastic edifices record vigorous lava fountains during the emplacement of a flood basalt flow field, Roza Member, Columbia River Basalt Province, USA." Geological Society of America Bulletin 126, no. 7-8 (2014): 875–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b30857.1.

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8

COLE, PAUL D., and CLAUDIO SCARPATI. "The 1944 eruption of Vesuvius, Italy: combining contemporary accounts and field studies for a new volcanological reconstruction." Geological Magazine 147, no. 3 (2009): 391–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756809990495.

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AbstractWe integrate the different contemporary sources together with new field data on the pyroclastic deposits to make a new volcanological reconstruction of the explosive phases of the 1944 Vesuvius eruption. We adopt the four successive phases of the eruption first defined by Imbò (1945), who made the most detailed contemporary description of the eruption: Phase 1 – effusive, Phase 2 – lava fountains, Phase 3 – mixed explosions and Phase 4 – seismic-explosive. Phase 1 consisted of four days of effusive activity. Phase 2 generated eight successive lava fountains which formed agglutinated sp

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9

Marchese, Francesco, Carolina Filizzola, Teodosio Lacava, et al. "Mt. Etna Paroxysms of February–April 2021 Monitored and Quantified through a Multi-Platform Satellite Observing System." Remote Sensing 13, no. 16 (2021): 3074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13163074.

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On 16 February 2021, an eruptive paroxysm took place at Mt. Etna (Sicily, Italy), after continuous Strombolian activity recorded at summit craters, which intensified in December 2020. This was the first of 17 short, but violent, eruptive events occurring during February–April 2021, mostly at a time interval of about 2–3 days between each other. The paroxysms produced lava fountains (up to 1000 m high), huge tephra columns (up to 10–11 km above sea level), lava and pyroclastic flows, expanding 2–4 km towards East and South. The last event, which was characterised by about 3 days of almost conti

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10

Calvari, Sonia, Alessandro Bonaccorso, and Gaetana Ganci. "Anatomy of a Paroxysmal Lava Fountain at Etna Volcano: The Case of the 12 March 2021, Episode." Remote Sensing 13, no. 15 (2021): 3052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13153052.

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On 13 December 2020, Etna volcano entered a new eruptive phase, giving rise to a number of paroxysmal episodes involving increased Strombolian activity from the summit craters, lava fountains feeding several-km high eruptive columns and ash plumes, as well as lava flows. As of 2 August 2021, 57 such episodes have occurred in 2021, all of them from the New Southeast Crater (NSEC). Each paroxysmal episode lasted a few hours and was sometimes preceded (but more often followed) by lava flow output from the crater rim lasting a few hours. In this paper, we use remote sensing data from the ground an

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11

Odishvili, Manana. "Herculaneum, Oplontis, Pompeii, Life before Chatastrophe." Kadmos 8 (2016): 365–93. https://doi.org/10.32859/kadmos/8/365-393.

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The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 changed the life of a prosperous region of the Roman Empire forever. Pliny the Younger described the catastrophic event in letters addressed to the historian Tacitus. Many people lost their lives during the eruption; the majority of the deceased were buried under a thick layer of ash inside the buildings of Pompeii and killed by pyroclastic flows in the bay of Herculaneum. Archaeological excavations began in the late 16th century and were renewed in the 18th century mainly to extract art objects. Proper archaeological surveys conducted during the 20th ce

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12

Formenti, Y., and T. H. Druitt. "Vesicle connectivity in pyroclasts and implications for the fluidisation of fountain-collapse pyroclastic flows, Montserrat (West Indies)." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 214, no. 3-4 (2003): 561–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(03)00386-8.

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13

Cole, P. D., E. S. Calder, R. S. J. Sparks, et al. "Deposits from dome-collapse and fountain-collapse pyroclastic flows at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 21, no. 1 (2002): 231–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.mem.2002.021.01.11.

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14

Calvari, Sonia, and Giuseppe Nunnari. "Etna Output Rate during the Last Decade (2011–2022): Insights for Hazard Assessment." Remote Sensing 14, no. 23 (2022): 6183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14236183.

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During the last two decades, the Etna volcano has undergone several sequences of lava fountaining (LF) events that have had a major impact on road conditions, infrastructure and the local population. In this paper, we consider the LF episodes occurring between 2011 and 2022, calculating their erupted volumes using the images recorded by the monitoring thermal cameras and applying a manual procedure and a dedicated software to determine the lava fountain height over time, which is necessary to obtain the erupted volume. The comparison between the results indicates the two procedures match quite

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15

Fries, Allan, Olivier Roche, and Guillaume Carazzo. "Granular mixture deflation and generation of pore fluid pressure at the impact zone of a pyroclastic fountain: Experimental insights." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 414 (June 2021): 107226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2021.107226.

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16

Mereu, Luigi, Simona Scollo, Costanza Bonadonna, Valentin Freret-Lorgeril, and Frank Silvio Marzano. "Multisensor Characterization of the Incandescent Jet Region of Lava Fountain-Fed Tephra Plumes." Remote Sensing 12, no. 21 (2020): 3629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12213629.

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Explosive basaltic eruptions eject a great amount of pyroclastic material into the atmosphere, forming columns rising to several kilometers above the eruptive vent and causing significant disruption to both proximal and distal communities. Here, we analyze data, collected by an X-band polarimetric weather radar and an L-band Doppler fixed-pointing radar, as well as by a thermal infrared (TIR) camera, in relation to lava fountain-fed tephra plumes at the Etna volcano in Italy. We clearly identify a jet, mainly composed of lapilli and bombs mixed with hot gas in the first portion of these volcan

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17

De Beni, Emanuela, Cristina Proietti, Simona Scollo, et al. "A Hidden Eruption: The 21 May 2023 Paroxysm of the Etna Volcano (Italy)." Remote Sensing 16, no. 9 (2024): 1555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16091555.

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On 21 May 2023, a hidden eruption occurred at the Southeast Crater (SEC) of Etna (Italy); indeed, bad weather prevented its direct and remote observation. Tephra fell toward the southwest, and two lava flows propagated along the SEC’s southern and eastern flanks. The monitoring system of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia testified to its occurrence. We analyzed the seismic and infrasound signals to constrain the temporal evolution of the fountain, which lasted about 5 h. We finally reached Etna’s summit two weeks later and found an unexpected pyroclastic density current (PDC)

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18

Head, James W., and Lionel Wilson. "Basaltic pyroclastic eruptions: Influence of gas-release patterns and volume fluxes on fountain structure, and the formation of cinder cones, spatter cones, rootless flows, lava ponds and lava flows." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 37, no. 3-4 (1989): 261–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(89)90083-8.

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19

Penlou, Baptiste, Olivier Roche, and Siet van den Wildenberg. "Experimental Study of the Generation of Pore Gas Pressure in Pyroclastic Density Currents Resulting From Eruptive Fountain Collapse." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 128, no. 12 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2023jb027510.

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AbstractPyroclastic density currents formed through collapse of eruptive fountains commonly have runout distances of the order of tens of kilometers. A possible cause of this high flow mobility is elevated interstitial pore gas pressure, which may have various origins. We investigated experimentally the generation of pore pressure at the impact zone of an eruptive fountain, where concentrated pyroclastic density currents emerge from compaction of a free falling gas‐particle mixture. We simulated pyroclastic fountain collapse by releasing glass beads of mean sizes of 29–269 µm from a hopper at

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20

Valentine, Greg A., and Shanaka L. de Silva. "Explosive Eruption Column Dynamics for Crystal‐Rich Magmas." Geophysical Research Letters 52, no. 12 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gl114069.

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AbstractMany deposits of large‐volume explosive eruptions involved magma with ∼25–50 vol.% of lapilli‐size crystals. Numerical modeling shows that such abundances of coarse crystals in an erupting mixture significantly influence eruption column dynamics compared to eruptions dominated by fine ash. In high gas content eruptions that would otherwise produce buoyant plumes/columns, the abundant crystals can cause chaotic fountains wherein waves of particles collapse from time‐varying locations in the eruptive jet. Crystal‐rich eruptions with intermediate gas content can generate stable fountains

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21

Ogbuagu, Chiedozie C., and Thomas J. Jones. "The in-flight deformation of pyroclasts: insights from analogue experiments." Bulletin of Volcanology 87, no. 5 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-025-01814-3.

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Abstract Explosive eruptions of basaltic and other low-viscosity, magmas are widespread and mostly characterised by lava fountains and jets that produce a diverse array of pyroclasts. Considering the hazardous nature and potentially long duration of most low-viscosity eruptions, understanding the eruption dynamics and range in pyroclast characteristics (i.e., their shape and size) remains an important goal. Analogue experiments provide a robust means of studying the same dynamic processes within a controlled laboratory environment. In this study, we used scaled analogue experiments to investig

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22

Jones, Thomas J., James K. Russell, Richard J. Brown, and Lea Hollendonner. "Melt stripping and agglutination of pyroclasts during the explosive eruption of low viscosity magmas." Nature Communications 13, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28633-w.

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AbstractVolcanism on Earth and on other planets and satellites is dominated by the eruption of low viscosity magmas. During explosive eruption, high melt temperatures and the inherent low viscosity of the fluidal pyroclasts allow for substantial post-fragmentation modification during transport obscuring the record of primary, magmatic fragmentation processes. Here, we show these syn-eruption modifications, in the form of melt stripping and agglutination, to be advantageous for providing fundamental insights into lava fountain and jet dynamics, including eruption velocities, grain size distribu

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23

Calvari, Sonia, Alessandro Bonaccorso, and Gaetana Ganci. "Anatomy of a Paroxysmal Lava Fountain at Etna Volcano: The Case of the 12 March 2021, Episode." August 3, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13153052.

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On 13 December 2020, Etna volcano entered a new eruptive phase, giving rise to a number of paroxysmal episodes involving increased Strombolian activity from the summit craters, lava fountains feeding several-km high eruptive columns and ash plumes, as well as lava flows. As of 2 August 2021, 57 such episodes have occurred in 2021, all of them from the New Southeast Crater (NSEC). Each paroxysmal episode lasted a few hours and was sometimes preceded (but more often followed) by lava flow output from the crater rim lasting a few hours. In this paper, we use remote s

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Newland, Eric L., Nicola Mingotti, and Andrew W. Woods. "Dynamics of deep-submarine volcanic eruptions." Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07351-9.

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AbstractDeposits from explosive submarine eruptions have been found in the deep sea, 1–4 km below the surface, with both flow and fall deposits extending several km’s over the seafloor. A model of a turbulent fountain suggests that after rising 10–20 m above the vent, the erupting particle-laden mixture entrains and mixes with sufficient seawater that it becomes denser than seawater. The momentum of the resulting negatively buoyant fountain is only sufficient to carry the material 50–200 m above the seafloor and much of the solid material then collapses to the seafloor; this will not produce t

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25

Neri, Augusto, Ongaro Tomaso Esposti, Gianluca Menconi, et al. "4D simulation of explosive eruption dynamics at Vesuvius." February 25, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl028597.

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We applied a new simulation model, based on multiphase transport laws, to describe the 4D (3D spatial coordinates plus time) dynamics of explosive eruptions. Numerical experiments, carried out on a parallel supercomputer, describe the collapse of the volcanic eruption column and the propagation of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs), for selected medium scale (sub‐Plinian) eruptive scenarios at Vesuvius, Italy. Simulations provide crucial insights into the effects of the generation mechanism of the flows ‐ partial collapse vs boiling‐over ‐ on their evolution and hazard potential, the unstable

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Pardo, Natalia, Roberto Sulpizio, Federico Lucchi, et al. "Late Holocene volcanic stratigraphy and eruption chronology of the dacitic Young Doña Juana volcano, Colombia." GSA Bulletin, January 10, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b36557.1.

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We present the late Holocene eruption history of the poorly known Doña Juana volcanic complex, in SW Colombia, which last erupted in the twentieth century. This represents a case study for potentially active volcanism in the rural Northern Andes, where tropical climate conditions and a fragmented social memory blur the record of dormant volcanoes. We reconstructed the volcanic stratigraphy of the central-summit vent area by integrating new mapping at 1:5000 scale with radiocarbon ages, sedimentology analysis, and historical chronicles. Our results revealed cyclic transitions from lava-dome gro

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Romero, Jorge E., Eduardo Morgado, Alessandro Pisello, et al. "Pre-eruptive Conditions of the 3 March 2015 Lava Fountain of Villarrica Volcano (Southern Andes)." Bulletin of Volcanology 85, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-022-01621-0.

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Abstract Villarrica or Rukapillan (35.9°S; 2,847 m a.s.l.) is one of the most active volcanoes in South America and is the highest-risk volcano in Chile. It has an open conduit with a persistent lava lake. On the 3 March 2015, Strombolian activity rapidly progressed into a 1.5-km-high lava fountain, erupting at least ∼ 2.4 × 106 m3 of tephra. Soon after, the activity returned to mild Strombolian “background” explosions, which lasted until early 2017. Understanding the pre-eruptive conditions of such paroxysmal events is fundamental for volcanic hazard assessment. We present major and trace ele

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Valentine, Greg A., and Meredith A. Cole. "Explosive caldera-forming eruptions and debris-filled vents: Gargle dynamics." Geology, June 24, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g48995.1.

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Large explosive volcanic eruptions are commonly associated with caldera subsidence and ignimbrites deposited by pyroclastic currents. Volumes and thicknesses of intracaldera and outflow ignimbrites at 76 explosive calderas around the world indicate that subsidence is commonly simultaneous with eruption, such that large proportions of the pyroclastic currents are trapped within the developing basins. As a result, much of an eruption must penetrate its own deposits, a process that also occurs in large, debris-filled vent structures even in the absence of caldera formation and that has been terme

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Kaneko, Takayuki, Fukashi Maeno, Mie Ichihara, et al. "Episode 4 (2019–2020) Nishinoshima activity: abrupt transitions in the eruptive style observed by image datasets from multiple satellites." Earth, Planets and Space 74, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40623-022-01578-6.

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AbstractIn December 2019, a new activity started at Nishinoshima volcano in the southern part of the Izu–Ogasawara arc, Japan. This is now referred to as Episode 4 of a series of activities that began in 2013. We analyzed the eruption sequence, including erupted volume and effusion rate, based on combined observations of thermal anomalies by Himawari-8 and topographic changes by ALOS-2. The total eruption volume during Episode 4 was ~ 132 × 106 m3, and the average effusion rate over the entire period was 0.51 × 106 m3 day−1 (5.9 m3 s−1), which was two to three times higher than that of Episode

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30

Todesco, Micol, Augusto Neri, Ongaro Tomaso Esposti, Paolo Papale, and Mauro Rosi. "Pyroclastic flow dynamics and hazard in a caldera setting: Application to Phlegrean Fields (Italy)." November 6, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gc001314.

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Numerical simulation of pyroclastic density currents has developed significantly in recent years and is increasingly applied to volcanological research. Results from physical modeling are commonly taken into account in volcanic hazard assessment and in the definition of hazard mitigation strategies. In this work, we modeled pyroclastic density currents in the Phlegrean Fields caldera, where flows propagating along the flat ground could be confined by the old crater rims that separate downtown Naples from the caldera. The different eruptive scenarios (mass eruption rates, magma compositions, an

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Su, Xue, Youxue Zhang, Yang Liu, and Robert M. Holder. "Cooling History and Evolution Dynamics of Green Glass Beads During Lunar Fire‐Fountain Eruptions: Insights From Na, K and Cu Distributions." Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 130, no. 7 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1029/2025je009027.

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AbstractVolcanic glass beads on the Moon have traditionally been thought to only record volatile loss during pyroclastic eruptions. However, recent discoveries have shown that lunar orange glass beads, representing primitive high‐Ti basalts, experienced both outgassing and in‐gassing of volatile elements such as Na, K, Cu, and S. In this work, we examine lunar green glass beads from samples 15421 and 15366, representing primitive very‐low‐Ti basalts, for the distribution of Na, K and Cu using EMP analyses and LA‐ICP‐MS mapping. It is found that all studied lunar green beads show increased Na,

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Pimentel, Adriano, Stephen Self, José M. Pacheco, Adam J. Jeffery, and Ralf Gertisser. "Eruption Style, Emplacement Dynamics and Geometry of Peralkaline Ignimbrites: Insights From the Lajes-Angra Ignimbrite Formation, Terceira Island, Azores." Frontiers in Earth Science 9 (June 25, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.673686.

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Ignimbrites are relatively uncommon on ocean island volcanoes and yet they constitute a significant portion of the stratigraphy of Terceira Island (Azores). The Lajes-Angra Ignimbrite Formation (ca. 25 cal ka BP) contains the youngest ignimbrites on Terceira and records two ignimbrite-forming eruptions of Pico Alto volcano that occurred closely spaced in time. Here, we present the first detailed lithofacies analysis and architecture of the Angra and Lajes ignimbrites, complemented by petrographic, mineral chemical, whole rock and groundmass glass geochemical data. The two ignimbrites have the

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33

Besser, Marcell Leonard, Otavio Augusto Boni Licht, and Eleonora Maria Gouvêa Vasconcellos. "Well-preserved fallout basaltic tuff in central Paraná-Etendeka Large Igneous Province: pyroclastic evidence of high fire-fountain eruptions." Bulletin of Volcanology 86, no. 1 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-023-01694-5.

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Whittington, Alan G., and Alexander Sehlke. "Spontaneous reheating of crystallizing lava." Geology, August 12, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g49148.1.

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We show that recalescence, or spontaneous reheating of a cooling material due to rapid release of latent heat, can occur during disequilibrium crystallization of depolymerized Mg-rich melts. This can only happen at fast cooling rates, where the melt becomes undercooled by tens to hundreds of degrees before crystallization begins. Using a forward-looking infrared (FLIR) camera, we documented recalescence in pyroxene (Fe, Mg)SiO3 and komatiite lavas that initially cooled at 25–50 °C s–1. Local heating at the crystallization front exceeds 150 °C for the pyroxene and 10 °C for komatiite and lasts

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Marsh, Jennifer, Marie Edmonds, Bruce Houghton, Iris Buisman та Richard Herd. "Magma mingling during the 1959 eruption of Kīlauea Iki, Hawaiʻi". Bulletin of Volcanology 86, № 6 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-024-01748-2.

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AbstractMagma mingling and mixing are common processes at basaltic volcanoes and play a fundamental role in magma petrogenesis and eruption dynamics. Mingling occurs most commonly when hot primitive magma is introduced into cooler magma. Here, we investigate a scenario whereby cool, partially degassed lava is drained back into a conduit, where it mingles with hotter, less degassed magma. The 1959 eruption of Kīlauea Iki, Hawaiʻi involved 16 high fountaining episodes. During each episode, fountains fed a lava lake in a pit crater, which then partially drained back into the conduit during and af

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