Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pyroclastique'
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Poulenard, Jérôme. "Les sols des Páramos d'Équateur sur couverture pyroclastique : diversité, genèse et propriétés physiques." Nancy 1, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2000_0197_POULENARD.pdf.
Full textChédeville-Monzo, Corentin. "Mécanismes d'auto-fluidisation des écoulements pyroclastiques : approche expérimentale." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22684/document.
Full textPyroclastic flows are hot mixtures of gas and particles that can propagate over large distances. This high “mobility” is often attributed to their ability to be fluidized, that is, to generate and retain high gas pore pressure that reduces internal friction forces. The main objective of this thesis is to understand how irregularities of substrates on which pyroclastic flows propagate can enhance their fluidization. A first set of laboratory experiments consisted of the generation of fine-grained flows (diameter of 45-90 μm) on substrate of various roughness. Results show that the flow runout distance increases with the substrate roughness, and is up to twice the runout on a smooth substrate. High speed video analyses and air pore pressure measurements at the flow base show that the flow head propagating over a rough substrate can auto-fluidize because of particles sedimentation into the substrate interstices, which forces the air to escape upward and percolate through the flow. This auto-fluidization mechanism is efficient at all inclinations investigated (0-30°), suggesting that it could occur during the whole emplacement of a pyroclastic flow. A second study consisted of the vertical release of beds of particles in a static column. Results show that the granular mixture can be fully fluidized, even when collapsing from a relatively low height (20 cm). When particles are fine enough (<100 μm), pore pressure in the deposit diffuses for several seconds, the diffusion duration increasing with increasing bed thickness and decreasing particle size. The longest diffusion durations are observed for pyroclastic flow deposit materials (~30 s for 28.5 cm thick beds). These results suggest that pyroclastic flows propagating on irregular terrains can auto-fluidize and preserve low internal friction during their emplacement
Girolami, Laurence. "Dynamique et sédimentation des écoulements pyroclastiques reproduits en laboratoire." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CLF21836.
Full textEL, MOUDNI KHADIJA. "Applications de l'analyse d'image a l'etude quantitative des formations pyroclastiques." Orléans, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ORLE2062.
Full textLegros, François. "Tephrostratigraphie du volcan misti (perou) et modelisation des ecoulements pyroclastiques." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998CLF22000.
Full textOrkun, Ersoy. "Analyse morphologique quantitative des cendres des dépôts pyroclastiques d'origine hydrovolcanique et magmatique." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00718234.
Full textBERNARD, MARIE-LISE. "Etude experimentale des proprietes physiques des roches pyroclastiques de la montagne pelee." Paris 7, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA077027.
Full textErsoy, Orkun. "Analyse morphologique quantitative des cendres des dépôts pyroclastiques d'origine hydrovolcanique et magmatique." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CLF21769.
Full textFormenti, Yvan. "Etude de la production et de la mobilité des écoulements pyroclastiques à Montserrat (Antilles)." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CLF21350.
Full textBernard, Julien. "Capacité érosive des écoulements pyroclastiques : impact sur les budgets éruptifs et implications pour l'aléa." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22553/document.
Full textPyroclastic flows (PFs) are hot mixtures of gas and particles that represent the most deadly volcanic hazard. To protect the populations, it is necessary to work on precise risk maps, which require having a deep knowledge of these phenomena. However, the causes and consequences of erosion and incorporation of non-juvenile material during PFs emplacement remain poorly known. This thesis aims at characterizing the erosive capacity of pyroclastic flows, defining erosion mechanisms and quantifying their impact on eruptive budgets and associated hazards. Here, we focus on small-volume PFs and use an approach based on field and textural investigations coupled with numerical modeling of PFs emplacement. The August 2006 PF-forming eruption of Tungurahua volcano (Ecuador) is used as a case-study for this work.An original method, based on high-resolution, stereologically-corrected image analyses, detailed textural analyses of PFs deposits and mass budget, enables determining the grain size distribution and the componentry of PFs products along their entire clast size range. Volume calculation and mass budgets show that about 50 wt. % of the whole deposit consists of non-juvenile materials incorporated during PFs emplacement, and mostly coming from the upper part of the volcano. The slope is a prevailing parameter that controls PFs erosive power. Eruptive budgets support a VEI 3 event (0.09 km 3 ) for the 2006 eruption of Tungurahua and highlight the importance of separating juvenile from non-juvenile material. Detailed analyses of deposits’ componentry suggest a strong dynamic density-driven segregation of the clasts during PFs emplacement, associated with sedimentation rates of ≈10 cm.s -1 . Lateral variations of lithological, grain size, and morphological data demonstrate the occurrence of componentry-driven clast fragmentation and abrasion processes. Massive components (e.g. old lavas) are the main grinding agents of scoriaceous components (e.g. bombs). During emplacement, these processes continuously create fine grained populations, which are transferred from the main dense flow to pyroclastic surge or Co-PF cloud. Numerical models of erosive PFs based on a new erosion law integrated into VolcFlow code show the ability of plastic rheology to reproduce natural erosion patterns of PFs. The erosion is produced by dynamic variations of normal stress / shear stress ratio during emplacement, due to thickness unsteadiness during flow deceleration. The thin, highly frictional and erosive front of PFs pulses is pushed by the thicker and non-erosive head and flow body. Incorporation implies longer PFs runouts of about 10-30%, depending on the amount of incorporated material, which is related to the quantity of erodible material available on the volcano’s flanks before the eruption. These results show that erosion has a significant role on PFs runouts, and thus in hazard assessment, which should be closely taken into account in future works
Gueugneau, Valentin. "Etude de la formation et de la mise en place des déferlantes pyroclastiques par modélisations numérique et expérimentale." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC050/document.
Full textSmall volume pyroclastic density currents are complex volcanic flows, whose physical behaviour is still debated. They comprise two parts: the pyroclastic flow, rich in particles and blocks, overridden by the ash-cloud surge, a turbulent and dilute flow. The interactions between these two parts are not fully understood, as well as their exchanges of mass and momentum. Therefore, the thesis focuses on the investigation of ash-cloud surge formation mechanisms from the pyroclastic flow. The experiments reveal a mechanism of dilute flow formation by alternation of air incorporation into and elutriation of fine particles from a dense granular bed subjected to vibrations. The air is aspirated into the granular bed during dilatations, and expulsed during the contraction phases. A part of the particles are then sustained by the turbulent expulsed air and form a mixture of gas and particles that transforms into a gravity current. Extrapolated to a volcanic edifice, this mechanism of air incorporation and elutriation can be reproduced by a rough topography, where each obstacle generates a compaction followed by a dilatation of the pyroclastic flow. The quantification of the mechanism has been accomplished and the mass flux from the dense flow to the ash-cloud surge has been deduced.The numerical model is first used to study the pyroclastic flow rheology, which controls the velocity of the flow, and then the mass flux previously mentioned. One chapter is dedicated to the fluidization effect on the pyroclastic flow rheology. Results show that this mechanism can explain the long runout of these flows, and also the formation of levées and channel morphologies. The air ingestion in the flow during its movement could explain a part of the pyroclastic flows dynamic. Simple rheologies has also been analyzed: a Coulomb rheology, a plastic rheology, and a variable friction coefficient rheology. Results show that the plastic rheology seems to be the most adapted rheology to simulate the pyroclastic flow dynamic. Then, the numerical model has been used to test the mass flow law obtained through experiments. Applied to the 25 June 1997 dome collapse at Soufrière Hills Volcano at Montserrat, results show that the simulations reproduce accurately the extension and the thickness of the surge deposits. The simulations are also able to reproduce the surge derived pyroclastic flow, generated by remobilisation of surge deposits. The cycles of ingestion/expulsion of air in the pyroclastic flow by interactions with the topography could explain both the great fluidity of these flows and the formation of ash-cloud surge. These results highlight a new mechanism that could be a key process in pyroclastic flow dynamic, which could improve significantly the hazard and risk assessment using numerical model
Ikenne, Moha. "Le volcanisme dévono-dinantien du Massif du Rabodeau : Un témoin de l'évolution orogénique des Vosges du Nord dans l'Europe moyenne Varisque." Nancy 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NAN10407.
Full textIngrin, Jannick. "Microscopie électronique en transmission de géomatériaux : volcanisme : produits pyroclastiques des Antilles; métamorphisme : coesite dans un quartzite alpin." Paris 7, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA07F066.
Full textLe, Pennec Jean-Luc. "Le developpement de la fabrique vectorielle (opf et asm) dans les roches pyroclastiques : applications volcanologiques en anatolie centrale." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994CLF21638.
Full textValade, Sébastien. "Dynamique des émissions pyroclastiques et mécanismes à la source : approche couplée par radar Doppler (VOLDORAD) et autres signaux géophysiques." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00719570.
Full textDujardin, Jean-Rémi. "Imagerie géoradar (GPR) en milieu hétérogène : application aux failles actives en Mongolie et aux dépôts pyroclastiques du Tungurahua (Equateur)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAH008/document.
Full textGeoradar is a high frequency (>10MHz) electromagnetic method used to prospect near surface. When a topography is present, GPR images are distorted. To restore the true geometry of reflexions, we coded an migration algorithm which takes the topography into account. The method is first demonstrate on a simple synthetic model, and then succesfully applied on real data. However, migration algorithms bring noise to the data. Two methods have then been tested to avoid and remove it. The first one is inherent to the migration algorithm and reduce what is called operator's aliasing. The second one is a filter re-interpolating traces based on a profile containing the slope. Both methods remove inconsistent noise when used with caution, but decrease their quality when used with excess: reflexions presenting dip are the first to be deteriorated, as well as reflexions below strong topography. In a second chapter, we successfully used GPR in a paleo-sismology context in Mongolia. The use of two frequencies (50 and 500 MHz) as well as comparison with trenches bring complementaries informations on the geometry and possible offset along two faults. In the last chapter, GPR was tested over pyroclastic deposits from the Tungurahua volcano in Ecuador. Again, the combination of several frequencies (250, 500 and 800 MHz) has proven its efficiency. Main units were obvious with the 250 MHz antenna while the inner architecture of deposits was visible with the 500 and 800 MHz antenna
Rasamimanana, Georges. "Le trapp de Raon-l'Etape : un témoin du volcanisme calco-alcalin d'âge devono-dinantien dans les Vosges septentrionales, et un matériau largement utilisé en génie civil." Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10235.
Full textBardintzeff, Jacques-Marie. "Les nuées ardentes : pétrogenèse et volcanologie." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112253.
Full textNuées ardentes are one of the most hazardous volcanic events. Three of these most recent volcanic events are studied. They were chosen in an active margin (Santiaguito, Guatemala), as well as in island arcs (St. Vincent Soufrière Volcano, West-Indies and Merapi, Java). Volcanic styles are different: St. Vincent Soufrière Volcano produces vertical nuées ardentes, Santiaguito low angle nuées ardentes, and Merapi collapse nuées ardentes. Their petrography and mineralogy are typical of andesitic trends. In addition, some nuées ardentes (St. Vincent) contain high pressure calk-alkaline paragenesis. Glasses are abundant in nuées deposits. Their chemical variations testify sometimes for magma-mixing. Two types of glass morphology can be distinguished (SEM) angular fragments are considered as old pulverized mesostases, and pumiceous glasses are considered as products of new magma. Grain sizes of nuée ardente deposits are specific and finer than collapse deposits. Five types of nuées ardentes are distinguished: 1. Collapse nuées ardentes: (1a) Merapi type, resulting of the explosion of a solid dame, and (1b) Arenal type resulting of the explosion of a dame with a liquid interior. 2. Explosion nuées ardentes: (2a) Santiaguito type: a small amount of new magma is produced and high explosiveness is essentially due to abundant volatiles in dacitic magmas, (2b) Pelée type, with law angle nuée related to a dome, and (2c) St. Vincent type with vertical nuée ardente ejected from an open crater. In the last type, large amounts·of basic new magma are produced. Several factors may play a role in the nuée ardente triggering tectonic control, cumulative and flotation processes of phenocrysts in magmatic chamber, breaking strength of the volcano-plug etc. Two of these factors play a more significant role high volatile contents (essentially water of deep or superficial origin), and magma-mixing. These two factors modify the thermodynamical conditions in the magmatic chamber and facilitate the magma vesiculations. Magma-mixing triggers (2b) and (2c) nuées types, and high fluid contents trigger (1a), (1b) and (2a) nuées types
Nougrigat, Séverine. "Les éruptions à dôme de lave récentes de la Montagne Pelée (Martinique, Petites Antilles) : paramètres physico-chimiques des processus éruptifs." Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA077161.
Full textPlatevoet, Richard. "Diversité des formations pyroclastiques S. L. Du strato-volcan du Cantal (miocène ; Massif Central français) : élaboration d'une méthodologie de corrélation (dynamismes volcaniques : minéralogie ; magnétisme de roches et radiochronologie)." Lille 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LIL10140.
Full textSchneider, Jean-Luc. "Enregistrement de la dynamique varisque dans les bassins volcano-sédimentaires dévono-dinantiens : exemple des Vosges du Sud (zone moldanubienne)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990STR1A001.
Full textKelfoun, Karim. "Processus de croissance et de déstabilisation des dômes de lave du volcan Merapi (Java centrale, Indonésie) : Modélisations numériques des dômes, dynamique des écoulements pyroclastiques associés et surveillance par stéréo-photogrammétrie." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999CLF21132.
Full textBalmelle, Laurent. "Etude de la série volcano-sédimentaire de La Chapelle-sous-Dun (Massif du Charollais, Nord-Est du Massif Central français)." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066494.
Full textMathé, Jordane. "Modélisation d'écoulements gravitaires fluidisés et applciation à la volcanologie." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22646/document.
Full textDuring these three years, I enjoyed to work with collaborators from volcanology, laboratory physics and mathematics. This document presents the steps and results of my research in the field of modelling of fluidised granular flows. The last consists in the development of a new mathematical model and its theoretical and numerical study. Based on observations made on experimental studies, the model focuses on the change in the behaviour of an initially fluidised granular flow through the definition of its viscoplastic rheology with variable threshold. More precisely, the threshold (aslo called yield stress) is defined via the difference between the lithostatic pressure and the pressure of the interstitial fluid. The innovation of this model opens perspectives for the mathematical research as well as for the study of fluidised granular flows and their application to volcanology. From a mathematical point of view, a theoretical study has been conducted. Proving the existence of weak solution for the homogeneous version of the model, we offer an extension in the field of knowledges of non-newtonian fluid flows. Also, we have developped a numerical code to simulate dambreak experiments with fluidised granular media. This one includes a new method to solve the flow equations of viscoplastic fluids. In this thesis, I describe and justify the numerical strategy chosen. Moreover, I present some academic tests to validate the code. At the end, I give the numerical results in the case of the dambreak simulation for dry and fluidised fluids. By comparing with experimental data, we evaluate the validity of the model and its resolution, and highlight the advantages and inconvenients. To conclude the project, I propose some perspectives of improvement for later work
Faivre, Pierre. "Lessivage et planosolisation dans les séquences de sols caractéristiques des milieux intrandins de Colombie (Amérique du sud)." Nancy 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN1A002.
Full textRodrigues, Afonso Dias Ana Sofia. "The effect of vegetation on slope stability of shallow pyroclastic soil covers." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG002/document.
Full textThe effect of the local vegetation, composed of cultivated Castanea sativa, on slope stability was investigated on a test site in Mount Faito (Campania, Southern Italy). In Campania, shallow pyroclastic soil covers are susceptible to landslides triggered by rainfall. Prolonged rainfall periods followed by extreme short-term rainfall events trigger fast moving and highly destructive landslides in road cuts and pyroclastic scarps on rocky cliffs in the areas surrounding the Vesuvius volcano.Undisturbed pyroclastic soil samples containing roots of mature C. sativa were used for hydraulic characterization through an extensive set of laboratory experiments. Saturated permeability, evaporation and imbibition response, water content for high suction ranges, and the root dry biomass were determined.The presence of roots increased the hydraulic permeability by one order of magnitude in the most surficial soil (10-7 to 10-6 m s-1) and decreased the air-entry value of the water retention curves (6 to 4 kPa). The variability of soil permeability among soil layers was identified as conditioning of the groundwater flow with regard to the speed of the wetting front movement and generation of positive pore-water pressures within the soil profile. The calibration of hysteretic model to characterize natural pyroclastic soil provided a more approximate manner of modelling in situ hydraulic responses. A good agreement between the model and the field observations was obtained.Field monitoring was performed with the intent of showing that the distribution of roots of C. sativa is associated to the groundwater regime. The spatial and vertical distribution of root density and traits were quantified for C. sativa roots collected from several boreholes performed in Mount Faito. Minimum suction, minimum water content and minimum gradient (indicative of downward water flow), were monitored throughout the year and related to root distribution and spatial distribution of trees. An increasing root density was found to be associated to lower values of suction and higher gradients of infiltration, which can potentially have a negative influence of the slope stability.A modelling investigation on the mechanical reinforcement of soil by tree roots allowed us to understand the importance of hydraulic and mechanic components on the stability of a slope. Roots increase greatly the shear strength of soil (up to 25.8 kPa) through mechanical reinforcement and consequently, the safety factor of the slope increased significantly. Considering the root reinforcement in the estimation of potential failure surfaces safety factor showed that the weakest failure surface was found at 2.2 m, where the root reinforcement was 1.3 kPa, instead of 0.9 m without the root reinforcement of 13.8 kPa. The weakest failure surface found was in agreement with the failure surfaces observed from previous landslides. The test site did not present the characteristics of a landslide triggering area. The slope angle of the landslide triggering areas (35° to 45°) can easily exceed the soil friction angle (36.5° to 38.5°) and the hydraulic effect would not be enough to guarantee the stability of the slope during the wet season (0 to 10 kPa). However, the root reinforcement was estimated to be able to sustain the slopes until an angle of 42°.Therefore, the presence of tree roots was found to affect hydraulically and mechanically stability of pyroclastic soil covers. Such conclusions may be extended to the areas of Campania where C. sativa plantations are present. The hydraulic effect of vegetation was greatly compensated by the mechanical reinforcement of roots
Weit, Anne. "Etude expérimentale de la concentration de particules solides dans les écoulements volcaniques biphasés turbulents." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC060.
Full textMixtures consisting of gas and particles can be found in various geophysical environments. Hot mixtures are generated by explosive volcanic eruptions and include conduit flows, jets and buoyant plumes, and pyroclastic density currents. The particle concentration within these volcanic mixtures can vary highly, from high concentrations (>50 vol. %) in dense fluidized flows to very low concentrations in dilute suspensions in which the particles are suspended by the turbulent gas phase. A concentration limit of less than ~1 vol. % in dilute suspensions was suggested by recent studies, as higher concentrations would require excessive turbulent kinetic energy. The main objective of this thesis was to investigate experimentally the behavior of a turbulent air flow in a pipe with increasing particle concentrations, for different Reynolds numbers and using different types of particles. The Reynolds numbers of the gas-particle mixtures in the experiments were up to ~106. A first set of experiments was conducted with glass beads of varying sizes from 75-80 μm up to 2 mm, for eight particle size ranges in total. Above a bulk concentration threshold of ~0.5-3 vol. %, which increased with the Reynolds number, the flow behavior changed from a homogeneous suspension of particles (below the maximum concentration) to a separation into a dense basal part and an upper dilute part carrying the maximum concentration of particles. This concentration threshold was detected with pressure measurements and a method that involved a ball of a slightly lower density than the bulk density of the particles, which could thus float over the dense basal part, if present. High-speed videos revealed that the occurrence of the maximum particle concentration coincided with the emergence of particle clusters in the dilute turbulent part. In a second part of the thesis, the experiments were repeated for five ceramic particle size ranges and they yielded the same general behavior as for the glass beads. For both types of particles, a maximum concentration could be detected for almost all particle size ranges and showed an increase with the mixture Reynolds number to the power 1/5 (glass beads) or 0.4 (ceramic beads). Considering the particle Reynolds number the maximum particle concentration then increase to the power 1/6 for both ceramic and glass particles. These results give new insights about the structure of volcanic gas-particle mixtures and they also provide constraints for input and output data of numerical simulations and for geophysical observations
Cadieux, Nicolas. "La pyroclastique du site BiFw-20 à Kabeshinàn, Parc du Lac Leamy, Gatineau." Thèse, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16915.
Full textBurgisser, Alain. "Magmas in Motion : Degassing in volcanic conduits and fabrics of pyroclastic density current." Phd thesis, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012122.
Full text2) Nous unifions les deux visions de courants pyroclastiques admises (coulées pyroclastiques hautement concentrées et nuées ardentes diluées et turbulentes) grâce à des lois d'échelle basées sur la physique multiphasée. A partir la dynamique de l'interaction de particules avec un vortex élémentaire, nous considérons le spectre complet des vortex générés dans un écoulement turbulent. Nous démontrons que la présence de particules de tailles différentes force la stratification en densité du courant, puis nous expliquons le mécanisme de ségrégation des courants pyroclastiques en une partie basale concentrés surmontée d'une partie diluée. Comme l'interaction d'un courant avec des reliefs montagneux ou des corps aqueux s'enregistre dans ses dépôts, nous avons étudié les produits de la dernière grande éruption du volcan Okmok (Iles Aléoutiennes, USA). Au-delà de la reconstruction du déroulement de l'éruption, cette étude de terrain a permis de valider les aspects principaux du modèle, comme la superposition d'un courant dense et dilué, leur séparation lors de l'entrée dans l'océan et les caractéristiques des particules qui les constituent.
Azizi, Samir Moulay. "Géologie du Précambrien terminal (III) et traitement statistique des données géochimiques de prospection, dans la boutonnière de Bou Azzer - El Graara (Anti-Atlas, Maroc)." Phd thesis, 1990. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00708240.
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