Academic literature on the topic 'Pyrolys'
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Journal articles on the topic "Pyrolys"
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Dhaundiyal, Alok, and Suraj Singh. "Asymptotic Approximations to the Isothermal Pyrolysis of Deodara Leaves using Gamma Distribution." Universitas Scientiarum 22, no. 3 (December 26, 2017): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.sc22-3.aatt.
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The main aim of th is paper pivote d ar ound th e influence of some parameters relev ant to biomass pyrolys is on the numerical solutions of the nth order distributed activation energy model (DAEM) using the Gamma distribution. The upper limit of ‘dE’ integral, frequency factor, reaction order, and the shape and rate parameters of the Gamma distribution are investigated. Analys is of the mathematical model is done with the help of asymptotic expansion.
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Nor Shahirah, Mohd Nasir, Bamidele V. Ayodele, Jolius Gimbun, and Chin Kui Cheng. "Samarium Promoted Ni/Al2O3 Catalysts for Syngas Production from Glycerol Pyrolys." Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 11, no. 2 (August 20, 2016): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.11.2.555.238-244.
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<p>The current paper reports on the kinetics of glycerol reforming over the alumina-supported Ni catalyst that was promoted with rare earth elements. The catalysts were synthesized via wet impregnation method with formulations of 3 wt% Sm-20 wt% Ni/77 wt% Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. The characterizations of all the as-synthesized catalysts were carried out, viz. BET specific surface area measurements, thermogravimetri analysis for temperature-programmed calcination studies, FESEM for surface imaging, XRD to obtain diffraction patterns, XRF for elemental analysis, etc.. Reaction studies were performed in a stainless steel fixed bed reactor with reaction temperatures set at 973, 1023 and 1073 K employing weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 4.5×10<sup>4</sup> mL g<sup>-1</sup> h<sup>-1</sup>. Agilent GC with TCD capillary column was used to analyze gas compositions. Results gathered showed that the BET specific surface area was 2.09 m<sup>2</sup>.g<sup>-1</sup> for the unpromoted Ni catalyst while for the promoted catalysts, was 2.68 m<sup>2</sup>.g<sup>-1</sup>. Significantly, the BET results were supported by the FESEM images which showed promoted catalysts exhibit smaller particle size compared to the unpromoted catalyst. It can be deduced that the promoter can increase metal dispersion on alumina support, hence decreasing the size of particles. The TGA analysis consistently showed four peaks which represent water removal at temperature 373-463 K, followed by decomposition of nickel nitrate to produce nickel oxide. From reaction results for Sm promotion showed glycerol conversion, X<sub>G</sub> of 27% which was 7% higher than unpromoted catalyst. The syngas productions were produced from glycerol decomposition and created H<sub>2</sub>:CO product ratio which always lower than 2.0. The H<sub>2</sub>:CO product ratio of 3 wt% Sm promoted Ni/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> catalyst was 1.70 at reaction temperature of 973 K and glycerol partial pressure of 18 kPa and suitable enough for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Copyright © 2016 BCREC GROUP. All rights reserved</p><p><em>Received: 22<sup>nd</sup> January 2016; Revised: 1<sup>st</sup> February 2016; Accepted: 17<sup>th</sup> February 2016</em></p><strong>How to Cite:</strong> Shahirah, M.N.N., Ayodele, B.V., Gimbun, J., Cheng, C.K. (2016). Samarium Promoted Ni/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Catalysts for Syngas Production from Glycerol Pyrolysis. <em>Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis</em>, 11 (2): 238-244 (doi:10.9767/bcrec.11.2.555.238-244)<p><strong>Permalink/DOI:</strong> http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.11.2.555.238-244</p>
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Sarkar, Aparna, Sudip De Sarkar, Michael Langanki, and Ranjana Chowdhury. "Studies on Pyrolysis Kinetic of Newspaper Wastes in a Packed Bed Reactor: Experiments, Modeling, and Product Characterization." Journal of Energy 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/618940.
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Newspaper waste was pyrolysed in a 50 mm diameter and 640 mm long reactor placed in a packed bed pyrolyser from 573 K to 1173 K in nitrogen atmosphere to obtain char and pyro-oil. The newspaper sample was also pyrolysed in a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) under the same experimental conditions. The pyrolysis rate of newspaper was observed to decelerate above 673 K. A deactivation model has been attempted to explain this behaviour. The parameters of kinetic model of the reactions have been determined in the temperature range under study. The kinetic rate constants of volatile and char have been determined in the temperature range under study. The activation energies 25.69 KJ/mol, 27.73 KJ/mol, 20.73 KJ/mol and preexponential factors 7.69 min−1, 8.09 min−1, 0.853 min−1of all products (solid reactant, volatile, and char) have been determined, respectively. A deactivation model for pyrolysis of newspaper has been developed under the present study. The char and pyro-oil obtained at different pyrolysis temperatures have been characterized. The FT-IR analyses of pyro-oil have been done. The higher heating values of both pyro-products have been determined.
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ASSUMPÇÃO, Luiz Carlos Fonte Nova de, Mônica Regina da Costa MARQUES, and Montserrat Motas CARBONELL. "CO-PYROLYSIS OF POLYPROPYLENE WITH PETROLEUM OF BACIA DE CAMPOS." Periódico Tchê Química 06, no. 11 (January 20, 2009): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v6.n11.2009.24_periodico11_pgs_23_30.pdf.
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In this study, the process of co-pyrolysis of polypropylene (PP) residues with gas-oil was evaluated, varying the temperature and the amount of polypropylene fed to the reactor. The polypropylene samples and gas-oil were submitted to the thermal co-pyrolysis in an inert atmosphere, varying the temperature and the amount of PP. The influence of the gas-oil was evaluated carrying the co-pyrolysis in the absence of PP. The pyrolysed liquids produced by this thermal treatment were characterized by modified gaseous chromatography in order to evaluate the yield in the range of distillation of diesel. As a result, the increase of PP amount lead to a reduction in the yield of the pyrolytic liquid and to an increase of the amount of solid generated. The effect of temperature increase showed an inverse result. The results show that plastic residue co-pyrolysys is a potential method for chemical recycling of plastic products.
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Purevsuren, Barnasan, Otgonchuluun Dashzeveg, Ariunaa Alyeksandr, Narangerel Janchig, and Jargalmaa Soninkhuu. "Pyrolysis of pine wood and characterisation of solid and liquid products." Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 19, no. 45 (December 28, 2018): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjc.v19i45.1086.
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Pyrolysis of pine wood was carried out at different temperatures and the yields of solid (biochar), liquid (tar and pyrolysed water) and gas products were determined. Temperature around 500 ºC was determined as an optimal heating temperature of pyrolysis and approximately 27.1% hard residue (biochar), 21.46% tar, 20.04% pyrolysed water and 31.30% gas were obtained by pyrolysis. The thermal stability indices of pine wood are relatively low, which are indications of its low thermal stability and high yield of volatile matter (Vdaf = 90.3%). The thermal stability indices of pyrolysis of solid residue show that it is characterised by a very high thermal stability than its initial sample, for example, there was an increase of Т5% 7.7 and Т15% 3.8 times. The chemical composition of pyrolysed tar of pine wood has also been determined. Were obtained 4 different fractions with varying boiling temperature ranges of pine wood pyrolysed tar and have determined the yields of each fraction. Neutral tar was analysed by GC/MS and 20 aliphatic compounds, 25 aromatic compounds and 18 polar compounds were determined.
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Mercl, Filip, Zdeněk Košnář, Lorenzo Pierdonà, Leidy Marcela Ulloa-Murillo, Jiřina Száková, and Pavel Tlustoš. "Changes in availability of Ca, K, Mg, P and S in sewage sludge as affected by pyrolysis temperature." Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 4 (April 30, 2020): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/605/2019-pse.
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Pyrolysis is a promising technology for sewage sludge (SS) treatment providing several improvements of SS properties for soil application. However, information on the influence of pyrolytic temperature on the availability of nutrients in resulting biochar (BC) is limited. In this study, anaerobically stabilised SS was pyrolysed in a laboratory fixed-bed reactor at 220, 320, 420, 520, and 620 °C for 30 min in the N<sub>2</sub> atmosphere. Pyrolysis resulted in a higher total content of all studied nutrients in BCs. Aromaticity and hydrophobicity of BCs increased with increasing temperatures while solubility decreased. Relative availability (% from total content) of nutrients in BCs was in order: Ca > Mg ~ K > S > P. Pyrolysis at 220 °C produced acidic BC with a higher content of acetic acid-extractable nutrients compared to non-pyrolysed control. An increment in pH and a significant drop in the content of available Ca, Mg, K and S were found at temperature 320 °C. Pyrolysis at 320 °C increased the content of available P by 28 % compared to non-pyrolysed SS. At the temperature of 420 °C and higher, available contents of all studied nutrients were lower than in non-pyrolysed SS.
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Khasanov, R. G., N. M. Zakharov, and R. R. Gaziev. "Some Regularities of Thermocontact Pyrolysis of Propane." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 625, no. 3 (2021): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/0023-1169-2021-625-3-25-27.
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To compare the equilibrium yields of pyrolysis products and real kinetic data, studies on the thermal contact pyrolysis of propane were carried out. To determine the equilibrium yields of pyrolysis products, the method of minimizing the energy of the system was used, the advantage of which is the need to know only the initial and final composition of the components of the reaction system. The possibility of predicting the yields of propane pyrolysis products using calculated equilibrium thermodynamic yields is shown. It is shown that the accuracy of the calculated data depends on the pyrogas components formed during pyrolysis specified at the beginning of the calculation. It is established that the actual concentrations of pyrolysis products in the pyrogas can be both higher and lower than the calculated equilibrium concentrations, which will only indicate that the equilibrium state of the system is reached or not reached during the process. This method can be used for pyrolysis of other hydrocarbons for the purpose of preliminary assessment of the maximum possible yields of products during the process.
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Kazimierski, Paweł, Sara Vieira, and Dariusz Kardaś. "Pine Wood Particles Pyrolysis and Radiographic Analysis." Drvna industrija 71, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2020.1834.
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The goal of this experiment is to assess the mass and volume loss of medium size pine wood particles undergoing pyrolysis. Wood samples of different sizes and shapes were pyrolysed at 500 ºC with different residence times. A thermogravimetric analysis was carried out for comparison purposes. Finally, the pyrolysed samples were analysed using radiographic methods. A connection between the different analyses was found. For larger particles, the heating rate is lower, and a time gap between hemicellulose and cellulose thermal decomposition was noticed. Research shows that an important part of the analysis of the process is the rate of biomass heating and sample size. As the sample size increases, the pyrolysis time increases; however, the increase is not linear. The publication also shows the great possibilities of radiographic methods in analysing the pyrolysis process.
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Guo, De Hui, Xiao Wang, Hai Rong Jiang, Guo Chun Chen, Zhang Yan, and Hui Xia Liu. "Pyrolysis Kinetics of PA66/CB." Key Engineering Materials 667 (October 2015): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.667.308.
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The pyrolysis kinetics parameters of material had an great importance on estimating material degradation during laser transmission welding. The PA66/CB was produced using a twin-screw extruder, and thermogravimetric experiment of PA66/CB was performed at different heating rate of 5, 10, 15 and 20 °C/min, then the pyrolsis behavior and pyrolysis kinetics parameters of material were investigated based on the Kissinger, Starink and Freeman-Carroll three methods. The results showed that the pyrolsis process of PA66/CB was one step reaction. With the increase of heating rate, the initial reaction temperature and final pyrolsis temperature of TG curve and the peak temperature of DTG curve were shift to higher temperature. Temperature hysteresis was appeared but the final pyrolsis rate was not affected by heating rate. The activation energy on the biggest pyrolsis rate was not affected by the addition of carbon black. The activation energy calculated using Starink method was increased by the increase of conversion rate. The activation energy calculated using Freeman-Carroll method was bigger than Kissinger and Starink methods. The activation energy was calculated using Freeman-Carroll method, then using the nthmodel, and the pyrolsis kinetic equation was expressed as:dα/dt=2.053×1019[exp (-245.32×103/RT)](1-α)2.22.
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Ahmad, Normadyzah, Nurul Nabila Huda Baharudin, and Norhayati Talib. "Slow Pyrolysis Temperature and Duration Effects on Fuel Properties of Food Rice Waste Bio-Char." Key Engineering Materials 797 (March 2019): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.797.319.
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In this study, to convert high moisture content waste into bio-char, slow pyrolysis of cooked rice waste was proposed. The effects of temperature and duration of slow pyrolysis of cooked rice waste on the fuel properties of the biochar produced were investigated, namely the carbon content and energy density. The cooked rice waste was dried overnight at 80°C prior to pyrolysis to reduce moisture content. The carbon content was measured by using Thermo Finnigan Flash EA 1112 Series Elemental Analyser CHNS-O. Energy density was measured by using IKA Works C—5000 Control bomb calorimeter. Results demonstrated that pyrolysed rice waste at 250°C and 4 hour duration had the highest carbon content (60.30%). Moreover, the calorific values for pyrolysed cooked rice wastes demonstrated that biochar derived from cooked rice waste could be a promising alternative renewable energy source.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pyrolys"
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Gustafsson, Mattias. "Pyrolys för värmeproduktion : Biokol den primära biprodukten." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-15501.
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Pyrolys innebär att exempelvis biobränsle hettas upp i syrefattig miljö för att bilda pyrolysgas och kol. Pyrolysgasen kan brännas för att producera värme med låga utsläpp och kolet har en mängd användningsområden; jordförbättringsmedel, fodertillskott, filtermaterial, kolfastläggning, energibärare, ståltillverkning m.m. Om krav på bränsle och användningsområde för kolet uppfylls kan kolet certifieras som biokol. Syftet med den här rapporten är att utreda om pyrolystekniken är ett hållbart, tekniskt och ekonomiskt alternativ till pellets- och flisförbränning för värmeproduktion. Målet är att förmedla pyrolysens tekniska och ekonomiska förutsättningar, såväl positiva som negativa. Rapporten är baserad på en kombination av litteraturstudier, djupintervjuer, besök vid anläggningar och referensgruppsamtal. Pyrolys har använts i tusentals år för att producera kol. I Amazonas upptäcktes landområden med en sammalagd yta större än Storbritannien i vilka jorden var kolsvart. Denna svarta jord, terra preta, är berikad med kol och har därmed blivit mycket bördigare än omgivande, ursprunglig jord. I Sverige framställdes kol för att tillgodose metallindustrin med bland annat produktionsmaterial och bränsle. Till skillnad från pellets- och flisförbränning kan pyrolystekniken använda en stor mängd olika bränslen så länge de uppfyller krav på energidensitet och fukthalt. Marknaden för biokol växer i bl.a. Tyskland men är ännu liten i Sverige. De leverantörer av pyrolysanläggningar som besökts i denna rapport, Pyreg och Carbon Terra, gör anläggningar med syfte att producera biokol. Pyreg har utvecklat en process med skruvreaktor och integrerad pyrolysgasbrännare för att t.o.m. kunna använda avloppsslam som bränsle. Carbon Terras process är enkel och robust med fokus att producera mycket kol. Pyrolysteknikens styrkor är flexibiliteten att välja olika typer av bränslen, låga utsläpp, liten negativ miljöpåverkan och kolets olika användningsområden. Ser man till svagheterna är de marknadsrelaterade; outvecklad svensk marknad och okunskap om kolets användningsområden. Dessutom gör pyrolysanläggningarnas statiska effektuttag att de är mindre flexibla än pellets- och flispannor. I en tid då klimatförändringarna letar akuta lösningar medför kolfastläggning och biokol som jordförbättringsmedel stora möjligheter tillsammans med omvandling av pyrolysgas till fordonsbränsle. Dock är den befintliga pellets- och flisförbränningen väletablerad som uppvärmningsteknik, vilket kan utgöra ett hot mot pyrolysteknikens intåg på marknaden. Avsaknaden av regelverk pga. kompetensbrist kan också försvåra för etablering av pyrolysanläggningar. Slutsatsen i denna rapport är att pyrolystekniken är ett bra alternativ till konventionell pellets- och flisförbränning om man kan hantera att värmeproduktinen är statisk och att man beaktar kolets värde. Värmeproduktion från pyrolysgas ger lägre utsläpp av bland annat CO, NOx och stoftpartiklar än pellets- och flisförbränning och om kolet används för kolfastläggning är möjligheten till globala klimateffekter betydande. Det som starkast påverkar den ekonomiska kalkylen är kostnaden för bränslet och intäkten på kolet. För att gardera sig mot den outvecklade biokolmarkanden i Sverige har kalkylerna i denna rapport baserats på försäljning av biokol som jordförbättringsmedel, vilket ger låga intäkter jämfört med andra användningsområden. Styrkan i att valet av bränsle är flexibelt gör det möjligt att ha en bränslekostnad på noll om materialet annars ses som avfall. Marknaden för kol i Sverige är outvecklad vilket kräver ett aktivt arbete från de som ger sig in branschen, men om utvecklingen följer den i Tyskland ser de ekonomiska förutsättningarna starka ut.Pyrolysis is the process where biomass is heated in an environment with low oxygen level forming pyrolysis gas and char. Pyrolysis gas can be combusted to produce heat with low emissions and the char has a multitude of uses: soil improvement, animal feed supplements, filter material, carbon storage, energy source, steel production etc. If certain requirements for the fuel and how the char is used the char certified as biochar. The purpose of this report is to determine if the pyrolysis technology is a sustainable, technical and economical alternative to pellet and wood chip combustion for heat production. The goal is to convey pyrolysis technical and economic conditions, both positive and negative. The report is based on a combination of literature reviews, interviews, plant visits and reference group discussions. Pyrolysis has been used for thousands of years to produce char. Areas, of a total area larger than the Great Britain, with pitch black soils were discovered in the Amazon. This black soil, terra preta, is enriched with carbon, and has thus become much more fertile than the surrounding native soil. In Sweden char was produced to meet the metal industries’ demand for char as material and fuel. Unlike pellet and wood chip combustion, pyrolysis can use a variety of fuels, as long as they meet the requirements of calorific value and moisture content. The market for biochar is growing particularly in Germany but is still small in Sweden. The suppliers of pyrolysis plants visited in this report, Pyreg and Carbon Terra, develop their plants in order to produce biochar. Pyreg has developed a process with a screw reactor and an integrated pyrolysis gas combustor to be able to use sewage sludge as fuel. Carbon Terra’s process is simple and robust, with a focus to produce large quantities of carbon. The strengths of the pyrolysis technique are the flexibility to use different types of fuels, low emission, low environmental impact and the different uses of the char. Looking at weaknesses, they are market-related; undeveloped Swedish market and lack of knowledge of how to use biochar. In addition, the pyrolysis facilities have static power output that they are less flexible than pellets and wood chip combustors. At a time when finding solutions on climate change are urgent, carbon storage, using biochar as a soil improver and conversion of pyrolysis gas as a vehicle fuel are great opportunities. However, the existing pellet and wood chip combustion is well established as a heating technology, which could pose a threat to the pyrolysis technology entering the market. The lack of regulation due to shortages of knowledge of pyrolysis may also prevent the establishment of pyrolysis plants. The conclusion of this report is that pyrolysis is a good alternative to conventional pellet and wood chip combustion if you can manage the static power output and that you realize the value of the char. Heat production from pyrolysis produce lower emissions including CO, NOx and smog particles than pellets and wood chip combustion and biochar used for carbon storage has the possibility of significant global climate impact. The strongest influences on the economic calculation are the cost of fuel and the revenue of the char. The strength of being able to choose different types of fuel makes it possible to have a fuel at zero cost if the material is otherwise regarded as waste. The market for biochar in Sweden is undeveloped which increases the uncertainty of the calculations, but if the trend follows that of Germany, the economic prospects are strong.
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Samo, Sandra. "Katalytisk pyrolys av förbehandlad biomassa." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-220702.
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Biomassa innehåller oorganiska ämnen som bl.a. alkalimetaller och alkaliska jordartsmetaller, vilket bidrar till ett minskat utbyte av pyrolysolja och ökar istället utbytet av gaser och lågvärdiga produkter. Detta sker p.g.a. att oorganiska ämnen agerar som krackningkatalysatorer. [1] Pyrolysolja har även en hög syrehalt vilket t.ex. gör den oblandbar med fossil olja. Genom att använda lakning som förbehandlingsmetod kan biomassans innehåll av oorganiska ämnen minska och pyrolysoljans sammansättning ändras. Detta sker genom bl.a. jonbytesreaktioner som uppstår mellan joner i lakningsmedlet och biomassans oorganiska ämnen. [2] En katalysator kan användas för att minska syrehalten i pyrolysoljan och erhålla högvärdiga produkter som aromater. Detta sker genom katalytiska reaktioner som bl.a. krackning, aromatisering, ketoniserings- och aldolkondensation samt avspjälkning av vatten. [3] [4] I detta arbete har kombinationen av att förbehandla biomassa samt att låta pyrolysångor reagera över en katalysator undersökts. Fyra olika experiment har utförts för att kunna jämföra produktfördelningen mellan vätska, gas och kolrest, vätskefördelningen mellan H2O och olja samt olje-sammansättningen i de olika fallen. Experimenten utfördes med förbehandlad/icke-förbehandlad biomassa med och utan katalysator. Som lakningsmedel vid förbehandlingen användes en blandning av ättiksyra och avjoniserat vatten som biomassan behandlades med och sedan separerades ifrån. Som katalysator användes zeoliten HZSM-5 och utvärderades ex-bed i pyrolysören. Resultaten visar att halten oorganiska ämnen minskar efter behandling. Förbehandlad biomassa utan katalysator ger ett ökat utbyte av vätska där vätskefördelningen mellan H2O och olja visar en större mängd olja jämfört med icke-förbehandlad biomassa utan katalysator. I fallet förbehandlad biomassan med katalysator visar resultatet att en större mängd gas bildas jämfört med icke-förbehandlad biomassa med katalysator, vilket tyder på att katalysatorn reagerar starkare mot sammansättningen av pyrolysångor från förbehandlad biomassa i det fallet. Vätskefördelningen vid icke-förbehandlad biomassan med katalysator visar en större mängd olja jämfört med förbehandlad biomassa med katalysator. Olje-sammansättningen visar att den största mängden högvärdiga produkter, i detta fall polyaromatiska kolväten, bildas vid närvaro av katalysator.Biomass generally contains inorganic substances such as alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, which reduce the yield of pyrolysis oil and increases the yield of gases and low-value products due to inorganic substances acting as cracking catalysts. [1] Pyrolysis oil also has a high oxygen content, making it im-miscible with fossil oil. Using leaching as a pretreatment method, the content of inorganic substances in biomass can decrease which changes the composition of the pyrolysis oil. Among other things, this occurs through ion-exchange reactions that occur when ions between the leachant and the ionically bonded inorganic elements in biomass change site. [2] A catalyst can be used to reduce oxygen content in the pyrolysis oil and obtain high-quality products such as aromatics. This is done through reactions such as cracking, aromatization, ketonization and aldol condensation as well as hydro-deoxygenation that arise in the presence of a catalyst. [3] [4] In this work, four different experiments have been conducted to compare the product distribution between liquid, gas and char, the liquid distribution between H2O and oil and the oil composition in the different cases. The experiments were performed with pre-treated/untreated biomass with and without catalyst. As leachant, a mixture of acetic acid and deionized water was used with which the biomass was boiled and then separated. As catalyst, The zeolite HZSM-5 was used. HZSM-5 was evaluated ex-bed in the process. The results show that the content of inorganic substances decreases after treatment. Pre-treated biomass without catalytic upgrading leads to increase in the liquid yield in which the liquid distribution between H2O and oil shows a greater amount of oil compares to untreated biomass with without catalytic upgrading, indicating a decrease of inorganic substances. In the case of pre-treated biomass with catalyst, the result shows that a larger amount of gas is formed compared to untreated biomass with catalyst, which indicates that the catalyst reacts more strongly to the composition of pyrolysis vapors from a pre-treated biomass in that case. The liquid distribution of the untreated biomass with catalyst shows a greater amount of oil compared to pre-treated biomass with catalyst. The oil composition shows that the largest amount of high-value products, in this case polyaromatic hydrocarbons, is formed in the presence of the catalyst.
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PHOUNGLAMCHEIK, Aekjuthon. "Modellering av pyrolys i roterande trumma." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-173840.
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This project focuses on the numerical modeling of a rotary kiln pyrolyzer such as found in the e.g. WoodRoll multistage gasification process. The model consists of two parts: a granular flow model, and a pyrolyzer model. In the first part, Saeman's equation was employed to develop a model which can describe the behavior of solid granular flow in a rotary kiln without reaction. Residence-time distribution (RTD) is the main aim to study in this part, which was simulated by axial dispersion model (ADM). The model requires only one fitting parameter that is dispersion coefficient (Dax), which was studied in parallel by two cases: constant value of Dax, and Dax as a function of kiln's length. The result of both models show good predictable in comparison to experimental data from literature, and represent narrow distribution of residence times that behave similar to plug flow reactor. Unfortunately, the result still cannot claim which model of Dax is the best model to describe RTD in rotary drum. The second part of the thesis purpose to design the model of rotary kiln pyrolyzer, which contains specific behavior of granular flow, heat transport in a kiln, and primary pyrolysis of wood. The model of steady-state condition with constant wall temperature was simulated to generate temperature profile and conversion along a kiln. This model included all heat transport features such as conduction, convection, and radiation. According to the result, supplied energy from outer surface of the kiln essentially transfer through the kiln via heat conduction, which occur between solid bed and rotating surface of the kiln. Temperature profile that generated by this model looks reasonable to the process of rotary kiln pyrolyzer, which affected by heating system and heat of reaction along the kiln. The result also demonstrated that conversion of wood is strongly dependent of wall temperature or heating rate of the system. Nonetheless, kinetics data for wood pyrolysis still a debatable issue in many research, and this model required validation by experiment of rotary kiln pyrolyzer.
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Abbas, Husam. "Comparative analysis of different pyrolysis techniques by using kraft lignin : Jämförelse mellan olika pyrolys metoder." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-78871.
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This thesis presents a comparison analysis between various pyrolysis techniques performed on kraft lignin. Numerous literature studies of pyrolysis techniques performed on kraft lignin are reviewed and analysed where different operation temperatures, catalysts and different heating methods are used to pyrolyze kraft lignin. Based on the collected data from the reviewed literature, calculations are performed to determine energy efficiency of each pyrolysis technique. The energy efficiencies are used to establish a comparison between various pyrolysis techniques. Energy efficiencies of all pyrolysis techniques are determined by using series of equations. Dissimilarities of products composition are investigated between various pyrolysis techniques. Environmental impacts caused by lignin pyrolysis are reviewed and discussed. Uses of products produced from lignin pyrolysis are discussed to highlight the potential of using lignin as an energy resource to produce biooil, biochar and non-condensable gases (NCG). Results show that energy efficiencies differ significantly between various pyrolysis techniques, where microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) shows the highest energy efficiency. Products produced from pyrolysis show a wide range of uses in many industrial applications. Lignin based products have the potential to replace many petroleum-based products which may contribute significantly to decrease pollutants in nature and gas emissions caused by combusting fossil fuels.
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Sundberg, Elisabet. "Granskning av avancerade pyrolysprocesser med lignocellulosa som råvara – tekniska lösningar och marknadsförutsättningar." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-207584.
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När befolkningsmängden ökar och teknisk och ekonomisk utveckling sker så påverkas även energianvändningen. Detta ställer krav på att energitillförseln är säker, stabil och hållbar. I dag är det fossila bränslen som dominerar globalt sett vilket får konsekvenser för den miljö vi lever i, och dessutom är det en ändlig, ohållbar resurs. Därför behöver dessa ersättas av hållbara alternativa energikällor, vilket också är centralt för miljömål i både Sverige och i den Europeiska Unionen. Förhoppningar finns om att processer som omvandlar lignocellulosa till fasta, flytande och gasformiga drivmedel och bränslen kan bidra till omställningen från fossilt till förnybart. I detta examensarbete som utförts i samarbete med KTH och IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet har främst en av dessa omvandlingsprocesser undersökts närmare – pyrolys. Pyrolys är en termisk process som omvandlar lignocellulosa under temperaturer mellan cirka 300-650 °C under syrefria förhållanden. Tre faser kan erhållas. En gasfas som kan kondenseras till pyrolysolja, en fast fas som benämns biokol eller kol (beroende på slutanvändning) och en okondenserbar gasfas. Utbytet av produkter och kvalitet på dessa styrs främst av: typ av råvara, typ av reaktor och av vilka processförhållanden som råder. En undersökning av olika pyrolysprocessers status på marknaden har gjorts. Graden av kommersialisering och status i nuläget och hur framtiden kan se ut för både tekniken och produkterna har uppskattats genom litteraturstudier, internetsökningar och intervjuer med utvalda företag och personer med kunskaper inom pyrolys. Rapporten visar att pyrolys inte ännu är en helt kommersiell process, men att den har möjlighet att bli det med rätt förutsättningar. Det är svårt att säga när det sker, då det förutom fortsatt teknisk utveckling, ökad kunskap kring pyrolysprocessen och resultat av demonstrationer beror på olika externa faktorer. Yttre faktorer för kommersialisering av pyrolys i Sverige har identifierats som ökad säkerhet kring politiska styrmedel och beslut kring långsiktiga sådana (osäkerhet och kortsiktiga beslut skrämmer bort investerare), vikten av att etablera en värdekedja för att säkra investeringen, och priser på fossila drivmedel och biomassa som råvara. Processer för produktion av biokol verkar dock ha hunnit längre än de för pyrolysolja och är i ett tidigt stadium av kommersialisering. Den enda tillämpningen som är fullt kommersiell idag är produktion av träkol och för detta tillämpas ofta traditionella satsvisa processer. Många möjliga användningsområden för produkterna finns där de har potential att reducera koldioxidutsläpp och bidra till en mer hållbar framtid. Standardisering och certifiering av produkter är då viktigt, samt demonstration av användning. Stabilisering och vidare förädling av pyrolysoljan är en annan viktig faktor för kommersialisering. Ännu verkar processer för katalytisk uppgradering inte vara tillräckligt tekniskt eller ekonomiskt utvecklade för att ge en konkurrenskraftig produkt, men forskning pågår kring detta. Integrering av processen ser ut att kunna öka energieffektiviteten, samt bidra till minskade produktionskostnader.The population growth as well as a rapid technical and economic development globally affects the energy consumption. This requires a secure, stable and sustainable supply of energy. Today fossil fuels dominate globally and this results in environmental problems. Fossil fuels are also a finite, unsustainable resource. Thus, there is a need to replace fossil fuels with sustainable alternative sources of energy. This is also central for environmental goals both in Sweden and in the European Union. There are expectations that processes for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to solid, liquid and gaseous fuels can contribute to a transition from fossil to renewable fuels. In this thesis, carried out in collaboration between KTH and IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, one of the conversion processes is investigated in detail – pyrolysis. Pyrolysis is a thermal process that converts lignocellulose under anaerobic conditions at temperatures between about 300-650°C. Three phases can be obtained as products. A volatile which can be condensed into pyrolysis oil, a solid which may be termed biochar or charcoal depending on the end use, and a gas phase. The yield and the quality of the products is dependent upon the type of raw material, the type of reactor and the process conditions. An examination of the status of different pyrolysis processes on or on the way to the market has been made. The current degree of commercialization and what the future may look like for both the technology and the products have been assessed through literature studies, internet searches, and interviews with selected companies and individuals with expertise in pyrolysis. This report reveals that continuous pyrolysis is not yet a fully commercial process, but that it has the opportunity to reach commercialization during the right conditions. It is difficult to say when it occurs, due to various external factors, continued technical development, increased knowledge of the pyrolysis process and results of the current demonstrations. In this report, several critical factors for the commercialization of pyrolysis in Sweden have been identified, e.g. increased stability for policy instruments and that will limit the risk for investments (uncertainty and short-term decisions frightens investors) and the establishment of a value chain for the products, i.e. a stable market. Prices on fossil fuels and biomass feedstock are also important factors. Processes for the production of biochar is in the early stages of commercialization, and seem to have reached further in their development than processes for pyrolysis oil. The only fully commercial application of pyrolysis today is the production of charcoal that commonly is performed in traditional batch-wise processes. There are many possible uses for the products in which they have the potential to reduce carbon emissions and contribute to a more sustainable future. Standardization and certification of products is important, and demonstration of the use. Stabilization and further upgrading of pyrolysis oil is another important factor for commercialization. It seems like processes for catalytic upgrading are not yet sufficiently technically or financially developed to be able to provide a competitive product. Research and development in this area are ongoing. Integration of the process with incumbent industrial processes seems to be able to offer increased energy efficiency and reduced production costs.
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Wennebro, Jonas. "Produktion av Pyrolysolja från kvistrejekt." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-58705.
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Fast pyrolysis is a method for converting biomass into three energy rich products: char, gas and bio-oil, where the latter is most interesting. Pyrolysis is an endothermic process where biomass is heated in an anaerobic environment and, with the right operating conditions, up to 80 %wt bio-oil can be extracted. Key parameters for fast pyrolysis are: stable reactor temperature (~500°C), short residue time for gas in the reactor (<2 s) and a very high heating rate for the biomass. Today there are several different process solutions for fast pyrolysis, where fluidized beds and rotating cones are most developed. Bio-oil has compared to fossil oil: lower heating value, low pH and also polymerizes with time. Because of this upgrading is desirable for increasing competitiveness. Several large projects for producing of bio-oil are at the moment developed around the world. Though often is subsidy money involved in these projects. Domsjö Fabriker AB in Örnsköldsvik, who is converting softwood into special cellulose, bio-ethanol and lignin, are interested in pyrolysis technology. They are using the unique sulphide process; and during the pulping of the biomass a residue in form of knots are extracted from the process. This waste product is of little value and the company is interested in investigating the possibility to produces bio-oil from these knots. The knots have several characteristics that differ from normal biomass, such as high amount of ash and extractives. High ash content leads to secondary reactions in the reactor, which leads to lower yields of bio-oil. Because of this the knots are not an optimum raw material for fast pyrolysis. At the same time high amount of extractives in the biomass might result in a to two phase liquid product. To ensure how well the knots will behave during pyrolysis testing is needed. The relatively low reject flow (18 tons/day) will, in relative terms, lead to high investment costs and a larger facility (120+ tons/day) is preferred in order to keep production costs low. Considering this, plus an uncertainty regarding the knots as a raw material for pyrolysis, bio-oil as a fuel and fast pyrolysis competitiveness, a recommendation for investing in a pyrolysis plant at Domsjö will not be recommended without first experimentally examining this untested biomass in combination with fast pyrolysis technology.
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Thyberg, Viktor. "Numerical Energy Modeling to Increase Fuel Efficiency of An Activated Carbon Production." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för energi-, miljö- och byggteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-33272.
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Lindborg, Maja, and Josefin Zaar. "Gävleborgs förutsättningar för etablering av kemisk återvinning : Materialåtervinning av plastavfall med pyrolys som ett komplement till regionens befintliga avfallssystem." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för byggnadsteknik, energisystem och miljövetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-36537.
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Plast är ett kostnadseffektivt och användbart material i dagens samhälle. Baksidan med plasten är dock hur den produceras och slutbehandlas. I dagsläget är ungefär 90 % av plastmaterialet på marknaden producerat av fossil råolja, vilket är en ändlig resurs som uppskattas vara förbrukad om 50 år om detta inte förändras. Världen över deponeras eller förbränns majoriteten av plastavfallet som på så sätt ger upphov till negativ miljöpåverkan som växthusgasutsläpp och läckage till mark och vatten. Materialåtervinning av plastavfall sker i en jämförelsevis låg grad och då främst genom mekanisk återvinning. Tekniken är begränsad och av den anledningen har alternativa tekniker, som bland annat kemisk återvinning, uppmärksammats inom politiken och forskning. Det är ett samlingsnamn på ett flertal tekniker som kan användas för materialåtervinning genom att sönderdela materialet till sina minsta beståndsdelar och därigenom framställa en produkt som liknar jungfruligt material. I denna studie har den kemiska återvinningstekniken pyrolys valts ut baserat på sådant som vilken typ av plast tekniken lämpar sig för och dess kommersiella användning på marknaden. Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilka förutsättningar det finns för att upprätta en pyrolysanläggning i Gävleborg med avseende på regionens plastavfallsflöden, dess befintliga infrastruktur samt miljömål och strategier. Gävleborg valdes ut som fokusområde med anledningen av att det för närvarande inte pågår något projekt för etablering av kemisk återvinning i de nordliga delarna av Sverige. Samtliga aktuella projekt är lokaliserade i syd- och mellansverige, framför allt i anslutning till plasttillverkaren Borealis som har en anläggning i Stenungsund, Göteborg. Inom studien tog författarna fram två teoretiska scenarion för hur en pyrolysbehandling av plastavfall inom regionen kan möjliggöras. Scenario 1 utgår från att pyrolysanläggningen tar emot avfall bestående av enbart plast som identifierats inom regionen, vilket sedan sorteras i anslutning till pyrolysanläggningen. I scenario 2 upprättas en extern sorteringsanläggning för att möjliggöra att plasten från samtliga avfallsflöden och näringar samlas in och sorteras. Därifrån transporteras lämpligt plastmaterial till pyrolysanläggningen. En slutsats baserad på studiens frågeställningar och avgränsningar visar att det finns möjligheter för etablering av en pyrolysanläggning i Gävleborg med avseende på infrastruktur, tillgång till plastavfallsflöden och att det potentiellt kan gynna regionens uppsatta mål inom plastavfallshantering. En förutsättning är dock att ett utökat insamlings- och sorteringssystem implementeras för att detta ska vara genomförbart i och med att tekniken kräver ett väldefinierat och rent plastavfallsflöde.Plastic is a cost-effective and valuable material in the modern society. However, the downside of plastic primarily lies in its production and end-of-life treatment. Roughly 90 % of all plastics are currently manufactured from fossil oil, which is a non-renewable resource, and it is estimated that the global reserves will be depleted in 50 years unless something changes. Worldwide, most plastic waste is landfilled or combusted, which harms the environment due to, among others, reasons such as greenhouse gas emissions and leakage to the ground and waters. The degree of material recycling of plastic waste is comparatively low and is mainly carried out by mechanical recycling. The technology has its limitations and owing to this, politicians and researchers have investigated alternative recycling methods such as chemical recycling. It is an umbrella-term for several technologies that are used to recycle waste by breaking down the material to its smallest components and produce a product of near-virgin quality. This study focused on the chemical recycling method pyrolysis, based on aspects such as the type of plastic it has the capacity to treat and its commercial use. The purpose of this study was to review what potential Gävleborg has for establishing a pyrolysis facility regarding plastic waste flows in the region, its infrastructure and current environmental goals and strategies. Gävleborg was chosen as the focus for the study since there, as of today, are no projects exploring the possibility for establishment of chemical recycling in the northern parts of Sweden. All ongoing projects are situated in proximity to the plastic manufacturer Borealis and its facility in Stenungsund, Gothenburg. The authors formed two hypothetical scenarios as to how plastic waste recycling by pyrolysis can be implemented in Gävleborg. The first scenario assumes that the pyrolysis facility receives waste identified by the region as only consisting of plastic, which then is further sorted at the facility. The second scenario is carried out by establishing an external sorting facility to enable sorting and collection of plastic from all waste flows and industries. Thereafter the suitable plastic waste is transported to the pyrolysis facility. A conclusion drawn from the study’s findings showed that there is potential for establishing a pyrolysis facility in Gävleborg as to infrastructure and plastic waste flows and would as well contribute to the region’s goals relating to plastic waste recycling. However, to make this viable an implementation of an extended collecting and sorting system is required, since the technology is dependent on a clean and well-defined plastic waste flow.
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Lindberg, Karl. "Förbränning av termokemiskt behandlade biobränslen : en studie av biomassa som genomgått en pyrolys-, torrefierings- eller steam explosionprocess." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-16581.
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EU har som mål att år 2020 ha minskat utsläppen av växthusgaser med 20 % och ökat andelen förnyelsebar energi till 20 %. I Sverige är andelen fossilt bränsle som förbränns ca 30 %. Denna studie syftar till att utreda om termokemiskt behandlade biobränslen kan ersätta de kommersiella fossila bränslena. Resultatet har nåtts med simulering i programvaran Fuelsim och insamling av experimentella data. En simulering ska påvisa om syreberikning gynnar bränslena och experimentella data används för att se vilka problem som finns för respektive bränsle. Den biomassa som analyserats kommer från ett vedslag liknande gran eller tall som har genomgått processen mellansnabb pyrolys, torrefiering eller steam explosion. Ingen ekonomisk aspekt har tagits i beaktande vid utvärderandet av bränslena. Pyrolysprocessens produkt pyrolysvätska har flera utmaningar framför sig innan den kan ersätta befintliga oljor. Den är väldigt korrosiv, har en hög fukthalt och en kort lagringstid på sex månader. Pyrolysvätskan tycks gynnas av en syreberikning på 0,5 till 2 %. Pyrolyskoksen har potentialen att ersätta eller samförbrännas med kol i kolpulvereldadepannor. Pyrolysgasen innehåller en stor mängd CO2 vilket ger den ett lågt energiinnehåll. Både pyrolyskoksen och pyrolysgasen bör i första hand förbrännas i en fluidbäddspanna som är integrerad med pyrolysreaktorn eftersom pannanläggningen behöver värmen. Torrefieringsgasen är en biprodukt från framställningen av torrefierad biomassa. Problem med filtrering och kondensering av gasen medför att den bör sameldas med något annat bränsle för att återföra värmen till reaktorn. När den torrefierade biomassan pelleterats förbränns den lämpligast i storskaliga pannor såsom bubblande fluidbädd(BFB)-, eller cirkulerande fluidbädd(CFB)- eller rostpannor men även mindre pelletspannor är möjligt. Intrimning av bl.a. luftflöden är nödvändig vid samförbränning och även vid konvertering från annat bränsle för att uppnå en erforderlig förbränning. Simuleringsresultaten av steam explosion (SE) pellets visar potential som ersättare till både träpelleten och stenkolet. Baserat på simuleringen förbränns SE pellets lämpligast i CFB-, BFB- eller rostpannor. Ett begränsat utbud av experimentella data medför dock att bränslet inte kan utvärderas fullständigt. Studien visar att det inte är helt problemfritt att konvertera från ett kommersiellt bränsle till ett termokemiskt behandlat bränsle och att fler experimentella data behövs för att utvärdera bränslenas förbränningsegenskaper.A goal set by The European Union is to reduce the emissions from greenhouse gases by 20 % and increase renewable energy with 20 % until year 2020. Fossil fuels account for about 30 % of Sweden’s combusted fuel. The purpose of this study is to investigate if thermochemically treated biofuels can replace or be co-fired with commercial fuels. The results are gathered from experimental data and from the simulations made with the software Fuelsim. A simulation will be made to determine whether oxygen-enrichment favors the fuels and experimental data is used to investigate if any combustion problems exist with these fuels. The biomass that have been analyzed comes mainly from pine wood or spruce wood trees which have been processed through either a fast pyrolysis, torrefaction or a steam explosion reactor. No economic aspect has been taken into account in the evaluation of the fuels. One of the pyrolysis process products is pyrolysis liquid which has several challenges ahead before it can replace existing oils. It is very corrosive, has a high moisture content and the storage time is limited to short period of six months. The pyrolysis liquid seems favored by an oxygen-enrichment of 0,5 to 2 % according to the simulation results. The pyrolysis char has the potential to replace or be co-fired with coal in a pulverized coal burner. Pyrolysis gas contains a large amount of CO2, giving it a low energy content. Both char and gas should primarily be combusted in a fluid bed boiler that is integrated with the pyrolysis reactor as boiler plant requires heat. The torrefaction gas is a by-product from the processing of torrefied biomass. Current problems with filtration and condensation of the gas entails that it should be co-fired with another fuel to return the heat to the torrefaction reactor. When the torrefied biomass has been pelletized it is preferably combusted within a large scale boiler such as bubbling fluid bed- (BFB), circulating fluid bed- (CFB) or grate boilers also smaller pellet boilers is possible. Fine adjustments of airflow etc. are required when co-firing or when converting from another fuel to achieve required combustion of the torrefied pellets. The steam explosion pellet simulation results shows that the potential to replace both wood pellets and coal. Based on the results combustion of steam explosion pellets is preferable in either a CFB-, BFB- or grate boiler. This fuel cannot be fully evaluated because of the limited range of experimental data. This study shows that it is problematic to convert from commercial fuels to a thermochemically treated fuel and more experimental data is needed to evaluate the fuels combustion characteristics.
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Qviström, Johan. "Adderade råmaterial för produktion av biokol." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-251455.
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Denna rapport undersöker ett antal biomassors lämplighet att användas vid tillverkning av biokolgenom långsam pyrolys. Detta har genomförts med hjälp av en litteraturstudie inklusive fallstudierför alla undersökta biomassor och det resulterade i två modeller. En för karaktärisering av biokoletskemiska och fysiska egenskaper vid varierande pyrolystemperatur. Den andra modellen beskriver ivilken utsträckning systemets energibehov är självförsörjande. Detta genom att undersöka reaktornsenergibehov vid olika temperaturer och uppehållstider i förhållandet till den energimängd som finnstillgänglig i pyrolysgasen. De biomassor som i första hand undersökts är fiberslam, ligninpellets,olivavfall, solrosskal och kaffesump. Utöver dessa har även cashewnötsskal, kokosnötskal, risskal ochmandelskal inkluderats för att bedöma deras lämplighet att användas av Stockholm Exergi.Litteraturstudien visade att det finns många parametrar hos både processen och biomassan sompåverkar kvaliteten på biokolet, fördelning av produkter och systemnyttor. Att kvantifiera inverkanav alla parametrar visade sig svårt på grund av brist på data, varför endast effekten avpyrolystemperaturen kunde modelleras. Modell 1 visar att biokol från nötskal generellt sett är avhögre kvalitet än de från till exempel kärnor, olika typer av halm och biomassor med hög fukt ochaskhalt. De flesta nötskal är enligt fallstudierna mer lämpade för processer med fokus på bioolja somhuvudsaklig produkt. Modell 2 visade att mandelskal och olivkärnor bör ge en energimässigtsjälvförsörjande process vid temperaturer över 400 °C.This report investigates the feasibility of several types of biomass to be used as feedstock forproduction of biochar by slow pyrolysis. A literature review and case studies for all investigatedfeedstocks resulted in two models: one for the characterization of physical and chemical propertiesof biochar at different high treatment temperatures, and the other for determining to what degreethe system will be thermally self-sustaining, if at all. This by determining the energy required by thereactor in comparison to the energy available in the pyrolysis gas. The primary investigatedfeedstocks were: fibre sludge, lignin pellets, olive wastes, sunflower seeds and exhausted coffeeresidue. Additionally, cashew nut shells, coconut shells, rice husks and almond shells were alsoinvestigated to determine their suitability for future use by Stockholm Exergi. The literature reviewshowed that there are various process parameters or parameters within the composition of thefeedstock that effects both the quality of the produced biochar, product distributions, and benefitswithin the system. To quantify the effect of all the parameters proved difficult due to the lack ofdata. However, enough data regarding the effects of the treatment temperature was collected andcould be used for modelling. Model 1 showed that biochar produced from nutshells generallyproduced biochar of higher quality than biochar made from kernels, different types of straw andfeedstocks with high content of water and ash. Most nutshells would, according to the conductedcase study, be more suited for processes where the primary objective is production of bio-oil. Model2 showed that almond shells and olive kernels should generate a thermally self-sustaining process attemperatures above 400 °C.
Books on the topic "Pyrolys"
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Sam, Karen D., and Thomas P. Wampler, eds. Analytical Pyrolysis Handbook. 3rd ed. Third edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021. | Revised edition of: Applied pyrolysis handbook / edited by Thomas P. Wampler. 2nd ed. c2007.: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429201202.
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Brown, Robert C., and Kaige Wang, eds. Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788010245.
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Soltes, Ed J., and Thomas A. Milne, eds. Pyrolysis Oils from Biomass. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1988-0376.
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Peacocke, George Vernon Cordner. Ablative pyrolysis of biomass. Birmingham: Aston University. Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, 1994.
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Hancox, Robert Neil. Polystyrene pyrolysis: Kinetics and mechanisms. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1989.
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Hammond, Timothy. A study of polystyrene pyrolysis. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1986.
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Almond, C. S. Organic geochemistry: Rock-eval pyrolisis data summary, southern Eromanga Basin, Queensland \. [Brisbane: Geological Survey of Queensland, 1987.
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Moldoveanu, Șerban. Analytical pyrolysis of natural organic polymers. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1998.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Pyrolys"
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Klinger, Denise, Steffen Krzack, Christian Berndt, Philipp Rathsack, Mathias Seitz, Wilhelm Schwieger, Thomas Hahn, et al. "Pyrolyse." In Stoffliche Nutzung von Braunkohle, 297–426. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46251-5_19.
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Hofbauer, Hermann, Martin Kaltschmitt, Frerich Keil, Dietrich Meier, and Johannes Welling. "Pyrolyse." In Energie aus Biomasse, 1183–265. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47438-9_14.
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Meier, Dietrich, Johannes Welling, Bernward Wosnitza, and Hermann Hofbauer. "Pyrolyse." In Energie aus Biomasse, 671–709. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85095-3_12.
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Scholz, Reinhard, Michael Beckmann, and Frank Schulenburg. "Pyrolyse." In Abfallbehandlung in thermischen Verfahren, 115–21. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-90854-4_6.
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Schulten, H. R., and B. Plage. "Pyrolyse-Massenspektrometrie." In Analytiker-Taschenbuch, 225–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72590-6_7.
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Schulten, H. R., and B. Plage. "Pyrolyse-Massenspektrometrie." In Analytiker-Taschenbuch, 225–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75204-9_7.
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Dörr, Mark. "Pyrolysis." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1393. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_1317.
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Dörr, Mark. "Pyrolysis." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_1317-2.
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Lautenberger, Chris. "Pyrolysis." In Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51727-8_4-1.
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Dörr, Mark. "Pyrolysis." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 2097. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_1317.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Pyrolys"
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Fantozzi, Francesco, Bruno D’Alessandro, and Umberto Desideri. "An IPRP (Integrated Pyrolysis Regenerated Plant) Microscale Demonstrative Unit in Central Italy." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-28000.
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The Integrated Pyrolysis Regenerated Plant (IPRP) concept is based on a Gas Turbine (GT) fuelled by pyrogas produced in a rotary kiln slow pyrolysis reactor; pyrolysis process by-product, char, is used to provide the thermal energy required for pyrolysis. An IPRP demonstration unit based on an 80 kWE microturbine was built at the Terni facility of the University of Perugia. The plant is made of a slow pyrolysis rotary kiln pyrolyzer, a wet scrubbing section for tar and water vapor removal, a micro gas turbine and a treatment section for the exhaust gases. This paper describes the plant layout and expected performance with different options for waste heat recovery.
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Sakai, Seigo, Ryo Abo, Kuniomi Araki, and Nobushige Amino. "Pyrolysis of Organic Compounds Using Incomplete Combustion on Ceramics Bed." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22553.
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Presently, recycling and disposal of organic wastes need a large amount of labor and energy due to such problems as the dioxin emission. It is thought that to develop a new pyrolysis mechanism for organic wastes will contribute to solving the environmental problem. Therefore, we propose a safe and inexpensive pyrolysis mechanism in which incomplete combustion occurs in small area on ceramics bed (thin burning layer), because ceramics are highly thermo-stability and have good thermal radiation characteristics at high temperature. Organic compounds pyrolyze in the thin burning layer only.
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Chen, Guanyi, Qiang Li, Xiaoyang Lv, Na Deng, and Lifei Jiao. "Production of Hydrogen-Rich Gas Through Pyrolysis of Biomass in a Two-Stage Reactor." In ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-53582.
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Biomass is quite abundant in the world, particularly in some countries like China. China has large quantities of straw and/or stalk-origin biomass resources and the attention is currently being paid to the exploitation of these resources to produce energy products via different technical solutions, among of which pyrolysis of biomass to produce hydrogen-rich gas is very promising as hydrogen is a very clear energy carrier. In this work, pyrolysis of rice straw, corn stalk and sawdust was carried out in a two-stage reactor (the first-stage reactor is a conventional fixed-bed pyrolyser, and the second-stage reactor is a catalytic fixed bed) to produce hydrogen-rich gas. The effect of catalytic bed on the pyrolysis behaviour have been investigated, with the emphasis on final product particularly hydrogen. The operation of the catalytic reactor appears significant in promoting biomass pyrolysis towards the production of gaseous products, especially hydrogen. At 750°C of the pyrolyser with rice straw as fuel, the use of the catalytic bed leads to the increases of gas yield from 0.41 Nm3/kg to 0.50 Nm3/kg, approximately 22% increase, and of H2 concentration from 33.79% to 50.80% in volume, approximately 50.3% increase, respectively. Compared with calcined dolomite, fresh nickel-based catalyst shows stronger catalytic effect on the pyrolysis of rice straw as its use in the catalytic bed results in the increase of gas yield from 0.41 Nm3/kg to 0.56 Nm3/kg, approximately 36.6% increase, and the increase of H2 concentration from 33.79% to 59.55% in volume, approximately 76.2% increase. Furthermore, two catalysts follow the same trend for the pyrolysis of corn stalk and sawdust. At temperature of 815°C, catalysts also follow the same trend. Catalytic bed can significantly reduce the level of tar which is carried out with the producer gas, to less than 1% of original level. Catalyst load or gas space velocity (hourly) has the influence on the gas yield and H2 concentration. 30% of load, i.e. gas space velocity (hourly) 0.9 × 104 h−1, appears reasonable. Beyond that, gas yield and H2 concentration remain almost unchanged.
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Goldin, Graham, Zhuyin Ren, Yang Gao, Tianfeng Lu, Hai Wang, and Rui Xu. "HEEDS Optimized HyChem Mechanisms." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-64407.
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Transportation fuels consist of a large number of hydrocarbon components and combust through an even larger number of intermediates. Detailed chemical kinetic models of these fuels typically consist of hundreds of species, and are computationally expensive to include directly in 3D CFD simulations. HyChem (Hybrid Chemistry) is a recently proposed modeling approach for high-temperature fuel oxidation based on the assumptions that fuel pyrolysis is fast compared to the subsequent oxidation of the small fragments, and that, although their proportions may differ, all fuels pyrolyse to similar sets of these fragment species. Fuel pyrolysis is hence modeled with a small set of lumped reactions, and oxidation is described by a compact C0-4 foundation chemistry core. The stoichiometric coefficients of the global pyrolysis reactions are determined to match experimental or detailed mechanism computational data, such as shock-tube pyrolysis products, ignition delays and laminar flame speeds. The model is then validated against key combustion properties, including ignition delays, laminar flame speeds and extinction strain rates. The resulting HyChem model is relatively small and computationally tractable for 3D CFD simulations in complex geometries. This paper applies the HEEDS optimization tool to find optimal pyrolysis reaction stoichiometric coefficients for high-temperature combustion of two fuels, namely Jet-A and n-heptane, using a 47 species mechanism. It was found that optimizing on experimental ignition delay and laminar flame speed targets yield better agreement for ignition delay times and flame speeds than optimizing on pyrolysis yield targets alone. For Jet-A, good agreement for ignition delays and flame speeds were obtained by using both ignition delay and flame speeds as targets. For n-heptane, a trade-off between ignition delay and flame speed was found, where increased target weights for ignition delay resulted in worse flame speed predictions, and visa-versa.
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Fantozzi, Francesco, Paolo Laranci, and Gianni Bidini. "CFD Simulation of Biomass Pyrolysis Syngas vs. Natural Gas in a Microturbine Annular Combustor." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-23473.
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Biomass to energy conversion is particularly attractive on the microscale were internal combustion engines such as microturbines may be utilized coupled to an indirect gasification system. The authors have developed the IPRP technology based on rotary kiln pyrolisys and a pilot plant was built in Italy powered by an 80 kWEl microturbine fired by pyrolysis biomass syngas. This paper describes CFD numerical investigations carried out to study the combustion process occurring inside the annular rich-quick-lean combustion chamber of the given microturbine. A RANS analysis has been performed in order to simulate both natural gas and syngas combustion. A mechanisms based on two reduced and detailed chemical kinetic were taken into account and applied to carry out the CFD simulations. The numerical results obtained for NG are presented and compared with the experimental data on emission to validate the numerical assumptions. The combustion mechanism are used also in pyrolysis gas combustion case to investigate the operation of the microturbine fuelled with this biomass derived fuel.
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Green, Alex E. S., and Sean M. Bell. "Pyrolysis in Waste to Energy Conversion (WEC)." In 14th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec14-3196.
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Solid waste (SW), mostly now wasted biomass, could fuel approximately ten times more of USA’s increasing energy needs than it currently does. At the same time it would create good non-exportable jobs, and local industries. Twenty four examples of wasted or under-utilized solids that contain appreciable organic matter are listed. Estimates of their sustainable tonnage lead to a total SW exceeding 2 billion dry tons. Now usually disposal problems, most of these SW’s, can be pyrolyzed into substitutes for or supplements to expensive natural gas. The large proportion of biomass (carbon dioxide neutral plant matter) in the list reduces Greenhouse problems. Pyrolysis converts such solid waste into a medium heating value gaseous fuel usually with a small energy expenditure. With advanced gas cleaning technologies the pyrogas can be used in high efficiency gas turbines or fuel cells systems. This approach has important environmental and efficiency advantages with respect to direct combustion in boilers and even air blown or oxygen blown partial combustion gasifiers. Since pyrolysis is still not a predictive science the CCTL has used an analytical semi-empirical model (ASEM) to organize experimental measurements of the yields of various product {CaHbOc} yields vs temperature (T) for r dry ash, nitrogen and sulfur free (DANSF) feedstock having various weight % of oxygen [O] and hydrogen [H]. With this ASEM each product is assigned 5 parameters (W, T0, D, p, q) in a robust analytical Y(T) expression to represent yields vs. temperature of any specific product from any specified feedstock. Patterns in the dependence of these parameters upon [O], [H], a, b, and c suggest that there is some order in pyrolysis yields that might be useful in optimize the throughput of particular pyrolysis systems used for waste to energy conversion (WEC). An analytical cost estimation (ACE) model is used to calculate the cost of electricity (COE) vs the cost of fuel (COF) for a SW pyrogas fired combined cycle (CC) system for comparison with the COE vs COF for a natural gas fired CC system. It shows that high natural gas prices solid waste can be changed from a disposal cost item to a valuable asset. Comparing COEs when using other SW capable technologies are also facilitated by the ACE method. Implications of this work for programs that combine conservation with waste to energy conversion in efforts to reach Zero Waste are discussed.
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Zhu, Baozhong, and Yunlan Sun. "Co-pyrolysis Polystyrene/Fir: Pyrolysis Characteristics and Pyrolysis Kinetic Studies." In 2011 International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation (ICMTMA). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmtma.2011.198.
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Gupta, Ashwani K., and Eugene L. Keating. "Pyrolysis and Oxidative Pyrolysis of Polystyrene." In ASME 1993 International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cie1993-0055.
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Abstract Equilibrium thermochemical calculations of polystyrene are presented here under conditions of pyrolysis and oxidative pyrolysis. Oxidative pyrolysis is examined using both air and oxygen for varying moisture content in the polystyrene. The pyrolysis of polystyrene at different temperatures prior to its oxidative pyrolysis provided significantly different results. Product gas volume and flame temperature is significantly affected by the pyrolysis temperature, nature and amount of the oxidant and the amount of moisture in the waste. Results reveal significant effect of controlled combustion on the amount and nature of the chemical species formed. The results also reveal that advanced combustion process can significantly reduce the extent of post processing of gases required, and hence the size of the equipment, for achieving environmentally acceptable thermal destruction system of the solid wastes.
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Moriconi, Andrea, Catia Quirini, Daniele Moriconi, and Erica Moniconi. "Gas Turbine Fed by Gas Produced From Biomass Pyrolysis." In ASME Turbo Expo 2005: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2005-69032.
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The first industrial IPCC plant fed by biomass using a slow pyrolysis process to produce gas and wood coal is operating in Terni- Italy from the beginning of 2004. The plant provides about 4 MWe, when it is fed by 4 t/h of natural biomass (i.e. all natural materials used as energy sources) with a maximum humidity content of 20%. The article refers to the problems faced to reach a stable operation of the pyrolyser and to obtain a gas able to burn in a commercial gas turbine, without any modification of the combustion chamber, In addition, the characterization of tar components are discussed and economical possibilities to recover tar compounds are compared. The process is able to produce energy from biomass and from different kinds of residues, at really high efficiency compared with other conventional technologies: an economical analysis is made.
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Polaert, Isabelle, Lilivet Ubiera, Lokmane Abdelouahed, and Bechara Taouk. "MICROWAVE PYROLYSIS OF BIOMASS IN A ROTATORY KILN REACTOR: DEEP CHARACTERIZATION AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PYROLYTIC LIQUIDS PRODUCTS." In Ampere 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9807.
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The pursuit of sustainable relationship between the production and consumption of energy has accelerated the research into new fuels alternatives, and mainly focused on new technologies for biomass based fuels. Microwave pyrolysis of biomass is a relatively new process which has been long recognized to provide better quality bio-products in shorter reaction time due to the direct sample heating and the particular heating profile resulting from the interaction of biomass with the electric field component of an electromagnetic wave [1,2]. During the course of this research, flax shives were pyrolysed using a rotatory kiln reactor inside a microwave single mode cavity using a range of power between 100 and 200 watts, to reach a temperature range between 450 °C and 650°C. The liquid bio-oil samples recovered in each case were analyzed though gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) to identify and quantify the different molecules presents and paying a particular attention to the BTX’s concentration. More than two hundred compounds were identified and grouped into families such as carboxylic acids, alcools, sugars for a deep analysis of the results. The effect of the operating conditions on the proportion of gas, liquid and char produced were studied as well as some properties of the pyrolysis products. In most cases, carboxylic acids were the dominating chemical group present. It was also noticed that the increase of temperature enhanced the carboxylic acids production and diminished the production of other groups, as sugars. Finally, pyrolysis oils were produced in higher quantities by microwaves than in a classical oven and showed a different composition. The examination of the pyrolytic liquid products from different biomass components helped to determine the provenance of each molecule family. On the operational side, the rotatory kiln reactor provided a fast and homogeneous heating profile inside the reactor, desired for fast pyrolysis. The high temperature was maintained without making hot spots during the reaction time. The microwave irradiation setup consisted in a single-mode cavity, a system of plungers, incident and reflected power monitors, an isolator and a 2.45 GHz continuous microwave generator with a power upper limit of 2000 watts. The plunger system was calibrated to maintain a range of reflective wave between 5 and 15%, taking advantage of a minimum of 85 percent of the applied power. In conclusion, the developed microwave pyrolysis process gives a clear way to produce an exploitable bio-oil with enhanced properties. References Beneroso, D., Monti, T., Kostas, E., Robinson, J., CEJ, 2017.,316, 481- 498. Autunes E., Jacob M., Brodie, G., Schneider, A., JAAP, 2018,129, 93-100.
Reports on the topic "Pyrolys"
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Womat, Mary J., Michelle L. Somers, Jennifer W. McClaine, Jorge O. Ona, and Elmer B. Ledesma. Supercritical Fuel Pyrolysis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada469734.
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Seery, D. J., J. D. Freihaut, W. M. Proscia, J. B. Howard, W. Peters, J. Hsu, M. Hajaligol, et al. Kinetics of coal pyrolysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6307052.
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Zamecnik, Robert. Tire Pyrolysis Feasibility Study Approach. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1482998.
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Sugama, T. Pre-Ceramic Monocomposite and Ceramic Coatings by Sol-Gel-Pyrolysis and Slurry-Pyrolysis Processing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/770457.
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Seery, D. J., J. D. Freihaut, and W. M. Proscia. Kinetics of coal pyrolysis and devolatilization. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5248874.
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Arzoumanidis, G. G., M. J. McIntosh, and E. J. Steffensen. Catalytic pyrolysis of automobile shredder residue. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/95489.
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Seery, D. J., J. D. Freihaut, and W. M. Proscia. Kinetics of coal pyrolysis and devolatilization. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5180127.
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Burnham, A. K. Relationship between hydrous and ordinary pyrolysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10185297.
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Glassman, Irvin. Fuels Combustion Research, Supercritical Fuel Pyrolysis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada353435.
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Hippo, E. J. Mild pyrolysis of selectively oxidized coals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5795589.
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