Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pyrolys'
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Gustafsson, Mattias. "Pyrolys för värmeproduktion : Biokol den primära biprodukten." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-15501.
Full textPyrolysis is the process where biomass is heated in an environment with low oxygen level forming pyrolysis gas and char. Pyrolysis gas can be combusted to produce heat with low emissions and the char has a multitude of uses: soil improvement, animal feed supplements, filter material, carbon storage, energy source, steel production etc. If certain requirements for the fuel and how the char is used the char certified as biochar. The purpose of this report is to determine if the pyrolysis technology is a sustainable, technical and economical alternative to pellet and wood chip combustion for heat production. The goal is to convey pyrolysis technical and economic conditions, both positive and negative. The report is based on a combination of literature reviews, interviews, plant visits and reference group discussions. Pyrolysis has been used for thousands of years to produce char. Areas, of a total area larger than the Great Britain, with pitch black soils were discovered in the Amazon. This black soil, terra preta, is enriched with carbon, and has thus become much more fertile than the surrounding native soil. In Sweden char was produced to meet the metal industries’ demand for char as material and fuel. Unlike pellet and wood chip combustion, pyrolysis can use a variety of fuels, as long as they meet the requirements of calorific value and moisture content. The market for biochar is growing particularly in Germany but is still small in Sweden. The suppliers of pyrolysis plants visited in this report, Pyreg and Carbon Terra, develop their plants in order to produce biochar. Pyreg has developed a process with a screw reactor and an integrated pyrolysis gas combustor to be able to use sewage sludge as fuel. Carbon Terra’s process is simple and robust, with a focus to produce large quantities of carbon. The strengths of the pyrolysis technique are the flexibility to use different types of fuels, low emission, low environmental impact and the different uses of the char. Looking at weaknesses, they are market-related; undeveloped Swedish market and lack of knowledge of how to use biochar. In addition, the pyrolysis facilities have static power output that they are less flexible than pellets and wood chip combustors. At a time when finding solutions on climate change are urgent, carbon storage, using biochar as a soil improver and conversion of pyrolysis gas as a vehicle fuel are great opportunities. However, the existing pellet and wood chip combustion is well established as a heating technology, which could pose a threat to the pyrolysis technology entering the market. The lack of regulation due to shortages of knowledge of pyrolysis may also prevent the establishment of pyrolysis plants. The conclusion of this report is that pyrolysis is a good alternative to conventional pellet and wood chip combustion if you can manage the static power output and that you realize the value of the char. Heat production from pyrolysis produce lower emissions including CO, NOx and smog particles than pellets and wood chip combustion and biochar used for carbon storage has the possibility of significant global climate impact. The strongest influences on the economic calculation are the cost of fuel and the revenue of the char. The strength of being able to choose different types of fuel makes it possible to have a fuel at zero cost if the material is otherwise regarded as waste. The market for biochar in Sweden is undeveloped which increases the uncertainty of the calculations, but if the trend follows that of Germany, the economic prospects are strong.
Samo, Sandra. "Katalytisk pyrolys av förbehandlad biomassa." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-220702.
Full textBiomass generally contains inorganic substances such as alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, which reduce the yield of pyrolysis oil and increases the yield of gases and low-value products due to inorganic substances acting as cracking catalysts. [1] Pyrolysis oil also has a high oxygen content, making it im-miscible with fossil oil. Using leaching as a pretreatment method, the content of inorganic substances in biomass can decrease which changes the composition of the pyrolysis oil. Among other things, this occurs through ion-exchange reactions that occur when ions between the leachant and the ionically bonded inorganic elements in biomass change site. [2] A catalyst can be used to reduce oxygen content in the pyrolysis oil and obtain high-quality products such as aromatics. This is done through reactions such as cracking, aromatization, ketonization and aldol condensation as well as hydro-deoxygenation that arise in the presence of a catalyst. [3] [4] In this work, four different experiments have been conducted to compare the product distribution between liquid, gas and char, the liquid distribution between H2O and oil and the oil composition in the different cases. The experiments were performed with pre-treated/untreated biomass with and without catalyst. As leachant, a mixture of acetic acid and deionized water was used with which the biomass was boiled and then separated. As catalyst, The zeolite HZSM-5 was used. HZSM-5 was evaluated ex-bed in the process. The results show that the content of inorganic substances decreases after treatment. Pre-treated biomass without catalytic upgrading leads to increase in the liquid yield in which the liquid distribution between H2O and oil shows a greater amount of oil compares to untreated biomass with without catalytic upgrading, indicating a decrease of inorganic substances. In the case of pre-treated biomass with catalyst, the result shows that a larger amount of gas is formed compared to untreated biomass with catalyst, which indicates that the catalyst reacts more strongly to the composition of pyrolysis vapors from a pre-treated biomass in that case. The liquid distribution of the untreated biomass with catalyst shows a greater amount of oil compared to pre-treated biomass with catalyst. The oil composition shows that the largest amount of high-value products, in this case polyaromatic hydrocarbons, is formed in the presence of the catalyst.
PHOUNGLAMCHEIK, Aekjuthon. "Modellering av pyrolys i roterande trumma." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-173840.
Full textAbbas, Husam. "Comparative analysis of different pyrolysis techniques by using kraft lignin : Jämförelse mellan olika pyrolys metoder." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-78871.
Full textSundberg, Elisabet. "Granskning av avancerade pyrolysprocesser med lignocellulosa som råvara – tekniska lösningar och marknadsförutsättningar." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-207584.
Full textThe population growth as well as a rapid technical and economic development globally affects the energy consumption. This requires a secure, stable and sustainable supply of energy. Today fossil fuels dominate globally and this results in environmental problems. Fossil fuels are also a finite, unsustainable resource. Thus, there is a need to replace fossil fuels with sustainable alternative sources of energy. This is also central for environmental goals both in Sweden and in the European Union. There are expectations that processes for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to solid, liquid and gaseous fuels can contribute to a transition from fossil to renewable fuels. In this thesis, carried out in collaboration between KTH and IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, one of the conversion processes is investigated in detail – pyrolysis. Pyrolysis is a thermal process that converts lignocellulose under anaerobic conditions at temperatures between about 300-650°C. Three phases can be obtained as products. A volatile which can be condensed into pyrolysis oil, a solid which may be termed biochar or charcoal depending on the end use, and a gas phase. The yield and the quality of the products is dependent upon the type of raw material, the type of reactor and the process conditions. An examination of the status of different pyrolysis processes on or on the way to the market has been made. The current degree of commercialization and what the future may look like for both the technology and the products have been assessed through literature studies, internet searches, and interviews with selected companies and individuals with expertise in pyrolysis. This report reveals that continuous pyrolysis is not yet a fully commercial process, but that it has the opportunity to reach commercialization during the right conditions. It is difficult to say when it occurs, due to various external factors, continued technical development, increased knowledge of the pyrolysis process and results of the current demonstrations. In this report, several critical factors for the commercialization of pyrolysis in Sweden have been identified, e.g. increased stability for policy instruments and that will limit the risk for investments (uncertainty and short-term decisions frightens investors) and the establishment of a value chain for the products, i.e. a stable market. Prices on fossil fuels and biomass feedstock are also important factors. Processes for the production of biochar is in the early stages of commercialization, and seem to have reached further in their development than processes for pyrolysis oil. The only fully commercial application of pyrolysis today is the production of charcoal that commonly is performed in traditional batch-wise processes. There are many possible uses for the products in which they have the potential to reduce carbon emissions and contribute to a more sustainable future. Standardization and certification of products is important, and demonstration of the use. Stabilization and further upgrading of pyrolysis oil is another important factor for commercialization. It seems like processes for catalytic upgrading are not yet sufficiently technically or financially developed to be able to provide a competitive product. Research and development in this area are ongoing. Integration of the process with incumbent industrial processes seems to be able to offer increased energy efficiency and reduced production costs.
Wennebro, Jonas. "Produktion av Pyrolysolja från kvistrejekt." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-58705.
Full textThyberg, Viktor. "Numerical Energy Modeling to Increase Fuel Efficiency of An Activated Carbon Production." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för energi-, miljö- och byggteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-33272.
Full textLindborg, Maja, and Josefin Zaar. "Gävleborgs förutsättningar för etablering av kemisk återvinning : Materialåtervinning av plastavfall med pyrolys som ett komplement till regionens befintliga avfallssystem." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för byggnadsteknik, energisystem och miljövetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-36537.
Full textPlastic is a cost-effective and valuable material in the modern society. However, the downside of plastic primarily lies in its production and end-of-life treatment. Roughly 90 % of all plastics are currently manufactured from fossil oil, which is a non-renewable resource, and it is estimated that the global reserves will be depleted in 50 years unless something changes. Worldwide, most plastic waste is landfilled or combusted, which harms the environment due to, among others, reasons such as greenhouse gas emissions and leakage to the ground and waters. The degree of material recycling of plastic waste is comparatively low and is mainly carried out by mechanical recycling. The technology has its limitations and owing to this, politicians and researchers have investigated alternative recycling methods such as chemical recycling. It is an umbrella-term for several technologies that are used to recycle waste by breaking down the material to its smallest components and produce a product of near-virgin quality. This study focused on the chemical recycling method pyrolysis, based on aspects such as the type of plastic it has the capacity to treat and its commercial use. The purpose of this study was to review what potential Gävleborg has for establishing a pyrolysis facility regarding plastic waste flows in the region, its infrastructure and current environmental goals and strategies. Gävleborg was chosen as the focus for the study since there, as of today, are no projects exploring the possibility for establishment of chemical recycling in the northern parts of Sweden. All ongoing projects are situated in proximity to the plastic manufacturer Borealis and its facility in Stenungsund, Gothenburg. The authors formed two hypothetical scenarios as to how plastic waste recycling by pyrolysis can be implemented in Gävleborg. The first scenario assumes that the pyrolysis facility receives waste identified by the region as only consisting of plastic, which then is further sorted at the facility. The second scenario is carried out by establishing an external sorting facility to enable sorting and collection of plastic from all waste flows and industries. Thereafter the suitable plastic waste is transported to the pyrolysis facility. A conclusion drawn from the study’s findings showed that there is potential for establishing a pyrolysis facility in Gävleborg as to infrastructure and plastic waste flows and would as well contribute to the region’s goals relating to plastic waste recycling. However, to make this viable an implementation of an extended collecting and sorting system is required, since the technology is dependent on a clean and well-defined plastic waste flow.
Lindberg, Karl. "Förbränning av termokemiskt behandlade biobränslen : en studie av biomassa som genomgått en pyrolys-, torrefierings- eller steam explosionprocess." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-16581.
Full textA goal set by The European Union is to reduce the emissions from greenhouse gases by 20 % and increase renewable energy with 20 % until year 2020. Fossil fuels account for about 30 % of Sweden’s combusted fuel. The purpose of this study is to investigate if thermochemically treated biofuels can replace or be co-fired with commercial fuels. The results are gathered from experimental data and from the simulations made with the software Fuelsim. A simulation will be made to determine whether oxygen-enrichment favors the fuels and experimental data is used to investigate if any combustion problems exist with these fuels. The biomass that have been analyzed comes mainly from pine wood or spruce wood trees which have been processed through either a fast pyrolysis, torrefaction or a steam explosion reactor. No economic aspect has been taken into account in the evaluation of the fuels. One of the pyrolysis process products is pyrolysis liquid which has several challenges ahead before it can replace existing oils. It is very corrosive, has a high moisture content and the storage time is limited to short period of six months. The pyrolysis liquid seems favored by an oxygen-enrichment of 0,5 to 2 % according to the simulation results. The pyrolysis char has the potential to replace or be co-fired with coal in a pulverized coal burner. Pyrolysis gas contains a large amount of CO2, giving it a low energy content. Both char and gas should primarily be combusted in a fluid bed boiler that is integrated with the pyrolysis reactor as boiler plant requires heat. The torrefaction gas is a by-product from the processing of torrefied biomass. Current problems with filtration and condensation of the gas entails that it should be co-fired with another fuel to return the heat to the torrefaction reactor. When the torrefied biomass has been pelletized it is preferably combusted within a large scale boiler such as bubbling fluid bed- (BFB), circulating fluid bed- (CFB) or grate boilers also smaller pellet boilers is possible. Fine adjustments of airflow etc. are required when co-firing or when converting from another fuel to achieve required combustion of the torrefied pellets. The steam explosion pellet simulation results shows that the potential to replace both wood pellets and coal. Based on the results combustion of steam explosion pellets is preferable in either a CFB-, BFB- or grate boiler. This fuel cannot be fully evaluated because of the limited range of experimental data. This study shows that it is problematic to convert from commercial fuels to a thermochemically treated fuel and more experimental data is needed to evaluate the fuels combustion characteristics.
Qviström, Johan. "Adderade råmaterial för produktion av biokol." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-251455.
Full textThis report investigates the feasibility of several types of biomass to be used as feedstock forproduction of biochar by slow pyrolysis. A literature review and case studies for all investigatedfeedstocks resulted in two models: one for the characterization of physical and chemical propertiesof biochar at different high treatment temperatures, and the other for determining to what degreethe system will be thermally self-sustaining, if at all. This by determining the energy required by thereactor in comparison to the energy available in the pyrolysis gas. The primary investigatedfeedstocks were: fibre sludge, lignin pellets, olive wastes, sunflower seeds and exhausted coffeeresidue. Additionally, cashew nut shells, coconut shells, rice husks and almond shells were alsoinvestigated to determine their suitability for future use by Stockholm Exergi. The literature reviewshowed that there are various process parameters or parameters within the composition of thefeedstock that effects both the quality of the produced biochar, product distributions, and benefitswithin the system. To quantify the effect of all the parameters proved difficult due to the lack ofdata. However, enough data regarding the effects of the treatment temperature was collected andcould be used for modelling. Model 1 showed that biochar produced from nutshells generallyproduced biochar of higher quality than biochar made from kernels, different types of straw andfeedstocks with high content of water and ash. Most nutshells would, according to the conductedcase study, be more suited for processes where the primary objective is production of bio-oil. Model2 showed that almond shells and olive kernels should generate a thermally self-sustaining process attemperatures above 400 °C.
Astner, Måns. "Granskning av snabb pyrolys och hydropy- rolys för produktion av bioolja från trärester : Fyra undersökta tillverkningsmetoder med en teknisk och ekonomisk jämförelse." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för elektronikkonstruktion, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-34302.
Full textNyberg, Ola. "Biokol : Förutsättningar för tillverkning av biokol genom pyrolys i Falu Energi och Vattens verksamhet." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekoteknik- och hållbart byggande, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-41847.
Full textBiochar has the potential to raise soil pH and stabilize heavy metals. In addition, biochars that are dug down can contribute to reduced carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere. Other uses of biochar include agriculture for increased yields and as filter materials. Modern pyrolysis equipment can produce biochar and convert the excess energy for the production of district heating or electricity. This causes waste gases to be taken care of and emissions from the process purified. Certification according to the European Biochar certificate means that sustainable production of biochar is secured. The certification involves regulations regarding the entire process from raw material to final product. The material that Falu Energi och Vatten could produce biochar of today are the garden waste. The fraction is about 1500 tons and can be expected to enable production of 365 – 420 tonnes of biochar/year. Biochar produced by these fractions is expected to manage certification specifications. However, the pre-treatment of the factions will be required, and it is important that it is done in a sustainable manner. The fraction Bark has in this study not passed the requirements to produce biochar of, when the Bark forms the retention in the reactor that the studied equipment is not capable of. The sewage sludge meets the requirements of the pyrolysis teknik but the fraction contains high levels of heavy metals and is not approved for certification. Working with biofuel production in Falu Energi och Vattens activities has the potential to contribute to the fulfilment of Agenda 2030 and the Swedish environmental objectives. The parts covered by the report are raw materials, pyrolysis Teknik and applications. In addition to this, the potential benefits and challenges of integrating biochar production into Falu Energi och Vattens activities are also included.
2019-06-07
Agnesson, Sara. "Biokolsanvändningen i Sverige : Vad krävs för att svenska lantbruk, kommuner och trädgårdsindustrin ska börja använda eller utöka sin användning av biokol?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-100365.
Full textKoldioxidhalten i atmosfären ökar ständigt till följd av människans utsläpp i samband med förbränning av främst fossila bränslen och förändrat markanvändande. På mycket kort tid behöver flera åtgärder vidtas för att minska koldioxidhalten i atmosfären och därmed bromsa klimatförändringarna i största möjliga mån. Markanvändningen har förändrats kraftigt det senaste århundradet med den största förändringen de senaste decennierna, vilket har lett till att åkermark över världen har utarmats näringsmässigt med upp till 75% på vissa platser. Med en växande befolkning i världen och ökade klimatförändringar som hotar jordbruksmarken behöver något göras för att effektivisera den jordbruksmark som finns. Biokol är en av lösningarna på båda de här problemen. Genom att producera kol av biomassa under hög värme utan syretillgång i en s.k. pyrolysprocess skapar man biokol. Denna produktionsprocess avger mindre koldioxid än en vanlig förbränning hade gjort, samtidigt som biokolen binder kol i marken när man lägger det i jorden och därmed bildar en kolsänka. Med sin porösa struktur har biokolet stor förmåga att hålla näring och vatten kvar i jorden under lång tid och bidrar även till en porös markstruktur med mycket syre där rötter trivs. Biokol bidrar därmed både till att minska koldioxidhalten i atmosfären och till att skördarna på våra åkrar ökar och att våra stadsplanterade träd trivs bättre. Uppsatsens syfte är att ta reda på hur biokolsanvändningen ser ut i Sverige idag och att även komma fram till vad som skulle krävas för att öka biokolsanvändningen inom det svenska lantbruket, kommunerna och trädgårdsnäringen. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer och en kvalitativ och kvantitativ enkät har den här uppsatsen kommit fram till att det som krävs för att öka användningen av biokol i Sverige är främst fyra saker. Först och främst att mer forskning på biokol och dess användningsområden görs eftersom det är en ny produkt där mer kunskap behövs för att användningen av biokol ska göras på bästa sätt. Det behövs även en ökad produktion av biokol i Sverige eftersom efterfrågan idag är större än utbudet. Vidare krävs att det blir enkelt att få sin kolsänka certifierad så att den kan säljas på en marknad där företag som vill klimatkompensera kan köpa ”kolsänkecertifikat” samtidigt som certifikatet blir ett ekonomiskt incitament till att producera biokol. Slutligen krävs mer information om biokol i alla led. Producenter behöver få mer information för att vilja starta produktion av biokol och konsumenter behöver information så att intresset och marknaden för biokol ökar.
Atalla, Ili, and Gabriel Kurt. "Development of biochar in Sweden : A study on the agricultural effects of biocharthrough an international comparison." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-281989.
Full textBiokol fungerar som en kolsänka och är en metod att bekämpa klimatförändringar. Det har även visat sig vara effektiv inom jordbruk då den ökar skörden genom att förbättra jordens vatten hållfasthet,näringsupptag samt öka pH. Sverige är ledande i biokol med 12 producerande faciliteter och därmed incitament att utveckla biokol. I rapporten jämförs olika fältstudier i Sverige och internationellt. Fältstudierna var baserade på grödan, jordtyp, klimat, råmaterialet och pyrolys metoden. Varierande resultat har observerats kring biocools användning och detta beror på de olika faktorerna där biokol applicerats. Därmed rekommenderas det att biokol skräddarsys genom bland annat specifik pyrolys metod och råmaterial. Mer omfattande information kring biokol använding i olika området krävs för att kunna skräddarsy biokol. Biokol verkar dock mest effektiv inom näringsfattiga områden både inom jordbruk och skog,specifikt boreala och tropiska zoner.
Karlsson, Charlotte. "Utvärdering av potential hos organiska restmaterial för avsättning i form av biokol." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-259366.
Full textIn different locations on the Swedish market, streams of residual products exist, which today usually are perceived as waste. To be able to reach a more circular society there is a hope of finding a way to use these residues in a new application, to see the material as a resource instead of waste. Biochar, a material with a high carbon content that is created through pyrolysis of biomass, has a potential to create a high-value outlet for some of these residues. In order to secure the quality of the produced biochar for the designated application, a method has been utilized that links the characteristics of the material, the characteristics and functions of the biochar and potential applications. The development of this kind of method can pose a way for potential manufacturers of biochar to find a new outlet for their residues and secure that the customers receive the right product for the attended application. An evaluation of the potential financial and environmental benefits that a biochar product can contribute with has also been conducted. After a series of interviews had been conducted, a residual product was chosen for further in-depth analysis; the fraction of wood waste that consists of finer particles. Today waste wood chips are generally being handled through incineration, however, possible changes regarding the handling of this material might soon emerge. The finer part of the material causes problems for the incineration through wearing and corrosion of equipment, as well as posing a fire hazard during storage. Due to these problems there are predictions that changed demands regarding the separation of this wood waste fraction, which can make up 20% of the material, could emerge. Changed demands from the recipient of the material can cause this residual stream to quickly appear in large quantities and without suitable outlet. Through examination of the characteristics of the material, assessments could be made regarding the characteristics of the produced biochar, which functions the char could fill and which applications that might be suitable. A connection could be made between the characteristics of the original material and the quality demands that exists for different applications. The most problematic characteristic of the material to overcome was the content of metals, originating from treated wood. To overcome this problem, manufacturing through flash-pyrolysis was suggested, were a large part of the ingoing material is converted into pyrolysis oil. Previous studies have shown that an oil with a low content of metals could be produced through this method, as the metals are instead concentrated in the char. Unfortunately, this means that the produced char does not qualify as biochar, due to a too high content of metals, but gives an advantage since the metals are less bioavailable through their bonds with the char structure. Through pyrolysis the quantity of material that needs to be handled is reduced. The most suitable application, for the char produced from the finer fraction from wood waste, was chosen to be as a carbon filter for cleaning of wastewater, as a substitution for activated carbon. Since the metals are more strongly bonded to the char, compared to the biomass, the char can still be considered suitable for a filter application. By comparison of environmental and energy demands at production of the two materials it was shown that wood waste char had less environmental impacts than activated carbon, while the adsorption capacity for different metals was not remarkably different between the two materials. For the customers, buying this product, there is also an advantage in the financial aspect due to the price of wood waste char being about half the size of the price for activated carbon. Difficulties that still needs to be overcome are the final handling of the product, after it has been used in the application, experimental studies that can confirm the characteristics and adsorption capacity, as well as a more thoroughly conducted financial evaluation to ensure that potential manufacturers can achieve financial gain in this way of handling their residues.
Johansson, Andreas. "Har svenskt biokol ett hål att fylla." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22335.
Full textWith the aim to investigate whether Swedens plans for biofuel production is sufficiently substantiated, this paper has focused on researching what biochar is, how it is produced and what characteristics it possesses. Biochar and biofuel has then been compared and analysed from sustainable dimensions, such as ecological, social and economic, with the addition of the potential as aid.Despite the beneficial traits of biofuel, and a high level of self-sufficiency in Sweden, the results of this article points towards the recommendation that Sweden as soon as possible appoints an official investigation focusing on biochar, and that this investigation also concentrates on researching whether biochar can be produced in conjunction with biofuels.Biochar has proven to possess enormous potential as soil improvement and waste disposer, which benefits the idea of it working as foreign aid. It is also particularly potent as a counter to the rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide with it’s consequence of global warming. Its production contributes to great opportunities concerning energy efficiency and synergistic interaction with actors who requires a lot of heating.
Norberg, Samuelsson Lina. "Isoconversional analysis for the prediction of mass-loss rates during pyrolysis of biomass." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Energiprocesser, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-187469.
Full textBiomassa är den enda förnybara kolkällan som kan konkurrera med fossila energikällor när det gäller produktion av material, kemikalier och bränslen. Biomassakan omvandlas till biokol, bioolja och gas med hjälp av pyrolys, dvs termisk nedbrytning. Genom att variera de processförhållanden som råder under pyrolysen kan man få antingen fast, flytande eller gasfasiga ämnen som huvudprodukt, något som gör pyrolys väldigt flexibelt. Utöver detta är pyrolys även betydelsefull vid förbränning och förgasning, två viktiga processer i dagens samhälle. Vikten av biomassapyrolys har resulterat i omfattande forskning inom området men pga biomassas komplexa natur råder det ännu ingen enighet gällande hur biomassapyrolys bör modelleras. Detta försvårar utveckling och optimering av termiska processer matade med biomassa. Forskningen som presenteras i denna avhandling fokuserar således på att finna en enkel men noggrann metod för att beskriva hastigheten med vilken biomassa bryts ned under pyrolys. Termogravimetrisk analys, en vanligt förekommande metod som är enkel att använda, valdes för att samla in experimentell data som kan användas för att undersöka hastigheten för termisk nedbrytning, dvs kinetiken. Två olika metoder som på engelska går under benämningen “model-free” och “isoconversional” har använts, nämligen den icke-linjära formen av Friedmans metod och den stegvisa, integrala metoden som utvecklats av Vyazovkin. Genom att använda dessa två metoder och experimentell data kunde kompletta reaktionshastighetsuttryck tas fram för kommersiell cellulosa, gran och sju olika material framställda genom sulfatprocessen, den idag vanligast förekommande pappersmassaprocessen. Pyrolyskinetiken för dessa material har aldrig tidigare analyserats med dessa två metoder och fördelarna med metoderna gjorde det möjligt att bestämma hastighetsuttryck utan någon kunskap om de pågående reaktionerna. Detta är en viktig fördel jämfört med andra metoder som är beroende av sådan information. Alla framtagna reaktionshatighetsuttryck kunde användas för att framgångsrikt förutsäga minskningen av massa vid extrapolerade pyrolysförhållanden. Detta är en tydlig indikation på att metoden använd i denna avhandling fungerar väl.
QC 20160524
Duman, Isa. "Coke characterization on HZSM-5, Fe/ZSM-5, Ni/ZSM-5, and Fe-Ni/ZSM-5 from Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-226910.
Full textFörbränning av fossila bränslen har under lång tid utgjort ett problem ur miljö- och hållbarhetssynpunkt, i synnerhet gällande utsläppen av koldioxid. En större miljömedvetenhet har gett upphov till sökandet efter nya råvaror för att framställa bränslen och kemikalier, utan att förlita sig på fossil råolja. Katalytisk pyrolys av biomassa är ett utmärkt sätt att framställa värdefulla kemikalier från förnybara källor. Processen står dock inför en del tekniska utmaningar, bland annat en snabb deaktivering av använda katalysatorer genom koksning. Målet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka den kemiska sammansättningen av koks, som bildats på zeolitkatalysatorerna. Mer specifikt, att försöka undersöka huruvida den kemiska sammansättningen av koks skiljer sig mellan katalysatorn HZSM-5 och metalldopad HZSM-5. Fyra katalysatorer valdes för detta examensarbete, nämligen HZSM-5, Fe/ZSM-5, Ni/ZSM-5 och Fe-Ni/ZSM-5. Kokset har analyserats genom termogravimetrisk analys (TGA), gaskromatograf kopplad med en masspektrometer (GC/MS), samt Fourier-transform-infraröd-spektroskopi (FTIR). Resultaten visar att Fe/ZSM-5 bildade en större mängd koks jämfört med de andra zeoliterna, varpå HZSM-5 hade lägst halt koks. Utöver detta bestod kokset till största del av aromatiska- och cykliska kolväten, speciellt polycykliska aromatiska kolväten. Innehållet av ketoner och alkoholer i kokset var störst för HZSM-5, medan bildandet av naftalenföreningar ökade för de metalldopade zeoliterna. FTIR-analysen gav även upphov till signaler som är signifikanta för både alkaner och alkener. Därför kan det innebära att kokset innehar en större kemisk variation än vad GC/MS-analysen påvisade. Resultaten visar intressanta egenskaper hos metallmodifierade zeoliter, i synnerhet gällande koksbildning. Det verkar som att de metalldopade zeoliterna påverkar de katalytiska reaktionerna som sker i katalysatorn, jämfört med den obehandlade katalysatorn. Skillnaderna i den kemiska sammansättningen hos kokset för de olika katalysatorerna är definitivt intressant och kan indikera att det även kan föreligga skillnader i den kemiska sammansättningen hos bio-olja, beroende på vilken metall ZSM-5 har behandlas med. De nya egenskaperna som metaller bidrar med till ZSM-5 kan öppna upp nya möjligheter i industriella katalytiska processer, vilket även kan medföra att industrier bättre kan ta tillvara på de fantastiska egenskaper biomassa innehar.
Gustavsson, Nadja. "'Indianernas svarta jord' i dagens odling : Hur man tillverkar och använder sig av förkolnat växtmaterial i en fritidsodling." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Akademin för teknik och miljö, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-8085.
Full textPersson, Ludvig. "Biokol : Produktion och användning." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggd miljö och energiteknik (BET), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105066.
Full textMalhotra, Jaskaran Singh. "Carbon materials from biomass for supercapacitors." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad fysik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-285494.
Full textDen snabba pyrolysanläggningen vid RISE - ETC, Piteå, producerar kolrika kol i bulk från olika källor till biomassa som råvara. Dessa interna tillverkade kolrika karaktärer uppgraderades via pyrolys samt kemisk aktivering med hjälp av KOH för att förbättra deras potential som ett elektrodmaterial för superkondensatorer. Kommersiellt aktivt kol (Merck) studerades och användes som en måttstock för att jämföra våra materials prestanda. Undersökningar med EDX visar berikning av kolinnehåll och mycket låga mängder föroreningar i material som framställts av träkol efter specifika behandlingar för uppgradering. Tvåelektrodmyntcellapparater med en vattenhaltig elektrolyt användes för att bestämma den elektrokemiska prestandan hos dessa material. Träkol efter KOH-aktivering visar en hög specifik kapacitans på ~ 105 Fg-1 vid 2 Ag-1 i galvanostatiska laddningsurladdningsmätningar som överträffade aktivt kol som användes i denna studie (~ 68 Fg-1 vid 2 Ag-1). Detta material testades under ett stort antal betingelser (strömtäthet från 0,1 Ag-1 till 10 Ag-1) och visade specifik kapacitans från ~ 90 Fg-1 (för 10 Ag-1) upp till ~ 118 Fg-1 (för 0,1 Ag-1). Trötthetstestning för > 20000 cykler visade en anmärkningsvärt hög retention (> 96%) av kapacitansen. För närvarande använder de flesta kommersiella superkondensatorer aktivt kolmaterial framställt av kokosnötskal som det aktiva elektrodmaterialet som inte är hemma i Sverige. I den här studien uppgraderar vi träkolor som produceras vid RISE - ETC från biomassakällor erhållna lokalt (Sverige och Skandinavien) och visar deras användbarhet som superkapacitorelektrodmaterial.
Munoz, hoyos Mariana. "Contribution à la compréhension du procédé de spray pyrolyse par une double approche modélisation/expérience." Thesis, Limoges, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0081/document.
Full textMultielement ceramic powders in the Si/C/N system could be obtained by spray pyrolysis process. Synthesis parameters and their effect on powder chemical composition and morphology have been already studied. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of precursor decomposition and gas phase species recombination that take place in the reaction zone are still unknown. The aim of this study is the comprehension of the process, from the aerosol generation to the solid powders formation mechanisms. The shadowgraphy technique was used to characterize the spray, and coupled with the implementation of a numerical model of droplets transport and treatment through the device allowed to identify bimodal size distributions at the furnace entrance. This double approach let confirm the effect of physical and hydrodynamic phenomenon in drop size evolution. The introduction of a bimodal distribution into the pyrolysis furnace allows to consider a precursor decomposition mechanism in two steps, depending on the drop sizes. This hypothesis combined to the study of precursor decomposition at high temperature led to the proposal of powder formation mechanisms in which their chemical composition varies with the synthesis atmosphere
Bydén, William, and David Fridlund. "Carbon Negative Heat and Power with Biochar Production : An Economic Analysis of a Combined Pyrolysis and CHP plant." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279608.
Full textDen fjärde november 2016 trädde Parisavtalet i kraft vilket uppgav att länder över hela världen ska sträva efter att begränsa den globala temperaturökningen till 1,5 grader Celsius. I enlighet med detta mål har FN:s mellanstatliga klimatpanel, IPCC, specificerat att koldioxidavlägsnande åtgärder, såsom kolinlagring genom produktion av biokol, är nödvändigt. Biokol är ett fast och poröst material, rikt på kol, som produceras när biomassa genomgår en process som kallas pyrolys. Om biokol blandas ner i jord kan det binda kol i hundratals eller tusentals år samtidigt som det fungerar som jordförbättrare. När biomassa pyrolyseras produceras också en pyrolysgas som kan användas för att generera värme och elektricitet. Det här examensarbetet undersöker om det kan vara ekonomiskt genomförbart att bygga och driva en anläggning, benämnd en kombinerad pyrolys- och kraftvärmeanläggning, som kombinerar biokolsproduktion med värme- och elproduktion för att avlägsna koldioxid från atmosfären. Resultaten från arbetet visar att det kan vara ekonomiskt genomförbart att bygga och driva en kombinerad pyrolys- och kraftvärmeanläggning. Den ekonomiska genomförbarheten påverkas dock i hög grad av priset på biokol som jordförbättringsprodukt. Marknaden för biokol är dessutom outvecklad vilket gör att priset för biokol osäkert. En annan faktor som i hög grad skulle kunna påverka den ekonomiska genomförbarheten för anläggningen är andelen kol i biokol som kan anses vara lagrad. En högre andel innebär att betydligt mer statligt stöd kan ges för att finansiera anläggningen samt att potentiella intäkter från kolkrediter kan öka. Kapitalkostnaderna för att bygga anläggningen är också en faktor med hög osäkerhet som har stor effekt på den ekonomiska genomförbarheten. Från detta examensarbete dras slutsatsen att mer forskning kring biokolsmarknaden samt kring kapitalkostnaderna för att bygga anläggningen behövs. Detta behövs för att ytterligare fastställa den ekonomiska genomförbarheten hos en sådan anläggning för att avlägsna koldioxid från atmosfären.
Hector, Martin. "Framställning av gas för el- och värmeproduktion." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Business and Engineering (SET), 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-1745.
Full textKan man producera brännbar gas av biobränsle i en småskalig anläggning? Kan
detta göras till en rimlig kostnad? Är det möjligt för en privatperson installera
förgasningsanläggningen själv eller krävs det en fackman? Skulle man kunna göra
gas av sitt trädgårdsavfall?
Svaret på dessa frågor är ja, det går.
Men om man vill göra det på ett säkert och miljövänligt sätt är svaret tyvärr nej.
Detta gäller i alla fall den anläggningen som detta arbete handlar om.
Tack vare Compower i Lund så kunde jag få tillgång till en kinesisk ”stalk gasifier”
Målet var att med denna panna framställa och analysera den gas som produceras
från biobränslen (gengas). Gasen skulle i bästa fall kunna användas i Compowers
microkraftverk för el och värmegenerering.
Efter installation och uppstart såg det lovande ut. Brännbar gas producerades efter
ca 20 min och gasen brann fint. Bränslet bestod då av en blandning mellan pellets
och flis.
Vid samtliga prov brinner gasen med klarblå låga och ingen synlig rök finns i
samband med förbränningen.
Pga. skrubber funktionen blir lågan pulserande
Det visade sig dock efter en stunds eldning att flisen var för blöt och tjärbildning
uppstod i pannan.
Efter nedstängning upptäcktes porositeter i fläkthusets gods och tjära hade läckt ut
på golvet.
Vid eldning nr. 2 användes endast pellets och det fungerade bra tills det visade sig
att askan från pelletsen tillsammans med tjäran bildade en sörja och chokade
luftgenomströmningen så att ingen gas kunde ta sig igenom utan tvingades ut
igenom luftintaget.
När vi senare kom in på emissionsmätningarna så visade det sig att vi inte kunde
mäta alla ämnena i gasen innan dess att vi förbrände den. Vi fick istället inrikta oss
på att mäta emissionerna efter det att vi tänt gasen. Detta gav oss rimligare världen
om än höga. Efter den sista eldningen, eldning nr 3, kunde vi konstatera att så länge
pannan eldades som den skulle så fungerade den bra, dock var CO-emissionerna
höga. När det gällde stängning så var det inte lika enkelt och det fanns även en stor
risk för utsläpp av koloxid vilket alltid bör undvikas.
Melzer, Michael. "Valorisation énergétique des sous-produits agricoles en zone sub-saharienne : pré-conditionnement de la biomasse par pyrolyse flash." Thesis, Compiègne, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013COMP2098/document.
Full textSub-Saharan West Africa lacks of natural resources, especially for energy production. By-products of agro-industry as cashew nut shells (CNS), jatropha (Jc) and shea (Sc) press cakes were identified as available resources for energetic valorisation. These biomasses are characterized by high extractive contents (cashew nut shell liquid/CNSL or triglycerides) which are the reason for toxic fumes during combustion. The thesis investigated the feasibility of flash pyrolysis as alternative process for these resources, more specifically the impact of the extractives on yields, the composition and the stability of flash pyrolysis oils. The feedstock were derived into samples covering the whole range of extractive contents (from de-oiled press cakes, ~0 wt%; to pure extractives, 100 wt%) which were characterized and pyrolysed in two laboratory devices (TGA and tubular furnace), then by applying flash pyrolysis conditions in a fluidized bed reactor. No significant interaction in-between the solid matrix and the extractives during pyrolysis were observed but different products were identified. CNSL volatises between 250 and 320°C, several phenolic compounds and typical compounds of crude CNSL were found to be present in the pyrolysis oil. In contrast, triglycerides are entirely decomposed at 380 to 420°C to give linear hydro-carbon chains. Some interaction products of the triglycerides with proteins were identified. Additionally, the experiments with the pilot plant have shown operational difficulties in the fluidized bed, which are linked to specific properties of the press cakes. Thus, further optimisations of process conditions are suggested. To overcome the observed phase separation of the pyrolysis oils mixtures with other biofuels were studied. The obtained emulsions are more homogeneous but the physical stability is still insufficient despite the addition of surfactants
Alkhatib, Radwan. "Development of an alternative fuel from waste of used tires by pyrolysis." Thesis, Nantes, Ecole des Mines, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EMNA0197/document.
Full textThe objective of this work is to get alternative fuel comparable with the available diesel in the market following the EN590. The fuel getting was via optimization of pyrolysis conditions which are temperature, heating rate (power of electrical resistance) and inert gas flow rate. The optimum values are 465°C, 650 Watts and without inert gas flow rate. Inert gas role is limited to purge the system for 30 minutes before start the pyrolysis to get rid of oxidative gases. The obtained product is comparable with the diesel as it has GCV 45 KJ/kg, low density of 0,85 and 7% tar content
Kantarelis, Efthymios. "Catalytic Steam Pyrolysis of Biomass for Production of Liquid Feedstock." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Energi- och ugnsteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-142412.
Full textDet nuvarande samhällets behov av bränslen och kemiska produkter är starkt knutet till fossila resurser. Detta beroende kan leda till ekonomisk instabilititet, politiska svårigheter och osäker leveranssäkerhet. Dessutom riskeras allvarliga skador i framtiden på grund av global uppvärmning, vilket är relaterat till det ökande och massiva användandet av fossila bränslen. Biomassa är en förnybar resurs som är tillgänglig idag, möjlig att utnyttja för produktion av diverse flytande, gasformiga och fasta produkter. Dessa produkter, beroende på biogeniskt ursprung, betraktas som koldioxidneutrala och kan därför generera koldioxidkrediter. Processande av biomassa kan möta utmaningen av minskad fossilbränsleanvändning, genom produktion av flytande råvara som kan reducera beroendet och/eller möta ökad efterfrågan, via en snabbt expanderande termokemisk teknik - pyrolys. Det slutgiltiga målet med en sådan process är att producera en flytande produkt med förbättrade egenskaper som direkt skulle kunna användas som flytande bränslen, bränsleadditiv och/eller som råmaterial i moderna oljeraffinaderier och petrokemiska komplex. Vätskor som utvinns från termiska processer är problematiska med avseende på hantering och slutanvändningen i olika applikationer, därmed behövs olika spår för produktion av avancerade flytande råvaror. Heterogena katalysen har länge tjänat raffinaderi- och petrokemisk industri, som producerar ett brett utbud av bränslen och produkter, lämpliga för säker användning. Kombinationen av biomassapyrolys och heterogen katalys (genom att bringa pyrolysångorna i kontakt med en lämplig katalysator) är ett väldigt lovande spår. I denna avhandling undersöks användningen av biomassa för produktion av flytande råvara, via pyrolys över en flerfunktionel katalysator i ångatmosfär. Ångpyrolys i en fastbäddsreaktor visade att ånga kan betraktas som ett reaktivt medium, även vid låga temperaturer, som påverkar utbyten och sammansättning av alla produkter. Avgasningen sker snabbare och den slutliga flykthalten i kolresterna blir lägren vid användning av ånga. Snabbpyrolys i ångatmosfär resulterar i förbättrad och mer kontrollerad termisk nedbrytning av biomassa, vilket ger ett högre vätskeutbyte och en något deoxygenerad flytande produkten. ångpyrolys i kombination med bimetalliska NiV-katalysatorer, ger upphov till en flytande råvara med förbättrad kvalitet och selektiv deoxygenering. Dock med ett minskande utbyte som följd. Kombinationen av metall och en sur katalysator (Ni-V/HZSM5) visade förstärkt deoxygenering med bibehållen vätehalt i den flytande produkten. Den slutliga syrehalten i vätskan var 12.83 vikt% vid en zeolithalt (HZSM5) på 75 vikt%, dock med ett kraftigt minskande vätskeutbyte. Dessutom noterades ökad koksbildning på katalysatormaterialet med den högsta zeolithalten. Ökad rymd-tid för katalysatorn (τ) ger ett lägre vätskeutbyte med reducerad syrehalt (7.79 vikt% vid τ=2h) och ökad aromathalt. Koksbildning på ytan, per massenhet katalysatormaterial, minskade vid längre rymd-tider medan utbytet av kolrester förblev opåverkat. Undersökningen av stabiliteten hos hybridkatalysatorn visade inga strukturella defekter och ingen signifikant minskad aktivitet efter regenerering vid låg temperatur (550οC).
Οι σύγχρονες ανάγκες της κοινωνίας για παραγωγή υγρών καυσίμων και χημικών προϊόντων εξαρτώνται από τους ορυκτούς πόρους. Αυτή η εξάρτηση μπορεί να οδηγήσει σε οικονομικά προβλήματα, πολιτκή αστάθεια, όπως επίσης και αβεβαιότητα στις προμήθειες της ενεργειακής εφοδιαστικής αλυσίδας. Επιπροσθέτως, μια δραματική «παράπλευρη απώλεια» η οποία θέτει σε κίνδυνο το μέλλον του πλανήτη είναι η υπερθέρμανσή του, η οποία έχει συσχετισθεί με την εκτεταμένη χρήση ορυκτών πόρων. Σήμερα, η βιομάζα είναι η μόνη ανανεώσιμη πηγή από την οποία μπορούν να παραχθούν υγρά, αέρια και στερεά προϊόντα, που λόγω της λιγνοκυταρρινικής τους προελεύσεως, η συνεισφορά τους στις εκομπές CO2 θεώρειται μηδενική. Η θερμοχημική επεξεργασία της βιομάζας συνεισφέρει στον περιορισμό της χρήσης ορυκτών πόρων, με την παραγωγή υγρών προϊόντων, τα οποία μπορούν να μειώσουν την εξάρτηση ή /και την αυξημένη ζήτηση μέσω μιας ταχέως αναπτυσόμενης τεχνολογίας, της πυρόλυσης. Στόχος της διεργασίας είναι η παραγωγή υγρών προϊόντων με ιδιότητες, που επιτρέπουν την απευθείας χρήση τους ως υγρά καύσιμα ή ως πρώτη ύλη, για την παραγώγη χημικών προϊόντων σε συγχρονες μονάδες διύλισης πετρελαίου και σε πετροχημικά συγκτροτήματα. Εν τούτοις, τα υγρά προϊόντα της θερμικής διάσπασης (πυρόλυση) είναι προβληματικά στη διαχείρηση και στις τελικές τους εφαρμογές, λόγω της σύστασής τους. Ως εκ τούτου, απαιτούνται νέες τεχνικές για παραγωγή προηγμένων υγρών προοϊόντων. Η ετερογενής κατάλυση έχει επιτυχώς εφαρμοσθεί στην πετρελαϊκή και χημική βιομηχανία, παράγοντας ένα μεγάλο εύρος προϊόντων. Ο συνδυασμός της με την πυρόλυση (φέρνοντας σε επαφη τα υγρά/ατμούς με κατάλληλο καταλύτη) αποτελεί μια πολλά υποσχόμενη ενναλακτική. Στην παρούσα διατριβή μελετάται η αξιοποίηση βιομάζας για παραγωγή υγρών προϊόντων μέσω καταλυτικής πυρόλυσης, με χρήση πολυλειτουρικού καταλύτη (multi-functional catalyst) υπό την παρουσία ατμού. Η χρήση ατμου κατά τη διαρκειά πυρόλυσης βιομαζας σε αντιδραστήρα σταθερής κλίνης, μεταβάλει τη σύσταση των επιμέρους προϊόντων. Η παρουσία ατμού έχει ως αποτέλεσμα την ταχύτερη αποπτητικοποίηση του υλικού, ενώ παράλληλα η περιεκτικότητα του υπολειπόμενου εξανθρακώματος σε πτητικά είναι μικρότερη. Τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα ταχείας πυρόλυσης σε αντιδραστήρα ρευστοστερεάς κλίνης δείχνουν ό,τι η χρήση ατμού βελτιώνει την θερμική διάσπαση της βιομαζας, αυξάνοντας την απόδοση σε υγρά προϊοντά, ενώ παράλληλα βοηθάει στην αποξυγόνωσή τους. Ο συνδυασμός της πυρόλυσης υπό την παρουσία ατμού και διμεταλλικού καταλύτη νικελίου–βαναδίου μπορεί να βελτιώσει την ποιότητα των παραγόμενων υγρών (αποξυγόνωση) με παραλλήλη μείωση της απόδοσής τους, ενώ μπορεί να παράγει προϊόντα εκλεκτικής αποξυγόνωσης. Συνδυασμός μεταλλικών και ζεολιθικών καταλυτών (Ni-V/HZSM5) εμφανίζει βελτιωμένη δραστικότητα στις αντιδράσεις αποξυγόνωσης, με παράλληλη συγκράτηση υδρογόνου (Η) στα υγρά προϊόντα. Η τελική περιεκτικότητα των υγρών προϊόντων σε οξυγόνου (Ο) μετά από 90 min αντίδρασης είναι 12.83 wt%, με περιεκτικότητα ζεόλιθου (ΗZSΜ5) ~75 wt% στον καταλύτη. Ωστόσο, η αυξηση της περεικτικότητας σε ζεόλιθο έχει ως αποτέλεσμα την αύξηση των επικαθήσεων άνθρακα επάνω στον κατάλυτη, καθώς και την σημαντική μειώση της απόδοσης των υγρών προϊόντων (24.35wt% επι ξηρής βιομάζας). Η αύξηση του χώρου χρόνου του καταλύτη (τ) έχει ως αποτέλεσμα: τη μείωση των υγρών προϊόντων, τη μείωση του περιεχόμενου Ο στα υγρά προϊόντα (7.79 wt% at τ =2h), την αύξηση των αρωματικών υδρογονανθράκων και τη μείωση του επικαθήμενου κωκ ανά μονάδα μάζας καταλύτη. Η απόδοση του εξανθρακώματος παρέμεινε πρακτικά αμετάβλητη. Η αναγέννηση του υβριδικού καταλύτη σε χαμηλές θερμοκρασιές (550οC) δεν επέφερε σημαντικές δομικές αλλαγές και απώλεια δραστικότητας.
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Tam, Tina Sui-Man. "Pyrolysis of oil shale in a spouted bed pyrolyser." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26742.
Full textApplied Science, Faculty of
Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of
Graduate
Östman, Marcus, and Elin Näsström. "Construction of a Labview controlled pyrolysis unit for coupling to a Pyrola 85 pyrolysis chamber." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-56549.
Full textBalme, Quentin. "Etude paramétrique et optimisation d'un processus de combustion de charges organiques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI091/document.
Full textThe LPTI / CEA (Innovative Thermal Processes Laboratory) is developing a process for the incineration-vitrification of radioactive waste. The first step consists in the elimination of the organic charge (polymer) by incineration of the waste suspended in an oven. The objective of the work presented in this document is to study the operating parameters likely to modify the rate of degradation of the polymers, in order to optimize the incineration step.In this study, the degradation rate is measured by the mass loss of the compounds. A macro-thermobalance allowing to work with masses of polymer (polyethylene and neoprene) going from 5g to 65g was developed in order to carry out the parametric studies (mass of sample, temperature of the furnace, percentage of oxygen in gas, type of container) needed to evaluate the degradation rates of polyethylene and neoprene. These studies will then be extended to evaluate the kinetics of combustion of complex organic systems confined in different vectors.In parallel, two models were developped. The first describes the gas phase by CFD and the polymer by a "0D" model considering the homogeneous temperature in the sample, and the second is describing the two phases by CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamic). The objective of these models, solved in transient mode, is to calculate the rate of degradation of the polyethylene during its combustion in the macro-thermobalance to describe the behavior observed experimentally.Experimental and modeling results show the importance of flame position and heat transfer in the polymer on its rate of degradation. For the neoprene whose degradation produces carboneous residues (char), it is shown experimentally that the stage of oxidation of the char is, at the study temperatures (> 600 ° C), limited by the transfer of oxygen in the solid residues
Alibert, David. "Effet de la sous-oxygénation sur les paramètres de combustion." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0545/document.
Full textOxygen supply has a leading role in fire growth in confined spaces. The oxygen quantity available for combustion depends on the oxygen consumption by the fire and on the air supply from the mechanical ventilation system or openings. A decrease of oxygen concentration of the oxidant flow will lead to a decrease of the heat flux feedback from the flame to the fuel surface, which in turn will lead to a decrease in mass loss rate. The present experimental study has a dual objective: understand the effects of an under-oxygenated atmosphere on the combustion of solids and liquids and collect data for model validation. The Controlled Atmosphere Device for Unburnt and Carbon Emission Evaluation (CADUCEE) of IRSN has been used to conduct experiments at oxygen concentrations ranging from the limiting oxygen concentration for extinction to 21%vol. Fuels used are polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and heptane at different scales. A good agreement with literature data for various fuels and scales is found. Assuming chemical equilibrium, it is also found that the global equivalence ratio, deduced from the concentration of CO2 in the extracted gases, is close to unity, which reveals a weakly reductive incomplete combustion. This suggests that the flame, and thus the mass loss rate, adapt themselves to the available concentration of oxygen in the oxidant flow, to stay close to stoichiometry
Lin, Bo-Jhih. "Études de bois traités par pyrolyse douce dans un réacteur semi-industriel pour une production de matériaux durable : comportement thermique, changements de propriétés et modélisation cinétique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0023/document.
Full textMild pyrolysis is a promising and widely applied process conducted at 200-300 °C in an inert condition to produce sustainable materials (i.e. heat treated wood) or solid fuel (i.e. torrefied wood). The aim of this study is to investigate the woods heat treated in a semi-industrial scale reactor for sustainable material production. Two different European wood species, a hardwood species (poplar, Populus nigra) and a softwood species (fir, Abies pectinata), are used to perform the experiments. The present research is divided into three parts. In the first part, the thermal behavior of wood boards is studied in a semi-industrial scale reactor. The experiments are carried out at 200-230 °C with a heating rate of 0.2 °C min-1 in a vacuum condition (200 hPa) to intensify the thermal degradation. Four different stages of thermal degradation during wood heat treatment are defined based on the intensity of differential mass loss (DML). The devolatilization characteristics of treated woods are evaluated by the devolatilization index (DI) based on the results of proximate analysis. The correlation of DI with respect to mass loss of the two wood species is strongly characterized by linear distribution, which is able to provide a simple tool to predict the mass loss of wood. In the second part of the study, a number of analyses, such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, measurement of color change, equilibrium moisture content, and contact angle) are performed to evaluate the property changes of treated woods. The obtained results clearly demonstrate the thermal degradation through dehydration, deacetylation, depolymerization, and condensation reactions during the heat treatment. The observed phenomena of color change and hygroscopic transformation are illustrated and discussed in detail. The decarbonization, dehydrogenation, and deoxygenation of the treated woods are also evaluated. It is found that the three indexes can be well correlated to the total color difference and hygroscopicity reduction extent (HRE). In the last part of the study, the kinetic modeling of wood heat treatment is developed based on a two-step kinetic scheme. The obtained kinetics successfully predict dynamic solid yield of wood boards during the treatment in the semi-industrial reactor. Meanwhile, the prediction of elemental composition is also performed by a direct method based on the elemental analyses of untreated and treated woods at the end of the treatment, as well as the instantaneous solid yield. The results point out that the prediction of C, H, and O profiles are in good agreement with expected composition changes in the wood materials during treatment. In summary, the obtained results and established kinetics are conducive to recognizing the mechanisms of wood thermal degradation and can be used for heat treatment process and reactor design in industry to produce wood materials for various applications
Dhahak, Asma. "Étude expérimentale de la pyrolyse de poly(téréphtalate d’éthylène) (PET) : caractérisation fine des produits et de leur cinétique de formation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0219.
Full textPyrolysis is the primary step in all thermochemical transformations of solids and therefore the detailed characterization of the pyrolysis products and the understanding of the involved mechanisms are mandatory. In this context, this PhD thesis aims to study the slow pyrolysis of PET using different analytical devices. In the first part, slow pyrolysis experiments (5 °C/min) were carried out in a tubular reactor for four final temperatures ranging from 410 °C to 480 °C. Unlike other studies from the literature, light products as well as heavy products were identified. The non-condensable gas was analyzed online using Gas micro-Chromatography (μ-GC), which allows acquiring the gas temporal profiles. The carbonyl compounds were trapped, derivatized and analyzed by High Performance - Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The waxy products were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and by Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) using an Electrospray Ionization (ESI). Some waxy molecules were quantified by Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry and Flame Ionization Detection (GC/MS-FID). The characterization of the solid residue was performed by FT-ICR MS coupled with Laser Desorption ionization (LDI). In the second part, the formation kinetics of volatile compounds during PET pyrolysis was studied using a Thermogravimetric Analyzer coupled with mild ionization methods (SPI: Single Photon Ionization; REMPI: Resonance Enhanced Multiple Photon Ionization; APCI: Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization). The combination of these different techniques allowed a detailed characterization of the products and consequently the identification of reaction pathways of PET degradation, which are mostly molecular pathways
Le, Brech Yann. "Analyse des mécanismes primaires de pyrolyse de la biomasse." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0106/document.
Full textCurrent research studies focus on biomass thermochemical conversion to produce other energetic vectors more appropriate to be conveyed, such as electricity, gas or liquid products. Pyrolysis is the first mechanism occurring in all thermochemical processes for solid fuels conversion (combustion, gasification, pyrolysis). It controls in a large extent products (gas, condensables and char) distribution and composition. The prediction of pyrolysis products and the understanding of the chemical mechanisms are thus pivotal for developing thermochemical reactors. Extensive work has been conducted for more than one century but the important heterogeneity of biomasses and pyrolysis conditions make it difficult to encompass a global chemical mechanism. The aim of this study is to develop complementary analyses of pyrolysis products. Pyrolysis is conducted in a fixed bed reactor under slow pyrolysis conditions (5 K/min), for a wide range of final temperature (200°C and 500°C) and for different biomasses (miscanthus, douglas and oak). Various analytical methods have been used in order to characterise the pyrolysis products: nuclear magnetic resonance (carbon 13C and proton 1H NMR), Calorimetry, Thermogravimetry, GC/MS (Gas Chromatography and Mass spectrometry), LC/MS (Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry) and soft ionization mass spectrometry (Single Photo Ionisation SPI). Original analytical methods such as 2D NMR HETCOR 1H-13C (for the analysis of chemical moieties in char) and high temperature 1H NMR (for in-situ analysis of mobile protons) have been used. The latter allowed a novel characterization of the interaction between biomass and minerals during pyrolysis
Sorge, Cornelia. "Struktur der organischen Substanz in Böden und Partikelgrössenfraktionen : Pyrolyse-Gaschromatographie Massenspektrometrie und Pyrolyse-Feldionisation Massenspektrometrie /." Kiel : Institut für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde, Universität Kiel, 1995. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=006976086&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
Full textNowakowska, Milena. "Conversion thermique des goudrons provenant de la gazéification de la biomasse." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0092/document.
Full textTars are compounds limiting the optimal operation of thermochemical processes of biomass conversion. The reactions of these compounds were studied to better understand their formation, maturation and decay. The study of the decomposition of three model compounds from biomass was conducted with a jet stirred reactor. The studied compounds were anisole and guaiacol, representing the primary tars from lignin and the 5-methylfurfural, representing the primary tars from cellulose. The pyrolysis and the oxidation of these compounds were performed at atmospheric pressure, at a residence time of 2 s and at high dilution, and for a wide range of temperatures. The oxidation was carried out in stoichiometric conditions ([phi]= 1). Reaction products were quantified by gas chromatography and identified using mass spectrometry. Detailed kinetic mechanisms for the pyrolysis and oxidation (based on a combustion model for light aromatics) have been developed for each compound. Models predict well the conversion of reactants and the formation of the main products
Eibner, Simon. "Pyrolyse flash de biomasse lignocellulosique : comment catalyser la désoxygénation au cours des mécanismes primaires et secondaires ?" Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENCM0026.
Full textFlash pyrolysis of biomass is seen as a new way to produce bio-oils which can be converted to biofuels and chemicals. However, development of such pyrolysis processes requires implementation of an efficient and innovative catalytic strategy to deoxygenate bio-oils. Pyrolysis mechanisms involve both biomass degradation reactions - primary mechanisms - and gas phase reactions - secondary mechanisms -. As a consequence, our work has been directed along two research lines. First, we tested whether impregnating a catalyst precursor in the biomass can act on the primary pyrolysis mechanisms in order to promote deoxygenation. Then we sought to enhance the catalytic cracking of pyrolysis vapours using a heterogeneous catalyst.Pyrolysis experiments of impregnated biomass show that metal nitrate salts - Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Ce – mainly enhance cellulose depolymerisation at the expense of its fragmentation. Moreover, nitrate anions inserted in biomass promote the production of dehydrated anhydrosugars which can be used to synthesize value-added molecules. Pyrolysis of impregnated biomass also results in the formation of a catalytically active charcoal containing metal nanoparticles. Those charcoals were successfully employed to catalyse the deoxygenation of model vapour phase compounds. However, it was found that the catalytic activity of these charcoals was limited by their low specific surface area, in comparison with the measured performance measured for commercially available activated charcoal containing metal nanoparticles. Among the tested metals, the ceria-based catalyst was found both to efficiently reduce bio-oil acidity and to enhance phenol yields. Additionally, this catalytic cracking catalyst reduces the oxygen content in the pyrolysis bio-oil and increases its heating value. This encouraging result suggests that catalytic vapour cracking could be integrated in a hydrodeoxygenation-based process to produce biofuels. This option should reduce the cost of hydrodeoxygenation and in particular the hydrogen consumption
Jendoubi, Naoufel. "Mécanismes de transfert des inorganiques dans les procédés de pyrolyse rapide de la biomasse : Impacts de la variabilité des ressources lignocellulosiques sur la qualité des bio-huiles." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL062N/document.
Full textBiomass fast pyrolysis is a promising process for the preparation of bio-oils dedicated to energy production. Inorganic species originally present in biomass are known to induce problems such as bio-oil instability, deposits and fouling. The purpose of the present work is to better understand the mechanisms of inorganic species transfer from biomass to bio-oils in fast pyrolysis processes. A methodology is developed for quantifying alkali and alkali-earth species (K, Ca, Mg, Na) distribution in the products (chars and bio-oils) issued from wheat straw and beech wood fast pyrolysis. Two complementary devices are used: a pilot plant fluidized bed reactor, and a horizontal tubular reactor. Mass balances closures are accurately achieved. 99 wt.% of the inorganic species originally contained in biomass are recovered in the chars. Thanks to an original bio-oils fractional condensation device, it is shown that more than 60 wt.% of the inorganic content of overall bio-oil is contained in the aerosols. Different assumptions of possible origins of the aerosols are discussed. Inorganic content of bio-oil is strongly connected to the presence of fine chars particles which are not efficiently separated by the cyclones, and, hence recovered in the bio-oils. The possibilities of upstream or downstream treatments are discussed in order to lower inorganic content of bio-oils. Finally, the mechanisms of inorganics transfers between char particles and a liquid phase, during bio-oil storage, are quantitatively described on the basis of side experiments associated to a model
Senga, kiesse Silao Esperance. "Valorisation énergétique des déchets de bois traités par voies thermochimiques (pyrolyse et hydroliquéfaction) : Application aux bois traités aux sels de CCB (cuivre-chrome-bore)." Phd thesis, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00813887.
Full textGauthier, Guillaume. "Synthèse de biocarburants de deuxième génération : étude de la pyrolyse à haute température de particules de bois centimétriques." Phd thesis, Ecole des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00995288.
Full textLacroix, Rémy. "Mécanisme cinétique hétérogène détaillé de dépôt de pyrocarbone." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPL063N/document.
Full textIndustrial Carbon/Carbon composite manufacturing processes consist in the densification of a porous substrate (preform) by deposition of gaseous precursors. The aim of this work was to develop and validate a detailed kinetic mechanism modeling heterogeneous reactions of pyrocarbon deposition by propane pyrolysis. Experiments were carried out using an experimental set-up appropriate for studying the kinetics of hetero-homogeneous reactions. Chromatographic analysis were performed to quantify 29 gas phase species, the deposition rate being measured by weighing. We studied the influence of the following experimental parameters: temperature (900-1050°C), residence time (0.5-4 s), S/V ratio (20-170 cm-1) and composition of the reactor inlet (addition of hydrogen, acetylene and benzene). The heterogeneous mechanism contains 275 surface elementary steps involving 66 surface sites. Kinetic parameters of surface reactions were estimated by analogy with gas phase “prototype” reactions. Simulations were carried out using the Surface Chemkin package. The model is efficient to quantitatively predict the deposition rate as well as the mole fractions of major gas phase species. The mole fractions of minor species are semi-quantitatively predicted. The flow rate analysis demonstrates that the pyrocarbon is mostly formed by deposition of methyl radicals and small unsaturated species (acetylene, ethylene) in our experimental conditions
Lebas, Étienne. "Étude et modélisation de la pyrolyse du charbon en four tournant." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1995_LEBAS_E.pdf.
Full textBouhadoun, Sarah. "Synthèse de nanoparticules de dioxyde de titane par pyrolyse laser et leur application en photocatalyse." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS003/document.
Full textTitanium dioxide is the most widely used photocatalyst due to its amazing properties. However, TiO2 is activated by UV radiation which represent about 4-5 % of solar light. One aim of this work is to shift the adsorption of TiO2 to the visible range while maintaining photoactivity under UV. Therefore N-doped and gold modified TiO2 nanoparticles have been synthesized in one step by laser pyrolysis. The materials have been characterized; their photocatalytic activity was evaluated by the degradation of carboxylic acids (C1-C4) under both UV and Visible irradiation. When dealing with the decomposition of formic acid under UV light, all samples exhibit a higher activity compared to commercial P25. Modification with Au increases the reaction rate by enhancing charge separation, while N-doped sample are less efficient due to recombination centers induced by Nitrogen. These results were correlated to the dynamic of electron/hole pairs studied by TRMC (Time Resolved Microwave Conductivity). Moreover, the combination of Au and N showed an efficiency similar to commercial P25 under UV irradiation associated to photoactivity in the visible range. In the case of C2-C4 acids, photocatalytic performances of all photocatalysts are similar to commercial P25 under UV, but very weak under visible light. Degradation mechanisms were investigated by ESR (Electron Spin Resonance)
Buendia-Kandia, Felipe. "Cellulose valorization in biorefinery : synergies between thermochemical and biological processes." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0082/document.
Full textBecause fossil resources are exhaustible by definition, the carbon needed for energy and materials production could be obtained from lignocellulosic biomass. Fermentation processes are able to provide a wide variety of interesting products that can replace the crude oil based "building blocks". However, the abundance of lignocellulosic biomass in the environment contrasts with its very low bioavailability. Indeed, because of (i) its insoluble nature, (ii) its more or less crystalline structure and (iii) the nature of the bonds between the polymer fibers, cellulose is a carbon substrate difficult to valorize by biochemical/fermentation processes alone. Fast pyrolysis or liquefaction of cellulose are mainly studied to produce a bio-oil, which would be upgraded by catalytic hydrotreatment into fuels or building blocks. In the current state of the art, studies at the interface of these two fields involving a biochemical or microbiological conversion of these bio-oils are still rare. The aim of this thesis is the coupling of a thermochemical conversion process of cellulose, to depolymerize it, to a microbial transformation process to produce solvents, acids and gases (butanol, ethanol, acetone, acetic acid, butyric acid, lactic acid, hydrogen) that are of great interest for the fuel or green chemistry industry. To do this, beech wood was fractionated by organosolv and chlorite / acid (SC / AA) methods in order to recover a cellulose-rich pulp. Hydrothermal liquefaction and fast pyrolysis processes were used to obtain sugars that were transformed into building blocks by fermentation. Many analytical methods have been developed for the characterization of products from each step of the process. Finally, a model of the process using the commercial software Aspen Plus® was developed to establish mass and energy balances of the integrated process including: the fractionation of the wood, then the liquefaction of the cellulosic fraction and the fermentation of bio-oils
Morisson, Marietta. "Optimisation des techniques de pyrolyse et de thermochimiolyse pour la recherche de matière organique d’origine extraterrestre : application aux cas de Titan et Mars." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLC076/document.
Full textThe understanding of prebiotic chemistry, and the search for organic matter of extraterrestrial origin associated with it, are among the strong themes of the astrobiology branch, which concerns in particular the search for traces of life in our Solar System. It is with this objective in mind that we have taken an interest in two objects of the Solar System: the Saturn satellite Titan, for its organic aerosols, and Mars, for its proven habitability and research of organic matter in situ. To this end, we have implemented two techniques to study the organic matter of these objects: experimental simulation, which allows the reproduction of extraterrestrial environmental conditions in the laboratory, and preparation of in situ analysis thanks to fully automated laboratories implemented on the Curiosity/MSL rover currently in operation on the surface of Mars, and the future Pasteur rover of the ExoMars mission. The first part of this study is thus devoted to the experimental simulation applied to the study of organic aerosols from Titan. We synthesized analogs (tholins) of these aerosols in the laboratory, then studied their molecular composition by pyrolysis and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (Pyr-GC-MS). We investigated in particular the influence of the composition of the gas mixture allowing the synthesis of our tholins (methane content in nitrogen) on their molecular composition. A systematic study by Pyr-GC-MS allowed us to estimate the optimal conditions of analysis including pyrolysis temperature. In a second phase, we were interested in the in situ analysis of the Martian soil by the SAM-GC-MS and MOMA-GC-MS instruments aboard the Curiosity rover and the future Pasteur rover respectively. These two instruments have the possibility of using wet chemistry (derivatization) techniques to pre-treat samples to facilitate extraction, volatilization, preservation and identification of the organic matter present in the Martian soil. Among these techniques, we have optimized the analytical conditions of thermochemolysis in the presence of TMAH on a terrestrial analog of the Martian soil to ensure the success of future in situ analyses of the Mars soil by the SAM and MOMA instruments
Bensabath, Tsilla. "Approche préventive pour une réduction des Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques (HAP) dans les fours à pyrolyse : application à la cémentation gazeuse à basse pression." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0064/document.
Full textLow-pressure gas carburizing is a heat treatment process used to harden surface of steel by enriching the metal with carbon atoms coming from pyrolysis of hydrocarbons. At the same time, a wide variety of molecules and radicals are also formed in the gas phase. They react together, leading to the formation of PAHs. PAHs are toxic and even carcinogenic, and activities such as furnace maintenance may thus represent a risk to workers. Experiments of acetylene pyrolysis were carried out in conditions close to low-pressure gas carburizing processes, at 900°C and 8 kPa. Two kinds of reactors were used: a jet stirred reactor and tubular reactors. At the outlet of the reaction zone, products of pyrolysis were analyzed. Among other products, 16 PAHs classified as priority pollutants by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) were observed. Influence of residence time and of reactant dilution was studied. Experimental results were compared to those obtained with a detailed kinetic model. This model was developed in order to describe PAH formation during light hydrocarbon pyrolysis. The focus was placed on formation pathways of the first aromatic rings and of the 16 EPA-PAHs. In addition to the experimental data obtained in this study, the model was validated using experimental data from the literature. The aim of the study is to understand the phenomena of PAH formation and growth in order to find operating conditions to make safer the low-pressure gas carburizing processes
Kessas, Sid Ahmed. "Etude expérimentale de pyrolyse et de vapogazéification des boues de STEP en réacteurs à lit fluidisé entre 700 et 900°C : comparaison avec les déchets boisés." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0113.
Full textThe gasification of lignocellulosic biomass is viewed as a promising technological solution for theproduction of a high value-added gas that could be used in several applications. However,emerging tensions in the wood market are prompting industrial actors to turn to otherlignocellulosic resources, such as agricultural residues, municipal green waste and sewage sludge(SS). Depending on the case, these wastes are considered as effluents with a zero or negativecost. The objective of this work is to better understand and model the phenomena that occurduring the gasification of sewage sludge and green wastes in a fluidized bed. Firstly, aphysicochemical and textural characterization study of the selected fuels and their chars resultingfrom their rapid pyrolysis as well as a kinetic study on the influence of the pyrolysis temperatureand the nature of solid fuel on the reactivity of char were presented. Then, the results obtainedduring the pyrolysis and steam gasification of wastes, in a fluidized bed gasification pilot plant, arepresented for temperatures ranging between 700 and 900 °C. Parametric studies allows to betterunderstand the effect of operating parameters (temperature, H2O/fuel mass ratio, the nature of thefuel and the kind of the fluidized medium) on the gasification performance and to identify the keyparameters that control the composition, as well as the syngas production yield. Moreover,reaction schemes are proposed based on the experimental results, for the pyrolysis of wastesbetween 700 and 900 °C. Finally, the results of a modelling study of the gasifier, integrating thereactions of pyrolysis, char steam gasification, water-gas shift and tar reforming are presented andcompared to the experimental results in order to better understand the effect of the operatingparameters on the conversion rate of different reactions
Krauss, Hans-Joachim. "Laserstrahlinduzierte Pyrolyse präkeramischer Polymere." Bamberg Meisenbach, 2006. http://d-nb.info/986458899/04.
Full textBelchi, Raphaëlle. "Architectures à base de nanostructures de carbone et TiO₂pour le photovoltaïque." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS329/document.
Full textPhotovoltaic is a promising renewable energy to tackle global warming and the depletion of fossil resources. The emerging field of perovskite solar cells (3rd generation photovoltaic) is very attractive because it uses abundant and easy-processing materials (low-cost technology) and provides competitive efficiencies.Still, efforts remain to be performed to develop this technology, especially concerning the improvement of efficient and reliable charge transporting electrodes. Titanium dioxide layer, commonly used for electron extraction, presents defects that limit the performance and lifetime of the perovskite solar cells.This work proposes the use of materials based on TiO₂ and carbon nanostructures to improve the electron transport and collection within the solar cells, in order to enhance the power conversion efficiency. The singular technique of laser pyrolysis, which is a continuous process of nanoparticles synthesis, was adapted to produce TiO₂/graphene nanocomposites with well-controlled properties. These materials have been characterized and integrated into perovskite solar cells that demonstrate an improved efficiency in presence of graphene.Besides, this work presents an innovating architecture based on vertically aligned carbon nanotubes for the electron collection of a perovskite solar cell. We show then the strong potential of carbon materials for optoelectronic, especially 3rd generation photovoltaic
Klug, Michael. "Pyrolysis -- a process to "melt" biomass." Revista de Química, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/101157.
Full textPyrolysis is a thermochemical process that occurs in absence of oxygen. The pyrolysis process has three stages: feeding and dosing of raw materials, transformation of the organic mass and, finally, collection and separation of the products (coke, oil and gas). The pilot plant of the PUCP can produce second generation biofuels from organic waste and this responds to the challenge of a sustainable developmentof bioenergy in Peru.