Journal articles: 'Pyrolys'

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Dhaundiyal, Alok, and Suraj Singh. "Asymptotic Approximations to the Isothermal Pyrolysis of Deodara Leaves using Gamma Distribution." Universitas Scientiarum 22, no. 3 (December 26, 2017): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.sc22-3.aatt.

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The main aim of th is paper pivote d ar ound th e influence of some parameters relev ant to biomass pyrolys is on the numerical solutions of the nth order distributed activation energy model (DAEM) using the Gamma distribution. The upper limit of ‘dE’ integral, frequency factor, reaction order, and the shape and rate parameters of the Gamma distribution are investigated. Analys is of the mathematical model is done with the help of asymptotic expansion.

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Nor Shahirah, Mohd Nasir, Bamidele V. Ayodele, Jolius Gimbun, and Chin Kui Cheng. "Samarium Promoted Ni/Al2O3 Catalysts for Syngas Production from Glycerol Pyrolys." Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 11, no. 2 (August 20, 2016): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.11.2.555.238-244.

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The current paper reports on the kinetics of glycerol reforming over the alumina-supported Ni catalyst that was promoted with rare earth elements. The catalysts were synthesized via wet impregnation method with formulations of 3 wt% Sm-20 wt% Ni/77 wt% Al2O3. The characterizations of all the as-synthesized catalysts were carried out, viz. BET specific surface area measurements, thermogravimetri analysis for temperature-programmed calcination studies, FESEM for surface imaging, XRD to obtain diffraction patterns, XRF for elemental analysis, etc.. Reaction studies were performed in a stainless steel fixed bed reactor with reaction temperatures set at 973, 1023 and 1073 K employing weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 4.5×104 mL g-1 h-1. Agilent GC with TCD capillary column was used to analyze gas compositions. Results gathered showed that the BET specific surface area was 2.09 m2.g-1 for the unpromoted Ni catalyst while for the promoted catalysts, was 2.68 m2.g-1. Significantly, the BET results were supported by the FESEM images which showed promoted catalysts exhibit smaller particle size compared to the unpromoted catalyst. It can be deduced that the promoter can increase metal dispersion on alumina support, hence decreasing the size of particles. The TGA analysis consistently showed four peaks which represent water removal at temperature 373-463 K, followed by decomposition of nickel nitrate to produce nickel oxide. From reaction results for Sm promotion showed glycerol conversion, XG of 27% which was 7% higher than unpromoted catalyst. The syngas productions were produced from glycerol decomposition and created H2:CO product ratio which always lower than 2.0. The H2:CO product ratio of 3 wt% Sm promoted Ni/Al2O3 catalyst was 1.70 at reaction temperature of 973 K and glycerol partial pressure of 18 kPa and suitable enough for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Copyright © 2016 BCREC GROUP. All rights reservedReceived: 22nd January 2016; Revised: 1st February 2016; Accepted: 17th February 2016How to Cite: Shahirah, M.N.N., Ayodele, B.V., Gimbun, J., Cheng, C.K. (2016). Samarium Promoted Ni/Al2O3 Catalysts for Syngas Production from Glycerol Pyrolysis. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 11 (2): 238-244 (doi:10.9767/bcrec.11.2.555.238-244)Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.11.2.555.238-244

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Sarkar, Aparna, Sudip De Sarkar, Michael Langanki, and Ranjana Chowdhury. "Studies on Pyrolysis Kinetic of Newspaper Wastes in a Packed Bed Reactor: Experiments, Modeling, and Product Characterization." Journal of Energy 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/618940.

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Newspaper waste was pyrolysed in a 50 mm diameter and 640 mm long reactor placed in a packed bed pyrolyser from 573 K to 1173 K in nitrogen atmosphere to obtain char and pyro-oil. The newspaper sample was also pyrolysed in a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) under the same experimental conditions. The pyrolysis rate of newspaper was observed to decelerate above 673 K. A deactivation model has been attempted to explain this behaviour. The parameters of kinetic model of the reactions have been determined in the temperature range under study. The kinetic rate constants of volatile and char have been determined in the temperature range under study. The activation energies 25.69 KJ/mol, 27.73 KJ/mol, 20.73 KJ/mol and preexponential factors 7.69 min−1, 8.09 min−1, 0.853 min−1of all products (solid reactant, volatile, and char) have been determined, respectively. A deactivation model for pyrolysis of newspaper has been developed under the present study. The char and pyro-oil obtained at different pyrolysis temperatures have been characterized. The FT-IR analyses of pyro-oil have been done. The higher heating values of both pyro-products have been determined.

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ASSUMPÇÃO, Luiz Carlos Fonte Nova de, Mônica Regina da Costa MARQUES, and Montserrat Motas CARBONELL. "CO-PYROLYSIS OF POLYPROPYLENE WITH PETROLEUM OF BACIA DE CAMPOS." Periódico Tchê Química 06, no. 11 (January 20, 2009): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v6.n11.2009.24_periodico11_pgs_23_30.pdf.

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In this study, the process of co-pyrolysis of polypropylene (PP) residues with gas-oil was evaluated, varying the temperature and the amount of polypropylene fed to the reactor. The polypropylene samples and gas-oil were submitted to the thermal co-pyrolysis in an inert atmosphere, varying the temperature and the amount of PP. The influence of the gas-oil was evaluated carrying the co-pyrolysis in the absence of PP. The pyrolysed liquids produced by this thermal treatment were characterized by modified gaseous chromatography in order to evaluate the yield in the range of distillation of diesel. As a result, the increase of PP amount lead to a reduction in the yield of the pyrolytic liquid and to an increase of the amount of solid generated. The effect of temperature increase showed an inverse result. The results show that plastic residue co-pyrolysys is a potential method for chemical recycling of plastic products.

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Purevsuren, Barnasan, Otgonchuluun Dashzeveg, Ariunaa Alyeksandr, Narangerel Janchig, and Jargalmaa Soninkhuu. "Pyrolysis of pine wood and characterisation of solid and liquid products." Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 19, no. 45 (December 28, 2018): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjc.v19i45.1086.

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Pyrolysis of pine wood was carried out at different temperatures and the yields of solid (biochar), liquid (tar and pyrolysed water) and gas products were determined. Temperature around 500 ºC was determined as an optimal heating temperature of pyrolysis and approximately 27.1% hard residue (biochar), 21.46% tar, 20.04% pyrolysed water and 31.30% gas were obtained by pyrolysis. The thermal stability indices of pine wood are relatively low, which are indications of its low thermal stability and high yield of volatile matter (Vdaf = 90.3%). The thermal stability indices of pyrolysis of solid residue show that it is characterised by a very high thermal stability than its initial sample, for example, there was an increase of Т5% 7.7 and Т15% 3.8 times. The chemical composition of pyrolysed tar of pine wood has also been determined. Were obtained 4 different fractions with varying boiling temperature ranges of pine wood pyrolysed tar and have determined the yields of each fraction. Neutral tar was analysed by GC/MS and 20 aliphatic compounds, 25 aromatic compounds and 18 polar compounds were determined.

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Mercl, Filip, Zdeněk Košnář, Lorenzo Pierdonà, Leidy Marcela Ulloa-Murillo, Jiřina Száková, and Pavel Tlustoš. "Changes in availability of Ca, K, Mg, P and S in sewage sludge as affected by pyrolysis temperature." Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 4 (April 30, 2020): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/605/2019-pse.

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Pyrolysis is a promising technology for sewage sludge (SS) treatment providing several improvements of SS properties for soil application. However, information on the influence of pyrolytic temperature on the availability of nutrients in resulting biochar (BC) is limited. In this study, anaerobically stabilised SS was pyrolysed in a laboratory fixed-bed reactor at 220, 320, 420, 520, and 620 °C for 30 min in the N2 atmosphere. Pyrolysis resulted in a higher total content of all studied nutrients in BCs. Aromaticity and hydrophobicity of BCs increased with increasing temperatures while solubility decreased. Relative availability (% from total content) of nutrients in BCs was in order: Ca > Mg ~ K > S > P. Pyrolysis at 220 °C produced acidic BC with a higher content of acetic acid-extractable nutrients compared to non-pyrolysed control. An increment in pH and a significant drop in the content of available Ca, Mg, K and S were found at temperature 320 °C. Pyrolysis at 320 °C increased the content of available P by 28 % compared to non-pyrolysed SS. At the temperature of 420 °C and higher, available contents of all studied nutrients were lower than in non-pyrolysed SS.

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Khasanov, R. G., N. M. Zakharov, and R. R. Gaziev. "Some Regularities of Thermocontact Pyrolysis of Propane." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 625, no. 3 (2021): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/0023-1169-2021-625-3-25-27.

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To compare the equilibrium yields of pyrolysis products and real kinetic data, studies on the thermal contact pyrolysis of propane were carried out. To determine the equilibrium yields of pyrolysis products, the method of minimizing the energy of the system was used, the advantage of which is the need to know only the initial and final composition of the components of the reaction system. The possibility of predicting the yields of propane pyrolysis products using calculated equilibrium thermodynamic yields is shown. It is shown that the accuracy of the calculated data depends on the pyrogas components formed during pyrolysis specified at the beginning of the calculation. It is established that the actual concentrations of pyrolysis products in the pyrogas can be both higher and lower than the calculated equilibrium concentrations, which will only indicate that the equilibrium state of the system is reached or not reached during the process. This method can be used for pyrolysis of other hydrocarbons for the purpose of preliminary assessment of the maximum possible yields of products during the process.

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Kazimierski, Paweł, Sara Vieira, and Dariusz Kardaś. "Pine Wood Particles Pyrolysis and Radiographic Analysis." Drvna industrija 71, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2020.1834.

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The goal of this experiment is to assess the mass and volume loss of medium size pine wood particles undergoing pyrolysis. Wood samples of different sizes and shapes were pyrolysed at 500 ºC with different residence times. A thermogravimetric analysis was carried out for comparison purposes. Finally, the pyrolysed samples were analysed using radiographic methods. A connection between the different analyses was found. For larger particles, the heating rate is lower, and a time gap between hemicellulose and cellulose thermal decomposition was noticed. Research shows that an important part of the analysis of the process is the rate of biomass heating and sample size. As the sample size increases, the pyrolysis time increases; however, the increase is not linear. The publication also shows the great possibilities of radiographic methods in analysing the pyrolysis process.

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Guo, De Hui, Xiao Wang, Hai Rong Jiang, Guo Chun Chen, Zhang Yan, and Hui Xia Liu. "Pyrolysis Kinetics of PA66/CB." Key Engineering Materials 667 (October 2015): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.667.308.

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The pyrolysis kinetics parameters of material had an great importance on estimating material degradation during laser transmission welding. The PA66/CB was produced using a twin-screw extruder, and thermogravimetric experiment of PA66/CB was performed at different heating rate of 5, 10, 15 and 20 °C/min, then the pyrolsis behavior and pyrolysis kinetics parameters of material were investigated based on the Kissinger, Starink and Freeman-Carroll three methods. The results showed that the pyrolsis process of PA66/CB was one step reaction. With the increase of heating rate, the initial reaction temperature and final pyrolsis temperature of TG curve and the peak temperature of DTG curve were shift to higher temperature. Temperature hysteresis was appeared but the final pyrolsis rate was not affected by heating rate. The activation energy on the biggest pyrolsis rate was not affected by the addition of carbon black. The activation energy calculated using Starink method was increased by the increase of conversion rate. The activation energy calculated using Freeman-Carroll method was bigger than Kissinger and Starink methods. The activation energy was calculated using Freeman-Carroll method, then using the nthmodel, and the pyrolsis kinetic equation was expressed as:dα/dt=2.053×1019[exp (-245.32×103/RT)](1-α)2.22.

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Ahmad, Normadyzah, Nurul Nabila Huda Baharudin, and Norhayati Talib. "Slow Pyrolysis Temperature and Duration Effects on Fuel Properties of Food Rice Waste Bio-Char." Key Engineering Materials 797 (March 2019): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.797.319.

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In this study, to convert high moisture content waste into bio-char, slow pyrolysis of cooked rice waste was proposed. The effects of temperature and duration of slow pyrolysis of cooked rice waste on the fuel properties of the biochar produced were investigated, namely the carbon content and energy density. The cooked rice waste was dried overnight at 80°C prior to pyrolysis to reduce moisture content. The carbon content was measured by using Thermo Finnigan Flash EA 1112 Series Elemental Analyser CHNS-O. Energy density was measured by using IKA Works C—5000 Control bomb calorimeter. Results demonstrated that pyrolysed rice waste at 250°C and 4 hour duration had the highest carbon content (60.30%). Moreover, the calorific values for pyrolysed cooked rice wastes demonstrated that biochar derived from cooked rice waste could be a promising alternative renewable energy source.

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ZHAO, YAN-JIE, TSUYOSHI HOSOYA, TAKASHI SHIROUZU, MAKOTO KAKISHIMA, and YUICHI YAMAOKA. "Lambertella pyrolae (Rutstroemiaceae, Ascomycota), a new species from Japan." Phytotaxa 136, no. 1 (October 8, 2013): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.136.1.2.

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Lambertella pyrolae sp. nov. occurring on decayed leaves of Pyrola incarnata is described, illustrated, and compared with morphologically similar taxa. The diagnostic characters of L. pyrolae are: elongate-elliptic to fusoid ascospores, the ascal apex not stained by Melzer’s reagent, presence of hairs, and ascospore pigmentation occurring before discharge.

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Sequeira, C. A. C., and D. M. F. Santos. "Potentiostatic Testing of Oxygen Reduction on Polymer Carbon Electrodes." Advances in Physical Chemistry 2011 (November 15, 2011): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/414108.

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The preparation of polymer carbon electrocatalysts by the controlled pyrolysis of polyfurfuryl alcohol polymer is described. Potentiostatic testing in oxygen-saturated KOH electrolytes is performed, and electrokinetic properties of the electrodes prepared from the electrocatalysts are presented and discussed. It is revealed that a pure polymer carbon electrode pyrolysed in powder form possesses a very high active area, displaying higher catalytic activity than a polymer pyrolysed in bulk. Suitable reduction mechanisms are proposed.

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Jariyaphinyo, Sirirak, Siriporn Larpkiattaworn, and Orapin Chienthavorn. "Comparison of Pyrolysis of Jatropha Cake with Different Catalysts Using PY-GC/MS." Key Engineering Materials 659 (August 2015): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.659.201.

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In this work, effect of different zeolite catalysts that reacted with jatropha cake residue to give pyrolysed products was studied. The products were separated and characterised by using pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (PY-GC/MS). A 4.0 mg of jatropha sample was put into the capsule sample holder of the pyrolysis-GC-MS instrument and the pyrolysis was performed at 500°C. Two separate experiments were carried out. In the first experiment the catalysts were Mordenite zeolite (30 mol/mol ratio of SiO2/Al2O3), Beta zeolite (37 mol/mol ratio of SiO2/Al2O3) and Pd/Al2O3. Each catalyst was mixed with jatropha cake with a ratio of 1:1 by weight. The jatropha cake pyrolysed with Mordenite zeolite gave the highest amount of aromatic hydrocarbons and the lowest amount of fatty acids than the products obtained from the other zeolites. In the second experiment, the amount of Mordenite zeolite was optimised for maximum production of aromatic hydrocarbon. The jatropha cake was mixed with increasing ratios of Mordenite zeolite of 1:2, 1:3 and 1:5 by weight. Improving the ratio of the zeolite increased the amount of aromatic hydrocarbon, while the yield of phenol and fatty acids components significantly decreased. To study the interrelation effect between two catalysts to the pyrolysis of jatropha cake, Mordenite zeolite and Pd/Al2O3, were mixed with different ratios of 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 by weight, and the jatropha cake was pyrolysed with the mixed catalyst at the ratio of 1:1. Increasing the ratio of Mordenite zeolite in the mixed catalyst gave similar effect to those without Pd/Al2O3, except that the phenol component in the product reduced. To obtain the highest yield of desirable components, namely aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, Mordenite zeolite was proved to be the most suitable catalyst with the ratio of 1:5 by weight.

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Cox, Matthew, Fariba Heidarizadeh, and Rolf H. Prager. "Flash vacuum pyrolysis of N-alkenylbenzotriazoles and N-alkenylisoxazolones." Australian Journal of Chemistry 53, no. 8 (2000): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch00098.

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The flash vacuum pyrolysis of 1-(2-ethoxycarbonylethenyl)benzotriazole has been reinvestigated, and the processes leading to the formation of ethyl indole-3-carboxylate and 2-ethoxyquinolin-4(1H)-one elucidated. Similar pathways are followed in the flash vacuum pyrolysis of the corresponding benzisoxazolone. Some N-ethenylisoxazolones have been pyrolysed to form pyrroles, but rearrangement of the intermediate carbenes may be observed. Photolysis of the isoxazolones gives carbenes that may be captured by solvent or give pyrroles.

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Marshall, Jon, Richard Muhlack, Benjamin J. Morton, Lewis Dunnigan, David Chittleborough, and Chi Wai Kwong. "Pyrolysis Temperature Effects on Biochar–Water Interactions and Application for Improved Water Holding Capacity in Vineyard Soils." Soil Systems 3, no. 2 (April 9, 2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems3020027.

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Grapevine cane and stalks were considered for pyrolysis at 400 to 700 °C to produce biochar for increasing the water holding capacity of vineyard soil. Feedstocks were pyrolysed using a continuous feed reactor and the resulting biochars characterized in terms of physico-chemical properties, including water retention performance. Hydrophobicity was found in biochar from both feedstocks pyrolysed at 400 °C, but not at higher temperatures. At low soil matric potential, the pyrolysis temperature was the defining variable in determining water retention whereas at higher pressures, the feedstock was the more important variable. Available water content (AWC) of biochar increased with increasing pyrolysis temperatures, with optimal results obtained from grapevine cane at a pyrolysis temperature of 700 °C, which had an AWC 23% higher than a typical clay type soil. Principal component analysis showed variability in water retention of these biochars to be closely associated with the zeta potential, as well as the carbon and ionic content, suggesting that surface charge and hydrophobicity are key properties determining water holding capacity. Pure biochars were superior in water retention performance to typical sandy soils, and so biochar amendment of these soil types may improve water holding (particularly at field capacity). Further study with pot or field trials is recommended to confirm water retention behaviour and assess the feasibility of application under different viticultural scenarios.

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Kordatos, K., A. Ntziouni, S. Trasobares, and V. Kasselouri-Rigopoulou. "Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes on Zeolite Substrate of Type ZSM-5." Materials Science Forum 636-637 (January 2010): 722–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.722.

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The present work deals with the synthesis of carbon nanotube-zeolite composites using as method the catalytic liquid spray pyrolysis. The nanotubes were formed after pyrolysis of toluene on the surface of a zeolite of type ZSM-5, which was used as a catalytic substrate. ZSM-5 zeolite was synthesized using the autoclave process and full characterized. Prior to the pyrolyses, the catalytic substrates were produced by mixing a certain amount of zeolite with a solution of Fe(NO3)3•9H2O of specific concentration. The obtained materials from the spray pyrolysis were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetry-differential analysis (TG-DTA).

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Saringat, Muhammad Ilmam B., Ayub M. Som, Norhayati Talib, and Mohammad Asadullah. "Kinetic Parameters of Biomass Pyrolysis – Comparison between Thermally Thick and Fine Particles of Biomass." Advanced Materials Research 1113 (July 2015): 340–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1113.340.

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In this study, kinetic parameters of fast and slow pyrolysis is compared. For fast pyrolysis, cylindrical wood pieces of 20 mm diameter and 50 mm length is pyrolysed in a tube furnace at temperatures ranging from 300°C to 500°C. Solid, liquid and gas products are collected and the yields are calculated. For slow pyrolysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is used using sawdust from the same biomass. Using the experimental data from two different methods the kinetic parameters are calculated such as activation energy and pre-exponential factor for the two different pyrolysis methods. For fast pyrolysis the parameters are found to be E = 32.5 kJ/mol andA= 35/min and for slow pyrolysis Es= 50.48 kJ/mol andAs= 3179.86/min. The large difference between the values show that kinetic studies and modelling work using thermogravimetric analysis data is not suitable for commercial scale simulation. Also, the pre-exponential value for fast pyrolysis shows that the kinetic equation used from flash pyrolysis is not exactly suitable for this situation. Therefore, it is recommended that more studies on the kinetic parameters of fast pyrolysis of thermally thick biomass need to be done.

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Bedyk, Tomasz, Lech Nowicki, Paweł Stolarek, and Stanisław Ledakowicz. "Application of the TG-MS system in studying sewage sludge pyrolysis and gasification." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10026-008-0001-y.

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Application of the TG-MS system in studying sewage sludge pyrolysis and gasification A method of monitoring sewage sludge pyrolysis and gasification was proposed. Samples of sludge were pyrolysed in Ar and gasified in CO2 in a thermobalance. The evolved gases were analysed on the calibrated MS, the samples of sludge and solid residues at different stages of the processes were subjected to elemental analysis. The identification and the quantitative characterisation of chemical reactions were performed, based on the DTG and MS profiles.

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Chlup, Zdeněk, Martin Černý, Adam Strachota, and Ivo Dlouhý. "Role of Pyrolysis Conditions on Fracture Behaviour of Fibre Reinforced Composites." Key Engineering Materials 465 (January 2011): 455–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.465.455.

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Fracture response of matrix prepared by pyrolysis of polysiloxane resin used for composite reinforced by long fibres was the main goal of this contribution. A set of composites with matrix prepared by partial pyrolysis of polysiloxane resin was studied. An effect of pyrolysis temperature on the composite behaviour and fracture resistance was monitored. An optimal procedure of pyrolysis was established. Heat treatment at 1550°C in air atmosphere was conducted on fully pyrolysed matrix to explore its high temperature potential. Determination of reliable parameters characterising microstructural changes in the matrix by instrumented indentation technique was used. Both optical and scanning electron microscopy was employed in microstructural observations and fracture mechanism qualification. Observation of indents and associated cracking caused by microstructural changes as well as 3D surface reconstruction using confocal microscopy was employed.

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Lappi, Hanna, and Raimo Alén. "Pyrolysis of Tall Oil-Derived Fatty and Resin Acid Mixtures." ISRN Renewable Energy 2012 (July 26, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/409157.

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Neutralised mixtures of tall oil-derived fatty acids and resin acids were separately pyrolysed (at 750∘C for 20 s) by pyrolysis gas chromatography with mass-selective and flame ionisation detection (Py-GC/MSD/FID) to clarify their thermochemical behaviour. The pyrolysate of fatty acid salts characteristically contained high amounts of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons and minor amounts of monoaromatics, whereas the pyrolysis of resin acid salts mainly resulted in the formation of aromatics with up to three benzene rings and only in very low amounts of aliphatic hydrocarbons. The data obtained are useful when considering the suitability of various tall oil products containing fatty and resin acid fractions for the production of biofuels and chemicals via pyrolysis.

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Frišták, Vladimír, H. Dail Laughinghouse, and Stephen M. Bell. "The Use of Biochar and Pyrolysed Materials to Improve Water Quality through Microcystin Sorption Separation." Water 12, no. 10 (October 15, 2020): 2871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102871.

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Harmful algal blooms have increased globally with warming of aquatic environments and increased eutrophication. Proliferation of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and the subsequent flux of toxic extracellular microcystins present threats to public and ecosystem health and challenges for remediation and management. Although methods exist, there is currently a need for more environmentally friendly and economically and technologically feasible sorbents. Biochar has been proposed in this regard because of its high porosity, chemical stability, and notable sorption efficiency for removing of cyanotoxins. In light of worsening cyanobacterial blooms and recent research advances, this review provides a timely assessment of microcystin removal strategies focusing on the most pertinent chemical and physical sorbent properties responsible for effective removal of various pollutants from wastewater, liquid wastes, and aqueous solutions. The pyrolysis process is then evaluated for the first time as a method for sorbent production for microcystin removal, considering the suitability and sorption efficiencies of pyrolysed materials and biochar. Inefficiencies and high costs of conventional methods can be avoided through the use of pyrolysis. The significant potential of biochar for microcystin removal is determined by feedstock type, pyrolysis conditions, and the physiochemical properties produced. This review informs future research and development of pyrolysed materials for the treatment of microcystin contaminated aquatic environments.

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Jia, Chun Xia, Qing Wang, Xin Yu Zhang, and Yin Wang. "Pyrolysis Characteristics of Oil Sands." Advanced Materials Research 614-615 (December 2012): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.614-615.111.

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Three oil sand samples from Indonesia have been non-isothermally pyrolysed on thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The analyses were performed at different heating rates (5, 15 and 25oC/min) up to 850oC with nitrogen as purge gas. The weight loss curve shows that the main pyrolysis of oil sand takes place in the range of 200~600oC. On the basis of experimental data, a pyrolysis kinetic model was proposed. The kinetic parameters of activation energy (E) and frequency factor (A) were obtained by Integral Method. There is no clear relationship between activation energy and heating rate.

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Brown, RFC, N. Choi, and FW Eastwood. "Cyclopent[a]iondene (Benzopentalene) and Pentalene: Pyrolytic Formation From 3-Phenyl- and 3-Vinyl-phthalic Anhydrides." Australian Journal of Chemistry 48, no. 2 (1995): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9950185.

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Pyrolysis of 3-phenylphthalic anhydride at 900°/0.02mm gives cyclopent [a]indene, characterized by 1H n.m.r. at -70° and by formation of a cyclopentadiene adduct and of a dimer at room temperature. Pyrolysis of 3,4-, 3,5- and 3,6-diphenylphthalic anhydrides also gives much cyclopent [a]indene by loss of the additional phenyl group. 3,4-Diphenylphthalic anhydride forms triphenylene as the major product. The pyrolysate from 3-vinylphthalic anhydride contains the known dimer of pentalene , and phenylacetylene. Pyrolyses of 3-(1-naphthyl) phthalic anhydride and of 4-phenylphenanthrene-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride are described.

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Liu, Juan, Xia Li, and Qing Jie Guo. "Study of Catalytic Pyrolysis of Chlorella with γ-Al₂O₃ Catalyst." Advanced Materials Research 873 (December 2013): 562–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.873.562.

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Chlorella samples were pyrolysed in a fixed bed reactor with γ-Al2O3 or ZSM-5 molecular sieve catalyst at 600°C. Liquid oil samples was collected from pyrolysis experiments in a condenser and characterized for water content, kinematic viscosity and heating value. In the presence of catalysts , gas yield decreased and liquid yield increased when compared with non-catalytic pyrolysis at the same temperatures. Moreover, pyrolysis oil from catalytic with γ-Al2O3 runs carries lower water content and lower viscosity and higher heating value. Comparison of two catalytic products, the results were showed that γ-Al2O3 has a higher activity than that of ZSM-5 molecular sieve. The acidity distribution in these samples has been measured by t.p.d, of ammonia, the γ-Al2O3 shows a lower acidity. The γ-Al2O3 catalyst shows promise for production of high-quality bio-oil from algae via the catalytic pyrolysis.

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Qin, Linbo, Jun Han, Bo Zhao, Wangsheng Chen, and Futang Xing. "The kinetics of typical medical waste pyrolysis based on gaseous evolution behaviour in a micro-fluidised bed reactor." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 36, no. 11 (August 9, 2018): 1073–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18790357.

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In order to obtain the kinetic parameters during typical medical waste pyrolysis, the typical medical waste is pyrolysed in a micro-fluidised bed reactor. The gases evolved from the typical medical waste pyrolysis are analysed by a mass spectrometer, and only H2, CH4, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, C3H8 and C4H4 are observed. According to the gaseous product concentration profiles, the activation energies of gaseous formation are calculated based on the Friedman approach, and the average activation energies of H2, CH4, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, C3H8 and C4H4 formation during typical medical waste pyrolysis are in sequence as 65.10, 39.98, 35.17, 38.71, 40.75, 41.79, 58.57 and 63.95 kJ mol−1. Moreover, the activation energy with respect to the gases mixture formation is 52.70 kJ mol−1. Hence, it is concluded that the activation energy of typical medical waste pyrolysis is 52.70 kJ mol−1. The model-fitting method is used to determine the mechanism model of medical waste pyrolysis. The results indicate that the chemical reaction ( n = 1) model (G(x) = –ln(1–x)) is the optimum.

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Li, Qing Gang, Shao Ming Dong, Zhen Wang, Ping He, Hai Jun Zhou, Jin Shan Yang, Bin Wu, and Jian Bao Hu. "Fabrication of ZrC-SiC Powders by Means of Liquid Precursor Conversion Method Using ZrC Precursor and Polycarbosilane." Key Engineering Materials 512-515 (June 2012): 715–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.512-515.715.

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ZrC-SiC powders were fabricated by means of liquid precursor conversion method, using Zr containing polymer precursor and polycarbosilane. The effects of staring reagents and the pyrolysis temperature on the fabrication of ZrC-SiC powders were studied. Results show that ZrC-SiC powders with different ZrC/SiC ratio could be formed when the staring reagents were different. Pyrolysis temperature affects the pyrolysed product. When temperature was lower, less amount of ZrC was formed in the powder. The size of crystallite and morphology of the synthesized powders were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

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27

Wang, Qing, Chun Xia Jia, and Hong Peng Liu. "Pyrolysis Characteristics of Rice Husk Using TG-DTG Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.351.

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The rice husk from China has been non-isothermally pyrolysed on thermogravimetric analyzer(TGA). The analyses were performed at different heating rates (20, 40, 60, 80, 100°C/min) up to 900°C with nitrogen as purge gas. The weight loss curve showed that the main pyrolysis of rice husk took place in the range of 200~500°C. On the basis of experiment data, a pyrolysis kinetic model was proposed. The kinetic parameters of activation energy(E) and frequency factor(A) were obtained by the Direct Arrhenius Plot Method. There was no clear relationship between activation energy and heating rate.

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Halasová, Martina, Martin Černý, Adam Strachota, and Zdeněk Chlup. "Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature on the Mechanical Response in Partially Pyrolysed Polysiloxanes." Key Engineering Materials 784 (October 2018): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.784.55.

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The pyrolysis process of polysiloxane resin conducted in the temperature range 400 – 700 °C results in hybrid materials owning some polymeric (thermosetting) behaviour. A certain level of elastic recovery and/or viscoelastic flow showed at various steps of pyrolytic transformation was monitored using the instrumented Vickers hardness method. Determined indentation force-indentation depth curves reflect the mechanical response and the level of the transformation; however, the relaxation behaviour is not covered by this method fully. An extensive indentation relaxation was revealed in the material partially pyrolysed at 400 °C, about 16 % and 8 % when the HV 0.1 and the HV 0.2 loading were applied, respectively. Materials pyrolysed from 500 to 650 °C which exhibited the indentation relaxation below 1 % and the mostly elastic response on the loading were observed. Above the pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C a rapid onset of mechanical properties, namely indentation elastic modulus and hardness, was observed. The short-term indentation relaxation was evaluated via the indentation force relaxation method in the regime of constant indentation depth obtained at the moment of reaching an initial force of 0.981 N or 1.962 N. The obtained indentation force relaxation curves were analysed on the basis of a logarithmic function. The significant effect of the pyrolysis temperature as well as the influence of loaded volume was described.

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29

Lu, Tao, Hao Ran Yuan, Shun Gui Zhou, Hong Yu Huang, Kobayashi Noriyuki, and Yong Chen. "On the Pyrolysis of Sewage Sludge: The Influence of Pyrolysis Temperature on Biochar, Liquid and Gas Fractions." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 3412–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.3412.

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Pyrolytic conversion of sewage sludge to biochar, oil and gas is an environmentally and economically acceptable way comparable to conventional options for sewage sludge disposal. The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of pyrolysis temperature on production of biochar fraction for agronomic application, oil and gas fractions for energy utilization. Sewage sludge samples collected from an urban sewage treatment plant were pyrolysed in a bench–scale quartz tubular furnace over the temperature range of 300-700°C.The results indicated that the biochar fraction yield decreased, the yields of liquid (oil and water) fraction and gas fraction increased by evaluating the pyrolysis temperature. Concentration of heavy metals and nutrient elements present in biochar varied with pyrolysis temperature, the heating value of oil from liquid fraction fluctuated between 26938.3 and 30757.9kJ/kg, the heating value of gas fraction increased from 4012kJ/Nm3 to 12077 kJ/Nm3 with the increasing pyrolysis temperature.

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30

Nowak, A. P., K. Trzciński, and A. Lisowska-Oleksiak. "Electrochemical Characterization of Gelatine Derived Ceramics." Advances in Materials Science 14, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/adms-2014-0023.

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Abstract New materials obtained by pyrolysis of gelatine (G) and poly(1,2-dimethylsilazane) (PSN) (weight ratio: G/PSN 70/30) at temperatures 700 and 900 °C were characterized by SEM and Raman spectroscopy. The presence of ceramics influences on the cluster size of the materials. Electrochemical tests were performed by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic cyclic polarization. The capacity of G/PSN was 464 and 527 mAh/g for materials pyrolysed at 700 and 900 °C. The capacity fading was 1 % after 17th cycle for G/PSN at 900 °C. This value is higher of 185 mAh/g in comparison to capacity of gelatine pyrolysed at the same conditions.

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31

Wu, Ping, and Jiaxing Li. "Theoretical studies on the pyrolysis of (Thion)carbonates." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 13, no. 06 (September 2014): 1450051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633614500515.

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MP2/6-31G(d) was employed to investigate the theoretical calculations on the pyrolysis of alkyl methyl (thion)carbonates, where alkyl groups referred to ethyl, isopropyl and t-butyl groups. Nine possible pathways were considered for the pyrolysis of alkyl methyl thioncarbonates, while only seven possible pathways were found to pyrolyze alkyl methyl carbonates. Both of them had three pathways to generate the desired alkene products. Not only thermal elimination pathways were calculated, other possible mechanisms, such as rearrangements and nucleophilic substitutions, were also considered. The progress of the reactions was also investigated by the calculation of Wiberg bond indices at MP2/6-31G(d) level.

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32

Kumar, Sachin, and R. K. Singh. "Thermolysis of High-Density Polyethylene to Petroleum Products." Journal of Petroleum Engineering 2013 (May 30, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/987568.

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Thermal degradation of plastic polymers is becoming an increasingly important method for the conversion of plastic materials into valuable chemicals and oil products. In this work, virgin high-density polyethylene (HDPE) was chosen as a material for pyrolysis. A simple pyrolysis reactor system has been used to pyrolyse virgin HDPE with an objective to optimize the liquid product yield at a temperature range of 400°C to 550°C. The chemical analysis of the HDPE pyrolytic oil showed the presence of functional groups such as alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, ethers, carboxylic acids, esters, and phenyl ring substitution bands. The composition of the pyrolytic oil was analyzed using GC-MS, and it was found that the main constituents were n-Octadecane, n-Heptadecane, 1-Pentadecene, Octadecane, Pentadecane, and 1-Nonadecene. The physical properties of the obtained pyrolytic oil were close to those of mixture of petroleum products.

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33

Tolkach, P. G., V. A. Basharin, and S. V. Chepur. "Toxic pulmonary edema due to inhalation of pyrolyzed polytetrafluoroethylene products in lab animals." Medicо-Biological and Socio-Psychological Problems of Safety in Emergency Situations, no. 3 (September 28, 2018): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25016/2541-7487-2018-0-3-80-85.

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Relevance.Thermal decomposition of various polymeric materials occur in emergency situations associated with fires, with pulmonotoxicants releasing in the environment. During pyrolysis of polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon), a highly toxic perfluoroisobutylene is produced.Intention.To create an experimental animal model of toxic pulmonary edema due to products of thermal decomposition of polytetrafluoroethylene.Methodology.Polytetrafluoroethylene underwent pyrolysys at 440–750 0С during 6 minutes. Toxic pulmonary edema was modeled on rats via inhalation of pyrolysis products of polytetrafluoroethylene. An amount of polytetrafluoroethylene burned under these conditions with resulting death of 50 % of rats during 1 day was (2.68 ± 0.60) g. The toxic pulmonary edema diagnosis was confirmed histologically and by lung/body ratio.Results.In the pyrolysis products of polytetrafluoroethylene, highly toxic perfluoroisobutylene was found via gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection, with relative content of 85.9 %. Such an exposure during 15 min increased (p = 0.01) lung/body ratio in laboratory animals in 3 hours. The toxic pulmonary edema diagnosis was confirmed histologically (signs of alveolar edema). Animals started to die 7 hours after the pyrolysis products inhalation.Conclusion.In the study on rats, toxic pulmonary edema was modeled via inhalation of pyrolysis products of polytetrafluoroethylene. This model can be used for searching etiotropic and pathogenetic therapy for poisoning with pulmonotoxicants.

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34

Ngangyo Heya, Maginot, Rahim Foroughbakhch Pournavab, Artemio Carrillo Parra, Volker Zelinski, and Lidia Salas Cruz. "Elemental Composition and Flue Gas Emissions of Different Components from Five Semi-Arid Woody Species in Pyrolysed and Non-Pyrolysed Material." Sustainability 11, no. 5 (February 26, 2019): 1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051245.

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Biofuels are sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. However, they must comply with energy efficiency requirements and contribute to environmental protection. This study was focused on elemental composition (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and chlorine) of different plants’ components (stems, branches, twigs and leaves) from pyrolysed (charcoal) and non-pyrolysed samples of five semi-arid trees: Acacia berlandieri, A. wrightii, Ebenopsis ebano, Havardia pallens and Helietta parvifolia. Carbon fluctuated from 80.77% to 89.30% in charcoal and 44.99% to 49.70% in non-pyrolysed biomass, and hydrogen ranged from 2.38% to 2.69% in charcoal and 5.89% to 6.62% in non-pyrolysed biomass. Nitrogen accounted for 0.39%–0.65% (branches) and 0.32%–0.64% (stems) in charcoal, and the ranges for non-pyrolyzed material were 2.33–4.00% (leaves), 1.06%–1.76% (twigs), 0.21%–0.52% (branches) and 0.15%–0.28% (stems). Considerably higher concentrations of sulphur compared to chlorine were found, with increasing values for both elements from the base of trees to the leaves. Non-pyrolysed samples were characterized by 68.05 mg/kg–769.16 mg/kg (stems), 118.02 mg/kg–791.68 mg/kg (branches), 225.11 mg/kg–1742.25 mg/kg (twigs) and 374.73 mg/kg–6811.52 mg/kg (leaves) for sulphur, and 117.86 mg/kg–528.08 mg/kg (stems), 109.18 mg/kg–464.15 mg/kg (branches), 905.47 mg/kg–4205.19 mg/kg (twigs) and 2799.68 mg/kg–5072.76 mg/kg (leaves) for chlorine. In charcoal, the concentration ranges for sulphur were 47.54 mg/kg–376.95 mg/kg (branches) and 42.73–292.20 mg/kg (stems) and 139.34 mg/kg–419.68 mg/kg (branches) and 177.39 mg/kg–479.16 (stems) for chlorine. The study has shown that pyrolysis increased the amount of carbon and decreased the amount of hydrogen. Coincidentally, the amount of nitrogen, chlorine and sulphur could be decreased significantly by pyrolysis which means an improvement of the fuel considering the flue gas emissions. Besides the influence of the type of combustion plant and the influence of the source of biofuel, the treatment has a significant influence on the amount and composition of flue gases emitted in the combustion.

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35

Grycová, Barbora, Ivan Koutník, Adrian Pryszcz, and Miroslav Kaloč. "Application of pyrolysis process in processing of mixed food wastes." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 18, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjct-2016-0004.

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Abstract The food industry produces large amounts of solid and also liquid wastes. Different waste materials and their mixtures were pyrolysed in the laboratory pyrolysis unit to a final temperature of 800°C with a 10 minute delay at the final temperature. After the pyrolysis process of the selected wastes a mass balance of the resulting products, off-line analysis of the pyrolysis gas and evaluation of solid and liquid products were carried out. The highest concentration of methane, hydrogen and carbon monoxide were analyzed during the 4th gas sampling at a temperature of approx. 720–780°C. The concentration of hydrogen was measured in the range from 22 to 40 vol.%. The resulting iodine numbers of samples CHFO, DS, DSFW reach values that indicate the possibility of using them to produce the so-called “disposable sorbents” in wastewater treatment. The WC condensate can be directed to further processing and upgrading for energy use.

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36

Milani, Massimo, Luca Montorsi, Gabriele Storchi, Matteo Venturelli, Carlo Pirola, and Ermelinda Falletta. "Development of an experimental test rig for the pyrolysis of plastic residues and waste tires." E3S Web of Conferences 238 (2021): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123801013.

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The paper presents the design of the experimental apparatus developed in order to analyse the performance of a prototype of a pyrolysis system for the exploitation of the plastic residues of industrial processes and the end of life tires. The small scale pilot prototype is specifically designed for carrying out an experimental campaign aimed at determining the influence of different plastic types on the yield and on the quality of the liquid oil, gas and char obtained in the pyrolysis process. The study investigates the effect of different mixture of various plastic products mainly made of polyethylene, styrene butadiene rubber, nylon and natural rubber. The prototype is equipped with a control system able to monitor the main operating parameters of the process, such as the pyrogas pressure and temperature as well as the temperature inside the reactor where the pyrolysis takes place. The monitored variables are employed for deriving correlations among the operating conditions and the yield of the pyrolysis process. Therefore, further analysis concerns experimental measurements in order to estimate the main compounds that are contained in the syngas in comparison to the different plastic wastes analysed. Finally, the emissions of the small-scale prototype are evaluated.

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37

Pedersen, Carl Th, Frank Jensen, and Robert Flammang. "Alkoxy Isothiocyanates as Intermediates in the Flash Vacuum Pyrolysis of Alkoxythioureas." Australian Journal of Chemistry 62, no. 1 (2009): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch08406.

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Methoxy isothiocyanate MeO–NCS 2b was detected by matrix isolation IR spectroscopy following flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP) of N-methoxythioureas, N-tert-butyl-N′-methoxythiourea 1d being the best precursor. Isothiocyanates 3, amines, and aldehydes are also generated by FVP of several substituted N-alkoxythioureas 1 in the temperature range 400–800°C. The formation of these products can be explained either by secondary pyrolysis of initially formed alkoxy isothiocyanates 2, or by an initial cleavage of the O–N bond in 1 via a free-radical mechanism. N-Cyanoamines 4 and/or the tautomeric carbodiimides 5 are formed by another pathway. The pyrolyses were monitored by IR spectroscopy and online mass spectrometry or tandem mass spectrometry, and the reaction mechanisms are supported by theoretical calculations.

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38

Brodersen, K., and J. Schrenk. "Impedanzspektroskopische Untersuchungen am Ag – Ge-Zeolithen Ag3HGe7O16·4H2O und seinen Pyrolyseprodukten Ag2Ge4O9 und Ag4Ge9O20 / Impedance Spectra of the Ag– Ge-Zeolite Ag3HGe7O16·4H2O and its Pyrolysis Products Ag2Ge4O9 and Ag4Ge9O20." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 48, no. 8 (August 1, 1993): 1051–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1993-0804.

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The structures of the Ag–Ge-zeolite Ag3HGe7O16·4H2O and its pyrolyse products Ag4Ge9O20 and Ag2Ge4O9 consist of a network of linked (GeO4)-tetraedra and (GeO6)-octahedra. In this network there exist free channels, which can be used as transport paths through the structure by Ag+-ions. Impedance spectroscopic measurements show the loss of weakly bonded water at about 210°C and irreversible structural changes, which finally lead to the pyrolysis products. Lattice vibrations prevent a better Ag+-mobility, so the high expectations concerning the conductance properties could not be fulfilled. In all cases the main part of the resistance could be attributed to the grain boundaries between the crystals.

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Avenell, Christopher S., C. Ignacio Sainz-Diaz, and Anthony J. Griffiths. "Solid waste pyrolysis in a pilot-scale batch pyrolyser." Fuel 75, no. 10 (August 1996): 1167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(96)00072-5.

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40

Burns, Michael J., Thomas O. Ronson, Richard J. K. Taylor, and Ian J. S. Fairlamb. "4-Hydroxy-6-alkyl-2-pyrones as nucleophilic coupling partners in Mitsunobu reactions and oxa-Michael additions." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 10 (May 20, 2014): 1159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.10.116.

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Two mild and efficient strategies have been developed for the O-functionalisation of 4-hydroxy-6-alkyl-2-pyrones, by using them as nucleophilic partners in oxa-Michael additions and the Mitsunobu reaction. The reactions proceed in moderate to excellent yields on a range of substrates containing useful functionality. The reactions serve as practical and valuable synthetic methods to construct complex 2-pyronyl ethers, which are found embedded in a number of natural products.

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41

Lucas, E. B., O. E. Itabiyi, and O. O. Ogunleye. "Optimization of Products Yields from the Pyrolysis of Palm Kernel Shells Using Response Surface Methodology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 575 (June 2014): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.575.13.

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This work focussed on the optimisation of product yields from the pyrolysis of palm kernel shells (PKS). 479g of dried PKS were loaded into the retort and then placed inside the furnace chamber and this was pyrolysed at 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700°C. The pyrolysis products obtained are char, tar (pyro oil and pyroligneous acid) and gas. A full factorial design (FFD) consisting two factors (Temperature and duration of pyrolysis) at three level was used to study the pattern of product yields from the pyrolysis of PKS. Char, tar and gas were evaluated as the responses. Thirteen experimental runs resulted from the FFD with a minimum product yield of 0.9wt% and maximum product yield of 99wt%. Response surface methodology was used to analyse the results of the FFD of the product yields of PKS. The optimum conversion yields expressed as a percentage of oven-dried weight of palm kernel shells of char, tar and gas products at their respective pyrolysing temperatures were 99wt% char at 304°C, 35wt% tar at 700°C and 39% gas at 700°C. The duration for the pyrolysis process was 20mins for 479g of dried palm kernel shells. The results of the work show that palm kernel shells can be readily pyrolised to obtain optimum yield of gas, tar (mixture of pyrolitic oil and pyroligneous acid) and char.

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42

Sa'diyah, Khalimatus, Fatchur Rohman, Winda Harsanti, Ivan Nugraha, and Nur Ahmad Febrianto. "Pyrolysis of Coconut Coir and Shell as Alternative Energy Source." Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan 7, no. 2 (October 2, 2018): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jbat.v7i2.11393.

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Biomass waste can be used as raw material for bio-oil manufacture. One of the biomass is coconut coir and shell waste, commonly used as a substitute for firewood and handicraft materials. Therefore it takes effort to use coconut coir and shell to increase its economic value. One of the waste processing efforts is through pyrolysis process. Pyrolysis is the heating process of a substance in the absence of oxygen and produces products of solids, liquids and gases. The product of pyrolysis liquid is called bio-oil which can be used as alternative energy source. In this study, coconut coir and shell was pyrolysed as bio-oil. It also studied pyrolysis operating temperature and the amount of yield of bio-oil produced. The pyrolysis process was carried out in a reactor with a pressure of 1 atm and a varying operating temperature of 150 °C, 200 °C and 250 °C for 60 minutes. The reactor was equipped with a condenser as a cooling column. The mass of raw materials used was 500 grams with a size of 0.63 mm. The results of the research show that the higher the temperature, the more volume of bio-oil produced. For coconut coir pyrolysis it was obtained the highest yield of 34.2%, with density of 1.001 g/ml and viscosity of 1.351 cSt. As for coconut shell pyrolysis it was obtained highest yield of 45,2% with density of 1,212 g/ml and viscosity of 1.457 cSt. From the result of analysis using FTIR, the functional group of bio-oil was the most compound of phenol and alkene.

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Mondal, S., and A. K. Banthia. "Polycondensation of Urea and Boric Acid to Give Polyborate Ester, a Precursor for Boron Nitride." Advanced Materials Research 29-30 (November 2007): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.29-30.199.

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Polycondensations (condensation polymerization) are stepwise reactions between bifunctional or polyfunctional compoents, with elimination of simple molecules such as water or alcohol and the formation of macromolecular substances. Polyborate ester , formed by this process, gives ceramic materials during pyrolysis. Polymer pyrolysis offers an attractive alternative to the typical high temperature powder processing approach in the fabrication of high-performance ceramics. This approach might also prove to be useful in the fabrication of fibers, coatings, and composites. It is within this framework that the present study was undertaken; its aim is the preparation of boron-containing oligomeric precursors which gives boron nitride after pyrolysis. The precursor was synthesized by the condensation reaction between boric acid and urea (or other N-containing reactive multifunctional compounds). The oligomeric precursor and its pyrolysed products were thoroughly characterized by elemental analysis, IR, NMR, XRD, Thermal Analysis and Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM). The elemental analysis results of the oligomer are---- C-13.40%, H-5.97%, N-32.44% and B-17.09%. X-ray diffraction and TEM studies showed that boron nitride obtained from this system possess tetragonal structure.

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Bianchi, Daniele, Giuseppe Leccese, Francesco Nasuti, Marcello Onofri, and Carmine Carmicino. "Modeling of High Density Polyethylene Regression Rate in the Simulation of Hybrid Rocket Flowfields." Aerospace 6, no. 8 (August 9, 2019): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace6080088.

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Numerical analysis of hybrid rocket internal ballistics is carried out with a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes solver integrated with a customized gas–surface interaction wall boundary condition and coupled with a radiation code based on the discrete transfer method. The fuel grain wall boundary condition is based on species, mass, and energy conservation equations coupled with thermal radiation exchange and finite-rate kinetics for fuel pyrolysis modeling. Fuel pyrolysis is governed by the convective and radiative heat flux reaching the surface and by the energy required for the propellant grain to heat up and pyrolyze. Attention is focused here on a set of static firings performed with a lab-scale GOX/HDPE motor working at relatively low oxidizer mass fluxes. A sensitivity analysis was carried out on the literature pyrolysis models for HDPE, to evaluate the possible role of the uncertainty of such models on the actual prediction of the regression rate. A reasonable agreement between the measured and computed averaged regression rate and chamber pressure was obtained, with a noticeable improvement with respect to solutions without including radiative energy exchange.

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Roaldset, E., He Wei, and S. Grimstad. "Smectite to illite conversion by hydrous pyrolysis." Clay Minerals 33, no. 1 (March 1998): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/000985598545336.

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AbstractExperimental illitization of smectite has been simulated by means of hydrous pyrolysis, using a smectite-rich starting material from a Lower Tertiary claystone from the Oseberg field, North Sea. The <2 µm fraction was subjected to hydrous pyrolysis using KCL solutions at concentrations of 1.0 and 0.01 N, temperatures from 180-350°C and reaction times from 24-72 h. The conversion of smectite into illite has been identified by XRD analysis of the pyrolysed products. It was clearly demonslrated that the K+ concentration ([K+]) and temperature are the major factors controlling the rate and extent of illitization. The distributions of activation energies around 33 kcal/mol and frequency factors in the range of 10+8 to 10+9 S-1 have been calculated by applying a parallel reaction model. However, geological modelling and comparison with buried smectite clays indicates that both 1.0 n and 0.01 N KCL are too high in K+ content compared to the pore-water. The results suggest that dilute KCL solution close to pore-water should be used in hydrous pyrolysis to obtain proper kinetic models.

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Jin, Jie, Hao Li, and Shen Hao Wang. "Preparation and Properties Study of Porous Carbon Template Based on SLA." Key Engineering Materials 474-476 (April 2011): 320–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.474-476.320.

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Prototypes with micro-pore structure were manufactured by stereolithography technology. The prototypes were injected with mixture of wood flour as porogen and thermosetting phenolic resin as raw, then were pyrolysed after curing and prepared porous carbon templates. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope were employed to analyze the phase and microstructures of the carbon templates. The pyrolysis reaction is analyzed, and the causes of the three-dimensional pore system in porous carbon template are given.

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Kameyama, Koji, Teruhito Miyamoto, and Yukiyoshi Iwata. "The Preliminary Study of Water-Retention Related Properties of Biochar Produced from Various Feedstock at Different Pyrolysis Temperatures." Materials 12, no. 11 (May 28, 2019): 1732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12111732.

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Physicochemical properties of biochar, which are used as a soil amendment material in agricultural fields, are different depending on biomass feedstock and pyrolysis processes. In this study, we evaluated the influence of feedstock type and pyrolysis temperature on the water-retention related properties of biochar. Wood-chips [cedar (CE) and cypress (CY)]; moso bamboo (MB); rice husk (RH); sugarcane bagasse (SB); poultry manure (PM) and agricultural wastewater sludge (WS) were each pyrolysed at 400, 600 and 800 °C with a retention time of two hours. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs (SEM), hydrophobicity indices, pore-size distribution measured by mercury-intrusion porosimetry, water-retention curves (WRCs) and plant-available water capacities (AWCs) of the biochars were measured to evaluate their potentials as soil-amendment materials for improving soils’ water-retention. As the pyrolysis temperature was increased, the hydrophobicity index decreased. On the other hand, pyrolysis temperature did not affect the distribution of micrometre-range pores, which are useful for plant-available water, of biochars. The AWCs of the biochars formed from CE, CY and SB were greater than those produced from other feedstocks, at 600 and 800 °C. Therefore, we can suggest that the biochars derived from wood-chips (CE and CY) and SB have greater potential for enhancing soils’ water-retention.

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Rétháti, Gabriella, Adrienn Vejzer, Barbara Simon, Ramadan Benjared, and György Füleky. "Examination of zinc adsorption capacity of soils treated with different pyrolysis products." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Agriculture and Environment 6, no. 1 (November 1, 2014): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ausae-2014-0010.

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Abstract Organic matter input into soils is essential regarding agricultural, environmental and soil science aspects as well. However, the application of the pyrolysed forms of biochars and materials with different organic matter content gained more attention in order to decrease the emission of the green house gases (CO2, N2O) from the soil. During pyrolysis, the materials containing high organic matter (biomass-originated organic matter) are heated in oxygen-free (or limited amount of oxygen) environment. As a result, the solid phase, which remains after eliminating the gases and liquid phase, is more stable compared to the original product, it cannot be mineralized easily in the soil and its utilization is more beneficial in terms of climatic aspects. Furthermore, it can improve soil structure and it can retain soil moisture and cations in the topsoil for long periods of time, which is very important for plants. In our experiment, the effects of biochar and bone char were examined on soils by zinc adsorption experiments. Based on our experiments, we concluded that the pyrolysis products can have significant Zn adsorption capacity compared to the soil. Bone ash can adsorb more Zn than the charcoal product. The Zn adsorption capacity of soils treated by pyrolysis products can be described by Langmuir adsorption isotherms. However, based on the amount of pyrolysis products, one or two term Langmuir isotherm fits well on the experiment data, which depends on the time the pyrolysis product has spent in the soil.

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Leonowicz, Marcin, E. Szmidt, Anatolii D. Pomogailo, and Gulzhian I. Dzhardimalieva. "Tailoring of the Magnetic Properties of Co, Fe and Ni Nanocrystallites." Materials Science Forum 636-637 (January 2010): 671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.671.

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Ferromagnetic or superparamagnetic nanocrystallites, stabilized in carbon matrix, were prepared by the procedure comprising formation of the appropriate metal acrylamide complex, followed by frontal polymerization and pyrolysis of the polymer. The pyrolysis products were in a form of beads, which contained in their volume randomly distributed nanocrystallites. The nanocrystallites had various composition, magnetic properties and sizes ranging from few to tens of nanometers, depending on the element type. Application of this procedure stabilizes the nanostructure and enables processing of nanoparticles within a narrow window of sizes. The magnetic parameters depend on the crystallite size, determined by their chemical composition. The nanocrystallites pyrolysed at 773 K exhibited ferromagnetic properties for Co and Fe, and superparamagnetic behaviour for the Ni. The nanocrystallites can potentially be applied as sensors for tagging the biological substances or for targeted drug delivery.

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50

CARNEIRO, Débora da Silva, and Mônica Regina da Costa MARQUES. "CO-PYROLYSIS OF POLYETHYLENE S WASTE WITH BACIA DE CAMPOS'S GASOIL." Periódico Tchê Química 07, no. 13 (January 20, 2010): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v7.n13.2010.17_periodico13_pgs_16_21.pdf.

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In this work the process of co-pyrolysis of polyethylene plastic residue was carried through with petroleum, in a temperature of 550°C. First, the polyethylene samples and petroleum had been submitted the thermal co-pyrolysis in inert atmosphere. Later they had been evaluated the efficiency of the process with variation of the amount of polyethylene residue added to the petroleum. The generated pyrolytic liquids had been characterized by modified gaseous chromatography, with the objective to evaluate the generation of fractions in the band of the distillation of diesel. It can be observed that the increase of the amount of PE in the half reactional favors the reduction of the income of pyrolytic liquid and the increase of the amount of generate solid. The results show that plastic residue co-pyrolysys is a potential method for chemical recycling of plastic products.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pyrolys'

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