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1
Nordin, Andreas. "Heavy metal removal from sewage sludge by pyrolysis treatment." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-8807.
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Sewage sludge is the product from wastewater treatment that mostly is considered as a waste material. However, it contains several nutrients, especially phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen which are excellent fertilizers. The downside is the harmful content it also carries with pathogens, heavy metals and a variety of organic pollutants that in many cases have unknown effects on the ecosystem. A possible solution to this problem could be to pyrolyse the sewage sludge and by that decrease the levels of heavy metals and also render both pathogens and organic pollutants harmless. In this thesis project pyrolysis of dried sewage sludge has been evaluated at temperatures 650 750, 850 and 950 °C with addition of chlorine in the form of PVC and straw. An energy balance for pyrolysis and drying of dewatered sewage sludge has also been suggested. The results of the pyrolysis evaluation indicate that cadmium concentration can be reduced significantly with increasing temperature in the product char. But also other heavy metals like lead and zinc are affected at the higher temperatures evaluated. Mercury is completely removed from the char residue. The more latent volatile metals copper, chromium and nickel cannot be reduced to lower concentrations at these temperatures. They are instead enriched under these conditions. Chlorine addition to the sludge enhances the evaporation of all heavy metals but copper, nickel and chromium. The energy balance over the system indicates that the drying process requires more energy than is released from the sludge into the pyrolysis gases. The energy carried by the pyrolysis gases is however larger than what is required to drive the pyrolysis process.
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Lafitte-Trouque, Sandrine. "Enhanced anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369392.
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Copp, John B. "COD balances in biological nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) removal activated sludge systems /." *McMaster only, 1998.
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Pramanik, Amit. "Characterization of water distribution in sludges." Diss., This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02132009-171354/.
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Stark, Kristina. "Phosphorus release and recovery from treated sewage sludge." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : KTH Architecture and the Built Environment, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-402.
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Cumbie, William E. "Effects of storage on water treatment plant sludges." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45542.
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The effects of in-basin storage of sludge on the iron, manganese, and TOC removal of water treatment plant (WTP) clarifiers and on the dewatering characteristics of sludge were examined. The use of chlorine dioxide as a preoxidant to retard observed detrimental effects was also investigated.
Sludge samples that were stored over a period of 120 days were found to release up to ten times the original supernatant concentration of iron and manganese from the sludge into the overlying supernatant liquor when sludge redox potential values decreased below +100 mV. Organic carbon also increased in the supernatant but to a lesser extent. Sludge dewatering characteristics as measured by specific resistance and capillary suction time were found to improve when sludge redox potential readings remained over 100 mV but varied greatly when readings were below this level.
Field monitoring and sampling of the clarifiers at Lee Hall WTP and Harwood's Mill WTP from April to July showed that the removal efficiencies of the clarifiers was not related to in-basin sludge storage. This conflicted with a later portion of the study and was thought to be due to the lack of standardized sampling techniques.
The final phase of the investigation dealt with the use of chlorine dioxide to retard the negative effects of in-basin storage of sludge. Sludge accumulation in clarifiers resulted in decreased iron and manganese removal efficiencies when chlorine dioxide was not used. Addition of chlorine dioxide improved the iron and manganese removal efficiencies of the clarifiers. Sludge dewatering characteristics were found to improve with the use of chlorine dioxide as a preoxidant.
Master of Science
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Robinson, Joseph K. "The role of bound water content in defining sludge dewatering characteristics." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50083.
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Several available methods of measuring sludge bound water content in the laboratory were examined. The effect of polymer conditioning on the bound water content of biological sludge samples was measured using the dilatometric method. The effects of mechanical dewatering on the bound water content of biological sludge samples and on chemical sludge samples was measured using the same method. The controlled drying method was used to measure the effect of polymer conditioning and mechanical dewatering on the chemically bound water fraction.
The relationship between bound water content and cake solids concentration was examined, as well as the relationship between cake solids concentration and sludge bulk density. The role of apparent sludge floc density was examined.
The dilatometric method was found to be the most accurate and most convenient method for measuring the chemically bound water fraction. Polymer conditioning was found to release significant volumes of bound water. Further bound water release was produced by mechanical dewatering. The amount of bound water released increased with the degree of mechanical dewatering pressure applied. The chemically bound water fraction was not affected by polymer conditioning or mechanical dewatering.
A reduction in bound water brought about a corresponding increase in cake solids concentration. Sludge bulk density increased with cake solids concentration. Apparent sludge floc density of the unconditioned, underwatered sludge sample was predictive of ultimate dewatering performance in many cases.Master of Science
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Day, A. D., M. A. Solomon, M. J. Ottman, and B. B. Taylor. "High Rates of Sewage Sludge in Barley Production." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/201052.
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A greenhouse experiment was conducted at the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, to study the effects of liquid sewage sludge loading rates on the vegetative growth, yield, and quality of barley grain and straw. Vegetative growth, grain yields, and straw yields were similar whether barley was grown with inorganic N or equivalent amounts of plant-available N from sewage sludge. Sewage sludge loading rates higher than three times the recommended plant-available N rate decreased barley stands in the seedling stage. The loss of stand was compensated for by higher tillering later in the season. High sludge loading rates tended to delay maturity, increase tillering and increase straw yield; however, they did not affect grain yield. Concentrations of cadmium (Cd), copper, (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) in barley grain and straw and the amounts of heavy metals recovered in the soil following each harvest were similar to the control for all sewage sludge treatments.
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Hemlin, Hanna, and Nektaria Lalangas. "Production of Biochar Through Slow Pyrolysis of Biomass: Peat,Straw, Horse Manure and Sewage Sludge." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-246042.
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With a growing concern of climate change due to increased levels of CO2 in the atmosphere, carbon sequestration has been suggested as a possible solution for climate change mitigation. Biochar,a highly carbonaceous product produced through pyrolysis, is considered a viable option due to its content of stable carbon. This work covers the investigation of the possibility to produce biocharfrom four different feedstocks, namely peat, straw, horse manure and sewage sludge. The study includes a literature study and a five-week trial period at a 500 kW pilot plant, PYREG 500, in Högdalen. The thermal behaviour of the feedstocks, including garden waste, was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The TGA results were used to decide the optimal pyrolysis temperature for peat and straw at the pilot plant. The TGA results showed that the feedstocks behave differently when pyrolysed; the mass loss rate as well as the final mass loss varied. Physiochemical characterisation of the biochar was completed and the results were in agreement with previous studies. The produced biochar from straw and two types of peat had a C content above50 wt.% (76.6, 80.7, 79.2 wt.%) and low molar ratios of H/C (0.33, 0.36, 0.38) and O/C (0.032,0.023, 0.024). The pH increased as a consequence of pyrolysis and the biochars were alkaline (pH10.1, 8.5, 8.3). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were found in biochar from both strawand peat (8.26, 1.03, 5.83 mg/kg). In general, nutrients and heavy metals were concentrated in the biochar, except for Cd which decreased and Hg which could not be determined. The specific surface area of biochar from straw was considered small (21 m2/g) while biochar from peat had a higher specific surface area with a greater span (102-247 m2/g). The properties of the produced biochar were compared to the criteria included in the European Biochar Certificate and some of them were fulfilled, including the content of C, PAH and heavy metals. A flue gas analysis was completed when operating the pilot plant on straw pellets and it was showed that several emissions were released, including NO2, SOX, HCl and particulates, however, solely the emissions of NO2 exceed the regulations which will be applied in 2020. Regarding process design of a future pyrolysis plant, it is suggested that the means of material transport, particle separation, temperature control and quenching of biochar should be improved.
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Soares, Ana C., Karen L. Josephson, Ian L. Pepper, and Charles P. Gerba. "Occurrence of Enteroviruses and Giardia Cysts in Land Disposed Sewage Sludge." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296425.
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From the Proceedings of the 1989 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 15, 1989, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada
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Pitt, Andrew James, and Andrew James Pitt. "The dual digestion of sewage sludge using air and pure oxygen." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23071.
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Dual Digestion is a two-stage system that combines autothermal thermophilic aerobic pre-treatment with conventional anaerobic digestion. The practicability of the system using pure oxygen is well proven. Disadvantages are the high cost of the pure oxygen and the absence of a detailed evaluation of anaerobic digester performance. This report discusses the results of a full-scale investigation into the dual digestion system (184m³ aerobic reactor and 1800m³ anaerobic digester), carried out in two phases: In the first using air alone for oxygenating the aerobic reactor and in the second using a combination of air and pure oxygen. During both phases the performance of the anaerobic digester was also monitored, but in greater detail in the second phase as far as the final sludge product is concerned. In phase I, with air, it was possible to maintain thermophilic temperatures in the aerobic reactor throughout the year. However, the required retention times were relatively long (3-6 days) in comparison with the pure oxygen reactor (~1 day) due to the high vapour heat losses. At long retention times, the volatile solids (VS) destruction was appreciable (~25%) and the reactor tended towards an autothermal thermophilic digester. Foaming, although unpredictable in its occurrence, significantly improved aerobic reactor performance by doubling the oxygen transfer efficiency. From liquid and gas mass and heat balances it was found that the specific biological heat yield and respiration quotient were approximately constant at 12.8 MJ/kg(O₂) and 0. 70 mol(CO₂)/mol(O₂) respectively over a wide range of operating conditions and consistent relationships between VS removal, heat generation, and oxygen utilisation could be established. Based on information collected, it was concluded that increased treatment capacity and greater temperature control of the aerobic reactor could be provided by supplementing air oxygenation with pure oxygen. In phase II, using a combination of air and pure oxygen, much higher loading rates on the aerobic reactor were possible. Thermophilic temperatures could be maintained at short retention times (1-2 days). Unfortunately, no foaming occurred during this period. Consequently, the benefit of improved oxygen transfer efficiency of the air oxygenation system, produced by the foam, could not be exploited. Liquid and gas mass and heat balances confirmed the specific heat yield and respiration quotient values and the relationship between oxygen utilisation, VS destruction and biological heating. During phase II, the anaerobic digester operated at a retention time of ~10 days. The sensible heat content of the hot sludge from the aerobic reactor was sufficient to force the digester into the thermophilic temperature range. The stability of the anaerobic process and final sludge product at this short retention time was monitored with % VS removal and residual specific oxygen utilisation rate tests and found to be similar to that of conventional mesophilic anaerobic digestion at 20 days retention time. Dewaterability as reflected by the specific resistance to filtration (SRF) was found to be poor, but 11ot much worse than for conventional mesophilic digestion. Sufficient information was obtained during phases I and II to allow a mathematical model to be compiled, which could reasonably reliably simulate all the main operating parameters of the dual digestion system. The model provided a means for assessing different system configurations with mesophilic or thermophilic digestion, with and without heat exchange or gas engine external heat sources, allowing technical and economical (capital and operating) feasibility to be evaluated and compared with that for conventional digestion. From both the experimental and modelled results, all the claimed benefits of the dual digestion system were verified with the exception of the claim that aerobic reactor heat pre-treatment of the sludge allows the anaerobic digester to operate at short retention times (~10 days). However, the digester can be operated at 10 days retention provided its temperature is in the thermophilic range, in which case a sufficiently stable sludge is produced; at mesophilic temperatures, a retention time of 15 days or longer is required to produce a sludge of equivalent stability to that from conventional mesophilic digestion. Consequently, it is not the stability of the anaerobic process per se that governs the minimum retention time but the quality required for the final sludge product. The aerobic reactor is an appropriate pre-treatment stage for the thermophilic digester because it provides the necessary temperature and pH buffering to allow stable operation in the thermophilic range. It is concluded that where application of conventional anaerobic digestion is contemplated, whether for new installations or for upgrading existing plants, the dual digestion system should be seriously considered as a possible option. It competes favourably both technically and economically with conventional mesophilic digestion and produces a superior sludge product which can be beneficially utilised in agriculture.
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Song, June S. "Effect of copper on nitrifying and heterotrophic populations in activated sludge." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file., 142 p, 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=954050351&sid=7&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Lucero-Ramirez, Baltazar. "The effects of time and temperature on the fate of pathogens and indicator bacteria during municipal wastewater sludge-mesophilic anaerobic digestion, air-drying, and composting /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3004325.
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Chui, Ho-kwong. "Effect of substrate on the performance an sludge characteristics of UASB reactors /." [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1991. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13793913.
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Scott, James D. "Availability and distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus from sewage sludge in the plant-soil-water continuum." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43892.
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Research was conducted in 1984 and 1985 to determine N and P availabilities for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and com ( Zea mays L.) grown on four sludge-amended soils. Tests were conducted on the Acredale silt loam (Typic Ochraquall), Bojac loamy sand (Typic Hapludult), Davidson clay loam (Rhodic Paleudult), and Groseclose silt loam (Typic Hapludult) soils. An aerobically·digested sewage sludge from a sewage treatment plant with major industrial irrputs was applied at rates of 0, 42, and 84 dry Mg ha' 1 on the poorly-drained Acredale soil. Rates of 0, 42, 84, 126, 168, and 210 dry Mg ha'1 were applied on the well-drained Bojac, Davidson, and Groseclose soils. The 210 dry Mg haâ 1 sludge rate supplied 3300 and 6600 kg of N and P haâ 1, respectively. A 14-day anaerobic N incubation study indicated that mirreralization varied from approximately nine to four percent of sludge N from the 42 to 210 Mg haâ 1 application rates, respectively. Sludge application increased N uptake (rz = 0.98** to 0.99**) by the 1984 com grown on the three well-drained soils. Nitrogen balance data indicated that quantities of unrecovered N ranged from six to 21 percent where sludge was applied.Master of Science
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Enongene, Godlove Nkwelle. "The enzymology of enhanced hydrolysis within the biosulphidogenic recycling sludge bed reactor (RSBR)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015744.
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The hydrolysis of complex organic heteropolymers contained in municipal wastewater to simpler monomers by extracellular hydrolytic enzymes is generally considered the rate-limiting step of the biodegradation process. Previous studies of the Recycling Sludge Bed Reactor (RSBR) revealed that the hydrolysis of complex particulate organics, such as those contained in primary sludge (PS), was enhanced under anaerobic biosulphidogenic conditions. Although the mechanism was not fully understood, it appeared to involve the interaction of sulfide and sludge flocs. The current study was conducted using a 3500 ml laboratory-scale RSBR fed sieved PS at a loading rate of 0.5 kg COD/m³.day and an initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) to sulfate ratio (COD:SO₄) of 1:1. There was no significant accumulation of undigested sludge in the reactor over the 60-day experimental period and the quantity of SO₄ reduced indicated that the yield of soluble products from PS was at least as high as those reported previously for this system (> 50%). In the current study, the specific activities of a range of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes (L-alanine aminopeptidase, L-leucine aminopeptidase, arylsulphatase, α-glucosidase, β- glucosidase, protease and lipase) were monitored in a sulfide gradient within a biosulphidogenic RSBR. Data obtained indicated that the specific enzymatic activities increased with the depth of the RSBR and also correlated with a number of the physicochemical parameters including sulfide, alkalinity and sulfate. The activities of α- glucosidase and β-glucosidase were higher than that of the other enzymes studied. Lipase activity was relatively low and studies conducted on the enzyme-enzyme interaction using specific enzyme inhibitors indicated that lipases were probably being digested by the proteases. Further studies to determine the impact of sulfide on the enzymes, showed an increase in the enzyme activity with increasing sulfide concentration. Possible direct affects were investigated by looking for changes in the Michaelis constant (Km) and the maximal velocity (Vmax) of the crude enzymes with varying sulfide concentrations (250, 400 and 500 mg/l) using natural and synthetic substrates. The results showed no significant difference in both the Km and the Vmax for any of the hydrolytic enzymes except for the protease. The latter showed a statistically significant increase in the Km with increasing sulfide concentration. Although this indicated a direct interaction, this difference was not large enough to be of biochemical significance and was consequently not solely responsible for the enhanced hydrolysis observed in the RSBR. Investigation into the floc characteristics indicated that the biosulphidogenic RSBR flocs were generally small in size and became more dendritic with the depth of the RSBR. Based on the above data, the previously proposed descriptive models of enhanced hydrolysis of particulate organic matter in a biosulphidogenic RSBR has been revised. It is thought that the effect of sulfide on the hydrolysis step is primarily indirect and that the reduction in floc size and alteration of the floc shape to a more dendritic form is central to the success of the process.
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Lessard, Paul. "Operational water quality management : control of stormwater discharges." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/47538.
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Bruce, Lorna J. "The effects of heavy metal-rich sewage sludge on Collembola communities in grassland." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266457.
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Blocker, Jason E. "MODELING NUTRIENT TRANSPORT FROM AGRICULTURAL FIELDS FERTILIZED WITH SEWAGE SLUDGE, MAUMEE RIVER BASIN." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1178739262.
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Jenkins, Christopher Jay. "Anoxic-aerobic digestion of waste activated sludge : a lab scale comparison to aerobic digestion with and without lime addition." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28389.
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A lab-scale study of anoxic-aerobic digestion of waste activated sludge was performed, using 6 litre digesters, and operated in a semi - continuous (fed-once-a-day) manner with solids retention times (SRTs) of 20, 15 and 10 days and mixed-liquor temperatures of 20 °C and 10 °C. Raw sludge was obtained from a pilot-scale biological phosphorus removal facility operating at U.B.C. Fresh sludge was obtained daily and digested by three different digestion modes: anoxic-aerobic, aerobic with lime addition and aerobic.
Two aerobic control digesters were run in parallel with the anoxic-aerobic digesters. One of the aerobic digesters received a daily dose of lime slurry. All three digesters were operated under identical conditions (except for the cycling of air supply to the anoxic-aerobic digesters) so that direct comparison could be made between the three digestion modes. Comparisons were made on the basis of five main parameters related to: (1) digestion kinetics, (2) digested sludge characteristics, (3) supernatant quality, (4) ORP monitoring, and (5) an overall rating system.
Percent volatile suspended solids (VSS) reduction was used as one performance variable. Despite using only 42 percent of the air required by the two controls, anoxic-aerobic digestion showed comparable percent VSS reductions. All three digestion modes showed increased solids reduction with increasing SRT and temperature. There was a linear relationship between percent TVSS and the product of SRT and temperature.
All three digestion modes had a propensity to retain their percent nitrogen and phosphorus within their solids. However, with respect to retaining phosphorus, the aerobic controls were the least effective. Anoxic-aerobic digestion maintained neutral mixed-liquor pH (MLpH) throughout. Lime controls were maintained at MLpH close to neutral. Aerobic digestion, in general, resulted in MLpH levels below 5.0, however, there were periods when the MLpH of the aerobic digesters varied widely between 4.2 and 6.8.
Supernatant quality was superior for the anoxic-aerobic digesters. Due to the incorporation of non-aerated periods, there was almost 100 percent denitrification of nitrates produced during the aerated time. This nitrification-denitrification resulted in very low soluble nitrogen levels in the effluent, as well as considerable removal of nitrogen gas. Neither of the controls showed this ability. The lime and aerobic controls produced high levels of effluent nitrates, as well as occasional measurements of ammonia and nitrite.
Phosphorus levels were lowest for the lime control and anoxic-aerobic digesters. Presumably, due to reduced pH levels, the soluble phosphorus levels from the aerobic digesters were 2 to 3 times those in the lime or anoxic-aerobic digesters. Alkalinity was conserved in the anoxic-aerobic digesters as well as the lime control. However, the purely aerobic digesters consumed alkalinity until very little buffering capacity remained.
Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) was used as a means of monitoring the anoxic-aerobic digesters on a real time basis. ORP was particularly useful during the non-aerated periods, due to the fact that, at those times, dissolved oxygen was undetectable. Characteristic real time ORP profiles were revealed. Slope changes correlated well with events of theoretical and engineering interest; the' disappearance of ammonia and nitrates, as well as the (dis)appearance of detectable dissolved oxygen, could be predicted by these slope changes. As a result of the findings, ORP may prove to be an ideal parameter for the control of the anoxic-aerobic digestion process.
Finally, an overall rating system was developed. The results of this study suggest that, for the digestion of waste activated sludge, anoxic-aerobic digestion out-performed both lime-control and conventional digestion modes.Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Dulin, Betsy Ennis. "Relating treatment process decisions to sludge management concerns at water plants." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101273.
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In this study, the effects of organics removal efficiency, oxidant dose, and alum dose on aluminum hydroxide sludge characteristics were assessed. In order to maintain control over operating parameters, a continuous-flow laboratory-scale plant was operated in the laboratory with daily monitoring of pH, as well as influent and effluent turbidity, total organic carbon, and color.
Sludge thickening and dewatering characteristics were found to worsen when increasing amounts of organic matter were incorporated into the sludge floe matrix. Sludge properties improved with increases in oxidant dose and decreases in alum dose and alum/influent turbidity ratio. Changes in coagulation mechanism from sweep to charge neutralization were hypothesized to be partially responsible for changes in sludge properties caused by changing alum dose. Improvements in thickening and dewatering characteristics were found to be heavily dependent upon increases in sludge floe density, as well as decreases in aggregate water content.M.S.
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徐浩光 and Ho-kwong Chui. "Effect of substrate on the performance an sludge characteristics of UASB reactors." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1991. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31233533.
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The Best PhD Thesis in the Faculties of Dentistry, Engineering, Medicine and Science (University of Hong Kong), Li Ka Shing Prize,1993-1995published_or_final_version
Civil and Structural Engineering
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Wilson, Susan Caroline. "The fate and behaviour of volatile organic compounds and chlorophenols in sewage sludge amended soils." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296974.
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Wang, Min-Jian. "The behaviour and fate of chlorobenzenes introduced into soil-plant systems by sewage sludge application." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358905.
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Brown, Rachel. "The sub-surface distribution of some heavy metals following sewage sludge injection into grassland soils." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2079.
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The use of suitable sewage sludge in agriculture is currently its cheapest disposal option, both in terms of monetary cost, resource utilisation and environmental impact Monitoring of die heavy metal content of the soil after sludge application is required by European Council Du-ective 86/278/EEC, and whilst the behaviour of metals from surface-applied sludge is well documented, the behaviour following other methods of application has received litde attention. The most important alternative land application method cturentiy in use is the subsurface injection of sludge. In this project, field- and laboratory-based experiments were set up to describe the postinjection disttibution of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn and the effect on this of: tine design (using die straight tine, side-inclined tine and winged tine), rate of injection (225 m^ ha'-^ and 300 m3 ha"-^), and soil factors ^ H , cation exchange capacity, organic carbon, percentage clay,. Fe and Mn concentration, and redox potential). An assessment of the variability of die injection operation was also important, as account needs to be made of metal distribution and variability in order to delimit an appropriate sampling regime. The results of these experiments indicated that Cu, Pb and Zn are basically immobile, remaining widiin 120 mm of die centte of die original slot location. Tine design was seen to have a significant influence on the pattern of subsurface metal distribution, but neither this,' rate of injection nor soil factors adequately predicted die extent of diis distiibution. Instead, metal identity and concentration widiin the sludge were identified as the most influential factors, in that appreciable quantities of Cd and Ni are leached out of the profile to distances exceeding 300 mm from die sludge, and greater metal concentirations (of the remaining metals) in the injected sludge create distinct gradients in the soil and saturates exchange sites, thus promoting mobility via diffusion, over-riding normal metal chemistry. Of those measured variables that had a secondary effect on distribution, pH, Fe oxide concentration and percentage clay were identified as the most important soil factors.The winged tine was seen to promote soil disturbance and hence metal distribution, and the paraplow to restrict both. In practical terms, these conclusions indicate that the current sampling protocol is inadequate. An alternative regime is suggested.
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Trahern, Patti Gremillion. "A comparative study of freeze-thaw processes for conditioning wastewater and water treatment sludges." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53845.
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This research effort involved the application of indirect- and direct-contact, freeze-thaw conditioning techniques for improving the dewatering characteristics of both wastewater and water treatment sludges. Sludges tested included waste activated sludge, primary sewage sludge, waste activated/primary sewage sludge mixtures and alum sludge. The direct-freeze methods examined were the use of a secondary refrigerant (butane) evaporated in the sludge and the use of gas hydrate or clathrate formation by addition of Freon 12 under appropriate temperature and pressure conditions. Sludges were also frozen solid using indirect freezing methods, thawed and tested for comparative purposes. Particle size distribution and floc density measurements were used to determine changes in particle characteristics; specific resistance values and dewatered dry solids concentration were used to assess dewatering characteristics. Results of direct- and indirect-contact, freeze-thaw conditioning were compared to the effects of polymer conditioning. The results indicated that direct-freeze methods do not appear technically or economically competitive with currently accepted conditioning methods. The superior results obtained with the indirect-contact, freeze-thaw process when compared to the direct-contact processes suggested that the extent and rate of freezing may greatly influence the particle characteristics of the conditioned sludge, and thus its dewatering characteristics.Ph. D.
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Vega, Martínez Esther. "Minimisation and abatement of volatile sulphur compounds in sewage sludge processing." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/283655.
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Environmental pollution related to odour emission has become in the last years an important public concern. Closeness of odour-causing facilities such as waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) to urban areas further aggravates the problem. Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) are one of the main groups of odour causing compounds in WWTPs, especially in the sludge processing. Nowadays, there are a variety of options available for the effective treatment of odorous sulphur compounds emission. This thesis has focused on the minimisation during sewage sludge conditioning process and the abatement of these compounds by treatments such as advanced oxidation processes and adsorption at the end-of-pipeLa contaminació atmosfèrica relacionada amb la emissió de males olors s’ha convertit en els darrers anys en un motiu de preocupació social. La proximitat d’instal·lacions causants de males olors com les estacions depuradores d’aigües residuals (EDAR) a les àrees urbanes, agreuja encara més el problema. Els compostos volàtils de sofre (CVS) són un dels principals grups de compostos causants de males olors, especialment en el tractament i processament dels fangs generats a les EDARs. Actualment, existeix una gran varietat d’opcions disponibles per al tractament efectiu de les emissions dels CVS causants de males olors. La present tesi s’ha focalitzat en la minimització de emissions durant el condicionament químic dels fangs i la eliminació mitjançant tractaments a final de procés com processos d'oxidació avançada o adsorció en carbons actius
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Tennakoon, Nihal Ananda. "Effect of heavy metal contaminated sewage sludge on biological and chemical properties of coniferous forest soils." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1993. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU549118.
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A field study was carried out at Ardross forest, northern Scotland where heavy metal contaminated sewage sludge had been applied to a peaty podzol at rates of 500 (low) and 1000 (high) kg N ha-1 before tree (Sitka spruce) planting. Nitrogen mineralisation rates determined by field incubation of sealed cores ranged from 3.7 to 4.5 and 7.3 to 9.4 kg N h-1 over the growing season (May to September, 1991) in soils amended with low and high rates of sludge respectively. For the control soil, to which no sludge had been added, mineralisation rates ranged from 2.4 to 2.9 kg N ha-1. Mineralisation of residual sludge was estimated to be 0.56&'37 and 1.14&'37 in 1991, 8 years after sludge application at the low and high rates, respectively. Soils brought back to the laboratory and repacked according to the field profile enabled microcosm studies to be carried out to further investigate possible changes caused to N-cycling processes in coniferous forest soil due to application of heavy metal contaminated sewage sludge, and to consider possible mechanisms of any such changes. In the microcosm study, the two rates of application of sewage sludge increased N mineralisation. A linear relationship was apparent between N mineralisation and the rate of sludge application. Increased N mineralisation was associated with an increase in active fungal mycelium, biomass N and soil animal population densities. The availability of Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn was found to be related to the time of the year, with highest availability in Spring and Summer, and lowest availability in Winter. There was no evidence of any adverse effects in terms of heavy metals on the studied biological parameters and mineralisation rates in the field and microcosm studies. Total N, pH and moisture also increased due to sludge application.
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Hamon, Jeff Richard. "The effect of treatment process variations on the thickening and dewatering characteristics of water plant sludges." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/94459.
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The effects of coagulation pH and influent turbidity on aluminum and ferric hydroxide sludge macro-and micro-properties were investigated. To reduce the number of variables, sludges were produced under specific operating conditions in a 400 L/day continuous-flow pilot-plant. The effluent turbidity was monitored to evaluate process modifications.
Sludge thickening and dewatering characteristics improved with reductions in the coagulation pH, increases in the influent turbidity levels, and/or reductions in the coagulant dose/influent turbidity ratio. Sludge floc/ aggregate density was the dominant sludge micro-property; sludges with superior thickening and dewatering characteristics were composed of higher density flocs/aggregates. A trade-off appeared to exist between improved sludge characteristics and effluent quality; however, verification will require additional research.M.S.
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Galí, Serra Alexandre. "Optimisation of biological nitrogen removal processes to treat reject water from anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/1527.
Full textAbstract:
In the present work, the biological treatment of real reject water (800 mg NH4+-N L-1) from anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge from a waste water treatment plant (WWTP) is carried out. The process was optimised with a Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBR) of 3 L using methanol for denitrification due to the lack of a readily biodegradable organic carbon source. Process kinetics were compared through the specific Ammonium Uptake Rate (sAUR) finding the appropriate operational sequence at 32ºC with an 8 hour cycle length. Every operational cycle was carried out with a solid retention time (SRT) of 11 days, hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 1 day and 2500 mg VSS L-1. In order to avoid nitrate formation, and thus to save costs, the oxygen concentration was maintained below 1 mg L-1 during the aerobic periods and pH remained within an optimal range (7.5-8.5) alternating different aerobic/anoxic sub-cycles inside the operational cycle. The total nitrogen removal was 0.8-0.9 kg N day-1 m-3. In order to make the process more economical metanol was substitute for the primary hidrolysate of the own WWTP obtaining a total nitrogen removal of 0.7 kg N day-1 m-3. The use of primary hidrolysate would lead to a cost reduction of 0.2-0.3 kg -1 N removed.
The next step was to compare the SBR technology to obtain the nitrite route with the continuous technology using a chemostat reactor. In that a chemostat SHARON (Single-reactor High activity Ammonia Removal Over Nitrite) continuous reactor (4 L) was operated to develop the biological nitrogen removal via nitrite of reject water at 33 ºC. Methanol was added for denitrification In the same chemostat took place nitrification and denitrification alternating periods of 1 hour with a total HRT of 2. As a conclusion, the SBR would be a slightly cheaper process (1.01 versus 1.28 kg -1 N) due to the higher volumetric reaction rates and the SHARON process is a more stable system.
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Šimek, Radim. "Energetické využití čistírenských kalů a produktů mikrovlnné pyrolýzy." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-392031.
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The diploma thesis is focused on the energy utilization of sewage sludge before and after microwave pyrolysis process. The first part of the thesis deals with sludge management, treatment of sludge and its subsequent use or disposal. In the second part of the thesis prepared and modified samples of sludge from WWTP 1 and WWTP 2 are subjected to microwave pyrolysis process. Subsequently, samples are taken for analyzes to determine the total organic carbon, the specific surface area, the heavy metal content and the calorific values. The resulting data was processed in Microsoft Office Excel and presented at work. At the end of the thesis two case studies are then proposed for a specific design of the conceptual location of microwave pyrolysis for the sludge drying process and the drying process of the sewage sludge in the direct combustion boiler room.
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Holloway, Ryan W. "Forward osmosis for concentration of anaerobic digester centrate." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2006. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1436020.
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Champion, Wyatt. "Development of a Chemical Kinetic Model for a Fluidized-bed Sewage Sludge Gasifier." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5922.
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As the need for both sustainable energy production and waste minimization increases, the gasification of biomass becomes an increasingly important process. What would otherwise be considered waste can now be used as fuel, and the benefits of volume reduction through gasification are seen in the increased lifespan of landfills. Fluidized-bed gasification is a particularly robust technology, and allows for the conversion of most types of waste biomass.
Within a fluidized-bed gasifier, thermal medium (sand) is heated to operating temperature (around 1350°F) and begins to fluidize due to the rapid expansion of air entering the bottom of the reactor. This fluidization allows for excellent heat transfer and contact between gases and solids, and prevents localized “hot spots” within the gasifier, thereby reducing the occurrence of ash agglomeration within the gasifier. Solids enter the middle of the gasifier and are rapidly dried and devolatilized, and the products of this step are subsequently oxidized and then reduced in the remainder of the gasifier. A syngas composed mainly of N2, H2O, CO2, CO, CH4, and H2 exits the top of the gasifier.
A computer model was developed to predict the syngas composition and flow rate, as well as ash composition and mass flow rate from a fluidized-bed gasifier. A review of the literature was performed to determine the most appropriate modeling approach. A chemical kinetic model was chosen, and developed in MATLAB using the Newton-Raphson method to solve sets of 18 simultaneous equations. These equations account for mass and energy balances throughout the gasifier. The chemical kinetic rate expressions for these reactions were sourced from the literature, and some values modified to better fit the predicted gas composition to literature data.M.S.Env.E.
Masters
Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Environmental Engineering
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Tu, Yuting. "Catalytic activity of sewage sludge-derived char composite catalysts towards the oxidation of organic contaminants in water." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10260/document.
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La gestion des boues de station d'épuration est un problème majeur. Dans ce travail, des charbons préparés à partir de boues de station d'épuration (SC) ont été utilisés comme support de catalyseurs. Les performances de ces catalyseurs ont été évaluées dans trois réactions d'oxydation pour le traitement de l'eau : le procédé Fenton, l'oxydation en voie humide catalytique et l'ozonation catalytique. Le catalyseur à base d'oxyde de fer supporté sur ce charbon (FeSC) est très actif dans le procédé de type Fenton pour la décoloration et la minéralisation de l'acide orange II (AOII). Les impuretés inorganiques présentes dans le charbon (cendres), telles que SiO2 et AI2O3, peuvent jouer le rôle de co-catalyseur. Le catalyseur FeSC est également très performant dans l'oxydation en voie humide catalytique du 2-chlorophénol à 120°C sous 0.9 MPa de pression partielle d'oxygène. Cependant, une lixiviation du fer est observée en cours de réaction du fait de la production de HC1 et de petits acides carboxyliques. La lixiviation du fer peut toutefois être évitée lorsque le pH du mélange réactionnel est maintenu en dessus de 4.5, sans que les performances catalytiques n'en soient affectées. Enfin, un catalyseur Mn-g-C3N4 supporté par un charbon obtenu à partir de boue de station d'épuration obtenu par modification de nitrure de carbone par des nanoparticules de manganèse a été synthétisé. L'activité catalytique de ce catalyseur composite est 1.6 fois supérieure à celle du catalyseur Mn-g-C3N4 non supporté. Ce catalyseur composite présente par ailleurs une bonne résistance à l'oxydation et une bonne stabilité, sans qu'aucune lixiviation du manganèse ne soit observéeThe disposal of sewage sludge has become an issue of particular concern. In this thesis, sewage sludge derived carbon (SC) was employed as a catalyst support. The catalytic behavior of the prepared SC-based composite catalysts was investigated in three kinds of typical oxidation reactions, including heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation, catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) and catalytic ozonation. Sewage sludge-derived carbon supported iron oxide catalyst (FeSC) showed high Fenton-like performances in the discoloration and mineralization of acid orange II (AOII). Inorganic components in the SC, such as SiO2 and AI2O3 may present have a co-catalytic effect upon Fenton-like reaction. FeSC catalyst also performed quite well in the CWAO of 2-CP at 120°C under 0.9 MPa oxygen partial pressure. However, iron leaching was observed due to the generation of HC1 and some small chain organic acids. Iron leaching could be efficiently prevented when the pH of the solution was maintained at values higher than 4.5, while the catalytic activity was only slightly reduced. Finally, Mn2O3 nanoparticles modified g-C3N4 (Mn-g-C3N4) was synthetized as a novel ozonation catalyst. To enlarge the adsorption capacity of the catalyst and improve its performances in the ozonation of sulfamethoxazole, the Mn-g-C3N4 catalyst was further supported over the sewage sludge-based activated carbon (SBAC). The catalytic activity of the composite catalyst was ca. 1.6 times higher compared to the unsupported Mn-g-C3N4 catalyst. The composite catalyst also exhibited very good resistance towards oxidation, limited Mn leaching and high stability
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楊龍元 and Lung-yuen Christopher Yeong. "Removal of wastewater cod and nitrogen using fibrous packing media." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1991. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31210636.
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McLanaghan, Stuart Robert Buchanan. "The application and development of life-cycle assessment (LCA) methodologies to processes : a case study of sewage sludge management." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11829.
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Sadagopan, Rishi S. "Effect of copper and nickel on the performance of an activated sludge system treating cellulose acetate wastewater." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09292009-020122/.
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Chen, Tong. "Anaerobic treatment of benzoate- and phenol- containing wastewaters /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17590607.
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Hamood, Alaa. "Sustainable utilisation of raw sewage sludge (RSS) as a water replacement in cement-based materials containing unprocessed fly ash." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/332182.
Full textAbstract:
Prior to the implementation of the European Union Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC) in 31 Dec 1998, around a quarter of the sewage sludge produced in the UK was either discharged to surface waters via pipes or disposed from ships at sea. Discontinuing this route together with the quality requirements of the European Waste Water Directive, led to the generation of significant quantities of sewage sludge. It has therefore become required to treat this waste effectively before it can be sent back to the environment. Consequently, this added greater challenges for the environmental agencies, as well as local authorities. The treatment process comprises costly and energy consuming applications including physical, chemical, biological and thermal. In addition to the sewage sludge, the power generation industry produces massive quantities of fly ash from burning coal. In the UK, there is about 5,300,000 tonnes of fly ash that are generated annually, which require to be processed and classified in order to meet the standard requirements before it can be used in the construction applications. The classifying process also involves a series of costly and energy consuming mechanical and physical applications. This research programme has introduced an innovative alternative to the traditional re-use and disposal routes of Raw Sewage Sludge (RSS) and unprocessed fly ash. It has suggested the utilisation of RSS and unprocessed fly ash as raw ingredients for the production of sustainable construction materials. This research programme has therefore examined the performance of cement-based materials containing Raw Sewage Sludge (RSS) as a water replacement and unprocessed fly ash as cement replacement. Mortar and concrete mixes incorporating these materials were tested for their flowability/workability, density, Total Water Absorption (TWA), Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV), compressive strength, flexural strength, drying shrinkage, sulphate attack and leaching properties. Three series of cement-based materials were studied including mortar mixes with RSS and unprocessed fly ash (Series 1), mortar mixes with RSS and large proportions of unprocessed fly ash (Series 2), and concrete mixes with RSS and unprocessed fly ash (Series 3). The outcomes of the investigation were encouraging in that cement-based materials containing RSS and unprocessed fly ash that were produced demonstrated relatively good engineering, durability and environmental properties in comparison to the control mixes. The inclusion of unprocessed fly ash significantly reduced flowability/workability; however it improved long-term compressive strength for both mixes with RSS and water. The best compressive strength results were recorded when cement was replaced with 10-20% unprocessed fly ash by weight of total binder. The results also showed that sulphate attack resistance improved when fly ash was included. Moreover, safe concentration levels of heavy metals and free ions were detected when leaching test was performed. However, it must be kept in mind that more environmental tests must be performed before any large scale use is undertaken.
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Plucar, Tomáš. "Návrh experimentální solární sušárny." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229766.
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This Diploma’s thesis is addressing the issues of technical drying, principles and types of technical drying, solar drying possible usefulness of sewage sludge in the Czech Republic, its availability during the season, the legislation related to the processing of sewage sludge and design of pilot scale solar dryer.
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Muanda, Christophe. "Investigation of anaerobic up-flow batch reactor for treatment of greywater in un-sewered settlements." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1037.
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Masters ThesisUn-sewered settlements are provided with the basic water and sanitation systems that comprise, in most cases, of dry sanitation and standpipes. Substantial amounts of wastewater (including greywater) generated from households are discarded untreated into streets, open spaces between shacks, streams and rivers due to the lack of adequate disposal or treatment infrastructures. The negative impacts from unsafe disposal of greywater generated in un-sewered settlements affect both human health and the general environment. Several treatment technologies ranging from the simplest to the more sophisticated have been developed and made available for consideration to deal with the adverse impacts caused by the unsafe discharge of greywater. Some of these treatment technologies have been implemented successfully in certain developing countries worldwide. Amongst these is the anaerobic up-flow batch reactor (AnUBR) which was successfully used for the first time to treat greywater from sewered areas in Jordan, Lebanon and Sri Lanka. The AnUBR has emerged as a localised greywater treatment technology alternative to conventional treatment methods in areas not served by sewer networks. This technology holds promise because of its simplicity of design, high pollutant removal efficiency, absence of energy or chemical consumption, ease with which it can be implemented, cost effectiveness, and low operation and maintenance costs. This technology was originally developed for treating sewage and high strength greywater from hotels. Recently it was further pioneered by INWRDAM (Inter-Islamic Network on Water Resources Development and Management) in the treatment of greywater from sewered areas of developing countries. This technology has not been tested in un-sewered settlements of developing countries which are characterised by the lack of disposal infrastructures despite being suitable for tropical countries. This treatment system is able to produce effluent that meets the quality standard for discharge and irrigation. However, new applications of the AnUBR require further investigation in order to ascertain its feasibility and evaluate its performance in the un-sewered settlement context. Given the promising results reported for the AnUBR application for greywater treatment, this study aims to investigate the performance of the AnUBR as an alternative technology for the treatment of greywater generated in un-sewered settlements and its application in developing countries. A laboratory scale plant encompassing the AnUBR was designed, constructed and investigated using influent greywater collected from two selected case study settlements representing sewered and un-sewered areas. The plant was operated for 20 consecutives days using greywater from both selected sites separately. The influent greywater was analysed prior to feeding the plant and fed intermittently by batch as per designed feeding schedule. The performance of the AnUBR was evaluated mainly by analysing the quality of effluent produced, while the typical application was recommended based on the ability of the plant to produce effluent complying with local regulations and ability to treat greywater regardless of its source. The daily characteristics of influent greywater from both sites during the period of investigation were found to be as follows: temperature: 24 – 29ºC, pH: 7.1 – 7.2, TSS: 117.72 – 2,246.6mg/l, TN: 5.66 – 12.29mg/l, TP: 12.27 – 116.46mg/l, COD: 223.17 – 1,135.32mg/l, BOD5: 98.0 – 383.6mg/l, O&G: 52.22 – 475.29mg/l, e-coli: 8.87x104 – 2.17x107cfu/100ml, and Faecal coliform: 1.49x105 – 2.41x107cfu/100ml. The AnUBR managed to treat greywater to a quality that comply with the general standards for discharge into natural water resources. The final effluent showed a significant decrease in the level of pollutants from the initial values presented above to the following: temperature: 27 – 29 ºC, pH: 7.1 – 7.2, TSS: 5.12 – 12.82mg/l, TN 0.91 – 1.09mg/l, TP: 0.93 – 7.47mg/l, COD: 24.67 – 40.45mg/l, BOD5: 8.59 – 16.0mg/l, O&G: 1.15 – 1.72mg/l, e-coli: 213.3 – 1.12x103cfu/100ml, and Faecal coliform: 461.6 – 1.5x103cfu/100ml. Results obtained showed that the quality of influent greywater (from un-sewered settlements) is similar regardless of the water and sanitation technology. Following the operation of the AnUBR, significant removal of pollutants was observed in all processes. The overall removal efficiency averaged 80 to 95% for O&G and TSS respectively and 50 to 85% for TN and TP. The COD and BOD5 removal averaged 70 to 85% while that of micro-organisms averaged 90 to 99%. However, despite the high removal efficiency recorded the AnUBR may still require a post treatment step in order to improve the quality of effluent. It was concluded that the AnUBR is a viable alternative greywater treatment technology for un-sewered settlements, households or businesses such as hotels and restaurants. The AnUBR is able of treating high polluted greywater to effluent of quality that meets the standards for discharge or reuse provided a post treatment to ensure the complete killing of pathogenic organisms. The result of this study confirms the performance of the AnUBR for the treatment of greywater and provides an understanding of its concept as an alternative to conventional treatment and its application in un-sewered settlements based on local practical investigations.
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Viana, Marcelo Mendes. "Obtenção e utilização de produtos de pirólise do lodo de esgoto para adsorção de poluentes em meio aquoso." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3137/tde-18082014-115608/.
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O lodo de esgoto é um resíduo gerado em grandes quantidades nas ETEs. Apenas na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo em 2015 prevê-se uma produção de 1538 toneladas por dia. Diferentemente de países desenvolvidos, no Brasil a maior parte desse resíduo é enviada para aterros sanitários, sendo ignoradas outras possibilidades de utilização. A pirólise do lodo é uma alternativa à incineração, e possui vantagens como a geração de subprodutos mais úteis como, por exemplo, materiais porosos para adsorção de poluentes de meios aquosos e gasosos. Visando novas utilizações para o lodo de esgoto da ETE Barueri, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo o estudo de sua pirólise para obtenção de produtos contendo coque e sua utilização como material adsorvente de poluentes (fenol e tartrazina) em meio aquoso. Também foi estudado o potencial de uso energético do lodo e de coques obtidos por pirólise por meio da determinação de seus poderes caloríficos. Para sua utilização na pesquisa, o lodo foi coletado, seco, macerado e passado em peneira ABNT 200, produzindo um material identificado como S2. Por análises do seu processo de pirólise determinou-se a temperatura mais indicada para formação de coque, obtendo-se o valor de 500°C. Foram então realizadas pirólises isotérmicas nessa temperatura por diferentes períodos de tempo (0, 30, 60, 120 e 180 minutos) produzindo cinco produtos de pirólise diferentes (C0, C30, C60, C120 e C180), os quais foram caracterizados e utilizados nos ensaios de adsorção de fenol e de tartrazina de soluções aquosas com obtenção dos respectivos diagramas de fase. As isotermas de Langmuir representaram com bons coeficientes de correlação a adsorção nos produtos de pirólise, os quais devido à baixa área superficial e caráter mesoporoso apresentaram adsorção de fenol (3,68 mg.g-1 a 6,21 mg.g-1) muito menor que a de tartrazina (17,86 mg.g-1 a 45,66 mg.g-1), tendo C30 e C60 exibido capacidades adsortivas superiores à encontrada para o carvão ativo comercial. Quanto ao uso energético de S2, obteve-se por análise térmica diferencial quantitativa um poder calorífico muito próximo ao do obtido por bomba calorimétrica, de 9,27 MJ.kg-1, indicando que pode ser utilizado como combustível para sua pirólise auto-sustentável.Sewage sludge is a solid waste generated in large quantities in wastewater treatment plants. Only in the São Paulo metropolitan area in 2015 is expected a production of 1538 tons per day for this residue. Against the trend in developed countries, most of this waste is sent to landfills in Brazil, being ignored other possible uses. Sewage sludge pyrolysis is an alternative to incineration and presents as advantages the generation of more useful byproducts such as, porous materials to be used for adsorption in aqueous and gaseous media. Aiming new applications for sewage sludge from Barueri wastewater treatment station, this thesis had as objective to study its pyrolysis to obtain products containing coke and their use as adsorbent materials of pollutants (phenol and tartrazine) in aqueous media. The potential energy use of S2 was also studied as well as of its pyrolyzed products, by determining their calorific values. For their use in the research, the sludge samples were collected, dried, ground and milled until they passed an ABNT 200 sieve. Analyzing the S2 pyrolysis process, 500°C was the most indicated temperature for coke formation. Then, after being heated to this temperature, isothermal pyrolysis were carried out for different time periods (0, 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes) producing five pyrolysis products (C0, C30, C60, C120 and C180), which were characterized and used in adsorption experiments of phenol and tartrazine aqueous solutions, obtaining their respective phase diagrams. Langmuir isotherms represented with good correlation factors the adsorption of those adsorbates on pyrolysis products, which, due to the low surface area and mesoporous characteristics, showed a phenol adsorption (3.68 mg.g-1 to 6.21 mg.g-1) much smaller than that of tartrazine (17.86 mg.g-1 to 45.66 mg.g-1) and C30 and C60 have exhibited adsorption capacities higher than those found for commercial active carbon. Regarding energetic use, S2 has a calorific power of 9.27 MJ.kg-1 obtained by calorimetric bomb, which was a very close value to that found by quantitative differential thermal analysis (DTA) using sapphire, indicating that it can be used as a solid fuel for its auto-sustainable pyrolysis.
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Deizman, Marcia McCutchan. "A computer simulation model for investigating the effect of land application of sludge on runoff water quality." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44629.
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CREAMS-NT, a modified version of the field-scale model for Chemicals, Runoff, and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems (CREAMS) model, was developed to simulate the nitrogen (N) transformations and subsequent nutrient transport processes which occur in the soil following organic waste applications. CREAMS-NT accounts for nutrient addition through fertilization and rainfall and losses of N by volatilization, denitrification, plant uptake, leaching, and overland flow. Data required by CREAMS-NT includes runoff volume, sediment yield, percolation, and soil environmental conditions which is generated by the hydrologic and erosion components of the original CREAMS model. The mineralization, nitrification, denitrification, ar1d volatilization processes are simulated using firstâ order knetic equations adjusted for the effects of soil environmental conditions including temperature, moisture, pH, soil/sludge contact, and soil cation exchange capacity. Prior to a runoff event, soil ammnonium-N (NH4 â N) is partitioned between adsorbed and desorbed phases. CREAMS-NT predicts the transport of organic-N, NH4 â N, and sediment=bound phosphorus (P3b) in runoff using enrichment ratios. The transport of soluble nutrients, nitrate-N (NO3 â N), NH4 â N, and soluble P (PTF), is estimated using extraction coefficients.Master of Science
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Keirungi, Juliana. "The design and assessment of an integrated municipal waste beneficiation facility : towards improved sewage sludge management in developing countries." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007138.
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This research aimed to firstly confirm the hypothesis that the current management of sewage sludge generated during the treatment of wastewater in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa is poor and, as such, this material poses a threat to local environmental and human health. Secondly, through a rational design approach, the current research also aimed to design and assess the suitability of a novel integrated process incorporating appropriate technologies for improved sewage sludge management. The lack of an appropriate tool for the assessment of the integrated process necessitated the development of an appropriate technology assessment (TA) methodology based on environmental, technical, social and economic criteria. A combination of informal participatory methods such as semi-structured interviews and formal research methods including questionnaires, risk assessment exercises and laboratory analyses were used. Based on the above it was estimated that 116 tons dry sludge were generated in the province per day and that the concentration of heavy metals present in the sludge was generally within the limits for reuse on agricultural land. Furthermore the sludge from all sample sewage treatment works (STWs) was found to be free of any detectable pathogens. Despite the above, a preliminary risk assessment and chemical analysis revealed that existing sludge management practices at sample STWs posed a threat to the environment, particularly to water resources and exacerbated the problems associated with the discharge of poorly treated municipal wastewater. The root causes of the poor sludge management were considered to be a lack of non-regulatory incentives and financial resources. Highly integrated ecologically engineered systems were thought to offer a solution to the dual problem of poor sludge management and municipal effluent treatment, while providing necessary economic incentives. To facilitate the design of a system appropriate to local conditions, it was necessary to first develop a rational design methodology, which incorporated a detailed TA step. The result of the design process was an Integrated Waste Beneficiation Facility (IWBF) that incorporated a number of process units comprised of appropriate technologies including composting, vermicomposting, algal ponding technology and aquaculture. A detailed TA indicated that the benefits of the proposed IWBF would, at the majority of sample sites, outweigh the potential negative impacts and it was thus recommended that investigations should continue on pilot-scale facilities. Furthermore, although the proposed TA based on four sustainability criteria categories was thought to provide a more accurate assessment of the true sustainability of a technology, the acquisition of information was problematic highlighting the need to re-think current TA methodologies and to address associated constraints allowing the tool to be used and fully comprehensive.
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Mitchell, Andy M. "The effect of varying several operational parameters on the dewatering characteristics of activated sludge." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50063.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate selective operational parameters and their effect on activated sludge settling and dewatering rates. Several laboratory scale reactors were used in this study and fed with various synthetic substrates. The sludges produced from these reactors were used to examine sludge settling and dewatering characteristics as the selected operational parameters were varied. This study intended to determine if: (1) qualitative shock loadings affect sludge dewatering and settling and will biological systems recover quickly under various conditions; (2) aeration basin dissolved oxygen concentration affects sludge settling and dewatering characteristics; (3) biopolymer content can be correlated with sludge dewatering rates such that biopolymer content can be used as a parameter to monitor sludge dewatering characteristics.
Results from this study indicated that the shock loadings considered here significantly alter the sludge settling and dewatering characteristics of an activated sludge population. Shock loadings may cause shifts in the bacterial population, allowing undesirable microorganisms to predominate but activated sludge systems can recover from shock loadings caused by the introduction of a different substrate. Also, it was seen that activated sludge dewatering is directly affected by the dissolved oxygen level in the aeration basin and the minimum level required is 2.0 mg/L in a completely-mixed system. A definite relationship was noted between biopolymer production and sludge dewatering with high biopolymer content correlating with poor sludge dewatering and low biopolymer content correlating with good sludge dewatering.Master of Science
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Teixeira, Luana Fagundes. "Estudo do processo de pirólise termocatalítica como alternativa ao aproveitamento de lodo de esgoto doméstico." Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11612/570.
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O lodo de esgoto é uma biomassa residual abundante em todo o mundo resultante do
tratamento de esgotos, é constituído por uma grande diversidade de componentes orgânicos e
inorgânicos, tornando complexo seu tratamento pelas estações de tratamento de esgotos. Em
um cenário onde a produção de lodo tende a crescer nos últimos anos, devido ao aumento do
número de esgotos tratados e as limitações dos meios de descarte existentes de lodo, leva a
necessidade de rotas alternativas para o aproveitamento tecnológico desse resíduo, nesse
contexto, o processo de pirólise representa uma tecnologia promissora que permite a produção
de quatro frações com potencial energético: bio-óleo, aquosa, sólida e gasosa. Este artigo
analisa sobre o aspecto científico e tecnológico o avanço da aplicação do processo de pirólise
ao lodo residual doméstico como uma tecnologia alternativa para produção de compostos com
fins energéticos.Sewage sludge is an abundant biomass waste worldwide resulting from sewage treatment plants, consists of a wide variety of organic and inorganic components, making the complex treatment of sewage treatment plants. In a scenario where the sludge production tends to grow in recent years, due to the increased number of treated sewage and limitations of existing means of sludge disposal, leads to the need for alternative routes for the technological use of this waste, in this context, the pyrolysis process is a promising technology that allows production of four fractions with energetic potential: bio-oil, water, gas and solid. This article analyzes on the scientific and technological advancement aspect of the application of pyrolysis to domestic waste sludge as an alternative technology for the production of compounds for energy purposes process.
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Chen, Tong, and 陳彤. "Anaerobic treatment of benzoate- and phenol- containing wastewaters." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31212918.
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Lundén, Anna. "Biogas Production : Anaerobic Digestion of Grains Diluted in Process Water from a Wastewater Treatment Plant." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2017.
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In light of constant research regarding the development of alternate fuels, anaerobic digestion of grains diluted in process water from a wastewater treatment plant has been investigaed by starting biogas reactors to produce methane. The possibility of using the sludge from the reactors as fertilizer was also explored. The experiment ran for 90 days of which three days were used to collect samples over a 24-hour period. Variables monitored were associated to process stability, consistency and production. The results of the 24-hour periods show that volatile fatty acids concentrations increase immediately following feeding, peak a few hours later then decrease. Gas production is most efficient at the beginning of the period then stagers after about 20 hours. Results of the 90-day period resemble the 24-hour results; high volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations are often linked to low gas production and methane concentrations. The results indicate that certain types of process waters are better suited as dilution liquids than others i.e. digested sludge is better than centrifugation water, though overall gas production in all reactors averaged ca 650 ml/ g volatile solids loaded. With regards to fertilizer use, Cr was the only metal that was measured in unacceptable quantities. Fertilizing the land is not a problem seen from the heavy metals perspective. There is, however, a need for further research and process development before any full-scale digestion processes of this type are initiated.
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Pedrosa, Marcelo Mendes. "Bio-?leo e biog?s da degrada??o termoqu?mica de lodo de esgoto dom?stico em cilindro rotativo." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2011. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15915.
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Previous issue date: 2011-12-22The objective of this study was to produce biofuels (bio-oil and gas) from the thermal treatment of sewage sludge in rotating cylinder, aiming industrial applications. The biomass was characterized by immediate and instrumental analysis (elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy - SEM, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and ICP-OES). A kinetic study on non-stationary regime was done to calculate the activation energy by Thermal Gravimetric Analysis evaluating thermochemical and thermocatalytic process of sludge, the latter being in the presence of USY zeolite. As expected, the activation energy evaluated by the mathematical model "Model-free kinetics" applying techniques isoconversionais was lowest for the catalytic tests (57.9 to 108.9 kJ/mol in the range of biomass conversion of 40 to 80%). The pyrolytic plant at a laboratory scale reactor consists of a rotating cylinder whose length is 100 cm with capable of processing up to 1 kg biomass/h. In the process of pyrolysis thermochemical were studied following parameters: temperature of reaction (500 to 600 ? C), flow rate of carrier gas (50 to 200 mL/min), frequency of rotation of centrifugation for condensation of bio-oil (20 to 30 Hz) and flow of biomass (4 and 22 g/min). Products obtained during the process (pyrolytic liquid, coal and gas) were characterized by classical and instrumental analytical techniques. The maximum yield of liquid pyrolytic was approximately 10.5% obtained in the conditions of temperature of 500 ?C, centrifugation speed of 20 Hz, an inert gas flow of 200 mL/min and feeding of biomass 22 g/min. The highest yield obtained for the gas phase was 23.3% for the temperature of 600 ?C, flow rate of 200 mL/min inert, frequency of rotation of the column of vapor condensation 30 Hz and flow of biomass of 22 g/min. The non-oxygenated aliphatic hydrocarbons were found in greater proportion in the bio-oil (55%) followed by aliphatic oxygenated (27%). The bio-oil had the following characteristics: pH 6.81, density between 1.05 and 1.09 g/mL, viscosity between 2.5 and 3.1 cSt and highest heating value between 16.91 and 17.85 MJ/ kg. The main components in the gas phase were: H2, CO, CO2 and CH4. Hydrogen was the main constituent of the gas mixture, with a yield of about 46.2% for a temperature of 600 ? C. Among the hydrocarbons formed, methane was found in higher yield (16.6%) for the temperature 520 oC. The solid phase obtained showed a high ash content (70%) due to the abundant presence of metals in coal, in particular iron, which was also present in bio-oil with a rate of 0.068% in the test performed at a temperature of 500 oC.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi produzir biocombust?veis (bio-?leo e g?s), a partir do tratamento t?rmico do lodo de esgoto dom?stico em cilindro rotativo, visando aplica??o industrial. A biomassa foi caracterizada por an?lise imediata e instrumental (An?lise Elementar, Microsc?pica Eletr?nica de Varredura - MEV, Difra??o de Raios-X, Espectroscopia no Infravermelho, ICP-OES). Um estudo cin?tico, em regime n?o estacion?rio foi realizado para o c?lculo da energia de ativa??o por An?lise T?rmica Gravim?trica avaliando os processos termoqu?micos e termocatal?ticos do lodo, sendo este ?ltimo na presen?a da ze?lita USY. Como esperado, a energia de ativa??o avaliada pelo modelo matem?tico "Model-free kinetics" aplicando t?cnicas isoconversionais foi menor para os ensaios catal?ticos (57,9 108,9 kJ/mol, no intervalo de convers?es da biomassa de 40 ? 80%). A planta pirol?tica, em escala de laborat?rio ? constitu?da de um reator de cilindro rotativo cujo comprimento ? 100 cm, com capacidade de processar at? 1 Kg biomassa/h. No processo da pir?lise termoqu?mica foram estudados os seguintes par?metros: temperatura da rea??o (500 ? 600 ?C), vaz?o do g?s de arraste (50 ? 200 mL/min), freq??ncia de rota??o de centrifuga??o (20 ? 30 Hz) para condensa??o do bio-?leo e vaz?o m?ssica de biomassa (4 e 22 g/min). Os produtos obtidos durante o processo (l?quido pirol?tico, carv?o e g?s) foram caracterizados atrav?s de t?cnicas anal?ticas cl?ssicas e instrumentais. O rendimento m?ximo de l?quido pirol?tico foi da ordem de 10,5% obtido nas condi??es de temperatura de 500 ?C, rota??o da centrifuga??o de 20 Hz, vaz?o de g?s inerte de 200 mL/min e vaz?o m?ssica de biomassa 22 g/min. O maior rendimento obtido para a fase gasosa foi de 23,3 %, para a temperatura da rea??o de 600 oC, vaz?o de inerte 200 mL/min, freq??ncia de rota??o da coluna de condensa??o de vapores 30 Hz e vaz?o m?ssica de biomassa de 22 g/min. Os hidrocarbonetos alif?ticos n?o oxigenados foram encontrados em maior propor??o no bio-?leo (55%) seguido pelos compostos alif?ticos oxigenados (27%). O bio-?leo apresentou as seguintes caracter?sticas: pH 6,81, densidade entre 1,05 e 1,09 g/mL, viscosidade entre 2,5 e 3,1 cSt e poder calor?fico superior entre 16,91 e 17,85 MJ/kg. Os principais componentes obtidos na fase gasosa foram: H2, CO, CO2, CH4. O hidrog?nio foi o principal constituinte da mistura gasosa, com rendimento da ordem de 46,2 %, para a temperatura de 600 oC e, dentre os hidrocarbonetos formados, o metano foi encontrado em maior rendimento (16,6 %) para a temperatura 520 oC. A fase s?lida obtida apresentou elevado teor de cinzas (70%), devido ? presen?a abundante de metais no carv?o, em particular, o ferro, o qual esteve tamb?m presente no bio-?leo com um percentual de 0,068 % no ensaio realizado na temperatura de 500 oC
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Rosendorfová, Lenka. "Metody termického zneškodnění čistírenských kalů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228161.
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The first part of this diploma thesis targets in the formation of summary of methods of sewage sludge thermal treatment. Sludge is dangerous material rising from water treatment. Original water pollution is concentrated in sludge. Spectrum of the different methods of sludge disposal is very vast, thermal methods belong to the most advanced ones. Nowadays, legislative rules and regulations make more restrictive, hence sludge disposal is problematic because of economic and ecological view of point. The second part of this diploma thesis is dealt with perspective sludge management at the Central Waste Water Treatment Plant Prague concerning sludge drying and consequent sludge incineration.