Journal articles: 'Pyrolysis. Sewage sludge. Water Sewage'

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Lu, Tao, Hao Ran Yuan, Shun Gui Zhou, Hong Yu Huang, Kobayashi Noriyuki, and Yong Chen. "On the Pyrolysis of Sewage Sludge: The Influence of Pyrolysis Temperature on Biochar, Liquid and Gas Fractions." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 3412–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.3412.

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Pyrolytic conversion of sewage sludge to biochar, oil and gas is an environmentally and economically acceptable way comparable to conventional options for sewage sludge disposal. The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of pyrolysis temperature on production of biochar fraction for agronomic application, oil and gas fractions for energy utilization. Sewage sludge samples collected from an urban sewage treatment plant were pyrolysed in a bench–scale quartz tubular furnace over the temperature range of 300-700°C.The results indicated that the biochar fraction yield decreased, the yields of liquid (oil and water) fraction and gas fraction increased by evaluating the pyrolysis temperature. Concentration of heavy metals and nutrient elements present in biochar varied with pyrolysis temperature, the heating value of oil from liquid fraction fluctuated between 26938.3 and 30757.9kJ/kg, the heating value of gas fraction increased from 4012kJ/Nm3 to 12077 kJ/Nm3 with the increasing pyrolysis temperature.

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Ma, Wenchao, Guiyue Du, Jian Li, Yuanhao Fang, Li’an Hou, Guanyi Chen, and Degang Ma. "Supercritical water pyrolysis of sewage sludge." Waste Management 59 (January 2017): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.10.053.

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Morrison, Rowan N., Daniel E. Vasquez, Greg J. Griffin, and Donavan C. O. Marney. "Catalytic Pyrolysis of Sewage Sludge." Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (May 2011): 3009–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.3009.

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Pyrolysis of dried sewage sludge samples treated with the additives silica zeolite, calcium oxide, dolomite, ammonium sulphate or diammonium sulphate were conducted by thermal gravimetric anaysis (TGA). The pyrolysis of the untreated sewage sludge showed four regions in which differential thermal gravimetry (DTG) peaks was observed. These peaks were identified as being due to: dehydration of the physically bound water in the sludge; chemical dehydration of carbohydrates in the sludge; decomposition of hemicellulose, cellulose and proteins in the sludge, and; decomposition of lignin and plastics in the sludge. Addition of chemical additives changed the mass-loss due to chemical dehydration, with the dolomite additive reducing the mass-loss and AS or DAP increasing the mass-loss. AS and DAP also changed the mass-loss kinetics of the decomposition of hemicellulose and cellulose. At temperatures greater than 750°C, the proportion of sludge converted to char was unaffected by the type of additive used. The observed mass-loss data was modelled with a three or four step kinetic mechanism; the calculated kinetic parameters are reported.

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Bridle, T. R., and D. Pritchard. "Energy and nutrient recovery from sewage sludge via pyrolysis." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 9 (November 1, 2004): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0562.

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Energy recovery and nutrient reuse from sewage sludge has traditionally been achieved via anaerobic digestion/power generation with land application of the biosolids. By contrast, thermal processes such as pyrolysis have typically been used only for energy recovery. One such technology has demonstrated at commercial scale that all of the energy in sludge can be beneficially recovered and reused. No attempt was however made to recover and reuse sludge nutrients. There are many potential benefits of using pyrolysis for both energy and nutrient recovery. Firstly, unlike digestion, the principal energy product is oil, which can readily be stored and used when required, ensuring that energy recovery is maximised. Secondly is that the sludge nutrients are recovered in the pyrolysis char. Laboratory soil incubation studies using char from the Subiaco demonstration plant were conducted over an eight-week period to confirm nutrient availability. Results from this study showed that the phosphorus in the char is plant available although the nitrogen was insoluble. Based on these results it appears that there is potential to use pyrolysis as an effective means to recover and reuse both the energy and the very valuable phosphorus present in sewage sludges.

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Stolarek, P., and S. Ledakowicz. "Thermal processing of sewage sludge by drying, pyrolysis, gasification and combustion." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 10 (November 1, 2001): 333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0655.

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Thermal processing of sewage sludge including drying, pyrolysis and gasification or combustion may be an alternative to other ways of utilising it. In this paper thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was employed in the investigation of thermal decomposition of sewage sludge. The kinetic parameters of drying, pyrolysis and gasification or combustion of sewage sludge have been determined in an inert-gas (argon) and additionally some series of the sludge decomposition experiments have been carried out in air, in order to compare pyrolysis and combustion. The pyrolysis char has been gasified with carbon dioxide. A typical approach to the kinetics of thermal decomposition of a solid waste is to divide the volatile evolution into a few fractions (lumps), each of which is represented by a single first-order reaction. If these lumps are assumed to be non-interacting and evolved by independent parallel reactions the first-order kinetic parameters such as activation energy Ei and pre-exponential factor Ai can be determined from mathematical evaluation of TG or DTG curves. The object of our investigations was a municipal sludge from the two wastewater treatment plants (WTP) in Poland. The experiments have been carried out in the thermobalance Mettler-Toledo type TGA/SDTA851 LF, in the temperature range 30-1,000°C. Five different values of heating rate have been applied β = 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 K/min. The values of Ei and Ai have been determined for all recognised lumps of gaseous products. The method employed has also revealed its usefulness for the determination of kinetic parameters for municipal sludge, that possess an undefined content. An alternative route to combustion of sewage sludge is its gasification, which significantly increases the gaseous product (pyrolytic gas + syngas). Besides pyrolysis kinetics, gasification or combustion process kinetics have also been determined.

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Menéndez, J. A., M. Inguanzo, and J. J. Pis. "Microwave-induced pyrolysis of sewage sludge." Water Research 36, no. 13 (July 2002): 3261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(02)00017-9.

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Zhao, Xu Xin, Chang Kun Liu, Lin Fang, and Xiao Fang Yue. "Study and Application of the Pyrolysis-Combustion Process for the Sewage Sludge." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 2085–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.2085.

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This paper designed and investigated the pyrolysis combustion process of the sewage sludge, based on the combustion properties and self-sustained combustion conditions of the sewage sludge. The water content of the sludge was first reduced to less than 55% through the mechanically dewater. Then, the sludge was combusted in the pyrolysis-combustion chain grate stoker. A sewage sludge pyrolysis-combustion system was designed, with the processing capacity of 15 tons of sawage sludge per day. The results of the pilot test show that a dynamic equilibrium was reached among the drying, pyrolysis, gasification and combustion process. In addition, the emission of the pollutant reached the national standard of the pollutant discharging criteria. The system owns the advantages of less investment, low operation cost and environmental friendliness. Furthermore, the system may solve the problem of the excess sludge accumulation of the wastewater treatment plant. The waste heat can be recycled, and the burning ash can be used as construction materials.

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Masciandaro, Grazia, Eleonora Peruzzi, and Steen Nielsen. "Sewage sludge and waterworks sludge stabilization in sludge treatment reed bed systems." Water Science and Technology 76, no. 2 (April 13, 2017): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.155.

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In this study, results about sludge stabilization in sludge treatment reed bed (STRB) systems in two different systems, Hanningfield STRB 1 (England), treating waterworks sludge, and Stenlille STRB 2 (Denmark), treating surplus activated sludge, are presented. The study mainly focused on the effectiveness of the STRBs systems in stabilizing sludge organic matter; in fact, parameters correlated to biochemical and chemico-structural properties of organic sludge matter were determined. Dewatering and sludge stabilization were effective in both STRBs, as highlighted by total and volatile dry solids trend. β-glucosidase, phosphatase, arylsulphatase, leucine amino-peptidase and butyrate esterase activities, enzymes related to C, P, S, N and overall microbial activity, respectively, significantly declined along the profile in both STRBs. The determination of humic carbon highlighted the formation of a stable nucleus of humified organic matter in both STRBs in the deepest layers, thus meaning the successful stabilization of sludge organic matter for both kind of sludges. Similar conclusions can be drawn from pyrolysis gas chromatography analysis (Py-GC), which enables the characterization of soil organic matter quality from a chemical-structural point of view. The pyrolytic indices of mineralization and humification showed that in both STRBs the sludge organic matter is well stabilized.

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Werle, Sebastian. "Sewage Sludge-To-Energy Management In Eastern Europe: A Polish Perspective." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 22, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 459–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2015-0027.

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Abstract The Sewage Sludge Directive 86/278/EEC was adopted about 30 years ago with a view to encourage sewage sludge reuse in agriculture and to regulate its use. Meanwhile, some EU Member States have adopted stricter standards and management practices than those specified in the Directive. In particular, the majority of Member States has introduced more stringent standards for sludge quality, including stricter limits for most potentially toxic elements, organic contaminants and other elements. In general, untreated sludge is no longer applied and in several Member States it is prohibited. In some cases, stringent standards have resulted in an effective ban on use of sludge in agriculture. Moreover, the implementation of the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive 91/271/EC should increase EU production of sewage sludge, thus enhancing problems related to sustainable sewage sludge management. Additionally, European legislation prohibits the landfill and water deposits of sewage sludge. The latest trends in the field of sludge management, ie combustion, pyrolysis, gasification and co-combustion, have generated significant scientific interest. This trend is specially strong visible in “new” EU Members countries which have to introduce strong EU Directive in their low system. Here the review the state of knowledge and technology in thermal methods for the utilization of municipal sewage sludge to obtain useful forms of energy such as pyrolysis, gasification, combustion, and co-combustion taking into consideration Poland situation is presented.

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Xu, Wen-Ying, and Di Wu. "Characterization of char from slow pyrolysis of sewage sludge." Water Science and Technology 73, no. 10 (February 16, 2016): 2370–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.090.

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The effects of final pyrolysis temperature Tend from 300 ºC to 550 ºC, heating rates β of 2 ºC/min, 3 ºC/min and 5 ºC/min, retention time RT from 45 min to 90 min, and the moisture content MC from 0 to 70% on characteristics of the pyrolysis char from sewage sludge were investigated using a tube furnace in this study. The resulting chars were characterized by sorption of nitrogen (surface area and pore volume). Their adsorption characteristics were evaluated via iodine value and methylene blue value. Either the pore structures or adsorption characteristics depend on the pyrolysis processing and moisture content of the sludge precursors. In terms of iodine value and surface area of the char, Tend of 450 ºC, RT of 75 min and β of 3 ºC/min proved the optimum combination of pyrolysis parameters. The chars have an undeveloped mesopore and macropore structure and a developed micropore structure. The sodium phenoxide adsorption equilibrium data fit well with the Langmuir model of adsorption, suggesting monolayer coverage of sodium phenoxide molecules at the surface of the char. Its adsorption mechanism is mainly physical in nature, enhanced by chemisorption.

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Zuo, Wu, Bao Sheng Jin, Ya Zhang, and Yu Sun. "Characterization of Bio-Oil Obtained from Sewage Sludge Pyrolysis Catalyzed by Char." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 2629–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.2629.

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The pyrolysis of sewage sludge (SS) in the presence of sewage sludge pyrolysis char (SSC) as catalyst was conduct in a horizontal reactor at 500°C. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), element analysis, high heating value (HHV) analysis, water content analysis and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) were used to characterize the pyrolysis oil. The declined char yields with increased SSC mix ratio (MR) indicated that SSC could promote the devolatilization reaction. Meanwhile the declined top phase oil (TPO) yield and increased bottom phase oil (BPO) and gas yield showed that crack reaction may happen catalyzed by SSC. According to the result of GC-MS, aliphatics and steroids content drops apparently since MR increased to 50 wt.%, while aromatic compounds and phenols content increased at the same time. Element analysis showed an apparent transportation of hydrogen and oxygen from TPO to BPO. HHV of TPO decreased with MR increased. The result of GPC indicated that increased MR caused continuing decreased average molecular weight of TPO. Consequently, the increased SSC addition could promote the devolatilization and large molecular compounds catalysis crack of sewage sludge.

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Schaum, C., D. Lensch, and P. Cornel. "Evaluation of the energetic potential of sewage sludge by characterization of its organic composition." Water Science and Technology 73, no. 12 (April 15, 2016): 3072–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.188.

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Abstract The composition of sewage sludge and, thus, its energetic potential is influenced by wastewater and wastewater treatment processes. Higher or lower heating values (HHV or LHV) are decisive factors for the incineration/gasification/pyrolysis of sewage sludge. The HHV is analyzed with a bomb calorimeter and converted to the LHV. It is also possible to calculate the heating value via chemical oxygen demand (COD), total volatile solids (TVS), and elemental composition. Calculating the LHV via the COD provides a suitable method. In contrast, the correlation of the HHV or LHV with the TVS is limited. One prerequisite here is a constant specific energy density; this was given with the types of sewage sludge (primary, surplus/excess, and digested sludge) investigated. If the energy density is not comparable with sewage sludge, for instance with the co-substrate (bio-waste, grease, etc.), the estimation of the heating value using TVS will fail. When calculating the HHV or LHV via the elemental composition, one has to consider the validity of the coefficients of the calculation equation. Depending on the organic composition, it might be necessary to adjust the coefficients, e.g. when adding co-substrates.

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Chen, Tao, Bo Yan, Da-Mao Xu, and Li-li Li. "Enhanced adsorption performance of methylene blue from aqueous solutions onto modified adsorbents prepared from sewage sludge." Water Science and Technology 78, no. 4 (August 14, 2018): 803–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.351.

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Abstract In the present work, an attractive and creative adsorbent derived from sewage sludge was freshly fabricated via pyrolysis technology, followed by modification for improving the absorptive ability. First, the (NH4)2S2O8 modified pyrolytic sludge (MSAP) was selected from 19 modified pyrolytic sludges for the highest removal efficiency and adsorption capacity for methylene blue (MB). Then, the adsorption performance for MB of MSAP was compared systematically with the pristine adsorbent (MSDW) by batch adsorption experiments. The main conclusions were that the adsorption process was better fitted with the Langmuir model, and the maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of MSAP was observed to be 149.05 mg g−1. Moreover, the adsorption kinetics data showed a good fit with the pseudo second order model; when the addition of MSAP was 1.0 g·L−1, the rate constant was 0.05 g·mg−1·min−1, which was far greater than that of the other modified adsorbents.

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Bridle, T. R., and S. Skrypski-Mantele. "Experience and lessons learned from sewage sludge pyrolysis in Australia." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 10 (May 1, 2004): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0648.

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Management of sewage sludge via “publicly acceptable” methods is becoming increasingly difficult, primarily due to health and environmental concerns with respect to reuse of the product in agriculture. Consequently thermal processes are gaining popularity with significantly increased interest being shown in pyrolysis and gasification processes, due to their “non-incineration status”. One such process is the ENERSLUDGE™ technology which has been developed and commercialised by Environmental Solutions International Ltd (ESI). The world's first commercial ENERSLUDGE™ plant is located at the Subiaco Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) that was handed over to the client, the Water Corporation of Western Australia in June 2001. Extensive design knowledge and operational experience has now been accumulated from this commercial pyrolysis facility and future applications of the technology will benefit immensely from the lessons learned and experience gained from this facility.

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Huang, Jingjing, Huajun Feng, Yufeng Jia, Dongsheng Shen, and Yingfeng Xu. "Sewage sludge-derived carbon-doped manganese as efficient cathode catalysts in microbial fuel cells." Water Science and Technology 80, no. 8 (October 15, 2019): 1399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.344.

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Abstract Searching for efficient and inexpensive catalysts to replace precious metal-based catalyst in air-cathode microbial fuel cells is crucial for the practical application and commercialization in wastewater treatment and energy generation. Here, through a simple pyrolysis process, sewage sludge could be converted into carbon material with hierarchically porous structure, which demonstrates oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalytic performance. Subsequently, co-doping Mn and N species on the carbonized sewage sludge matrix could further improve the ORR catalytic performance, which even demonstrates comparable performance to the commercial expensive Pt/C catalyst in air-cathode microbial fuels cells (MFC). The highest maximum power density of MFC with Mn-N/SC air-cathode is as high as 1,120 mW m−2, which is similar to the power density of the air-cathode MFC equipped commercialized Pt/C catalyst (1,240 mW m−2). Considering the simple operation, significant cost-saving and easy scale-up of the proposed ‘trash-to-treasure’ method, it is promising to convert harmful sewage sludge into efficient non-platinum cathode catalysts in microbial fuel cells.

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Steger, M. Th. "Fate of Chlorinated Organic Compounds during Thermal Conversion of Sewage Sludge." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 9-11 (November 1, 1992): 2261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0711.

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Investigations show that polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxines contained in sewage sludge can be decomposed by means of thermal conversion (pyrolysis). In the trial conducted a complete decomposition, however, could not be reached. By partly decomposition compounds were produced which were lower in chlorine content but higher in toxicity. The results indicate that a complete decomposition could be reached by optimizing the process.

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Velázquez Machuca, Martha Alicia, Juan Rosario Equihua Soriano, José Venegas González, José Luis Montañez Soto, José Luis Pimentel Equihua, and Milton Muñoz Navia. "Caracterización física y química de biochar de lodos residuales." REVISTA TERRA LATINOAMERICANA 37, no. 3 (July 15, 2019): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.28940/terra.v37i3.409.

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Pyrolysis treatment of sewage sludge to generate biochar is one of the current alternatives for environmental management of this waste. The treatment transforms sewage sludge into biochar, conserves some of the characteristics that give it an important agronomic value and reduces its pathogen content. The objective of this study was to analyze the potential use of the sewage sludge biochar obtained from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of Morelia, Michoacán, México, as an agricultural soil improver considering the physical-chemical properties of the material and its content of nutrients and heavy metals as indicators. The sewage sludge was subjected to pyrolysis (SSB) in an experimental scale reactor that uses solar energy, with six residence times and temperature of 280 to 355 oC. The parameters analyzed were: pH EC, OM, Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe available (DTPA and EDTA), elemental composition (C, N, O, Ca, Mg, Na, K, P, S, Cl, Si, Al, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb). The EC of the SSB obtained was from 592 to 5240 μS cm‑1, pH = 6.33 to 7.02, OM = 3.8 to 5.6%, high contents of C, N, P (31 to 38%, 6.5 to 7.7% and 37.7 to 48.8 g kg‑1, respectively), low Na/Ca ratio and a low content of total and available heavy metals. The properties of the SSB obtained indicate that it can be used as an agricultural soil improver since it is a material with high nutrient content and low environmental risk in terms of its low heavy metal content. These results should be complemented with studies on the response of plants to BLR, monitoring of physical-chemical conditions and analysis of organic contaminants in soil and water where this material is applied.

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Xu, Jinglu, Yang Yu, Kang Ding, Zhiying Liu, Lei Wang, and Yanhua Xu. "Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation of hydroquinone using sewage sludge-derived carbonaceous catalysts." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 5 (January 16, 2018): 1410–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.001.

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Abstract This study converted sewage sludge into a carbonaceous catalyst via pyrolysis and employed it in the ozonation of hydroquinone. The catalyst was characterized by Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, temperature programmed desorption, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Intermediate products were detected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and a pathway for hydroquinone degradation was proposed. The results showed that sludge pyrolyzed at 700 °C promoted hydroquinone degradation, compared with commercial activated carbon derived from coal. When the catalyst dose was 0.5 g/L, the hydroquinone (200 mg/L) removal rate reached 97.86% after exposure to ozone (the ozone concentration was 17 mg/L and the flow rate was 50 mL/min) for 60 min. The results indicated that basic groups contributed to the catalysis.

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Frišták, Vladimír, and Gerhard Soja. "Effect Of Wood-Based Biochar And Sewage Sludge Amendments For Soil Phosphorus Availability." Nova Biotechnologica et Chimica 14, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nbec-2015-0020.

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Abstract This study investigated the effects of two biochars (pyrolysed wood chips and garden clippings) on phosphorus (P) availability in a heavy-metal contaminated soil poor in phosphorus. Short-term 14-days incubation experiments were conducted to study how applications of biochars at different rates (1 and 5 %) in combination with (1:1) and without dried sewage sludge from a municipal waste water treatment plant (WWTP) affected the content of soil extractable P. For P-availability analyses deionized water, calcium acetate lactate (CAL), Mehlich 3 and Olsen extraction protocols were applied. In addition, the content of total and mobile forms of potentially toxic heavy metals (PTHM) was studied. Application of both biochars caused a significant decrease of PTHM available forms in sewage sludge amended soil samples. The concentration of total and available P increased with higher biochar and sewage sludge application rates.

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Paterson, N., Y. Zhuo, G. P. Reed, D. R. Dugwell, and R. Kandiyoti. "PYROLYSIS AND GASIFICATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE IN A SPOUTED-BED REACTOR." Water and Environment Journal 18, no. 2 (May 2004): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2004.tb00503.x.

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Fan, Xiulei, Jiajun Zhang, Ya Xie, Dezhi Xu, Yu Liu, Jiaqiang Liu, and Jun Hou. "Biochar produced from the co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and waste tires for cadmium and tetracycline adsorption from water." Water Science and Technology 83, no. 6 (February 12, 2021): 1429–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.058.

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Abstract Application of sewage sludge biochar as an adsorbent for pollutant removal has obtained special attention due to their low cost and surface functionality. In this research, sludge–tire composite biochar (STB) was successfully prepared through co-pyrolysis at 300, 500 and 700 °C, respectively. Cadmium (Cd) and tetracycline (TC) were selected as the target pollutant. The results indicated that STB has the highest surface area (49.71 m2/g), more inorganic minerals (Kaolinite) as well as relatively stable physicochemical properties with 10% tire particles (TP) at 700 °C. The adsorption results indicated that the pseudo-second-order equation and Langmuir isotherm model could better describe the adsorption of Cd2+ and TC by STB. The maximum adsorption capacity of Cd2+ and TC was 50.25 mg/g and 90.09 mg/g, respectively. The main mechanism of the adsorption process of STB for Cd mainly involves anion binding adsorption and ion exchange. The main mechanism of the adsorption process of STB for TC mainly involves complexation and cation exchange. The present study could set a scientific foundation for further research on the recycle of sewage sludge and tires.

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Pearce, P., N. Mills, and P. Winter. "Novel sludge management options for a large UK water company." Water Practice and Technology 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2014.021.

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Thames Water is the largest water company in the UK. The company treats about 400,000 tonnes dry solids (tds) p.a. sewage sludge. The company's current strategic investment plans focus on improving treatment through enhanced digestion and reducing the wet mass of sludge recycled to land. Thames recognises sludge as a resource and is evaluating advanced options to unlock the full energy potential from sludge. Anaerobic digestion has been the foundation of sludge treatment and, in combination with combined heat and power, is the main process for recovering renewable energy in Thames Water and in the UK Water Industry. It is our view that sludge drying is an essential stage for advanced energy recovery process technologies such as pyrolysis or gasification. Efficient use of waste heat is critical to the economic and environmental sustainability of sludge management. Innovative technologies are a key part for the vision to convert a water company into a renewable energy provider.

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Jeyaseelan, S., and Gao Qing Lu. "Development of adsorbent/catalyst from municipal wastewater sludge." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 3-4 (August 1, 1996): 499–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0469.

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The objective of this research work is to investigate the possibility of using sewage sludge as a source to produce adsorbent for odorous gas removal. The basic method of adsorbent preparation is pyrolysis in nitrogen gas. The effects of heating temperature and resident time are investigated. Treatments such as drying in air at low temperature and soaking in chemicals prior to pyrolysis are attempted. The prepared adsorbents are characterized by an automatic surface area porosimeter in terms of BET surface area, pore size distribution. The highest BET surface area achieved is 309 m2/g, where the sludge is soaked in 5M zinc chloride solution and dried at low temperature before heating to 650°C for two hours. Laboratory tests at 17.5 ppm H2S concentration show that the sludge-derived adsorbent has an H2S adsorption capacity 25% that of a commercial activated carbon (Calgon IVP 4×6) over 15 hours of duration.

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Steger, Martin Th, and Wolfgang Meißner. "Drying and low temperature conversion - a process combination to treat sewage sludge obtained from oil refineries." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 10 (November 1, 1996): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0249.

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Sewage sludge from oil refineries poses special problems in the disposal of solid, and often hazardous waste. Drying followed by low temperature conversion (i.e., pyrolysis at 400°C) renders sludge to fuel oil and char. This process was operated in full scale, using an input of 40 tonnes. An overall oil yield of 35% and a rate of 45% of char referring to the input of dried solids was achieved during the conversion process using a sludge having 16% dried solids concentration. Halogenated organics and PAH present in the the feed sludge were reduced during the conversion process by 98.4% and 83.7% respectively. Mercury was completely removed from the fuel oil and char through adsorption to the residue of oil/water separation (centrifugal sludge). The conversion oil produced meets fuel oil standards and can be used for industrial purposes. The char produced can be used as a reducing agent in steel manufacture.

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Gascó, Gabriel, Ana Méndez, and José María Gascó. "Preparation of carbon-based adsorbents from sewage sludge pyrolysis to remove metals from water." Desalination 180, no. 1-3 (August 2005): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.01.006.

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Kumi, Andy G., Mona G. Ibrahim, Mahmoud Nasr, and Manabu Fujii. "Biochar Synthesis for Industrial Wastewater Treatment: A Critical Review." Materials Science Forum 1008 (August 2020): 202–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1008.202.

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Excess sludge generated from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) can cause negative impacts on human health, water bodies, aquatic plants, and soil quality. However, the produced sludge could be appropriately managed to obtain various economic and environmental benefits. One of the feasible and practical options of sludge management is the synthesize of biochar via oxygen-limited pyrolysis. The use of biochar adsorbent for pollutant removal offers various advantages such as high adsorption capability, low operating and chemical costs, no production of toxins. Hence, this study addresses the applications of sewage sludge-derived biochar for industrial wastewater treatment. The methods of sludge collection, drying, pulverization, and pyrolysis are illustrated. Biochar characterization methods (SEM, EDX, XRD, and FTIR analyses) and mechanisms of the adsorption process are described. The sludge-derived biochar could be used as an adsorptive material for industrial effluent treatment. Recommendations for future studies that could enhance the adsorption capacity of biochar and modified-biochar are given.

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Saud, Ali, Jouni Havukainen, Petteri Peltola, and Mika Horttanainen. "Integrating Pyrolysis or Combustion with Scrubbing to Maximize the Nutrient and Energy Recovery from Municipal Sewage Sludge." Recycling 6, no. 3 (August 4, 2021): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling6030052.

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Based on mass and energy balance calculations, this work investigates the possibility of recovering heat and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) from municipal sewage sludge using pyrolysis or combustion in combination with a gas scrubbing technology. Considering a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) with 65,000 t/a of mechanically dewatered digestate (29% total solids), 550 t/a nitrogen and 500 t/a phosphorus were recovered from the 4900 t/a total nitrogen and 600 t/a total phosphorus that entered the WWTP. Overall, 3600 t/a (73%) of total nitrogen was lost to the air (as N2) and clean water, while 90 t/a (15%) of total phosphorus was lost to clean water released by the WWTP. Both in combustion and in pyrolysis, the nitrogen (3%) released within thermal drying fumes was recovered through condensate stripping and subsequent gas scrubbing, and together with the recovery of nitrogen from WWTP reject water, a total of 3500 t/a of ammonium sulfate fertilizer can be produced. Furthermore, 120 GWh/a of district heat and 9700 t/a of ash with 500 t/a phosphorus were obtained in the combustion scenario and 12,000 t/a of biochar with 500 t/a phosphorus was obtained in the pyrolysis scenario. The addition of a stripper and a scrubber for nitrogen recovery increases the total electricity consumption in both scenarios. According to an approximate cost estimation, combustion and pyrolysis require annual investment costs of 2–4 M EUR/a and 2–3 M EUR/a, respectively, while 3–5 M EUR/a and 3–3.5 M EUR/a will be generated as revenues from the products.

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Yu., Sniezhkin, Zh Petrova, V. Paziuk, and Yu Novikova. "STATE OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES IN UKRAINE AND THE WORLD." Thermophysics and Thermal Power Engineering 43, no. 1 (March 4, 2021): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ttpe.1.2021.1.

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In sewage treatment plants, sludge is formed during wastewater treatment, in addition to treated water. They are dumped on silt sites, which occupy large areas and almost all overcrowding. The content of large amounts of minerals and toxic substances in sediments leads to the deterioration of underwater waters and land, which in turn leads to the deterioration of ecology and life in Ukraine. An urgent task in Ukraine is to create a comprehensive processing of sludge, which includes economic, technological, social and environmental aspects. The main methods of sludge disposal are use in agriculture, landfilling, incineration and dumping into the sea or ocean. The country is gradually trying to abandon the burial. European Union countries also process sludge aerobically and anaerobically. During these processes, components of organo-mineral fertilizers are created that can be used in agriculture. As fertilizers, sludge is composted, stabilized and pasteurized. Combustion of sludge allows to obtain a substitute for coal and oil. To increase the heat of combustion and improve combustion parameters to sludge sludge add coal, biomass. Low-temperature pyrolysis of sewage sludge and household waste, which allows to obtain "crude oil". One of the methods is processing in biogas plants to obtain both biogas and environmentally friendly fertilizers. To increase the efficiency of treatment and reduction of sludge disposal of used stagnation-ments vermiculture. Analysis of the literature allows us to conclude that there are methods of disposal of sludge, which have become widespread in various countries around the world, such as fertilizers, alternative fuels, landfills and others. When disposing of sludge, it is possible to produce biogas, electricity and heat, which reduces energy costs for the process.

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Dobele, Galina, Nicolay Bogdanovich, Galina Telysheva, and Uldis Viestürs. "Application of sorbent obtained by pyrolysis of sewage sludge for biological treatment of waste water." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 57-58, no. 1 (March 1996): 857–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02941766.

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Deng, L. Y., G. R. Xu, and G. B. Li. "Surface properties and adsorption characteristics to methylene blue and iodine of adsorbents from sludge." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 8 (August 1, 2010): 1705–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.372.

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Adsorbent materials created from wastewater sludge have unique surface characteristics and could be effective in adsorption applications. In this research, the sludge-adsorbents were generated by pyrolyzing mixtures of sewage sludge and H2SO4. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS) were used to analyze the properties of sludge-adsorbent. XPS results show that the adsorbent surface functional groups with high contents of oxygen-containing groups serve as active sites for the adsorption and affect the surface characteristics; the adsorption mechanism of methylene blue (MB) is mainly Brönsted acid-base reaction between the adsorbent surface and MB; and iodine atoms are bonded to the surface of the adsorbent mainly by dispersive interactions rather than by electrostatic interactions. The results also show that H2SO4 level, pyrolysis temperature and sulfuric acid/sludge weight ratio actually affected the adsorption characteristics. Using the conditions (H2SO4 level of 1–18 M, pyrolysis temperature of 650°C, and weight ratio of 0.8), the adsorption capacities for MB and iodine were 74.7–62.3 mg g−1 and 169.5–209.3 mg g−1, respectively.

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Zaharioiu, Anca, Felicia Bucura, Eusebiu Ilarian Ionete, Roxana Elena Ionete, Daniela Ebrasu, Claudia Sandru, Florian Marin, et al. "Thermochemical Decomposition of Sewage Sludge � An Eco-Friendly Solution for a Sustainable Energy Future by Using Wastes." Revista de Chimie 71, no. 10 (November 3, 2020): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.20.10.8361.

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The study aims to promote clean energy technologies that ensure the recycling and recovery of waste, namely the sewage sludge (SS), by converting it into products (e.g. oil, gas) with added value, contributing thus to reducing the negative impact on environment and health. An experimental setup was proposed in order to achieve the pyrolysis process, by varying the heating rate, (5�C/min, 10�C/min and 50�C/min). The resulted products, namely i) char - SSPyChar, ii) oil - SSPyOil and iii) gas - SSPyGas, were investigated in terms of elemental content, high heat value (HHV), low heat value (LHV) and emission factor (EF). The pyrolysis oils obtained with lower heating rate, 5�C/min and 10 �C/min, presented higher HHV, in comparison with the oils obtained at 50 �C/min, which were rich in water. These oils can have a negative impact on the environment, through their combustion due to their high content of N (6 wt%) and S (1.2 wt%), responsible for the formation of NOx and SOx. Pyrolysis gas revealed in its composition high contents of hydrocarbons (C1-C6), carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2). The highest HHV was obtained by using 5�C/min increment, namely 33.81 MJ/m3. Also, the pyrolysis gases had comparable energy values with natural gas, biogas or gases resulted from the plastic pyrolysis.

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Koetlisi, Koetlisi Andreas, and Pardon Muchaonyerwa. "Sorption of Selected Heavy Metals with Different Relative Concentrations in Industrial Effluent on Biochar from Human Faecal Products and Pine-Bark." Materials 12, no. 11 (May 31, 2019): 1768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12111768.

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The removal of heavy metals from effluents at source could reduce contamination of soil and water bodies. A batch sorption experiment was performed to determine the effects of feedstock of biochars pyrolysed at increasing temperature on sorption capacities of Cu, Cr and Zn from industrial effluent and aqueous solutions. Sewage sludge, latrine faecal waste and pine-bark biochars were used. The sorption data were fitted to the Langmuir isotherm. Maximum sorption capacities of latrine waste, sewage sludge and pine-bark biochar (350 °C) were, respectively, 313, 400 and 233 mg kg−1 for Zn, 102, 98.0 and 33.3 mg kg−1 for Cu, and 18.9, 13.8 and 67.1 mg kg−1 for Cr from industrial effluent. Conversely, sorption capacities from single metal solutions were 278, 227 and 104 mg Zn kg−1, 97.1, 137 and 21.3 mg Cu kg−1, 122, 106 and 147 mg Cr kg−1 on latrine waste, sewage sludge and pine-bark biochar, respectively. Step-wise regression analysis showed that the combined effects of ash, fixed C, pH influenced Zn sorption, ash and fixed C affected Cu sorption, and Cr sorption by ash and specific surface area of the biochar. The findings of the study imply that biochar from human faecal waste, particularly sewage sludge, has the potential to be utilized as sorbents of heavy metals from multiple metal effluent and that the sorption is affected by relative concentrations.

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Lu, G. Q. (Max). "Effect of Pre-Drying on the Pore Structure Development of Sewage Sludge during Pyrolysis." Environmental Technology 16, no. 5 (May 1995): 495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593331608616291.

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Chun, Young Nam, and Byeo Ri Jeong. "Characteristics of the microwave pyrolysis and microwave CO2-assisted gasification of dewatered sewage sludge." Environmental Technology 39, no. 19 (July 28, 2017): 2484–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2017.1357758.

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Chiang, P. C., and J. H. You. "The Possible Utilization of Waste Sludge as an Adsorbent for Removal of Organic Vapor." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 7-8 (July 1, 1986): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0316.

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In this investigation it was found that the waste sludge obtained from a municipal sewage treatment plant could be reclaimed as an adsorbent for removal of organic vapours, i.e. toluene, methyl-ethyl-ketone and 1-1-2-trichloroethylene, through use of a pyrolysis technique. In order to find the optimum manufacturing process, several tests were performed under various conditions in which the addition of a catalyst, temperature control, and residence time in the furnace, were considered as the three major factors. Both the reclaimed adsorbent and commercially available activated carbon were evaluated to determine their adsorption capacity at various influent concentrations of organic vapours.

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Gil-Lalaguna, Noemí, Isabel Fonts, Gloria Gea, María B. Murillo, and Luisa Lázaro. "Reduction of Water Content in Sewage Sludge Pyrolysis Liquid by Selective Online Condensation of the Vapors." Energy & Fuels 24, no. 12 (December 16, 2010): 6555–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef101024j.

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Mininni, G., C. M. Braguglia, and D. Marani. "Partitioning of Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in sewage sludge incineration by rotary kiln and fluidized bed furnaces." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 8 (April 1, 2000): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0143.

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The behaviour of four metals (Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn) during sewage sludge incineration was studied in eight pilot plant tests performed with a rotary kiln (RK) and a fluidised bed (FB) furnace. To simulate sludge co-incineration with hazardous wastes, in three FB tests feed sludge was mixed with chlorinated organic compounds. Chromium and copper showed similar concentrations both in bottom or cyclone ash and in fly ash, even at high chlorine input and high combustion temperature. In contrast, zinc and lead concentrations in fly ash produced in RK tests are one or two orders of magnitude higher than those in bottom ash. However, not even these two metals showed significant enrichment in FB tests carried out at high chlorine input. The predictive capability of a thermodynamic model was checked by comparing predicted metal volatilisation in the combustion chamber with experimental metal enrichment in the fly ash. Large discrepancies were observed in FB tests carried out at high chlorine content, where Pb, Zn, and Cu are predicted to volatilise in great extent, andin RK tests where zinc volatilisation is not predicted. Likely explanations of these discrepancies are the very short solid residence times in the FB furnace (non equilibrium conditions) and the incomplete mixing conditions in the RK furnace (pyrolysis pockets). From the environmental impact point of view, the pilot tests suggest that sludge incineration with fluidised bed furnace is safer than the one using rotary kiln furnace.

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László, Zsuzsanna, Erika Simon, Cecilia Hodúr, and József Fenyvessy. "Novel Applications of Microwave Techniques in the Food and Environmental Industries." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 18 (March 4, 2005): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/18/3242.

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During the microwave processing, despite the conventional heating, the material heats consistently inside. This property of microwave is utilized by drying and dehydration processes. The thermal sensitivity of raw materials of food industry requires development of gentle, fast and controllable technologies, which is realizable by means of combination of conventional and microwave techniques. The other important application area of the microwave technique is food industrial practice is enhancing the microbial safety of products, mainly by pasteurization processes. In recent time the strict environmental regulation necessitate developing more effective treatment of wastes, waste waters and sewage sludge. Because a part of these techniques are heat and power demanded, the microwave technique may be an alternative process in execution of sludge conditioning, drying or gasification and pyrolysis.

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Pipíška, Martin, Simona Ballova, Vladimir Fristak, Libor Ďuriška, Miroslav Hornik, Stefan Demcak, Marian Holub, and Gerhard Soja. "Assessment of Pyrogenic Carbonaceous Materials for Effective Removal of Radiocesium." Key Engineering Materials 838 (April 2020): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.838.103.

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Pyrogenic carbonaceous materials produced by pyrolysis process of various waste feedstocks are increasingly used in non-soil applications such as water purification tools. Pyrogenic carbonaceous materials thermochemically converted from wood chips, corn cobs, garden green waste, cherry pits, walnut shells, pine cones and municipal sewage sludge in slow pyrolysis under N2 atmosphere, were characterized by total C analysis, specific surface area, volumes of micro- and mesopores and tested in batch experiments as potential radiocesium sorption materials. Cesium adsorption-desorption experiments were conducted using the 137Cs radioisotope. Although tested materials significantly differ in Cs removal, Cs+ ions uptake could be attributed to the mechanisms of Freundlich surface adsorption. The highest maximum sorption capacities were reached for pine cones, wood chips and garden waste pyrogenic materials and reached 95.9 to 126 μmol g-1. These results demonstrate suitability of selected Pyrogenic carbonaceous materials as Cs adsorbents potentially useable as reactive barriers for 137Cs contaminated effluents.

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40

Lima, José Romualdo De Sousa, Maysa Bezerra de Araújo, Cássio Lopes de Oliveira, Cleyton Tenório Barros, Alyson Da Silva Amorim, Antônio Lourenço Bezerra, Paulo Roberto Jaques Dill, et al. "Biochar de Lodo de Esgoto Aumenta a Produção e Eficiência no Uso de Água da Alface." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 13, no. 4 (July 13, 2020): 1720. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v13.4.p1720-1729.

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O lodo de esgoto (LE) é um resíduo sólido, oriundo de Estações de Tratamentos de Esgoto (ETE), rico em matéria orgânica, sendo capaz de melhorar as propriedades físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo. Contudo, o LE pode apresentar em sua composição elementos tóxicos e agentes patogênicos que trazem malefícios para saúde humana e para o meio ambiente. A transformação do LE, por meio do processo de pirólise, em biochar pode ser uma boa alternativa tanto do ponto de vista agrícola, quanto do ambiental. Desse modo, o presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de biochar de lodo de esgoto (BLE) na eficiência do uso da água (EUA), na evapotranspiração e na produção da cultura da alface. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, utilizando-se quatro tratamentos, consistindo de controle (sem biochar), BLE10 (10 t ha-1 de BLE), BLE20 (20 t ha-1 de BLE), BLE30 (30 t ha-1 de BLE), com três repetições. Foram avaliadas a biomassa, a evapotranspiração (ET) e a eficiência no uso de água (EUA) da alface. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na ET da alface com a adição de BLE ao solo. Contudo, verificou-se que houve um aumento crescente da produção da alface e da EUA com o aumento das doses de BLE. Assim, o BLE mostrou-se uma interessante alternativa para uma destinação adequada do lodo de esgoto gerado nas ETE. Sewage Sludge Biochar Increases Yield and Water Use Efficiency in Lettuce A B S T R A C TSewage sludge (SS) is a solid residue, originating from Sewage Treatment Plants (STP), rich in organic matter, being able to improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. However, SS can present in its composition toxic elements and pathogenic agents that bring harm to human health and the environment. The transformation of SS, through the pyrolysis process, into biochar can be a good alternative both from an agricultural and environmental point of view. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of sewage sludge biochar (SSB) on the water use efficiency (WUE) on evapotranspiration (ET) and on the yield of lettuce. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in a completely randomized design, using four treatments, consisting of control (without SSB), SSB10 (10 t ha-1 of SSB), SSB20 (20 t ha-1 of SSB), SSB30 (30 t ha-1 SSB), with three repetitions. Fresh biomass, evapotranspiration (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE) of lettuce were evaluated. No significant differences were observed in the lettuce ET with the addition of SSB to the soil. However, it was found that there was an increase in the yield of lettuce and the WUE with increasing doses of SSB. Thus, the SSB proved to be an interesting alternative for an adequate destination of the sewage sludge generated in the STPs.Key words: Waste; evapotranspiration; carbon.

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41

Yin, Qianqian, Mengtian Liu, and Huaipu Ren. "Biochar produced from the co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and walnut shell for ammonium and phosphate adsorption from water." Journal of Environmental Management 249 (November 2019): 109410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109410.

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Wiśniewski, Dariusz, Janusz Gołaszewski, and Andrzej Białowiec. "The pyrolysis and gasification of digestate from agricultural biogas plant / Piroliza i gazyfikacja pofermentu z biogazowni rolniczych." Archives of Environmental Protection 41, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aep-2015-0032.

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AbstractAnaerobic digestion residue represents a nutrient rich resource which, if applied back on land, can reduce the use of mineral fertilizers and improve soil fertility. However, dewatering and further thermal processing of digestate may be recommended in certain situations. Limited applicability of digestate as fertilizer may appear, especially in winter, during the vegetation period or in areas where advanced eutrophication of arable land and water bodies is developing. The use of digestate may be also governed by different laws depending on whether it is treated as fertilizer, sewage sludge or waste. The aim of this paper is to present the effects of thermal treatment of solid fraction of digestate by drying followed by pyrolysis and gasification. Pyrolysis was carried out at the temperature of about 500°C. During this process the composition of flammable gases was checked and their calorific value was assessed. Then, a comparative analysis of energy parameters of the digestate and the carbonizate was performed. Gasification of digestate was carried out at the temperature of about 850°C with use of CO2as the gasifi cation agent. Gasification produced gas with higher calorific value than pyrolysis, but carbonizate from pyrolysis had good properties to be used as a solid fuel

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Vogli, Luciano, Stefano Macrelli, Diego Marazza, Paola Galletti, Cristian Torri, Chiara Samorì, and Serena Righi. "Life Cycle Assessment and Energy Balance of a Novel Polyhydroxyalkanoates Production Process with Mixed Microbial Cultures Fed on Pyrolytic Products of Wastewater Treatment Sludge." Energies 13, no. 11 (May 28, 2020): 2706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112706.

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A “cradle-to-grave” life cycle assessment is performed to identify the environmental issues of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) produced through a hybrid thermochemical-biological process using anaerobically digested sewage sludge (ADSS) as feedstock. The assessment includes a measure of the energy performance of the process. The system boundary includes: (i) Sludge pyrolysis followed by volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production; (ii) PHAs-enriched biomass production using a mixed microbial culture (MMC); (iii) PHAs extraction with dimethyl carbonate; and iv) PHAs end-of-life. Three scenarios differing in the use of the syngas produced by both pyrolysis and biochar gasification, and two more scenarios differing only in the external energy sources were evaluated. Results show a trade-off between environmental impacts at global scale, such as climate change and resources depletion, and those having an effect at the local/regional scale, such as acidification, eutrophication, and toxicity. Process configurations based only on the sludge-to-PHAs route require an external energy supply, which determines the highest impacts with respect to climate change, resources depletion, and water depletion. On the contrary, process configurations also integrating the sludge-to-energy route for self-sustainment imply more onsite sludge processing and combustion; this results in the highest values of eutrophication, ecotoxicity, and human toxicity. There is not a categorical winner among the investigated configurations; however, the use of a selected mix of external renewable sources while using sludge to produce PHAs only seems the best compromise. The results are comparable to those of both other PHAs production processes found in the literature and various fossil-based and bio-based polymers, in terms of both non-biogenic GHG emissions and energy demand. Further process advancements and technology improvement in high impact stages are required to make this PHAs production process a competitive candidate for the production of biopolymers on a wide scale.

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Junyu, Zou, Song Zefeng, and Yang Yuesuo. "Preparation of low-cost sludge-based mesoporous carbon and its adsorption of tetracycline antibiotics." Water Science and Technology 79, no. 4 (February 15, 2019): 676–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.084.

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Abstract Preparation of sludge-derived mesoporous carbon materials (SMCs) through pyrolysis of excess activated sludge from urban municipal sewage plants is an effective means of reducing pollution and utilizing a waste resource. This paper presented a method of SMC preparation in which calcium oxide (CaO), polyacrylamide (PAM), and chitosan (CAS) flocculating agents were used as pore-forming additives. Physical and chemical characterizations of the prepared SMCs were conducted by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The prepared SMCs were used to adsorb a tetracycline (TC) antibiotic pollutant. The influences of pH, adsorption time, temperature, and pollutant concentration on TC adsorption capacity were determined. The experiments demonstrated that weakly acidic conditions were conducive to TC adsorption, which mainly occurs via electrostatic and π-π interactions. The TC adsorption process by SMCs conformed better to the pseudo-second-order models, indicating that chemical adsorption was the dominant adsorption process. The isothermal adsorption of TC by the SMCs conformed to the Freundlich model. This implied that TC easily adhered onto the SMC surfaces via multilayer homogeneous adsorption. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption of TC onto SMCs was spontaneous and endothermic.

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Wang, Zhipu, Xinqian Shu, Henan Zhu, Like Xie, Shenhang Cheng, and Yuxiu Zhang. "Characteristics of biochars prepared by co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and cotton stalk intended for use as soil amendments." Environmental Technology 41, no. 11 (October 22, 2018): 1347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2018.1534891.

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Filho, Francisco Ferreira Dantas, Crislene Rodrigues da Silva Morais, G. M. Dantas, Vilany Santana Pereira, M. A. F. Souza, and I. S. Lima. "Evaluation of the Thermal and Kinetic Behavior of the SS Obtained from the Combined Treatment of Liquid Leachate with Domestic Sewage in UASB Reactor." Materials Science Forum 775-776 (January 2014): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.775-776.162.

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The present study reports the results obtained from Sewage Sludge SS for the obtainment of bio-oil through the pyrolysis process. The research aimed to evaluate the thermal and kinetic behavior of the bio-solid. In this work studies were made on physicochemical, elemental analysis (CHNO). Thermogravimetry (TG) with heating rate of 10o C min-1 over two atmospheres (synthetic air and N2), Thermodynamics (ΔH, ΔS e ΔG), kinetic and spectroscopic. The thermalgravimetric study stated a thermal stability at 30°C. The kinetic calculations were made aiming to observe parameters such as: Activation energy (Ae), frequency factor (s-1), standard deviation (sd) and linear coefficient (r), which were calculated by Thermogravimetry by the methods of Coats-Redfern (CR); Madhusudanan (MD); Van Krevelen (VK); Horowitz-Metzger (HM). In the spectrometry in the infrared (IR) region it was observed bands referring to the presence of water, organic material and silicon oxides in the SS samples analyzed.

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Huang, Rixiang, Bei Zhang, Emily M. Saad, Ellery D. Ingall, and Yuanzhi Tang. "Speciation evolution of zinc and copper during pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization treatments of sewage sludges." Water Research 132 (April 2018): 260–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.01.009.

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Srivatsav, Prithvi, Bhaskar Sriharsha Bhargav, Vignesh Shanmugasundaram, Jayaseelan Arun, Kannappan Panchamoorthy Gopinath, and Amit Bhatnagar. "Biochar as an Eco-Friendly and Economical Adsorbent for the Removal of Colorants (Dyes) from Aqueous Environment: A Review." Water 12, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 3561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123561.

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Dyes (colorants) are used in many industrial applications, and effluents of several industries contain toxic dyes. Dyes exhibit toxicity to humans, aquatic organisms, and the environment. Therefore, dyes containing wastewater must be properly treated before discharging to the surrounding water bodies. Among several water treatment technologies, adsorption is the most preferred technique to sequester dyes from water bodies. Many studies have reported the removal of dyes from wastewater using biochar produced from different biomass, e.g., algae and plant biomass, forest, and domestic residues, animal waste, sewage sludge, etc. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the application of biochar as an eco-friendly and economical adsorbent to remove toxic colorants (dyes) from the aqueous environment. This review highlights the routes of biochar production, such as hydrothermal carbonization, pyrolysis, and hydrothermal liquefaction. Biochar as an adsorbent possesses numerous advantages, such as being eco-friendly, low-cost, and easy to use; various precursors are available in abundance to be converted into biochar, it also has recyclability potential and higher adsorption capacity than other conventional adsorbents. From the literature review, it is clear that biochar is a vital candidate for removal of dyes from wastewater with adsorption capacity of above 80%.

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Laghari, Mahmood, Dorette Sophie Müller-Stöver, Maria Puig-Arnavat, Tobias Pape Thomsen, and Ulrik Birk Henriksen. "Evaluation of Biochar Post‐Process Treatments to Produce Soil Enhancers and Phosphorus Fertilizers at a Single Plant." Waste and Biomass Valorization 12, no. 10 (February 19, 2021): 5517–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12649-021-01358-5.

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Abstract This study evaluates the potential to produce phosphorus (P)-rich fertilizer substrates with high plant availability as well as carbon (C)-rich biochar with soil enhancement properties in a single slow-pyrolysis plant. Campaign-based production or co-production of soil enhancers and fertilizer substrates may increase the potential societal value of slow pyrolysis plants. The assessment focus on conventional slow pyrolysis operated at 600 °C to produce biochar from various substrates as well as two options for post-process char treatments—char oxidation at 550 °C and char steam gasification at 800 °C, as a potential way to improve substrate fertilizer value. Four P-rich biomass residues including municipal sewage sludge (SS), biogas fiber (BF), cattle manure (CM), and poultry manure (PM) as well as two C-rich biomasses: wood chips (WC) and wheat straw (WS), were tested. Production yields of biochar and ash from char oxidation and steam gasification were compared and the materials were characterized to be used as soil enhancers and P-fertilizers through direct analysis and soil incubation studies with two different agricultural soils. All thermal treatments increased the concentration of the plant nutrients P, potassium and magnesium in the resulting biochar and ashes compared to the dry biomass. At the same time, concentrations of nitrogen and sulfur were reduced. The dry biomasses generally increased the amount of available P in the soils to a greater extent than biochar or ashes at an application rate of 80 mg P/kg soil. The P-rich biochar and ash made from BF, CM and PM had higher P fertilizer values than those made from SS. In terms of thermal processes, pyrolysis with subsequent char steam gasification was found to be the best option for high P availability in both soils, except for operation on SS where the oxidized char gave the best results. The C-rich biochars made from wood and wheat straw both showed potential for improving soil properties including soil organic matter (SOM) content, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and water holding capacity (WHC). The study shows that campaign operation of slow pyrolysis with the option for char steam gasification is a viable option for producing fertilizer substrates with high levels of plant available P as well as biochar with substantial soil enhancing properties on a single plant. In addition, results also indicate that direct co-pyrolysis of P-rich substrates—especially BF and CM, with any of the two tested C-rich substrates—without subsequent char treatment may be a sufficiently well integrated option for combined soil fertility and soil P fertilization management. Graphic Abstract

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Piskorz, Jan, Donald S. Scott, and Ian B. Westerberg. "Flash pyrolysis of sewage sludge." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development 25, no. 1 (January 1986): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/i200032a042.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pyrolysis. Sewage sludge. Water Sewage'

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