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Journal articles on the topic 'Pyrrolizidine alkaloid'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Nickisch-Rosenegk, Eva von, Dietrich Schneider, and Michael Wink. "Time-Course of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Processing in the Alkaloid Exploiting Arctiid Moth, Creatonotos transiens." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 45, no. 7-8 (1990): 881–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1990-7-822.

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Abstract The processing of dietary pyrrolizidine alkaloids by larvae and adults of the arctiid moth Creatonotos transiens was studied in time-course experiments: In larvae, pyrrolizidine alkaloid uptake is quickly followed by the transformation of the alkaloids into their N-oxides. Further- more, if 7 S-heliotrine is applied, a stereochemical inversion of the hydroxyl group at C 7 to 7 R-heliotrine can be observed within 48 h of feeding. The rate of this biotransformation is substantially higher in males which use the 7 R-form later as a precursor for the biosynthesis of 7 R-hydroxydanaidal, a

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2

Kopp, Thomas, Mona Abdel-Tawab, and Boris Mizaikoff. "Core Imprinting: An Alternative and Economic Approach for Depleting Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Herbal Extracts." Planta Medica International Open 7, no. 01 (2020): e26-e33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1121-4868.

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AbstractDue to the high toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, in 2011, the German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment recommended that their daily intake limit should be no more than 0.007 µg/kg body weight. The risk of ingesting these substances in herbal preparations, either from their inherent presence in plants or through contamination with pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing weeds, should not be underestimated. A promising molecular imprinted polymer was developed previously to minimise exposure to these compounds. Due to the high costs of the template and the risk of template bleeding, an

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3

Kopp, Thomas, Mona Abdel-Tawab, Martin Khoeiklang, and Boris Mizaikoff. "Development of a Selective Adsorbing Material for Binding of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Herbal Extracts, Based on Molecular Group Imprinting." Planta Medica 85, no. 13 (2019): 1107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0961-2658.

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AbstractPyrrolizidine alkaloids are secondary plant constituents that became a subject of public concern because of their hepatotoxic, pneumotoxic, genotoxic, and cytotoxic effects. Due to disregardful harvesting and/or contamination with pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing plants, there is a high risk of ingesting these substances with plant extracts or natural products. The limit for the daily intake was set to 0.007 µg/kg body weight. If contained in an extract, cleanup methods may help to minimize the pyrrolizidine alkaloid concentration. For this purpose, a material for depleting pyrrolizid

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4

Kopp, Thomas, Liesa Salzer, Mona Abdel-Tawab, and Boris Mizaikoff. "Efficient Extraction of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids from Plants by Pressurised Liquid Extraction – A Preliminary Study." Planta Medica 86, no. 01 (2019): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1023-7419.

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AbstractPyrrolizidine alkaloids and their corresponding pyrrolizidine alkaloid-N-oxides are secondary plant constituents that became the subject of public concern due to their hepatotoxic, pneumotoxic, genotoxic, and cytotoxic effects. In contrast to the well-established analytical separation and detection methods, only a few studies have investigated the extraction of pyrrolizidine alkaloids/pyrrolizidine alkaloid-N-oxides from plant material. In this study, we have applied pressurized liquid extraction with the aim of evaluating the effect of various parameters on the recovery of pyrrolizidi

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5

El-Shazly, Assem. "Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Profiles of Some Senecio Species from Egypt." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 57, no. 5-6 (2002): 429–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2002-5-604.

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Alkaloid profiles of two Egyptian Senecio species (Senecio aegyptius var. discoideus and S. desfontainei) in addition to a cultivated species (S. cineraria) were studied using capillary GLC and GLC-mass spectrometry with respect to pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). Four alkaloids were identified in S. aegyptius var. discoideus, 8 in S. desfontainei and 13 in S. cineraria. Some of these alkaloids have not been reported from these plants. The alkaloidal pattern of different plant organs (flowers, leaves, stem, root) were also investigated. Senecionine has been found to be a one of the major alkaloi

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6

Edgar, J. A., H. J. Lin, C. R. Kumana, and M. M. T. Ng. "Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Composition of Three Chinese Medicinal Herbs, Eupatorium cannabinum, E. japonicum and Crotalaria assamica." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 20, no. 03n04 (1992): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x92000291.

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The pyrrolizidine alkaloid composition of three Chinese herbs, "pei lan", "cheng gan cao" and "zi xiao rong" identified respectively as Eupatorium cannabinum, Eupatorium japonicum (Compositae) and Crotalaria assamica (Leguminosae), were studied by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-electron impact mass spectrometry. Viridiflorine, cynaustraline, amabiline, supinine, echinatine, rinderine and isomers of these alkaloids were found in the Eupatorium species. Monocrotaline was the only pyrrolizidine alkaloid detected in the Crotalaria species.

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7

Lin, Ge, and Mengbi Yang. "Biotransformation of Pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-Oxide to hepatotoxic Pyrrolizidine alkaloid." Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 34, no. 1 (2019): S58—S59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dmpk.2018.09.205.

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8

Hungerford, Natasha L., Steve J. Carter, Shalona R. Anuj, et al. "Analysis of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Queensland Honey: Using Low Temperature Chromatography to Resolve Stereoisomers and Identify Botanical Sources by UHPLC-MS/MS." Toxins 11, no. 12 (2019): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11120726.

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Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a diverse group of plant secondary metabolites with known varied toxicity. Consumption of 1,2-unsaturated PAs has been linked to acute and chronic liver damage, carcinogenicity and death, in livestock and humans, making their presence in food of concern to food regulators in Australia and internationally. In this survey, honey samples sourced from markets and shops in Queensland (Australia), were analysed by high-resolution Orbitrap UHPLC-MS/MS for 30 common PAs. Relationships between the occurrence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and the botanical origin of the ho

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9

Chen, Xue-Peng, Lie-Feng Ma, and Zha-Jun Zhan. "A New Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid from Penicillium Expansum." Journal of Chemical Research 41, no. 2 (2017): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/174751917x14858862342142.

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A new pyrrolizidine alkaloid with an unusual O-bridge, named penexpandine, was isolated from the cultures of Penicillium expansum ACCC 30904, together with two known alkaloids, communesins A and B. The structure of the new compound was established by detailed analyses of the spectroscopic data, especially 1D- and 2D-NMR and HR-ESI-MS

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10

Chizzola, Remigius. "Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Adenostyles alliariae and A. glabra from the Austrian Alps." Natural Product Communications 10, no. 7 (2015): 1934578X1501000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1501000710.

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The alkaloid content of Adenostyles alliariae and A. glabra (Asteraceae) has been evaluated. Both species contain toxic macrocyclic unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids with seneciphylline as the main compound accounting for more than 90% of the alkaloid fraction in all above ground plant parts. Further alkaloids were spartioidine, acetyl-senciphylline and senecionine. Inflorescences showed the highest alkaloid contents with 21.1 and 13.4 mg/g in A. alliariae and A. glabra, respectively. Stems and leaves had 2–3 times lower contents. Therefore, these Adenostyles species must be considered as hi

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11

Freer, A. A., H. A. Kelly, and D. J. Robins. "Rosmarinine: a pyrrolizidine alkaloid." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 42, no. 10 (1986): 1348–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270186092314.

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12

El-Shazly, Assem, M. Abdel-All, Andreas Tei, and Michael Wink. "Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids from Echium rauwolfii and Echium horridum (Boraginaceae)." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 54, no. 5-6 (1999): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1999-5-601.

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Abstract Echimidine was isolated from Echium rauwolfii and Echium horridum and identified by MS, 1H-and 13C NMR as a major alkaloid. In addition, structures of 12 minor alkaloids were inferred from GLC and GLC-MS analyses: 7-angeloylretronecine, 7-tigloylretronecine, lycopsamine, 7-acetyllycopsamine, uplandicine, 7-angeloyllycopsamine, 7-tigloyllycopsamine, tigloyl isomer of echimidine, 7-angeloyl-9-(2-methylbutyryl)retronecine, 7-tigloyl-9-(2-methylbutyryl)retronecine, 7-angeloyl-9-(2,3-dihydroxybutyryl)retronecine, and 7-tigloyl-9-(2,3-dihydroxybutyryl)retronecine. Both species had similar a

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13

Yang, Mengbi, Jiang Ma, Jianqing Ruan, Yang Ye, Peter Pi-Cheng Fu, and Ge Lin. "Intestinal and hepatic biotransformation of pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides to toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids." Archives of Toxicology 93, no. 8 (2019): 2197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-019-02499-2.

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14

Tundis, Rosa, Monica R. Loizzo, Giancarlo A. Statti, Nicodemo G. Passalacqua, Lorenzo Peruzzi, and Francesco Menichini. "Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Profiles of the Senecio cineraria Group (Asteraceae)." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 62, no. 7-8 (2007): 467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2007-7-802.

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Alkaloid profiles of five Senecio species (Asteraceae), including S. ambiguus subsp. ambiguus, S. ambiguus subsp. nebrodensis, S. gibbosus subsp. bicolor, S. gibbosus subsp. gibbosus, and S. gibbosus subsp. cineraria, were studied. Eleven pyrrolizidine alkaloids were identified and their content was evaluated by GLC-MS and GLC analysis. Otosenine and florosenine were found to be the major alkaloids in all studied species. It is interesting that only S. ambiguus subsp. nebrodensis was characterized by a high content of the alkaloids jacobine, jacoline, jaconine, and jacozine

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15

Gómez-Hurtado, Mario A., J. Martín Torres-Valencia, Rosa E. del Río, et al. "Supinidine Viridiflorates from the Roots of Chromolaena pulchella." Natural Product Communications 8, no. 12 (2013): 1934578X1300801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1300801212.

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The alkaloid extract from the roots of Chromolaena pulchella provided two new pyrrolizidine alkaloids, elucidated as (-)-supinidine triviridiflorate (1) and (-)-supinidine diviridiflorate (2) based on their physical and spectroscopic properties. Their absolute configuration was determined by chemical correlation with (-)-supinidine (3) and (+)-viridifloric acid (4).

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16

Zhao, Xiang-Lan, Mo-Yin Chan, and C. W. Ogle. "The Identification of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid-Containing Plants - A Study on 20 Herbs of the Compositae Family." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 17, no. 01n02 (1989): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x89000127.

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Twenty Chinese medicinal herbs of the Compositae family were investigated for the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloid. Of these, only the Eupatorium species were shown to contain pyrrolizidine alkaloid. The amount present was found to vary with species, parts of the plant used, purchase sources and extraction methods. Possible toxicity from the use of these herbs is discussed.

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17

Gable, R. W., M. F. Mackay, and C. C. J. Culvenor. "Echinatine, C15H25NO5, a pyrrolizidine alkaloid." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 44, no. 8 (1988): 1478–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270188004792.

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18

Mondal, B., U. A. Nandankar, T. K. Mohanty, S. K. Barari, R. N. Pal, and M. Sarkar. "Pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning in yak." Veterinary Record 144, no. 18 (1999): 508–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.144.18.508.

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19

Ikeda, Yoshitaka, Hikaru Nonaka, Tamotsu Furumai, and Yasuhiro Igarashi. "Cremastrine, a Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid fromCremastraappendiculata." Journal of Natural Products 68, no. 4 (2005): 572–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np049650x.

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20

Mackay, M. F., P. Mitrprachachon, and C. C. J. Culvenor. "Hygrophylline, C18H27NO6: a pyrrolizidine alkaloid." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 41, no. 3 (1985): 395–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270185004036.

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21

Kelley, Ronald B., and James N. Seiber. "Pyrrolizidine alkaloid chemosystematics in Amsinckia." Phytochemistry 31, no. 7 (1992): 2369–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)83282-4.

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22

Kostova, Nadezhda, Veselin Christov, Maia Cholakova, Elena Nikolova, and Liuba Evstatieva. "Pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Bulgarian species of the genus Senecio." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 71, no. 12 (2006): 1275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0612275k.

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Nine Bulgarian species from the genus Senecio were studied phytochemically and/or by GC-MS analysis. Senecivernine-N-oxide was isolated and identified by spectral data for the first time. Different types of pyrrolizidine alkaloids were tested for cytotoxicity on murine lymphocytes. At a concentration of 100 ?g/ml, the alkaloid retroisosenine showed immunosuppressive effect. .

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23

He, Xiaobo, Qingsu Xia, Kellie Woodling, Ge Lin, and Peter P. Fu. "Pyrrolizidine alkaloid-derived DNA adducts are common toxicological biomarkers of pyrrolizidine alkaloid N -oxides." Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 25, no. 4 (2017): 984–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2017.09.001.

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24

Veen, Gerhard, Roland Greinwald, Paloma Cantó, Ludger Witte, and F. C. Czygan. "Alkaloids of Adenocarpus hispanicus (Lam.) DC Varieties." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 47, no. 5-6 (1992): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1992-0604.

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Alkaloid extracts from different organs of Adenocarpus hispanicus ssp. hispanicus and Adenocarpus hispanicus ssp. gredensis were analyzed by capillary GC. Twenty-four compounds could be identified by the high sensitive method of GLC-MS: the pyrrolizidine alkaloids decorticasine, N-acetylnorloline and N-butyrylnorloline, the bipiperidyl alkaloid ammodendrine, the phenylethylamine tyramine and 19 quinolizidine alkaloids. In contrast to Adenocarpus complicatus, Adenocarpus foliolosus and Adenocarpus viscosus the alkaloid pattern of Adenocarpus hispanicus is characterized by the occurrence of quin

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25

Xia, Qingsu, Yuewei Zhao, Linda S. Von Tungeln, et al. "Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid-Derived DNA Adducts as a Common Biological Biomarker of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid-Induced Tumorigenicity." Chemical Research in Toxicology 26, no. 9 (2013): 1384–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/tx400241c.

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26

Moore, David J., Kenneth P. Batts, Leon L. Zalkow, G. Thomas Fortune, and Garth Powis. "Model systems for detecting the hepatic toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides." Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 101, no. 2 (1989): 271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-008x(89)90276-7.

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27

Janeš, Damjan, Boštjan Kalamar, and Samo Kreft. "Improved Method for Isolation of Lycopsamine from Roots of Comfrey (Symphytum officinale)." Natural Product Communications 7, no. 7 (2012): 1934578X1200700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200700713.

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An improved method for the isolation and purification of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from comfrey ( Symphytum officinale L.) roots was developed, introducing very fast, selective and ion residue-free reduction of N-oxides followed by ion-exchange chromatography giving a non-aqueous solution of alkaloids, from which solvents can be easily removed. With this procedure the use of large volumes of organic solvents, very slow reduction of N-oxides and input of additional impurities was avoided. Lycopsamine, which proved to be the major alkaloid, was additionally purified by preparative layer chromatogr

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28

Keck, Gary E., Erik N. K. Cressman, and Eric J. Enholm. "Intramolecular allylstannane cyclizations in alkaloid synthesis: applications to pyrrolizidine alkaloids." Journal of Organic Chemistry 54, no. 18 (1989): 4345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00279a022.

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29

Reina, Matías, Ali H. Meriçli, and A. González-Coloma. "A Minor Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid fromHeliotropium bovei." Natural Product Letters 11, no. 4 (1998): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10575639808044962.

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30

Xia, Qingsu, Yuewei Zhao, Ge Lin, Frederick A. Beland, Lining Cai, and Peter P. Fu. "Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid-Protein Adducts: Potential Non-invasive Biomarkers of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid-Induced Liver Toxicity and Exposure." Chemical Research in Toxicology 29, no. 8 (2016): 1282–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00120.

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31

Zhu, Lin, Junyi Xue, Qingsu Xia, Peter P. Fu, and Ge Lin. "Toxicokinetic study of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-derived DNA adducts, the potential biomarker of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced tumorigenicity." Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 32, no. 1 (2017): S24—S25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dmpk.2016.10.121.

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32

JONES, T. A., R. C. BUCKNER, and P. B. BURRUS II. "SEED TRANSMISSION OF PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOID ACCUMULATION CAPACITY IN TALL FESCUE." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 65, no. 2 (1985): 317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps85-044.

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Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (N-formyl loline and N-acetyl loline) and the endophytic fungus tentatively identified as Sphacelia typhina (Pers.) Sacc. (= Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones and W. Gams), the imperfect stage of Epichloe typhina (Fr.) Tul., have both been suspected as etiological agents of summer syndrome in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). This syndrome is a toxicological disorder characterized by poor cattle growth with visible symptoms accentuated by high ambient temperatures. Alkaloid levels were measured with gas-liquid chromatography and presence or absence of the en

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33

Bacetty, A. A., M. E. Snook, A. E. Glenn, C. W. Bacon, P. Nagabhyru, and C. L. Schardl. "Nematotoxic effects of endophyte-infected tall fescue toxins and extracts in an in vitro bioassay using the nematode Pratylenchus scribneri." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3167.

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Biotypes of the Neotyphodium coenophialum-tall fescue grass symbiota are provided with enhanced protection from grazing vertebrate herbivores due to the production of toxic secondary metabolites. However, considerable controversy exists concerning this symbiotum and its toxicity to nematode species. A sterile in vitro system was developed to determine the interactive nature of known toxins specific to this mutualistic association and compounds within grass extracts known to be nematotoxic. The in vitro assay used Pratylenchus scribneri, the lesion nematode, as the target organism to determine

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34

Pyne, Stephen G., Andrew S. Davis, Thunwadee Ritthiwigrom, Christopher W. G. Au, Kongdech Savaspun, and Matthew Wotherspoon. "The boronic acid Mannich reaction in alkaloid synthesis." Pure and Applied Chemistry 85, no. 6 (2012): 1215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-12-07-05.

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35

Robinson, Oliver, Mireille B. Toledano, Caroline Sands, et al. "Global metabolic changes induced by plant-derived pyrrolizidine alkaloids following a human poisoning outbreak and in a mouse model." Toxicology Research 5, no. 6 (2016): 1594–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tx00221h.

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36

Schulz, S., W. Francke, J. Edgar, and D. Schneider. "Volatile compounds from androconial organs of danaine and ithomiine butterflies." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 43, no. 1-2 (1988): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1988-1-219.

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Pyrrolizidine alkaloid derivatives are present in the androconial (male scent) organs of Prittwitzia hymenaea, Mechanitis isthmia veritabilis, Tithorea harmónia fúria (Lep., Ithomiinae), Amauris echeria and Euploea sylvester (Lep., Danainae). While the ithomiines contain the new pyrrolizidine alkaloid derivative methyl hydroxydanaidoate, the danaines contain the known derivatives danaidone and hydroxydanaidal. In addition, 2,2,6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1,4-dione (oxoisophorone) and related terpenoids have been identified from Amauris, Euploea and Prittwitzia as well as from the flowers of Buddl

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37

Xie, Wei-Dong, Xia Li, and Kyung-Ho Row. "A New Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid from Senecio vulgaris." Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society 31, no. 9 (2010): 2715–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.9.2715.

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38

Tan, Aimin, Mian Zhang, Zhengtao Wang, and Hua Zhang. "A Novel Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid from Ligularia lankongensis." HETEROCYCLES 83, no. 7 (2011): 1611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3987/com-10-12003.

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39

Nash, R. "Casuarine: A very highly oxygenated pyrrolizidine alkaloid." Tetrahedron Letters 35, no. 41 (1994): 7849–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)77388-6.

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40

Honda, Toshio, Shin-ichi Yamane, Koichi Naito, and Yukio Suzuki. "Chiral Synthesis of a Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid, (-)-Heliotridane." HETEROCYCLES 40, no. 1 (1995): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3987/com-94-s31.

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41

Pestchanker, M. J., M. S. Ascheri, and O. S. Giordano. "Uspallatine, a pyrrolizidine alkaloid from senecio uspallatensis." Phytochemistry 24, no. 7 (1985): 1622–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)81085-7.

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42

Lakshmanan, Akoni J., and Singaram Shanmugasundaram. "Helibractinecine, a pyrrolizidine alkaloid from Heliotropium bracteatum." Phytochemistry 36, no. 1 (1994): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)97047-x.

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43

Kim, Hea-Young, Frank R. Stermitz, and Roger A. Coulombe. "Pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced DNA-protein cross-links." Carcinogenesis 16, no. 11 (1995): 2691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/16.11.2691.

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44

Wiedenfeld, H., E. Roeder, and W. Luck. "O7-Angeloylretronecine, a Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid fromSenecio inornatus." Planta Medica 62, no. 05 (1996): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-957950.

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45

Kim, H. Y., F. R. Stermitz, R. J. Molyneux, D. W. Wilson, D. Taylor, and R. A. Coulombe. "Structural Influences on Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid-Induced Cytopathology." Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 122, no. 1 (1993): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/taap.1993.1172.

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46

Dueker, S. R., M. W. Lame, A. D. Jones, D. Morin, and H. J. Segall. "Glutathione Conjugation with the Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid, Jacobine." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 198, no. 2 (1994): 516–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1994.1076.

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Röder, E., H. Wiedenfeld, and A. Pfitzer. "Doriasenine, a pyrrolizidine alkaloid from Senecio doria." Phytochemistry 27, no. 12 (1988): 4000–4001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)83074-7.

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Bhandari, P., and A. I. Gray. "PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOID N-OXIDES FROM SYMPHYTUM TUBEROSUM." Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 37, S12 (1985): 50P. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1985.tb14122.x.

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White, James D., and Susumu Ohira. "Synthesis of the macrolactone pyrrolizidine alkaloid integerrimine." Journal of Organic Chemistry 51, no. 26 (1986): 5492–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00376a104.

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Pérez-Castorena, Ana-L., Amira Arciniegas, Ricardo Pérez, et al. "Iodanthine, a Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid fromSenecio iodanthusandSenecio bracteatus§." Journal of Natural Products 62, no. 7 (1999): 1039–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np980562k.

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