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Journal articles on the topic 'Pyuridae'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 5 July 2025

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1

Monniot, Françoise. "Microcosmus anchylodeirus (Ascidiacea, Pyuridae) introduced in the Mediterranean Sea." Zootaxa 4175, no. 3 (2016): 222–30. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4175.3.2.

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2

Monniot, Françoise. "Ascidians collected during the Madibenthos expedition in Martinique 3. Stolidobranchia, Pyuridae and Molgulidae." Zootaxa 4459, no. 3 (2018): 401–30. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4459.3.1.

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3

Rocha, Rosana M., and Bailey Keegan Counts. "Pyura (Tunicata: Ascidiacea: Pyuridae) on the coasts of Panama." Zootaxa 4564, no. 2 (2019): 491–513. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4564.2.9.

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4

Skinner, Luís Felipe, Rosana M. Rocha, and Bailey K. Counts. "Pyura gangelion and Pyura beta sp. nov. (Ascidiacea: Pyuridae): an exotic and a new tunicate from the West Atlantic." Zootaxa 4545, no. 2 (2019): 264–76. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4545.2.6.

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Skinner, Luís Felipe, Rocha, Rosana M., Counts, Bailey K. (2019): Pyura gangelion and Pyura beta sp. nov. (Ascidiacea: Pyuridae): an exotic and a new tunicate from the West Atlantic. Zootaxa 4545 (2): 264-276, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4545.2.6

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5

SEPÚLVEDA, R., J. M. CANCINO, and M. THIEL. "The peracarid epifauna associated with the ascidian Pyura chilensis (Molina, 1782) (Ascidiacea: Pyuridae)." Journal of Natural History 37, no. 13 (2010): 1555–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930110099615.

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SEPÚLVEDA, R., CANCINO, J. M., THIEL, M. (2003): The peracarid epifauna associated with the ascidian Pyura chilensis (Molina, 1782) (Ascidiacea: Pyuridae). Journal of Natural History 37 (13): 1555-1569, DOI: 10.1080/00222930110099615, URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00222930110099615

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6

Monniot, Claude. "Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie VI. Pyuridae et Molgulidae." Bulletin du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle 11, no. 3 (1989): 475–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.288279.

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7

Sanamyan, K. E., N. P. Sanamyan, and T. B. Morozov. "A new species of Microcosmus (Tunicata: Ascidiacea: Bolteniidae) from the Sea of Okhotsk." Zoosystematica Rossica 30, no. 2 (2021): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2021.30.2.271.

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A large solitary ascidian Microcosmus armatus sp. nov., described from the Sea of Okhotsk, represents the first record of the genus Microcosmus Heller, 1877 in the cold waters of the Northwestern Pacific. The genus belongs to the family Bolteniidae formerly known as Pyuridae.

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Sanamyan, Karen E., Nadya P. Sanamyan, and Taras B. Morozov. "A new species of Microcosmus (Tunicata: Ascidiacea: Bolteniidae) from the Sea of Okhotsk." Zoosystematica Rossica 30, no. 2 (2021): 271–78. https://doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2021.30.2.271.

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A large solitary ascidian <em>Microcosmus armatus</em> <strong>sp. nov.</strong>, described from the Sea of Okhotsk, represents the first record of the genus <em>Microcosmus </em>Heller, 1877 in the cold waters of the Northwestern Pacific. The genus belongs to the family Bolteniidae formerly known as Pyuridae.

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9

ROCHA, ROSANA M., and BAILEY KEEGAN COUNTS. "Pyura (Tunicata: Ascidiacea: Pyuridae) on the coasts of Panama." Zootaxa 4564, no. 2 (2019): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4564.2.9.

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Recent efforts have been taken to survey and describe the ascidian fauna of the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of Panama; however, the genus Pyura still remains poorly known. Sampling events have been occurring since 2003. In this research, we describe two new species from the Atlantic coast of Panama: P. longispina sp. nov., P. lopezlegentilae sp. nov., and two new species from the Pacific Coast of Panama: P. carmanae sp. nov. and P. imesa sp. nov. We also supply a tabular key for all the Pyura species found in Panama.

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10

MONNIOT, FRANÇOISE. "Microcosmus anchylodeirus (Ascidiacea, Pyuridae) introduced in the Mediterranean Sea." Zootaxa 4175, no. 3 (2016): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4175.3.2.

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11

Sanamyan, Karen. "Ascidians from the North-Western Pacific region. 3. Pyuridae." Ophelia 45, no. 3 (1996): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00785326.1996.10432472.

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12

Lambert, Gretchen. "Spicule Formation in the Solitary Ascidian Bathypera feminalba (Ascidiacea, Pyuridae)." Invertebrate Biology 117, no. 4 (1998): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3227036.

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13

Kim, Kang-Rae, Moo-Sang Kim, Yong Hwi Kim, Jong Yeon Park, and In-Chul Bang. "Complete mitochondrial genome of Halocynthia hilgendorfi ritteri (Pyuridae) from Korea." Mitochondrial DNA Part B 5, no. 3 (2020): 3625–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2020.1831987.

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14

SANAMYAN, KAREN, NADYA SANAMYAN, and LINDA KUHNZ. "A new Culeolus species (Ascidiacea) from the NE Pacific, California." Zootaxa 4420, no. 2 (2018): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4420.2.8.

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The paper describes Culeolus barryi n. sp. (Ascidiacea: Pyuridae), a species photographically documented in situ and collected in the northeast Pacific, off the coast of California (USA). This species of stalked tunicate inhabits deepwater (1200 m) and is characterized by numerous gonads on each side of the body. It is most similar to C. nadejdae from the Sea of Okhotsk and C. sluiteri from Aleutian Islands. A brief overview of all Culeolus species is provided.

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15

FULGIONE, D., D. RIPPA, A. DE LUCA, and M. MILONE. "Molecular characterization of 18S rDNA partial sequence in Microcosmus (Stolidobranchiata, Pyuridae)." Mediterranean Marine Science 7, no. 2 (2006): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.165.

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We present a 18S rDNA based molecular phylogeny of two species of the genus Microcosmus (M. sulcatus and M. claudicans) sampled in the Mediterranean, to investigate their phylogenetic position relative to species of the order Stolidobranchiata. The analysis is based on partial sequences (739 bp) of the 18S rDNA. Among the 18 variable sites found between the two species, 4 correspond to transitions (ts), 14 to transversions (tv) and 4 to deletions/insertions. In the considered Stolidobranchiata, we found 4.3% overall mean number of nucleotide differences and 0.06 (S.E. ±0.01) Kimura 2-parameter distance. The mean number of nucleotide differences between Microcosmus spp. and other Stolidobranchiata species was of 6% and 0.08 (S.E. ±0.01) Kimura 2-parameter distance. A molecular phylogeny obtained by Maximum Parsimony corroborates results of the traditional taxonomy.

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16

MONNIOT, FRANÇOISE. "Ascidians collected during the Madibenthos expedition in Martinique 3. Stolidobranchia, Pyuridae and Molgulidae." Zootaxa 4459, no. 3 (2018): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4459.3.1.

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An inventory of the marine benthic fauna around Martinique was the aim of the European Madibenthos expedition 2016. Among a large number of invertebrates abundant ascidians were collected: the phlebobranchs and Styelidae among the stolidobranch were already studied and the results published (Monniot 2018a and b). A third group, belonging to the Pyuridae and Molgulidae (Stolidobranchia) is studied here; it includes 13 species, three of them recorded for the second time. Each of them is described and figured and the geographic distribution is given.

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17

MONNIOT, FRANÇOISE, and SUSANNA LÓPEZ-LEGENTIL. "Deep-sea ascidians from Papua New Guinea." Zootaxa 4276, no. 4 (2017): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4276.4.5.

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Four deep-sea ascidian species collected during the KAVIENG 2014 expedition in Papua New Guinea are described, including additional characteristics not reported previously. Fimbrora calsubia is classified within the family Ascidiidae, Dicopia fimbriata and Octacnemus bythius within Octacnemidae, and Culeolus recumbens within Pyuridae. Anatomical observations confirmed previous descriptions for these four species collected elsewhere. Here, we describe additional morphological features for these species and provide the first barcode DNA sequences (based on a fragment of the mitochondrial gene Cytochrome Oxidase I) for D. fimbriata and C. recumbens.

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18

Samimi-Namin, Kaveh, Tito Monteiro da Cruz Lotufo, Bert W. Hoeksema, Sarah M. Tweedt, Christopher Meyer, and Gustav Paulay. "Unique Aggregations of a Large Undescribed Solitary Tunicate in the Arabian Sea." Diversity 16, no. 4 (2024): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d16040221.

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We document aggregations of an undescribed benthic solitary tunicate of the family Pyuridae from the Arabian Sea. This new genus was found forming dense thickets in shallow rocky substrates around Masirah Island and the Dhofar area in Oman. Such aggregations of tunicates have not been reported before from coral reefs in the Indo-West Pacific region and the Atlantic. This observation contributes to our understanding of the ecology and biogeography of ascidians, setting the stage for a comprehensive species description and in-depth analysis of this species.

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19

Kim, Jong-Oh, Seong Seok Choi, Yong Bae Seo, Jiyoung Shin, Ji-Young Yang, and Gun-Do Kim. "Complete mitochondrial genome of sea peach Halocynthia aurantium (stolidobranchia: Pyuridae) from Korea." Mitochondrial DNA Part B 6, no. 3 (2021): 1007–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2021.1893618.

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20

Shin, Yun Kyung, Je Cheon Jun, Maeng Hyun Son, Hyejin Kim, and Jung Sick Lee. "Classification and Ultrastructure of Hemocytes in the Tunicate Halocynthia roretzi (Ascidiacea: Pyuridae)." Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45, no. 5 (2012): 480–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5657/kfas.2012.0480.

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21

Afzali, Amin, Majid Askari Hesni, Azad Teimori, and Thomas Stach. "Pyura gangelion (Savigny, 1816) (Tunicata: Pyuridae) from the Persian Gulf." Current Science 117, no. 7 (2019): 1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.18520/cs/v117/i7/1207-1211.

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22

Castilla, J. C., A. G. Collins, C. P. Meyer, R. Guinez, and D. R. Lindberg. "Recent introduction of the dominant tunicate, Pyura praeputialis (Urochordata, Pyuridae) to Antofagasta, Chile." Molecular Ecology 11, no. 8 (2002): 1579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2002.01524.x.

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23

SEPÚLVEDA, R., J. M. CANCINO, and M. THIEL. "The peracarid epifauna associated with the ascidian Pyura chilensis (Molina, 1782) (Ascidiacea: Pyuridae)." Journal of Natural History 37, no. 13 (2003): 1555–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930110099615.

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24

Turon, Xavier, Teruaki Nishikawa, and Marc Rius. "Spread of Microcosmus squamiger (Ascidiacea: Pyuridae) in the Mediterranean Sea and adjacent waters." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 342, no. 1 (2007): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2006.10.040.

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25

Rocha, Rosana M. da, and Luciana V. G. Costa. "Ascidians (Urochordata: Ascidiacea) from Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil." Iheringia. Série Zoologia 95, no. 1 (2005): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0073-47212005000100009.

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Simple and colonial ascidians were collected at different depths at Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, between 2000 and 2003. The collection here presented includes representatives of the families Clavelinidae (Clavelina oblonga), Polycitoridae (Cystodytes dellechiajei), Polyclinidae (Polyclinum constellatum and Polyclinum molle sp. nov.), Holozoidae (Distaplia bermudensis), Ascidiidae (Ascidia sydneiensis and Phallusia nigra), Styelidae (Botrylloides giganteum, Botrylloides nigrum, Symplegma brakenhielmi, Symplegma rubra, Polyandrocarpa anguinea, Eusynstyela floridana, Eusynstyela tincta and Styela plicata), Pyuridae (Herdmania pallida and Microcosmus exasperatus). Didemnids were also collected in the area but were not considered here. Of the 17 species found, one (Polyclinum molle sp. nov.) is a new species in the family Polyclinidae and the others are all species with tropical distribution.

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26

Korczynski, R. E. "A new species of solitary ascidian (Ascidacea: Pyuridae) from Mason Bay, Northwest Territories, Canada." Journal of Natural History 23, no. 1 (1989): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222938900770121.

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27

Pérez-Portela, R., J. D. D. Bishop, A. R. Davis, and X. Turon. "Phylogeny of the families Pyuridae and Styelidae (Stolidobranchiata, Ascidiacea) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 50, no. 3 (2009): 560–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2008.11.014.

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28

MONNIOT, FRANÇOISE, and CECILE DEBITUS. "Redescription of Herdmania papietensis Herdman, 1882 (Ascidiacea, Pyuridae) from Polynesia." Zootaxa 3911, no. 2 (2015): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3911.2.11.

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29

Bae, Seongjun, Seung-Hyun Lee, Ji Kim, and Chang-Ho Yi. "First record of the invasive ascidian Microcosmus squamiger Michaelsen, 1927 (Ascidiacea: Pyuridae) in Jeju Island, South Korea." BioInvasions Records 11, no. 4 (2022): 937–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/bir.2022.11.4.12.

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30

SKINNER, LUÍS FELIPE, ROSANA M. ROCHA, and BAILEY K. COUNTS. "Pyura gangelion and Pyura beta sp. nov. (Ascidiacea: Pyuridae): an exotic and a new tunicate from the West Atlantic." Zootaxa 4545, no. 2 (2019): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4545.2.6.

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The genus Pyura is widely distributed with 99 valid species. Since 1961, Pyura vittata (Stimpson, 1852) has been reported to the Southwest Atlantic but new collections and a revision of the morphological characters of samples deposited in scientific collections revealed that samples had been confused with two other species: Pyura gangelion (Savigny, 1816) and Pyura beta sp. nov. present in the Caribbean sea and Brazil. In Brazil, P. vittata is not present south to Bahia, P. beta was found from Espírito Santo to São Paulo, while P. gangelion was only found in Espírito Santo, and we suggest that populations of both P. beta and P. gangelion are non-native in Brazil.

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31

Antoniadou, Chryssanthi, Vasilis Gerovasileiou, and Nicolas Bailly. "Ascidiacea (Chordata: Tunicata) of Greece: an updated checklist." Biodiversity Data Journal 4 (November 1, 2016): e9273. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e9273.

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The checklist of the ascidian fauna (Tunicata: Ascidiacea) of Greece was compiled within the framework of the Greek Taxon Information System (GTIS), an application of the LifeWatchGreece Research Infrastructure (ESFRI) aiming to produce a complete checklist of species recorded from Greece. This checklist was constructed by updating an existing one with the inclusion of recently published records. All the reported species from Greek waters were taxonomically revised and cross-checked with the Ascidiacea World Database. The updated checklist of the class Ascidiacea of Greece comprises 75 species, classified in 33 genera, 12 families, and 3 orders. In total, 8 species have been added to the previous species list (4 Aplousobranchia, 2 Phlebobranchia, and 2 Stolidobranchia). Aplousobranchia was the most speciose order, followed by Stolidobranchia. Most species belonged to the families Didemnidae, Polyclinidae, Pyuridae, Ascidiidae, and Styelidae; these 4 families comprise 76% of the Greek ascidian species richness. The present effort revealed the limited taxonomic research effort devoted to the ascidian fauna of Greece, which is attributed to the lack of experts and low sampling effort. Therefore, major knowledge gaps on the ascidian diversity of Greece occur and further research in this field is needed.

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32

Rius, Marc, and Peter R. Teske. "A revision of the Pyura stolonifera species complex (Tunicata, Ascidiacea), with a description of a new species from Australia." Zootaxa 2754 (December 31, 2011): 27–40. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.207177.

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Rius, Marc, Teske, Peter R. (2011): A revision of the Pyura stolonifera species complex (Tunicata, Ascidiacea), with a description of a new species from Australia. Zootaxa 2754: 27-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.207177

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33

Mondal, Jhimli, C. Raghunathan, and Kailash Chandra. "A new species of Ascidiacea (Herdmania andamanensis sp. nov.) from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India." Zootaxa 4286, no. 3 (2017): 445–50. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4286.3.13.

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Mondal, Jhimli, Raghunathan, C., Chandra, Kailash (2017): A new species of Ascidiacea (Herdmania andamanensis sp. nov.) from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Zootaxa 4286 (3): 445-450, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4286.3.13

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34

Sanamyan, Karen, Nadya Sanamyan, and Linda Kuhnz. "A new Culeolus species (Ascidiacea) from the NE Pacific, California." Zootaxa 4420, no. 2 (2018): 270–78. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4420.2.8.

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35

Kott, Patricia. "The genus Herdmania Lahille, 1888 (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) in Australian waters." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 134, no. 3 (2002): 359–74. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00009.x.

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Kott, Patricia (2002): The genus Herdmania Lahille, 1888 (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) in Australian waters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 134 (3): 359-374, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00009.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00009.x

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36

Rius, Marc, and Peter R. Teske. "Cryptic diversity in coastal Australasia: a morphological and mitonuclear genetic analysis of habitat-forming sibling species." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 168, no. 3 (2013): 597–611. https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12036.

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Rius, Marc, Teske, Peter R. (2013): Cryptic diversity in coastal Australasia: a morphological and mitonuclear genetic analysis of habitat-forming sibling species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 168 (3): 597-611, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12036, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12036

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37

Shenkar, Noa, and Gretchen Lambert. "A new species of the genus Boltenia (Ascidiacea) from the Red Sea." Zootaxa 2391, no. 1 (2010): 61–68. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2391.1.4.

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Shenkar, Noa, Lambert, Gretchen (2010): A new species of the genus Boltenia (Ascidiacea) from the Red Sea. Zootaxa 2391 (1): 61-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2391.1.4, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2391.1.4

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38

Peeran, Syed Wali, Manohar Murugan, Nagabhushana Doggalli, et al. "Culeolus tenuis (Urochordata, Ascidiacea) Newly Found off Fukushima, Japan in the Japan Trench." Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science. Series A, Zoology 49, no. 2 (2023): 75–80. https://doi.org/10.50826/bnmnszool.49.2_75.

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Peeran, Syed Wali, Murugan, Manohar, Doggalli, Nagabhushana, Fageeh, Hytham, Ibrahim, Wael, Al-Ak'hali, Mohammed Sultan, Basheer, Syed Nahid (2023): Culeolus tenuis (Urochordata, Ascidiacea) Newly Found off Fukushima, Japan in the Japan Trench. Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science. Series A, Zoology 49 (2): 75-80, DOI: 10.50826/bnmnszool.49.2_75, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_998_23

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39

Calfee, Kristin R., Soomi Lee, and Ross Andel. "Redescription of the holotype of the deep-sea ascidian Culeolus uschakovi (Urochordata: Ascidiacea) from the Sea of Okhotsk." Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science. Series A, Zoology 50, no. 4 (2024): 139–43. https://doi.org/10.50826/bnmnszool.50.4_139.

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Calfee, Kristin R, Lee, Soomi, Andel, Ross (2024): Redescription of the holotype of the deep-sea ascidian Culeolus uschakovi (Urochordata: Ascidiacea) from the Sea of Okhotsk. Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science. Series A, Zoology 50 (4): 139-143, DOI: 10.50826/bnmnszool.50.4_139, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2024.11.005

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40

Caicci, Federico, Valentina Degasperi, Fabio Gasparini, et al. "Variability of hair cells in the coronal organ of ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 88, no. 6 (2010): 567–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z10-036.

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The tunicate ascidians are nonvertebrate chordates that possess mechanoreceptor cells in the coronal organ in the oral siphon, which monitor the incoming water flow. Like vertebrate hair cells, the mechanoreceptor–coronal cells are secondary sensory (axonless) cells accompanied by supporting cells and they exhibit morphological diversities of apical specialisations: they are multiciliate in ascidians of the order Enterogona, whereas they are more complex and possess one or two cilia accompanied by stereovilli, also graded in length, in ascidians of the order Pleurogona. In morphology, embryonic origin, and arrangement, coronal sensory cells closely resemble vertebrate hair cells. We describe here the coronal organs of five ascidians ( Pyura haustor (Stimpson, 1864), Pyura stolonifera (Heller, 1878), Styela gibbsii (Stimpson, 1864), Styela montereyensis (Dall, 1872), and Polyandrocarpa zorritensis (Van Name, 1931)), belonging to Pleurogona, also comprising species of one family (Pyuridae), not yet considered, and thus completing our overview of the order. Each species possesses at least two kinds of secondary sensory cells, some of them characterized by stereovilli graded in length. In some species, the coronal sensory cells exhibit secretory activity; in P. haustor, a mitotic sensory cell has also been found. We compare the coronal organ in both ascidians and with other chordate sensory organs formed of secondary sensory cells, and discuss their possible homologies.

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41

Mondal, Jhimli, and C. Raghunathan. "Addition of three Ascidian species to Indian waters from Andaman and Nicobar Islands." Records of the Zoological Survey of India 122, no. 3 (2022): 275–82. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v122/i3/2022/167382.

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Mondal, Jhimli, Raghunathan, C. (2022): Addition of three Ascidian species to Indian waters from Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Records of the Zoological Survey of India 122 (3): 275-282, DOI: 10.26515/rzsi/v122/i3/2022/167382

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42

Young, Craig M., Elsa Vázquez, and Elsa Vazquez. "Morphology, Larval Development, and Distribution of Bathypera feminalba n. sp. (Ascidiacea: Pyuridae), a Deep-Water Ascidian from the Fjords and Sounds of British Columbia." Invertebrate Biology 114, no. 1 (1995): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3226958.

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43

Jeffery, William R., and Billie J. Swalla. "An ankryin-like protein in ascidian eggs and its role in the evolution of direct development." Zygote 1, no. 3 (1993): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199400001477.

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SummaryAn erythrochyte anti-ankryin antibody was used to investigate the presence and distribution of ankryin in eggs and embryos of ascidian species with different modes of development. In eggs of the indirect developer Ascidia ceratodes anti-ankryin reacted with a 210 kDa polypeptide which has an electrophoretic mobility similar to the vertebrate ankryins. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that the ankryin-like protein is co-distributed with the myoplasm throughout development. It is restricted to a thin layer under the plasma membrane in unfertilised eggs, undergoes ooplasmic segregation to the posterior pole of the zygote after fertilisation, and is distributed to the tail muscle cells during cleavage and embryogenesis. After gastrulation and neurulation, lower levels of the ankryin-like protein, presumably of zygotic origin, were observed in brain cells and in the apical margin of epidermal cells. The ankryin-like protein was also localised in the myoplasm in eggs and embryos of another indirect developing species, Halocynthia roretzi. The ankryin-like protein may link the cytoskeleton with the plasma membrane in ascidian eggs, as it does in vertebrate erythrocytes. In contrast to A. ceratodes and H. rorefzi, which are members of the families Ascidiidae and Pyuridae respectively, the pattern of ankryin-like protein expression was changed in five species in the family Molgulidae. These molgulid ascidians exhibit either indirect or direct development, and eggs of the direct developing species have lost or modified the myoplasm. The ankryir like protein was present in young oocytes but failed to persist during oogenesis and disappeared in mature eggs and embryos of these molgulid species. The change in ankryin-like protein expression may be a preadaptation for loss of the myoplasm and the evolution of direct development.

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44

Monniot, Françoise, and Susanna López-Legentil. "Deep-sea ascidians from Papua New Guinea." Zootaxa 4276, no. 4 (2017): 529–38. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4276.4.5.

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45

Sanamyan, K. E., and N. P. Sanamyan. "Deep-water ascidians (Tunicata: Ascidiacea) from the northern and western Pacific." Journal of Natural History 40, no. 5-6 (2006): 307–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930600628416.

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Sanamyan, K. E., Sanamyan, N. P. (2006): Deep-water ascidians (Tunicata: Ascidiacea) from the northern and western Pacific. Journal of Natural History 40 (5-6): 307-344, DOI: 10.1080/00222930600628416, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930600628416

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Sanamyan, K. E., and N. P. Sanamyan. "Deep-water ascidians from the North Atlantic (RV Academic Keldysh, cruise 46 and 49)." Journal of Natural History 39, no. 22 (2005): 2005–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930400026969.

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Sanamyan, K. E., Sanamyan, N. P. (2005): Deep-water ascidians from the North Atlantic (RV Academic Keldysh, cruise 46 and 49). Journal of Natural History 39 (22): 2005-2021, DOI: 10.1080/00222930400026969, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930400026969

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47

Maggioni, Tamara, Clara Rimondino, Anabela Taverna, et al. "Abyssal ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata) from the Weddell Sea, Antarctica, including a new Styela species and stomach content identifications." Zootaxa 5093, no. 3 (2022): 296–314. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5093.3.2.

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Maggioni, Tamara, Rimondino, Clara, Taverna, Anabela, Reyna, Paola, Lagger, Cristian, Alurralde, Gastón, Calcagno, Emilia, Tatián, Marcos (2022): Abyssal ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata) from the Weddell Sea, Antarctica, including a new Styela species and stomach content identifications. Zootaxa 5093 (3): 296-314, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5093.3.2

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48

Monniot, Claude. "Stolidobranch ascidians from the tropical western Indian Ocean." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 135, no. 1 (2002): 65–120. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00017.x.

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Monniot, Claude (2002): Stolidobranch ascidians from the tropical western Indian Ocean. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 135 (1): 65-120, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00017.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00017.x

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49

Monniot, Françoise. "Some ascidians from Indonesian marine lakes (Raja Ampat Islands, West Papua)." Zootaxa 2106 (December 31, 2009): 13–40. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.274849.

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Exbodi, Françoise Monniot. "Additional records of bathyal ascidians (Tunicata) from the New Caledonia region." Zootaxa 5195, no. 3 (2022): 201–23. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5195.3.1.

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