Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'QAM modulation'

The thesis focuses on consideration of possible ways how to realize multi-state modulators for a laboratory instrument. This instrument will illustrate signals, which partake on generation QAM modulation. The design of the laboratory instrument includes theoretic schemata and the execution of a prototype. There are theoretical facts of multi-state signals and multi-state modulations in this thesis. A simple block diagram of the laboratory instrument is made by the theory of creating quadrature amplitude modulation. For each block there are made several schemata, which are compiled to the global scheme. A printed circuit board and the structure items are made by the aid of the global scheme. The next part is devoted to a software facility for a used microprocessor, which ensures the whole function of the laboratory instrument. The final section deals with measuring, which checks the function of the modulator and the right setting coder’s constellation diagrams.

Nowadays most of the communications systems are designed considering only to work under AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise). But the implementation of wireless systems in industrial facilities brings different kind of interference from machines or any other kind of electronic devices. Some of them are sources of randomly and high power noise, which commonly is known as impulsive noise. The objective in this thesis is to study the impact of the impulsive noise on a communication using QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) and PSK (Phase-Shift Keying) schemes, by observing the BER (Bit Error Rate) and the APD (Amplitude Probability Distribution). For that, it is developed a measurement method that will be used in a real industrial environment in future work.      The content of this thesis is divided in two parts. In the first part is made a program in MATLAB to simulate the communication through a noisy channel. Then is developed a measurement method which is tested in three different ways corresponding to 3 different outputs of an spectrum analyzer, namely, 20,4 MHz IF output, video output and IQ data output.      The relation of impulsive noise is presented in the second part with different statistical properties in the BER and the APD, in the setup with the best performance. At the end of the thesis a concluding section summarizes the results obtained during the work and some lines of future work in a real industrial environment with the developed method.

In this paper, we first describe a 9-symbol non-uniform signaling scheme based on Huffman code, in which different symbols are transmitted with different probabilities. By using the Huffman procedure, prefix code is designed to approach the optimal performance. Then, we introduce an algorithm to determine the optimal signal constellation sets for our proposed non-uniform scheme with the criterion of maximizing constellation figure of merit (CFM). The proposed nonuniform polarization multiplexed signaling 9-QAM scheme has the same spectral efficiency as the conventional 8-QAM. Additionally, we propose a specially designed GF(32) nonbinary quasi-cyclic LDPC code for the coded modulation system based on the 9-QAM non-uniform scheme. Further, we study the efficiency of our proposed non-uniform 9-QAM, combined with nonbinary LDPC coding, and demonstrate by Monte Carlo simulation that the proposed GF(23) nonbinary LDPC coded 9-QAM scheme outperforms nonbinary LDPC coded uniform 8-QAM by at least 0.8dB. (C) 2016 Optical Society of America

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-05-30T12:08:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 gléversonfabnercondelemos.pdf: 2102819 bytes, checksum: e934ec8e8bf0daaaa39a52749b708828 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-30T13:52:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gléversonfabnercondelemos.pdf: 2102819 bytes, checksum: e934ec8e8bf0daaaa39a52749b708828 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-30T13:52:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gléversonfabnercondelemos.pdf: 2102819 bytes, checksum: e934ec8e8bf0daaaa39a52749b708828 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-12<br>A presente dissertação versa sobre técnicas de baixo custo para detecção, modulação e demodulação de constelações M-QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) de ordem elevada, ou seja, M = 2n, n = {2,3, · · · ,16}. Al´em disso, s˜ao propostas constelações alternativas para M-QAM, M = 22n, n = {1,2, · · · ,8}, que buscam minimizar a PAPR (peak to average power ratio) quando um sistema OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) ´e utilizado para a transmissão de dados. Uma implementação, de baixo custo e em dispositivo FPGA (field programmable gate array), de um esquema de modulação constante e adaptativa para sistemas OFDM, quando a modulação é MQAM, M = 22n, n = {1,2, · · · ,8}, é descrita e analisada. O desempenho das técnicas de detecção propostas é avaliado através de simulações computacionais quando o ruído é AWGN (additive white Gaussian noise) e AIGN (additive impulsive Gaussian noise). Os resultados em termos de BER × Eb/N0 indicam que as perdas de desempenho geradas com as técnicas propostas não são significativas e, portanto, tais técnicas são candidatas adequadas para a implementação de um sistema OFDM com elevada eficiência espectral. Os resultados computacionais revelam ainda que as propostas alternativas para constelações M-QAM reduzem a PAPR, mas, em contrapartida, degradam consideravelmente a BER. Finalmente, a análise da complexidade computacional das técnicas de detecção e demodulação, as quais foram implementadas em dispositivo FPGA, indica que há uma redução do custo computacional, ou seja, redução do uso de recursos de hardware do dispositivo FPGA quando tais técnicas são implementadas para a demodulação e detecção de símbolos M-QAM de ordem elevada.<br>This dissertation deals with low-cost techniques for detection, modulation and demodulation of high order M-QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) constellations, i.e., M = 2n, n = {2,3, · · · ,16}. In addition, alternative constellations are proposed to M-QAM, M = 22n, n = {1,2, · · · ,8}, which seek to minimize the PAPR (peak to average power ratio) when an OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) system is used for data transmission. A low-cost implementation using a FPGA (field programmable gate array) device of a modulation scheme for constant and adaptive OFDM systems when the modulation is M-QAM, M = 22n, n = {1,2, · · · ,8}, is described and analyzed. The performance of the proposed detection techniques is evaluated through computer simulations when the noise is AWGN (additive white Gaussian noise) and AIGN (additive impulsive Gaussian noise). The results in terms of BER × Eb/N0 indicate that the performance losses generated by the proposed techniques are not significant and, therefore, such techniques are appropriate candidates for the implementation of an OFDM system with high spectral efficiency. The computational results reveal that the alternative proposals for M-QAM constellations reduce the PAPR, but, considerably degrade the BER. Finally, the analysis of computational complexity of detection and demodulation techniques, which were implemented in a FPGA device, indicates that there is a computational cost reduction, i.e., a reduction of resource usage of hardware device such as FPGA when these techniques are implemented for the demodulation and detection of high-order M-QAM symbols.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 21, 2002 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California<br>A series of RF channel flight characterization tests were recently run to benchmark multi-path performance of high-speed quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) over the ocean surface. The modulation format was differential-phase/absolute-amplitude two level polar 16 QAM. The bit rate was 100 Megabits per second with a symbol period of 40nS. An aircraft radiated the test signal at 5 different altitudes. It made two inward flights, on two different days, at each altitude with vertical and horizontal polarization, respectively. Receivers, using circular antenna polarization, were in two different locations. Analysis of the resulting data shows flat fading and frequency selective fading effects.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.<br>Trellis-Coded Modulation (TCM) is employed with quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) to provide error correction coding with no expense in bandwidth. There are two common implementations of TCM, namely pragmatic TCM and Ungerboeck TCM. Both schemes employ Viterbi algorithms for decoding but have different code construction. This thesis investigates and compares the performance of pragmatic TCM and Ungerboeck TCM by implementing the Viterbi decoding algorithm for both schemes with 16-QAM and 64-QAM. Both pragmatic and Ungerboeck TCM with six memory elements are considered. Simulations were carried out for both pragmatic and Ungerboeck TCM to evaluate their respective performance. The simulations were done using Matlab software, and an additive white Gaussian noise channel was assumed. The objective was to ascertain that pragmatic TCM, with its reduced-complexity decoding, is more suitable to adaptive modulation than Ungerboeck TCM.<br>Civilian

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 30-November 02, 1995 / Riviera Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada<br>The national telemetry ranges are being pushed to provide higher data rate telemetry services by users with increasingly complex test procedure for increasingly complex weapon systems. At the same time they are having trouble obtaining more spectrum in which to provide these higher rates because of the demand for spectrum in SHF range from various mobile/cellular Personal Communications Services (PCS) as well as congress’s desire to auction spectrum and to transfer as much spectrum as possible to commercial uses. In light of these pressures the industry is in need of a modulation standard that will out perform the existing PCM/FM standard. The motivation for the present review and analysis of the performance of various coded/uncoded modulation schemes arises from this issue. Comparison of the performance of these schemes will be utilized in the following work to find a suitable solution to the existing problem.

The main objectives of Integrated Network Enhanced Telemetry (iNET) are increased data rate and improved spectral efficiency. In this paper we propose the transmission scheme for the physical layer to be coded Quadrature Amplitude Modulation-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (QAM OFDM) which enables high data rates and spectrum efficiency. However in high mobility scenarios, the channel is time-varying the receiver design is more challenging. In this paper pilot-assisted channel estimation is used at the receiver, with turbo coding to enhance the performance; while the effect of inter symbol interference (ISI) is mitigated by cyclic prefix. The focus of this paper is to evaluate the performance of OFDM with QAM over an aeronautical channel. The M-QAM with OFDM provides a higher data rate than QPSK hence it is chosen in this paper. The implementation is done using Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) and the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). This paper considers how the performance of Coded QAM OFDM can be enhanced using equalization to compensate for inter symbol interference, and using turbo coding for error correction.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 26-29, 1998 / Town & Country Resort Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California<br>Remote, high speed, high explosive wave front monitoring requires very high bandwidth telemetry to allow transmission of diagnostic data before the explosion destroys the sensor system itself. The main motivation for this study is that no known existing implementation of this sort has been applied to realistic weapons environments. These facts have prompted the research and gathering of data that can be used to extrapolate towards finding the best modulation method for this application. In addition to research of similar existing analysis and testing operations, data was recently captured from a Joint Test Assembly (JTA) Air Launched Cruise Missile (ALCM) flight.

ITC/USA 2011 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Seventh Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 24-27, 2011 / Bally's Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada<br>The main objectives of iNET (Integrated Network Enhanced Telemetry) are increased data rate and improved spectral efficiency [1]. In this paper we propose that transmission scheme for the physical layer is coded 16-QAM OFDM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) which enables high data rate and spectrum efficiency. However in high mobility scenarios, where the channel is time-varying the receiver design is more challenging. Therefore in this paper pilot-assisted channel estimation is used at the receiver, with convolutional coding and error correction to enhance the performance; while the effect of inter symbol interference (ISI) is mitigated by cyclic prefix. The focus of this paper is to evaluate the performance of OFDM with 16-QAM over an aeronautical channel. The 16-QAM with OFDM enables 4 bits/symbol and provides a higher data rate than QPSK hence it is chosen in this paper. The implementation of OFDM is done using Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) and the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). In this paper we simulate how the performance of Coded 16-QAM OFDM is enhanced using equalization to compensate for inter symbol interference, convolutional coding is used for error correction, puncturing for improving data rate and the insertion of cyclic prefix (CP) to avoid inter carrier interference.

Nowadays high speed and high data rate communication are highly demanded. Consequently, wideband and high frequency transmitter and receivers should be designed. New transmitters and receivers should also have low power consumption, simple design and low manufacturing price in order to fulfill manufacturers’ requests for mass production. Having all above specifications, six-port correlator is a proper choice to be used as modulator and demodulator in transmitters and receivers. In this thesis the six-port correlator is introduced, modeled and simulated using Advanced Design System (ADS) software. A simple six-port transmitter/receiver system with a line of sight link is modeled and analyzed in BER, path length and noise terms. The modulation in this system is QAM, frequency is 7.5 GHz and symbol rate is 500 Msymbol/s. Furthermore two methods are proposed for high frequency and high symbol rate M-PSK and M-QAM modulation using six-port correlator. The 7.5 GHz modulators are modeled and simulated in ADS. Data streams generated by pseudo random bit generator with 1 GHz bandwidth are applied to modulators. Common source field effect transistors (FETs) with zero bias are used as controllable impedance termination to apply baseband data to modulator. Both modulators show good performance in M-PSK and M-QAM modulation.

In todays fast evolving mobile communications the requirements of higher datarates are continuously increasing, pushing operators to upgrade the backhaul to support these speeds. A cost eective way of doing this is by using microwave links between base stations, but as the requirements of data rates increase, the capacity of the microwave links must be increased. This thesis was part of a funded research project with the objective of developing the next generation high speed microwave links for the E-band. In the research project there was a need for a testing system that was able to generate a series of test signals with selectable QAM modulations and adjustable properties to be able to measure and evaluate hardware within the research project. The developed system was designed in a digital domain using an FPGA platform from Altera, and had the ability of selecting several types of modulations and changing the properties of the output signals as requested. By using simulation in several steps and measurements of the complete system the functionality was verified and the system was delivered to the research project successfully. The developed system can be used to test several dierent modulators in other projects as well and is easily extended to provide further properties.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 26-29, 1998 / Town & Country Resort Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California<br>High explosive radio telemetry (HERT) is a project that is being developed jointly by Los Alamos National Laboratory and AlliedSignal FM&T. The ultimate goal is to develop a small, modular telemetry system capable of high-speed detection of explosive events, with an accuracy on the order of 10 nanoseconds. The reliable telemetry of this data, from a high-speed missile trajectory, is a very challenging opportunity. All captured data must be transmitted in less than 20 microseconds of time duration. This requires a high bits/Hertz microwave telemetry modulation code to insure transmission of the data within the limited time interval available.

One of the fundamental hurdles in realizing new spectrum sharing allocation policies is that of reliable spectrum sensing. In this thesis, three research thrusts are presented in order to further research in this critical area. The first of these research thrusts is the development of a novel asynchronous and noncoherent modulation classifier for PSK/QAM modulated signals in flat-fading channels. In developing this classifier, a novel estimator for the unknown channel gain and fractional time delay is proposed which uses a method-of-moments based estimation approach. For the second research thrust of this thesis, the developed method-of-moments based estimation approach is extended to estimate the signal-to-noise ratio of PSK/QAM modulated signals in flat-fading channels, in which no a priori knowledge of the modulation format and channel parameters is assumed. Finally, in the third research thrust, a distributed spectrum sensing approach is proposed in which a network of radios collaboratively detects the presence, as well as the modulation scheme, of a signal through the use of a combination of cyclic spectrum feature-based signal classification and an iterative algorithm for optimal data fusion.<br>Master of Science

In this thesis work, the locations where we are unable to reach via fiber are considered for wireless transmission links. In the practical part of this thesis different modulation techniques and antenna sizes were analyzed  in order to provide the most efficient way of data transmission. The data between this wireless links was transfered using MPLS L2 VPN solution.   According to improving technology and increasing internet usage, the communication speed, which is between users and providers, becomes more inevitable for transmitting data without any delays. More than one users might use same connection line for transmitting their packets and it is able to be caused an online traffic and some delays and data loss could occur. In this circumstance, high rate internet demands would lead extra costs for Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and users.   In the introduction part, a brief description for the history of communications and basic equipments for Radio Link and Fiber Optic cable are done.   In the theory part, detailed information was provided about modulation techniques and multiplexing techniques followed by general information about computer networks  and comprehensive information about OSI layers.   In the process and result parts, program outputs for Path Loss design which was used for R/L was mentioned in a detailed way. After that, Ethernet Over MPLS L2 VPN was highlighted and a simulation from point-to-point "Ethernet Over MPLS L2 VPN” was conducted in GNS3 software. Furthermore, the simulation for point-to-multipoint case was then applied  in a laboratory environment in order to achieve the desired result.   In the result part, different R/L simulation results are compared to determine the optimized modulation technique and antenna sizes which could then be merged with simulation results from the previous part.

Les formats de modulation avancés, codant l'information sur la phase, la polarisation ou plusieurs niveaux d'amplitude de la lumière reçoivent aujourd'hui un intérêt croissant. En effet, ceux-ci permettent d'atteindre une meilleure efficacité spectrale et par conséquent des débits plus élevés. Ces caractéristiques sont actuellement très recherchées dans les télécommunications pour répondre à la demande constante d'augmentation de capacité des transmissions optiques fibrées. L'essentiel du travail effectué porte sur la génération de tels signaux dans des sources photoniques monolithiques sur InP faisant appel à un concept nouveau de commutation de phases optiques préfixées avec des modulateurs électro-absorbants. Une comparaison de notre technologie intégrée avec la technologie actuelle de génération de formats de modulation avancés démontre des possibilités nouvelles de réduction de taille, de diminution de consommation énergétique et d'évolution en vitesse de modulation jusqu'à 56 GBauds. Suite à la validation, par simulations, d'architectures de transmetteurs spécifiques pour la génération de formats de modulation avancés, nous réalisons en salle blanche les circuits photoniques intégrés d'étude. Les caractérisations statiques confirment le fonctionnement de toutes les fonctions intégrées des circuits et soulignent l'efficacité de la filière technologique. Pour une première démonstration de fonctionnalité nous choisissons un transmetteur BPSK capable de générer une modulation de phase à 12,4 GB. Ce résultat démontre la plus petite source intégrée BPSK à l'heure actuelle. Un autre circuit capable de générer des formats de modulation plus complexes est aussi caractérisé

Orientador: Evandro Conforti<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T04:49:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rocha_Peterson_M.pdf: 5254230 bytes, checksum: 811832dc531fcd6bcc9edf29f71bf219 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012<br>Resumo: Modulações ópticas avançadas como DQPSK e QAM tem sido escolhidas por serem formatos multiniveis (dois bits ou mais por símbolo), aumentando a eficiência espectral de sistemas ópticos. Entretanto, o amplificador óptico a semicondutor (SOA) indicado principalmente para aplicações de media distancia (da ordem de 20 km), pode degradar o sinal DQPSK e QAM. Sistemas de fase modulada (como o DQPSK) são afetados principalmente por SPM e XPM, devido ao ruído de fase não-linear adicionado a fase óptica do sinal. Visando analisar estes problemas, apresenta-se um estudo sobre os sinais NRZ-DQPSK e 16-QAM amplificados pelo SOA, bem como outros fatores que degradam tais sistemas, através de simulações com os softwares comerciais OptiSystem e VPItransmissionMaker. Nas simulações, resultados foram obtidos estando em acordo com a teoria e em acordo com o capitulo 3. Para o sistema DQPSK, o SOA degradou o sinal em todos cenários propostos para avaliar o sistema. O sinal NRZ-DQPSK apresentou maior penalidade quando o ganho do SOA foi de 20 dB. Efeitos não-lineares juntamente com a dispersão cromática limitam fortemente a distancia do enlace, e ao compensar a dispersão cromática no enlace com maior penalidade em 56 Gbps, o sinal NRZ-DQPSK pode trafegar por uma distancia 10 vezes maior (de 5 km para 50 km) com uma BER de 10-12. Para o sistema QAM, o sinal foi penalizado pelo SOA em todos os casos, e utilizando o SOA com ganho grampeado, os efeitos não-lineares foram minimizados, melhorando substancialmente o desempenho. Compensando a dispersão cromática e usando o SOA com ganho grampeado para o caso com maior penalidade, o sinal 16-QAM viajou a uma distancia 16 vezes maior (3 km e 50 km)<br>Abstract: High spectral efficiency is being achieved in modern optical fiber systems using multilevel optical modulation formats such us DQPSK and QAM, with more than one bit per symbol. However, amplifying devices such as the semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) can degrade the DQPSK signal. In recent years SOAs have gained much attention (mainly in medium distance links, around 20 km) due to non-linear and fast switching potential applications (wavelength conversion, 3R regeneration, optical packet switching, etc.). In addition, the SOA under gain saturation further enhance deleterious nonlinear effects such as SPM, XGM, FWM, XPM. Phase modulated systems as DQPSK are affected mainly by SPM and XPM due to the nonlinear phase noise added to the controlled phase of the optical modulated signal. This work presents a study on the NRZ-DQPSK and 16-QAM signals when amplified by SOAs, analyzing the main factors degrading such systems through simulations using commercial OptiSystem and VPItransmissionMaker software. SOA showed degradation effects over DQPSK, with larger penalties to NRZ signals and optical gain over 20 dB. Non-linear effects and chromatic dispersion impose a maximum distance limit. In dispersion compensated links, 10 fold distances are achieved in relation to standard fibers (5 to 50 km) with BER= 10-12. For 16 QAM, the penalties are still high. However, gain clamped SOAs have better performance with a 16 fold distance increase (3 km to 50 km)<br>Mestrado<br>Telecomunicações e Telemática<br>Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

<p> The demand for faster speed and greater signal strength of today&rsquo;s wireless broadband technology evolved signaling techniques to improve spectral bandwidth efficiency. In wireless digital communications, higher-order of M-QAM technique has been employed to improve bandwidth and channel efficiency of the signaling. However, wireless broadband communications such as mobile phones and wireless access networks are prone to multipath fading channel. Higher-order M-QAM is very susceptible to this fading channel because it affects both the amplitude and carrier phase of the transmitted signal as it induces non-linearity. </p><p> In this study, an innovative approach in M-QAM demodulation technique has been proposed. This thesis investigated the performance of a proposed modified Costas Loop M-QAM receiver that employed Machine Learning using multi-layer perceptron (MLP) with error-back propagation (EBP) as an adaptive amplitude fading estimator and, using fuzzy logic as loop filter in the phase lock loop (PLL) circuit that estimated the distorted carrier phase of a received signal. A computer simulation of the proposed receiver was developed to investigate the performance of the receiver&rsquo;s signal recovery over Rayleigh fading channel. The results showed that the ML algorithm tracked well the phase noise and the bit-error rate (BER) were comparable to the theoretical M-QAM curve on certain values of signal-to-noise (SNR) levels.</p><p>

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1999 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada<br>Blind adaptive equalization with application for Non-Linearly Amplified (NLA) quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) systems in multipath selective fading channels is presented. With an offset sampling strategy in the receiver, the proposed blind equalization using Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA) exhibits a fast convergent speed for a family of quadrature modulated systems in NLA and multipath fading channels. Feher’s patented Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (FQPSK) and Feher’s Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (FQAM) which correspond respectively to 4-state and 16-state QAM are used due to their higher Radio Frequency (RF) power and spectral efficiency in NLA channel. It has been shown that blind adaptive equalization can significantly open the eye signals in multipath frequency selective fading channels.

In order to meet the ever-growing demand for mobile data, a number of different technologies have been adopted by the fourth generation standardization bodies. These include multiple access schemes such as spatial division multiple access (SDMA), and efficient modulation techniques such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based modulation. The specific objectives of this theses are to develop an effective feedback method for interference management in smart antenna SDMA systems and to design an efficient OFDM-based modulation technique, where an additional dimension is added to the conventional two-dimensional modulation techniques such as quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). In SDMA time division duplex (TDD) systems, where channel reciprocity is maintained, uplink (UL) channel sounding method is considered as one of the most promising feedback methods due to its bandwidth and delay efficiency. Conventional channel sounding (CCS) only conveys the channel state information (CSI) of each active user to the base station (BS). Due to the limitation in system performance because of co-channel interference (CCI) from adjacent cells in interference-limited scenarios, CSI is only a suboptimal metric for multiuser spatial multiplexing optimization. The first major contribution of this theses is a novel interference feedback method proposed to provide the BS with implicit knowledge about the interference level received by each mobile station (MS). More specifically, it is proposed to weight the conventional channel sounding pilots by the level of the experienced interference at the user’s side. Interference-weighted channel sounding (IWCS) acts as a spectrally efficient feedback technique that provides the BS with implicit knowledge about CCI experienced by each MS, and significantly improves the downlink (DL) sum capacity for both greedy and fair scheduling policies. For the sake of completeness, a novel procedure is developed to make the IWCS pilots usable for UL optimization. It is proposed to divide the optimization metric obtained from the IWCS pilots by the interference experienced at the BS’s antennas. The resultant new metric, the channel gain divided by the multiplication of DL and UL interference, provides link-protection awareness and is used to optimize both UL and DL. Using maximum capacity scheduling criterion, the link-protection aware metric results in a gain in the median system sum capacity of 26.7% and 12.5% in DL and UL respectively compared to the case when conventional channel sounding techniques are used. Moreover, heuristic algorithm has been proposed in order to facilitate a practical optimization and to reduce the computational complexity. The second major contribution of this theses is an innovative transmission approach, referred to as subcarrier-index modulation (SIM), which is proposed to be integrated with OFDM. The key idea of SIM is to employ the subcarrier-index to convey information to the receiver. Furthermore, a closed-form analytical bit error ratio (BER) of SIM OFDM in Rayleigh channel is derived. Simulation results show BER performance gain of 4 dB over 4-QAM OFDM for both coded and uncoded data without power saving policy. Alternatively, power saving policy maintains an average gain of 1 dB while only using half OFDM symbol transmit power.

Au cours des dernières années, les services haut débit et les applications Internet ont explosé, provoquant un problème de saturation dans les réseaux et engendrant une augmentation de la demande de débit. Ceci a poussé les opérateurs à augmenter la capacité de leurs systèmes de transmission optiques WDM en introduisant les systèmes 100G et plus dans les réseaux coeurs. Avec les nouvelles possibilités offertes par les circuits numériques rapides, les systèmes optiques à réception cohérente ont attiré beaucoup d’attention durant ces dernières années. Outre l’amélioration de la sensibilité du récepteur, l’intérêt réside aussi dans l’augmentation de l’efficacité spectrale ainsi que la robustesse contre les effets de propagation dans les fibres. Dans cette thèse, nous développons des outils robustes de traitement numérique du signal spécifiques au canal optique et aux transmissions utilisant le multiplexage de polarisation(POLMUX) et des modulations de phase et d’amplitude (QAM). Ces algorithmes effectuent les opérations d’estimation de phase et de l’écart de fréquence, ainsi que d’égalisation et poursuite des variations du canal. L’optimisation de ces algorithmes est essentielle vu qu’ils sont à implémenter dans des circuits opérant à quelques dizaines de MHz. En outre, comme les QAMs sont plus sensibles aux distorsions du canal, il est essentiel de construire des algorithmes plus robustes et des estimateurs plus précis que ceux déjà proposés pour les modulations de phase. Nos algorithmes sont testés à travers des simulations d’un système POLMUX-16QAM et validés par un traitement offline des mesures expérimentales réalisées à HHI, Berlin dans le cadre du projet EURO-FOS<br>During the last years, broadband services and Internet applications have boomed, causing saturation issues in the networks and leading to an increase in bandwidth demand. This pushed carriers to increase the capacity of WDM channels by introducing 100G and beyond systems in core and Metro networks. With the new possibilities offered by the high speed digital circuits, coherent systems have attracted a lot of attention during the last years. Apart from the receiver sensitivity, the interest lies now in the increase of spectral efficiency as well as tolerance against dispersion effects and fiber nonlinearities. In the framework of this thesis, we develop robust Digital Signal Processing (DSP) tools specific to the optical channel using polarization multiplexing (POLMUX) and Qaudrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). Those algorithms at least deal with the operations of carrier phase recovery, frequency offset estimation, equalization and the tracking of the variation of Polarization Mode dispersion (PMD). Knowing that those algorithms are to be implemented in circuits running at some tens of MHz, the optimization of those tools is essential. Moreover, the already proposed tools are well adapted for phase modulation formats, and as QAM formats are more sensitive to signal distortions, accurate estimators and robust equalizers are still required. Our proposed algorithms are tested using a simulation setup of an optical transmission system using coherent detection and POLMUX-16QAM modulation. They are also validated with offline processing of real measurements carried out in the Heinrich Hertz Institut, Berlin in the framework of the European Network of Excellence EURO-FOS

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-05-17T12:37:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 diogofernandes.pdf: 2723080 bytes, checksum: 27ac16e618618f1cb4c4dc6394956f80 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-06-28T14:08:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 diogofernandes.pdf: 2723080 bytes, checksum: 27ac16e618618f1cb4c4dc6394956f80 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-28T14:08:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 diogofernandes.pdf: 2723080 bytes, checksum: 27ac16e618618f1cb4c4dc6394956f80 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-31<br>CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico<br>Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar técnicas com complexidade computacional reduzida para implementação em hardware do modulador de amplitude em quadratura M-ária (M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation - M-QAM) de elevada ordem, que pode ser viável para sistemas banda larga. As técnicas propostas abrangem as constelações M-QAM quadradas e cruzadas (número par e ímpar de bits), a regra de decisão abrupta (hard decison rule), derivação de constelações M-QAM de baixa ordem das de elevada ordem. A análise de desempenho em termos de taxa de bits errados (bit error rate - BER) é realizada quando os símbolos M-QAM são corrompidos por ruído Gaussiano branco aditivo (additive white Gaussian noise - AWGN) e ruído Gaussiano impulsivo aditivo (additive impulsive Gaussian noise - AIGN). Os resultados de desempenho da taxa de bits errados mostram que a perda de desempenho das técnicas propostas é, em média, inferior a 1 dB, o que é um resultado surpreendente. Além disso, a implementação das técnicas propostas em arranjo de portas programáveis em campo (field programmable gate array - FPGA) é descrita e analisada. Os resultados obtidos com as implementações em dispositivo FPGA mostram que as técnicas propostas podem reduzir consideravelmente a utilização de recursos de hardware se comparadas com as técnicas presentes na literatura. Uma melhoria notável em termos de redução da utilização de recursos de hardware é conseguida através da utilização da técnica de modulação M-QAM genérica em comparação com a técnica de regra de decisão heurística (heuristic decision rule - HDR) aprimorada e uma técnica previamente concebida, a tà c cnica HDR. Com base nas análises apresentadas, a técnica HDR aprimorada é menos complexa do que a técnica HDR. Finalmente, os resultados numéricos mostram que a técnica de modulação M-QAM genérica pode ser oito vezes mais rápida do que as outras duas técnicas apresentadas, quando um grande número de símbolos M-QAM (p. ex., > 1000) são transmitidos consecutivamente.<br>This work aims at introducing techniques with reduced computational complexity for hardware implementation of high order M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (MQAM) which may be feasible for broadband communication systems. The proposed techniques cover both square and cross M-QAM constellations (even and odd number of bits), hard decision rule, derivation of low-order M-QAM constellations from high order ones. Performance analyses, in terms of bit error rate (BER) is carried out when the M-QAM symbols are corrupted by either additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) or additive impulsive Gaussian noise (AIGN). The bit error rate performance results show that the performance loss of the proposed techniques is, on average, less than 1 dB, which is a remarkable result. Additionally, the implementation of the proposed techniques in field programmable gate array (FPGA) device is described and outlined. The results based on FPGA show that the proposed techniques can considerably reduce hardware resource utilization. A remarkable improvement in terms of hardware resource utilization reduction is achieved by using the generic M-QAM technique in comparison with the enhanced heuristic decision rule (HDR) technique and a previously designed technique, the HDR technique. Based on the analyses performed, the enhanced HDR technique is less complex than the HDR technique. Finally, the numerical results show that the generic M-QAM technique can be eight times faster than the other two techniques when a large number of M-QAM symbols (e.g., > 1000) are consecutively transmitted.

All wireless receivers have some degree of nonlinearity that can negatively impact performance. Two major effects from this nonlinearity are power compression, which leads to amplitude and phase distortions in the received signal, and desensitization caused by a high powered interfering signal at an adjacent channel. As the RF spectrum becomes more crowded, the interference caused by these adjacent signals will become a more significant problem for receiver design. Therefore, having bit and symbol error rate expressions that take the receiver nonlinearity into account will allow for determining the linearity requirements of a receiver. This thesis examines the modeling of the probability density functions of M-PAM and M-QAM signals through an AWGN channel taking into account the impact of receiver nonlinearity. A change of variables technique is used to provide a relationship between the pdf of these signals with a linear receiver and the pdf with a nonlinear receiver. Additionally, theoretical bit and symbol error rates are derived from the pdf expressions. Finally, this approach is extended by deriving pdf and error rate expressions for these signals when nearby blocking signals cause desensitization of the signal of interest. Matlab simulation shows that the derived expressions for a nonlinear receiver have the same accuracy as the accepted expressions for linear receivers.<br>Master of Science

The main aim of this master's thesis was the create function models of wireless network technologies using the modern multitones modulation like is PFDM and FMT. This work is realised in Matlab – Simulink enviroment and models are tested in development kit. Development kit is universal software defined radio developer by Ettus.

Detecting and correcting errors occurring in the transmitted data through a channel is a task of great importance in digital communication. In Error Correction Coding (ECC), some redundant data is added with the original data while transmitting. By exploiting the properties of the redundant data, the errors occurring in the data from the transmission can be detected and corrected. In this thesis, a new coding algorithm named Signal Point Target Code has been studied and various properties of the proposed code have been extended. Signal Point Target Code (SPTC) uses a predefined shape within a given signal constellation to generate a parity symbol. In this thesis, the relation between the employed shape and the performance of the proposed code have been studied and an extension of the SPTC are presented. This research presents simulation results to compare the performances of the proposed codes. The results have been simulated using different programming languages, and a comparison between those programming languages is provided. The performance of the codes are analyzed and possible future research areas have been indicated.

An experimental investigation of an M level (M = 16, 64 and 256) Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) transmission system suitable for video transmission is presented. The communication system is based on layered video coding and unequal error protection to make the video bitstream robust to channel errors. An implementation is described in which H.264 video is protected unequally by partitioning the compressed data into two layers of different visual importance. The partition scheme is based on a separation of the group of pictures (GoP) in the intra-coded frame (I-frame) and predictive coded frame (P frame). This partition scheme is then applied to split the H.264-coded video bitstream and is suitable for Constant Bit Rate (CBR) transmission. Unequal error protection is based on uniform and non-uniform M-QAM constellations in conjunction with different scenarios of splitting the transmitted symbol for protection of the more important information of the video data; different constellation arrangements are proposed and evaluated to increase the capacity of the high priority layer. The performance of the transmission system is evaluated under Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading conditions. Simulation results showed that in noisy channels the decoded video can be improved by assigning a larger portion of the video data to the enhancement layer in conjunction with non-uniform constellation arrangements; in better channel conditions the quality of the received video can be improved by assigning more bits in the high priority channel and using uniform constellations. The aforementioned varying conditions can make the video transmission more successful over error-prone channels. Further techniques were developed to combat various channel impairments by considering channel coding methods suitable for layered video coding applications. It is shown that a combination of non-uniform M-QAM and forward error correction (FEC) will yield a better performance. Additionally, antenna diversity techniques are examined and introduced to the transmission system that can offer a significant improvement in the quality of service of mobile video communication systems in environments that can be modelled by a Rayleigh fading channel.

An experimental investigation of an M level (M = 16, 64 and 256) Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) transmission system suitable for video transmission is presented. The communication system is based on layered video coding and unequal error protection to make the video bitstream robust to channel errors. An implementation is described in which H.264 video is protected unequally by partitioning the compressed data into two layers of different visual importance. The partition scheme is based on a separation of the group of pictures (GoP) in the intra-coded frame (I-frame) and predictive coded frame (P frame). This partition scheme is then applied to split the H.264-coded video bitstream and is suitable for Constant Bit Rate (CBR) transmission. Unequal error protection is based on uniform and non-uniform M-QAM constellations in conjunction with different scenarios of splitting the transmitted symbol for protection of the more important information of the video data; different constellation arrangements are proposed and evaluated to increase the capacity of the high priority layer. The performance of the transmission system is evaluated under Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading conditions. Simulation results showed that in noisy channels the decoded video can be improved by assigning a larger portion of the video data to the enhancement layer in conjunction with non-uniform constellation arrangements; in better channel conditions the quality of the received video can be improved by assigning more bits in the high priority channel and using uniform constellations. The aforementioned varying conditions can make the video transmission more successful over error-prone channels. Further techniques were developed to combat various channel impairments by considering channel coding methods suitable for layered video coding applications. It is shown that a combination of non-uniform M-QAM and forward error correction (FEC) will yield a better performance. Additionally, antenna diversity techniques are examined and introduced to the transmission system that can offer a significant improvement in the quality of service of mobile video communication systems in environments that can be modelled by a Rayleigh fading channel.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 26-29, 1998 / Town & Country Resort Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California<br>This paper overviews the High Explosive Radio Telemetry (HERT) system, under co-development by Los Alamos National Laboratories and AlliedSignal Federal Manufacturing & Technologies. This telemetry system is designed to measure the initial performance of an explosive package under flight environment conditions, transmitting data from up to 64 sensors. It features high speed, accurate time resolution (10 ns) and has the ability to complete transmission of data before the system is destroyed by the explosion. In order to affect the resources and performance of a flight delivery vehicle as little as possible, the system is designed such that physical size, power requirements, and antenna demands are as small as possible.

Les applications de variation de vitesse des machines alternatives mettent en oeuvre des réseaux Modulés en Largeur d’Impulsion (MLI). La commande de ces machines nécessite la connaissance de données comme la vitesse ou la position du rotor. La transmission des données par Courant Porteur en Ligne (CPL) sur le réseau d’énergie permet de simplifier l’installation et l’entretien du système, d’augmenter sa fiabilité et de réduire son coût. Les modems CPL actuellement disponibles ne sont pas compatibles avec les applications de variation de vitesse. Le bruit (tension MLI) de type impulsionnel ainsi que l’atténuation du signal de communication à travers les câbles d’énergie sont les deux principaux obstacles au déploiement du CPL sur les réseaux MLI. Le développement d’une solution spécifique est donc nécessaire pour pouvoir utiliser le CPL. A partir du banc d’essai, le moteur, les câbles triphasés de longueurs de 10, 60 et 110 mètres et l’onduleur ont été modélisés et une fonction de transfert du canal est obtenue et validée par des mesures., La tension MLI a été mesurée et caractérisée. À partir de ces données, un calcul du rapport canal à bruit (CNR) a permis d’identifier les fréquences centrales optimales. Deux paires de coupleurs (Rx, Tx) sont réalisées autour de ces fréquences avec une bande passante de 10MHz. Un simulateur de communication intégrant le modèle du canal et du bruit a été développé. Le banc d’essai a été enrichi avec un système de modulation/démodulation QAM complet. Les résultats de simulation, en termes de puissance, débit et TEB, sont ensuite comparés aux résultats obtenus par le banc d’essai<br>Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) networks are used in adjustable-speed drive applications. Data like, speed and rotor position, coming from sensors on the motor, are necessary for the control. Other data like, temperature and current value are important for monitoring purposes. Using Power Line Communication (PLC) techniques to transfer data from those sensors to the control has some numerous benefits. The most obvious are, simplified installation and maintenance, increase of reliability and reduction of cost. Unfortunately, PLC modems used in low-voltage sinusoidal network are not compatible with this type of application. In fact, the PLC signal suffers from power cables attenuation. In addition, the PWM voltage can generate high level noise in the bandwidth used by traditional PLC modems. Therefore, a specific PLC solution is needed in this type of applications. To find an optimized solution, the motor, the inverter as well as the cables (10, 60 and 110 meters) are modeled by a chain matrix. The transfer function calculated from the model is verified by measurements. Afterward, the PWM voltage is measured and characterized. Using the transfer function in addition to the PWM measurements, the Channel to Noise Ratio (CNR) is calculated. The CNR provides the best two center frequencies for PLC couplers. For each frequency, a couple of couplers (Tx, Rx) of 10MHz width is made. A communication simulator is made using channel model and noise (PWM) measurements. In addition, the test bench is upgraded with a QAM modem. A wide comparison is made between results (output power, bit rate and BER) obtained from the test bench and from simulations

L'accès aux services multimédias est aujourd'hui possible pour les particuliers grâce aux technologies ADSL qui permettent des transmissions de données haut débit via les lignes téléphoniques. Cependant, la réception de vidéo n'est accessible qu'aux abonnés ayant une bonne qualité de ligne. Nous présentons dans le cadre de cette thèse un système original d'optimisation de la qualité vidéo transmise sur ligne ADSL dans le but d'élargir la zone de couverture de télédiffusion sur ADSL déjà existante. Le système s'appuie sur une optimisation conjointe source/canal. En effet, le codage source consiste à transcoder de façon hiérarchique le flux vidéo MPEG-2 en Data Partitioning tout en adaptant à la volée le débit vidéo en fonction de la qualité de la ligne d'abonné. Les débits optimaux de transcodage sont déterminés automatiquement selon les caractéristiques de la ligne en minimisant les dégradations visuelles de la vidéo. Pour cela, une nouvelle métrique de mesure de qualité vidéo MPEG-2 de type EQM pondérée simple à mettre en œuvre est proposée. Du côté codage canal, une étude complète d'optimisation de la transmission birésolution sur un canal DMT présente la comparaison de deux schémas de transmission hiérarchique : le schéma utilisant le multiplexage en fréquence et le schéma permettant la transmission simultanée des deux flux sur les mêmes sous-canaux grâce à l'utilisation de QAM hiérarchiques. Cette étude aboutit à la proposition de deux nouveaux algorithmes d'allocation des bits et des puissances pour les deux schémas de transmission. Finalement, l'analyse du système et les résultats de simulation mettent en évidence la supériorité de la solution proposée vis-à-vis d'une transmission monorésolution classique<br>Today, multimedia services have become accessible for private individuals thanks to ADSL technologies that uses existing phone lines to transmit data at high bit rates. However, video broadcasting over ADSL is only accessible to subscribers with good quality lines. We present an original system that optimizes the video quality over ADSL lines. The aim of the proposed system is to increase the reach of video broadcasting solutions over ADSL that already exists. The system is based on a joint source/channel optimization: source coding is based on a MPEG-2 scalable transcoding scheme using Data Partitioning that simply adapts the video bit rate depending on the subscriber quality line. The optimal bit rates are automatically chosen according to the line characteristics so that visual degradations of the video are minimized. In this goal, a new video quality metric that is very simple to implement is proposed to assess MPEG-2 sequences. On the channel coding side, a complete study of bi-resolution transmission schemes over DMT channel presents a comparison of two hierarchical transmission schemes: the Frequency Division Multiplexing schema and the Embedded MultiCarrier Modulation Scheme that uses hierarchical QAM to transmit bits of the two layers on the same sub carrier. This study leads to the proposal of two new bit and power loading algorithms for the two different transmission schemes. The final analysis of the system and experimental results highlight advantages of the suggested solution compared to a classical monoresolution transmission

This thesis describes the use of a multi-amplitude minimum shift keying (MAMSK) signal in various types of wireless communication system. A MAMSK signal is a bandwidth efficient modulation scheme obtained by superimposing ℳ minimum shift keying (MSK) signals with unequal amplitudes. The overall phase of a MAMSK signal is controlled by the phase of the largest component MSK signal which allows the use of a low-complexity differential detector. A closed form expression for the average bit error rate (BER) for coherent detection of an MAMSK in AWGN is derived and is shown to achieve the same BER as that of square constellation quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) with the same average transmit power. We describe the design and implementation of a STBC-based MIMO radio system in conjunction with MAMSK modulation. The proposed system provides high capacity data transmission by carrying information not only in the phases but also in the amplitude. Despite using a simple MAMSK differential receiver the system achieves performance within 1 dB of coherent detection. The existing MSK modems in conjunction with STBC could easily be modified to construct the proposed system. The MAMSK modulation scheme is extended to a multiuser relaying network where two nodes cooperate in a half-duplex environment to achieve diversity gain. The cooperative scheme is based on superposition modulation using a decode-and-forward (DF) strategy. In the proposed scheme, each node simultaneously transmits its own and the relayed signals by superimposing one on the other. A MAMSK signal is an excellent choice for this type of cooperative communication due its being obtained by a superposition technique. The proposed system exploits the overall phase of a MAMSK signal which allows differential detection and as a result it provides the lowest decoding complexity and memory requirements among the existing superposition based cooperation schemes. The performance of the system is evaluated by simulation, where it is shown that the MAMSK cooperative system outperforms a conventional DF scheme in terms of both power and bandwidth efficiency.

Les centres de données deviennent de plus en plus importants, allant de petites fermes de serveurs distribuées à des grandes fermes dédiées à des tâches spécifiques. La diffusion de services "dans le nuage" conduit à une augmentation incessante de la demande de trafic dans les centres de données. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions l'évolution des réseaux dans les centres de données et proposons des solutions à court et à long terme pour leur intra-connexion physique. Aujourd'hui, la croissance de la demande de trafic met en lumière la nécessité urgente d’interfaces à grande vitesse capables de faire face à la bande passante exigeant de nouvelles applications. Ainsi, à court terme, nous proposons de nouveaux transpondeurs optiques à haut débit, mais à faible coût, permettant la transmission de 200 Gb /s utilisant des schémas de modulation en intensité et à détection directe. Plusieurs types de modulations d’impulsions en amplitude avancées sont explorés, tout en augmentant la vitesse à des débits symboles allant jusqu’à 100 GBd. La génération électrique à haute vitesse est réalisé grâce à un nouveau convertisseur analogique-numérique intégré, capable de doubler les vitesses des entrées et de générer des signaux à plusieurs niveaux d’amplitude. Cependant, le trafic continuera sa croissance. Les centres de données actuels reposent sur plusieurs niveaux de commutateurs électroniques pour construire un réseau d'interconnexion capable de supporter une telle grande quantité de trafic. Dans une telle architecture, la croissance du trafic est directement liée à une augmentation du nombre des composants du réseau, y-compris les commutateurs avec plus de ports, les interfaces et les câbles. Le coût et la consommation d'énergie qui peut être attendus à l'avenir est intenable, ce qui appelle à une réévaluation du réseau. Par conséquent, nous présentons ensuite un nouveau concept fondé sur la commutation de "slots" optiques (Burst Optical Slot Switching, i.e. BOSS) dans lequel les serveurs sont connectés via des nœuds BOSS à travers des anneaux de fibres multiplexé en longueur d'onde et en temps, et organisés dans une topologie en tore. Au cours de cette thèse, nous étudions la mise en œuvre des nœuds BOSS; en particulier, la matrice de commutation et les transpondeurs optiques. L'élément principal au sein de la matrice de commutation est le bloqueur de slots, qui est capable d'effacer n’importe quel paquet (slot) sur n’importe quelle longueur d'onde en quelques nanosecondes seulement. D'une part, nous explorons l'utilisation d'amplificateurs optiques à semi-conducteurs comme portes optiques à utiliser dans le bloqueur des slots, et étudier leur cascade. D'autre part, nous développons un bloqueur de slots intégré monolithiquement capable de gérer jusqu'à seize longueurs d'onde avec la diversité de polarisation. Ensuite, nous présentons plusieurs architectures de transpondeur et nous étudions leur performance. La signalisation des transpondeurs doit répondre à deux exigences principales: le fonctionnement en mode paquet et la résistance au filtrage serré. D'abord, nous utilisons des transpondeurs élastiques qui utilisent des modulations Nyquist N-QAM, et qui adaptent le format de modulation en fonction du nombre de nœuds à traverser. Ensuite, nous proposons l'utilisation du multiplexage par répartition orthogonale de la fréquence en cohérence optique (CO-OFDM). Avec une structure de paquet inhérente et leur grande adaptabilité fréquentielle, nous démontrons que les transpondeurs CO-OFDM offrent une capacité plus élevée et une meilleure portée que leurs homologues Nyquist. Finalement, nous comparons notre solution BOSS avec la topologie Clos replié utilisée aujourd'hui. Nous montrons que notre architecture BOSS nécessite 400 fois moins de transpondeurs et de câbles que les réseaux de commutation électronique d'aujourd'hui, ce qui ouvre la voie à des centres de données hautement évolutifs et durables<br>Data centers are becoming increasingly important and ubiquitous, ranging from large server farms dedicated to various tasks such as data processing, computing, data storage or the combination thereof, to small distributed server farms. The spread of cloud services is driving a relentless increase of traffic demand in datacenters, which is doubling every 12 to 15 months. Along this thesis we study the evolution of data center networks and present short- and long-term solutions for their physical intra-connection. Today, rapidly-growing traffic in data centers spotlights the urgent need for high-speed low-cost interfaces capable to cope with hungry-bandwidth demanding new applications. Thereby, in the short-term we propose novel high-datarate low-cost optical transceivers enabling up to 200 Gb/s transmission using intensity-modulation and direct-detection schemes. Several advanced pulse amplitude modulation schemes are explored while increasing speeds towards record symbol-rates, as high as 100 GBd. High-speed electrical signaling is enabled by an integrated selector-power digital-to- analog converter, capable of doubling input baud-rates while outputting advance multi-level pulse amplitude modulations. Notwithstanding, data centers’ global traffic will continue increasing incessantly. Current datacenters rely on high-radix all-electronic Ethernet switches to build an interconnecting network capable to pave with such vast amount of traffic. In such architecture, traffic growth directly relates to an increase of networking components, including switches with higher port-count, interfaces and cables. Unsustainable cost and energy consumption that can be expected in the future calls for a network reassessment. Therefore, we subsequently present a novel concept for intra-datacenter networks called burst optical slot switching (BOSS); in which servers are connected via BOSS nodes through wavelength- and time-division multiplexed fiber rings organized in a Torus topology. Along this thesis we investigate on the implementation of BOSS nodes; in particular, the switching fabric and the optical transceivers. The main element within the switching fabric is the slot blocker, which is capable of erasing any packet of any wavelength in a nanosecond time-scale. On the one hand, we explore the use of semiconductor optical amplifiers as means of gating element to be used within the slot blocker and study their cascadability. On the other hand we develop a monolithically integrated slot blocker capable of handling up to sixteen wavelength channels with dual-polarization diversity. Then we present several transceiver architectures and study their performances. Transceivers’ signaling needs to fulfill two main requirements: packet-mode operation, i.e. being capable of recovering few microsecond –long bursts; and resiliency to tight filtering, which occurs when cascading many nodes (e.g. up to 100). First we build packet-mode Nyquist-pulse-shaped N-QAM transceivers, which adapt the modulation format as a function of the number of nodes to traverse. Later we propose the use of coherent-optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CO-OFDM). With inherent packet structure and high spectral tailoring capabilities, we demonstrate that CO-OFDM-based transceivers offer higher capacity and enhanced reach than its Nyquist counterpart. Finally, we compare our BOSS solution to today’s Folded Clos topology, and show that our BOSS architecture requires x400 fewer transponders and cables than today’s electronic switching networks, which paves the way to highly scalable and sustainable datacenters

The aim of this master´s thesis is an explanation of the problem of transport optical networks with Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing. DWDM principle, properties and limit of transmission system. Focus of thesis is also specification properties of migration transmission system to higher speed 40G, 100G and in future to 400G. Part of thesis is outlined the basic division of multiplexing system, there are discussed the basic solutions of wavelength multiplexes CWDM and DWDM, focus for the effects of nonlinear phenomena and parasitic modulation FWM, SPM and XPM in modulation DP-QPSK and 16-QAM. In practicle part we will make measurement of properties of 10G and then experimental measurement parameters on 100G.

[EN] The processing of radiofrequency signals using photonics means is a discipline that appeared almost at the same time as the laser and the optical fibre. Photonics offers the capability of managing broadband radiofrequency (RF) signals thanks to its low transmission attenuation, a variety of linear and non-linear phenomena and, recently, the potential to implement integrated photonic subsystems. These features open the door for the implementation of multiple functionalities including optical transportation, up and down frequency conversion, optical RF filtering, signal multiplexing, de-multiplexing, routing and switching, optical sampling, tone generation, delay control, beamforming and photonic generation of digital modulations, and even a combination of several of these functionalities. This thesis is focused on the application of vector processing in the optical domain to radiofrequency signals in two fields of application: optical beamforming, and photonic vector modulation and demodulation of digital quadrature amplitude modulations. The photonic vector control enables to adjust the amplitude and phase of the radiofrequency signals in the optical domain, which is the fundamental processing that is required in different applications such as beamforming networks for direct radiating array (DRA) antennas and multilevel quadrature modulation. The work described in this thesis include different techniques for implementing a photonic version of beamforming networks for direct radiating arrays (DRA) known as optical beamforming networks (OBFN), with the objectives of providing a precise control in terrestrial applications of broadband signals at very high frequencies above 40 GHz in communication antennas, optimizing the size and mass when compared with the electrical counterparts in space application, and presenting new photonic-based OBFN functionalities. Thus, two families of OBFNs are studied: fibre-based true time delay architectures and integrated networks. The first allow the control of broadband signals using dispersive optical fibres with wavelength division multiplexing techniques and advanced functionalities such as direction of arrival estimation in receiving architectures. In the second, passive OBFNs based on monolithically-integrated Optical Butler Matrices are studied, including an ultra-compact solution using optical heterodyne techniques in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) material, and an alternative implementing a homodyne counterpart in germanium doped silica material. In this thesis, the application of photonic vector processing to the generation of quadrature digital modulations has also been investigated. Multilevel modulations are based on encoding digital information in discrete states of phase and amplitude of an electrical signal to enhance spectral efficiency, as for instance, in quadrature modulation. The signal process required for generating and demodulating this kind of signals involves vector processing (phase and amplitude control) and frequency conversion. Unlike the common electronic or digital implementation, in this thesis, different photonic based signal processing techniques are studied to produce digital modulation (photonic vector modulation, PVM) and demodulation (PVdM). These techniques are of particular interest in the case of broadband signals where the data rate required to be managed is in the order of gigabit per second, for applications like wireless backhauling of metro optical networks (known as fibre-to-the-air). The techniques described use optical dispersion in optical fibres, wavelength division multiplexing and photonic up/down conversion. Additionally, an optical heterodyne solution implemented monolithically in a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) is also described.<br>[ES] El procesamiento de señales de radiofrecuencia (RF) utilizando medios fotónicos es una disciplina que apareció casi al mismo tiempo que el láser y la fibra óptica. La fotónica ofrece la capacidad de manipular señales de radiofrecuencia de banda ancha, una baja atenuación, procesados basados en una amplia variedad de fenómenos lineales y no lineales y, recientemente, el potencial para implementar subsistemas fotónicos integrados. Estas características ofrecen un gran potencial para la implementación de múltiples funcionalidades incluyendo transporte óptico, conversión de frecuencia, filtrado óptico de RF, multiplexación y demultiplexación de señales, encaminamiento y conmutación, muestreo óptico, generación de tonos, líneas de retardo, conformación de haz en agrupaciones de antenas o generación fotónica de modulaciones digitales, e incluso una combinación de varias de estas funcionalidades. Esta tesis se centra en la aplicación del procesamiento vectorial en el dominio óptico de señales de radiofrecuencia en dos campos de aplicación: la conformación óptica de haces y la modulación y demodulación vectorial fotónica de señales digitales en cuadratura. El control fotónico vectorial permite manipular la amplitud y fase de las señales de radiofrecuencia en el dominio óptico, que es el procesamiento fundamental que se requiere en diferentes aplicaciones tales como las redes de conformación de haces para agrupaciones de antenas y en la modulación en cuadratura. El trabajo descrito en esta tesis incluye diferentes técnicas para implementar una versión fotónica de las redes de conformación de haces de en agrupaciones de antenas, conocidas como redes ópticas de conformación de haces (OBFN). Se estudian dos familias de redes: arquitecturas de retardo en fibra óptica y arquitecturas integradas. Las primeras permiten el control de señales de banda ancha utilizando fibras ópticas dispersivas con técnicas de multiplexado por división de longitud de onda y funcionalidades avanzadas tales como la estimación del ángulo de llegada de la señal en la antena receptora. En la segunda, se estudian redes de conformación pasivas basadas en Matrices de Butler ópticas integradas, incluyendo una solución ultra-compacta utilizando técnicas ópticas heterodinas en silicio sobre aislante (SOI), y una alternativa homodina en sílice dopado con germanio. En esta tesis, también se han investigado técnicas de procesado vectorial fotónico para la generación de modulaciones digitales en cuadratura. Las modulaciones multinivel codifican la información digital en estados discretos de fase y amplitud de una señal eléctrica para aumentar su eficiencia espectral, como por ejemplo la modulación en cuadratura. El procesado necesario para generar y demodular este tipo de señales implica el procesamiento vectorial (control de amplitud y fase) y la conversión de frecuencia. A diferencia de la implementación electrónica o digital convencional, en esta tesis se estudian diferentes técnicas de procesado fotónico tanto para la generación de modulaciones digitales (modulación vectorial fotónica, PVM) como para su demodulación (PVdM). Esto es de particular interés en el caso de señales de banda ancha, donde la velocidad de datos requerida es del orden de gigabits por segundo, para aplicaciones como backhaul inalámbrico de redes ópticas metropolitanas (conocida como fibra hasta el aire). Las técnicas descritas se basan en explotar la dispersión cromática de la fibra óptica, la multiplexación por división de longitud de onda y la conversión en frecuencia. Además, se presenta una solución heterodina implementada monolíticamente en un circuito integrado fotónico (PIC).<br>[CAT] El processament de senyals de radiofreqüència (RF) utilitzant mitjans fotònics és una disciplina que va aparèixer gairebé al mateix temps que el làser i la fibra òptica. La fotònica ofereix la capacitat de manipular senyals de radiofreqüència de banda ampla, una baixa atenuació, processats basats en una àmplia varietat de fenòmens lineals i no lineals i, recentment, el potencial per implementar subsistemes fotònics integrats. Aquestes característiques ofereixen un gran potencial per a la implementació de múltiples funcionalitats incloent transport òptic, conversió de freqüència, filtrat òptic de RF, multiplexació i demultiplexació de senyals, encaminament i commutació, mostreig òptic, generació de tons, línies de retard, conformació de feix en agrupacions d'antenes i la generació fotònica de modulacions digitals, i fins i tot una combinació de diverses d'aquestes funcionalitats. Aquesta tesi es centra en l'aplicació del processament vectorial en el domini òptic de senyals de radiofreqüència en dos camps d'aplicació: la conformació òptica de feixos i la modulació i demodulació vectorial fotònica de senyals digitals en quadratura. El control fotònic vectorial permet manipular l'amplitud i la fase dels senyals de radiofreqüència en el domini òptic, que és el processament fonamental que es requereix en diferents aplicacions com ara les xarxes de conformació de feixos per agrupacions d'antenes i en modulació multinivell. El treball descrit en aquesta tesi inclou diferents tècniques per implementar una versió fotònica de les xarxes de conformació de feixos en agrupacions d'antenes, conegudes com a xarxes òptiques de conformació de feixos (OBFN), amb els objectius de proporcionar un control precís en aplicacions terrestres de senyals de banda ampla a freqüències molt altes per sobre de 40 GHz en antenes de comunicacions, optimitzant la mida i el pes quan es compara amb els homòlegs elèctrics en aplicacions espacials, i la presentació de noves funcionalitats fotòniques per agrupacions d'antenes. Per tant, s'estudien dues famílies de OBFNs: arquitectures de retard en fibra òptica i arquitectures integrades. Les primeres permeten el control de senyals de banda ampla utilitzant fibres òptiques dispersives amb tècniques de multiplexació per divisió en longitud d'ona i funcionalitats avançades com ara l'estimació de l'angle d'arribada del senyal a l'antena receptora. A la segona, s'estudien xarxes de conformació passives basades en Matrius de Butler òptiques en fotònica integrada, incloent una solució ultra-compacta utilitzant tècniques òptiques heterodinas en silici sobre aïllant (SOI), i una alternativa homodina en sílice dopat amb germani. D'altra banda, també s'ha investigat en aquesta tesi tècniques de processament vectorial fotònic per a la generació de modulacions digitals en quadratura. Les modulacions multinivell codifiquen la informació digital en estats discrets de fase i amplitud d'un senyal elèctric per augmentar la seva eficiència espectral, com ara la modulació en quadratura. El processat necessari per generar i desmodular aquest tipus de senyals implica el processament vectorial (control d'amplitud i fase) i la conversió de freqüència. A diferència de la implementació electrònica o digital convencional, en aquesta tesi s'estudien diferents tècniques de processament fotònic tant per a la generació de modulacions digitals (modulació vectorial fotònica, PVM) com per la seva demodulació (PVdM). Això és de particular interès en el cas de senyals de banda ampla, on la velocitat de dades requerida és de l'ordre de gigabits per segon, per a aplicacions com backhaul sense fils de xarxes òptiques metropolitanes (coneguda com fibra fins l'aire). Les tècniques descrites es basen en explotar la dispersió cromàtica de la fibra òptica, la multiplexació per divisió en longitud d'ona i la conversió en freqüència. A més, es prese<br>Piqueras Ruipérez, MÁ. (2016). Photonic Vector Processing Techniques for Radiofrequency Signals [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/63264<br>TESIS

1. The effects of glucose on the electrophysiological properties of rat hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) neurones were investigated. Neurones were recorded in 10 mM (hyperglycaemic) and 2 mM (euglycaemic) glucose-containing aCSF. The major findings were that input resistance increased in 10 mM glucose, there was an increase in the activity of neurones in 2 mM glucose and there were a greater percentage of neurones expressing lh in 10 mM glucose. Subthreshold active conductances were differentially expressed in ARC neurones including: anomalous inward rectification Q. ), time- and voltage-dependent inward rectification 00, A-like transient outward rectification (IA) and T-type calcium-like conductance. Characterisation of the differential expression of these conductances may represent one way of functionally classifying ARC neurones. 2. Whole-cell patch clamp recording techniques were used in isolated hypothalamic brain slice preparations to investigate the effects of 5-HT on ARC neurones. Bath application of 5-HT induced a membrane depolarisation in a sub-population of ARC neurones (30%), a response that persisted in the presence of TTX indicating a direct effect. 5-HT excited ARC neurones through three potential mechanisms: closure of one or more resting potassium conductances; activation of a non-selective cation channel, or a combination of the two; or activation of a pump in the membrane. This response was mediated through the 5-HT2A. 5-HT2B and/or 5-HT2C receptors revealed using a range of 5-HT receptor agonists and antagonists. 5-HT was shown to excite CART-expressing neurones suggesting an anorexigenic role for 5-HT, via 5-HT2 receptors at the level of the ARC. 3.5-HT induced a membrane hyperpolarisation in a sub-population of ARC neurones (37%). The 5-HT-induced hyperpolarisation persisted in the presence of TTX indicating a direct effect on ARC neurones. 5-HT inhibited ARC neurones most likely through the activation of one or more potassium conductances,including an inwardly rectifying potassium conductance. Potential roles for 5-HTIA, 5-HTIB and 5-HT7 receptors were suggested from studies utilising 5-HT receptor agonists and antagonists. 5-HT inhibited orexigenic NPY/AgRP neurones, identified by their response to ghrelin and by their electrophysiological properties, suggesting an anorexigenic role for 5-HT, acting via 5-HTI and 5-HT7 receptors on NPY/AgRP neurones at the level of the ARC. 4. The effects of feeding-related signals on hypothalamic neuropeptide expression were investigated using real-time-PCR. A new protocol measuring gene expression from hypothalamic explants was developed. Effects of GABA and AMPA on c-fos expression were investigated and subsequent studies showed leptin and glucose modulated the expression of NPY, POMC and AgRP, in fed and fasted animals. Further work is required to validate this novel approach to studying the central control of energy balance.

This doctoral thesis is focused on problems of modulators based on six-ports. It begins with description of current state of the art of six-ports used like modulators, their transfer functions and SIW technology. A design part of this thesis consists from experimental six-port based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. There is presented step-by-step development of this six-port using this technology and also there is introduced micro-strip technology based six-port. Final design of six-ports and variable impedances were measured, the results are discussed and compared with expected ones in next chapters. Second part of this thesis deals with influences of internal parameters of six-ports to final signal transmission and derives theirs transfer functions for more than one reflection in structure. The computation results are compared with experimental measurements for fixed loads. With using of ideal loads sweeps, modulations with shaped input signals were calculated. For designed variables impedances, there was founded the optimal biasing points for demanded IQ diagram and discussed which from tested active circuit is suitable. In the last part there are shown results of experiment with these variable loads connected to both types of designed six-ports.

Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire concernent dans un premier temps, l'étude des phénomènes de distorsion engendrés par la partie amplificatrice lors de l 'émission d'un signal. La recherche menée permet de modéliser et de caractériser ces phénomènes non-linéaires dans le cas d'un transistor P-PHEMT. L'analyse, validée par des mesures en puissance de type 'Load-Pull' aux fréquences millimétriques, montre la dépendance de la linéarité en termes de conversion de phase par rapport aux impédances de fermeture aux accès et aux éléments non-linéaires intrinsèques du transistor (capacités CGS et CDS, transconductance GM). Il est démontré que pour certaines conditions de fonctionnement, des phénomènes internes de compensations entre non-linéarités existent et peuvent être exploités pour améliorer la linéarité de l'amplificateur. L'étude proposée a mis également en évidence la nécessité de rechercher un compromis 'pertes d'adaptation en entrée' / linéarité. Le deuxième objectif que vise ce travail est de mettre en œuvre une méthode permettant d'obtenir de manière optimale l'ensemble des performances en puissance de l'amplificateur SSPAs : puissance de sortie, consommation et linéarité, en vue de l'utilisation d'une modulation numérique M-QAM pour des applications spatiales. La méthode proposée consiste en une gestion dynamique du comportement de l'amplificateur par le biais de sa polarisation. Pour démontrer l'intérêt de cette méthode, un amplificateur de puissance hybride à un étage a été conçu avec un transistor en technologie Power PHEMT à 19. 8 GHz. Un système de détection d'enveloppe et de commande de polarisation en grille et en drain d'amplificateur a aussi été développé. Différentes comparaisons expérimentales sur les performances avec ou sans le système de commande de la polarisation de l'amplificateur ont validé l'intérêt de la méthode développée pour une modulation de type 16QAM

The research that is described in detail in this thesis investigates key characteristics of the operation of Tunable Laser Diodes (TLDs), such as Continuous Wave (CW) operation, discontinuous, continuous and quasicontinuous wavelength tuning and direct Intensity Modulation (IM) (small-signal analysis). Two software simulation tools were used to model the TLDs and investigate their operation, Crosslight PICS3D and VPI (Virtual Photonics Incorporated). Two different Free-Carrier (FC) contributions to the refractive index change of the TLD during FC tuning were investigated, the FC plasma effect and the band-filling effect which uses the Kramers-Kronig (KK) relations (KK effect). It was found that the band-filling effect is heavily underestimated due to the lack of its investigation in published literature as it is the main contributor to the refractive index change instead of the plasma effect. Investigation on different types of wavelength tuning also took place. It was found that with careful design of the passive sections, such as the κL product, grating composition, section length and passive waveguide thickness the discontinuous, continuous and quasicontinuous tuning range can be enhanced greatly. The issue of output power decrease during discontinuous tuning in bulk and Multiple Quantum Well (MQW) TLDs was also addressed and it was found that the power drop can be delayed at latter stages of the tuning range by carefully selecting the Lorentzian lineshape of the gain spectrum. A power stabilisation was realised with continuous tuning. A small-signal analysis of directly intensity modulated TLDs during discontinuous tuning was also made and was found that the increase of the resonance frequency depends mainly on the increase of the differential gain with the wavelength change.

<p>The society expects a global interconected digital communication system offering multimedia services, information on demand and interchange of information with a high data rates and low cost. </p><p>All this can not be realized with the terrestrial nets used nowadays cause it is necessary a high economic inversion to get a competitive capacity to interchange information between server and user. The next generation of satellite must have characteristics which improve the current generation, one important requirement is that the same satellite could make a treatment of the different input signals. With this we can avoid a spent of lots of money and time because we do not need terrestrial stations which modify the signals before the information is sent to the satellite.</p><p>For all this, we need an on board treatment of the information in the satellite. We design a frequency bank reallocation (FBR) network by using a filter bank system. This is the first step of the thesis. After we get FBR we introduce some different input signals and analyze the output, using parameters like symbol error rate and variance.</p><p>One important part in the thesis is the QAM signals used to test our system. For this, we design a modulator and a demodulator of QAM4, 16 and 64, paying more attention in the QAM64, cause is the modulation where more errors can appear due to we have got more possible chances which means more precision in the recovery of the signal.</p>

Un immunocapteur consiste à utiliser les propriété de reconnaissance d'un anticorps pour détecter spécifiquement un analyte cible dans un milieu complexe. L'immobilisation de des anticorps (IgG) est cruciale et doit aboutir à un nombre optimal d'IgG accessibles. Ce travail a porté sur l'étude de l'interface biomolécules/surface d'or par quatre techniques d'analyse (PM-IRRAS, QCM, XPS et AFM). Trois modes d'immobilisation des IgG ont été testés, et leur liaison orientée par la protéine A (PrA) répond le mieux aux critères définis. Puis, l'influence de la première couche de thiols (ou SAM) sur l'activité des PrA a été étudiée. Trois SAM ont été comparées (une SAM pure et deux SAM mixtes). La nature chimique du thiol diluant influence l'adsorption des protéines et leur activité. Une couche hydrophile hétérogène favorise l'espacement des PrA, avec une couverture en anticorps optimale. Enfin, ce capteur a été testé pour détecter une toxine marine, l'acide okadaïque.

This thesis describes a design of a simulation of transmission of digital information via communication system and equalization of communication function. The layout of communication channel with multiway transmission is described in following part. Next part is about hardware modulator which generate modulated signal which is transmitted via communication channel and after is sampled by A/D convertion card to computer, where is equalizated and demodulated in Simulink. In the last part of this thesis, there is proposal of the laboratory task and its sample solution.

by Kingsley, King-chi, Kwan.<br>Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 85-88).<br>Tables of Contents<br>Lists of Figures & Tables<br>Acknowledgments<br>Abstract<br>Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction<br>Chapter 1.1 --- Digital Communication System --- p.P. 1<br>Chapter 1.2 --- Channel Coding --- p.P. 1<br>Chapter 1.3 --- Convolution Encoder --- p.P. 4<br>Chapter 1.4 --- Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) Channel --- p.P. 7<br>Chapter 1.5 --- Trellis Diagram --- p.P. 8<br>Chapter 1.6 --- Error Event and Free Distance --- p.P. 8<br>Chapter 1.7 --- Euclidean Distance --- p.P. 10<br>Chapter 1.8 --- Organization of the Thesis --- p.P. 11<br>Chapter Chapter 2 --- QAM and MTCM<br>Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.P. 13<br>Chapter 2.2 --- M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)<br>Chapter 2.2.1 --- M-ary Digital Modulation --- p.P. 13<br>Chapter 2.2.2 --- Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) --- p.P. 14<br>Chapter 2.2.3 --- Probability of Bit Error of M-ary QAM --- p.P. 16<br>Chapter 2.3 --- Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM) --- p.P. 17<br>Chapter 2.4 --- Multiple Trellis Coded Modulation (MTCM) --- p.P. 19<br>Chapter Chapter 3 --- Set Partitioning of Signal Sets<br>Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.P. 21<br>Chapter 3.2 --- Traditional Set Partitioning Methods<br>Chapter 3.2.1 --- Ungerboeck's Set Partitioning Method --- p.P. 21<br>Chapter 3.22 --- Set Partitioning by M.K. Simon and D. Divsalvar --- p.P. 23<br>Chapter 3.3 --- The new Set Partitioning Method<br>Chapter 3.3.1 --- Nomenclature of the Signal Points in the Signal Constellations --- p.P. 24<br>Chapter 3.3.2 --- Generation of the Signal Sets --- p.P. 26<br>Chapter 3.3.3 --- Partitioning of the Signal Sets<br>Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- Input Constraints of the Partitioning Method --- p.P. 30<br>Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- The Set Partitioning Method --- p.P. 30<br>Chapter 3.3.4 --- Distance Properties of the Partitioned Signal Sets --- p.P. 36<br>Chapter 3.3.5 --- The Selection Scheme --- p.P. 39<br>Chapter 3.3.6 --- Assignment of Signal Subsets into Trellis --- p.P. 42<br>Chapter Chapter 4 --- Performance Evaluation<br>Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.P. 46<br>Chapter 4.2 --- Upper Bound of Error Probability<br>Chapter 4.2.1 --- Probability of Symbol Error --- p.P. 46<br>Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- Upper Bound on Probability of Symbol Error --- p.P. 48<br>Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- Computation of the Transfer Function --- p.P. 49<br>Chapter 4.2.2 --- Probability of Bit Error --- p.P. 51<br>Chapter 4.3 --- Computation of the Free Distance --- p.P. 53<br>Chapter Chapter 5 --- Results Presentation and Discussions<br>Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.P. 58<br>Chapter 5.2 --- Results Presentations<br>Chapter 5.2.1 --- Normalized Square Free Euclidean Distance --- p.P. 58<br>Chapter 5.2.2 --- Error Probability --- p.P. 71<br>Chapter 5.3 --- Discussions --- p.P. 77<br>Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusions --- p.P. 83<br>Bibliography --- p.P. 85<br>Chapter Appendix A - --- Flowchart of the Program --- p.P. 89<br>Chapter Appendix B - --- Tabulated Results of d2free --- p.P. 104

16-QAM Hierarchical Modulation Optimization in Relay Cooperative Networks Sara Sallam Recently, the concept of cooperative networks has attracted special attention in the field of wireless communications. This is due to their ability in achieving diversity with no extra hardware cost. The main drawback that characterizes cooperative networks is that they require extra transmission time slots compared to the traditional non-cooperative networks. Several strategies have been proposed in order to mitigate this disadvantage. One of the most recently adopted techniques is the use of hierarchical modulation. Hierarchical modulation was originally used in Digital Video Broadcast (DVB) applications. Lately, it has been applied in cooperative networks for its ability to transmit relative high data rate with acceptable performance. In this thesis, the application of a 4/16 QAM hierarchical modulation in cooperative networks is examined. This study focuses on a downlink cellular network scenario, composed of a Base Station, a Relay and two destinations. The Base Station intends to transmit two different streams of data to these two destinations by concatenating the two streams and broadcasting the resulting sequence using a non-uniform 4/16 QAM hierarchical modulation. Unlike previous work, the main contribution in this thesis is the optimization of the 16QAM constellation’s parameters according to each user’s channel condition. In other words, this method gives each user’s data the priority it needs in order to be detected as correctly as possible at the destination. Explicit closed form expressions of Hierarchical modulation Bit Error Rate in relay cooperative networks are derived. These BER expressions are used in order to select the constellation’s parameters that will achieve total minimum BER in coded and un-coded schemes. Results prove that the proposed method achieve noticeable improvement in both users performance compared to the use of uniform 16QAM constellation.

碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>電機工程研究所<br>83<br>Trellis-Coded Modulation ( TCM ) is a combined coding and modulation technique for digital transmission over band-limited channels. It can give a significant coding gain without compromise bandwidth efficiency by the concepts of signal set partition and trellis code. In this thesis we attempt to use the digital signal processor TMS320C25 to implement a coherent detection 16-QAM modem and a 90 degree phase rotational invariant 16-QAM TCM modem for learning how a general purpose digital signal processor can be used to realize special circuits in digital communication systems, such as modulator, filter, demodulator, carrier synchronization, and clock recovery. Special emphasis is given to the TCM modem. These modems operate at a baud rate of 1200Hz. The bit rate of the uncoded 16-QAM is 4800bps and carrier frequency in the modem is 1800Hz.

碩士<br>國立高雄第一科技大學<br>電腦與通訊工程所<br>90<br>Being the booming development of radio communication these years, from Ampli- tude Modulation( AM), and frequency Modulation( FM), Phase Modulation ( PM), till now the digital Modulation ASK, FSK, PSK, the innovation of new technique applied in the data communication widely. Although the radio signal can be applied to transmit data in the air, but interfered with noises, affected by multi path transmission and signal fading, the wireless radio itself is one of unstable transmission media during the process of signal transmission. So these factors affected the quality of wireless data communication while the come out of wireless communication errors are common. In order to conquer the weakness of radio data transmission, we improve the radio signal quality with digital modulation and the technique of forward error correction( FEC) to restore the message by channel coding , reduced the re-transmit of signal and avoid the meaningless depletion of bandwidth resources. In this thesis, deliver the main method of applied aspect to have in the data of wireless data transmission in following point: １, Revise the errors created in the process of radio transmission by applied the BCH technique and increase transmission efficiency. ２, Apply the technique of QAM , come completing the signal transmission in limited bandwidth. ３ ,Quote from the POCSAG protocol to correspond by letter the pact to come to procedure that complete data of wireless data transmission. ４ ,To make microprocessor control the CODEC by constructing the interface of microprocessor, and complete the send and receive of digital data、modulation and demodulation of radio signal , and the function of two way data communication . At last, Construct a full function platform to verify the theory of those techniques and study more.

碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>電機工程學系所<br>102<br>In this thesis, the design and implement of system integration for modulation, demodulation and channel decoding architectures is presented. It includes four parts, design of the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) generator, design of the 64-QAM modulator and demodulator, design of the low density parity check (LDPC) decoder, and system integration. The AWGN generator circuit was designed based on the algorithm proposed by Wallace. The Gaussian random number generator combines the uniform random numbers with the Gaussian random number distribution. However, the standard deviation of this Gaussian random numbers is one. These numbers need to be multiplied by the parameter related to the signal to noise ratio (SNR) to become the actual AWGN to be added to the modulated signals. The maximum log likelihood approximation was used to generate the approximated log likelihood ratios (LLR) by dividing the mapping relations to several segments. That facilitates hardware implementation by using adders and shifters. With the appropriate selection of fixed points and adjustable parameters, the LDPC decoder can achieve the optimized performance. For the channel decoding, the quasi-cyclic LDPC (QC-LDPC) decoder was adopted. Owing to the limitation of routing complexity of FPGA chips, massive parallel computation of LDPC decoding was reduced by extending the computation time in order to reduce the routing complexity and let FPGA complete the routing process. Finally, the above circuits were integrated for fast evaluating the performance of LDPC decoders. Firstly, the system excesses the input codeword from the FPGA chip internally. Then, the massive decoding processes are performed after the noises are added. If the decoded data are not correct, an error number accumulation circuit counts the errors automatically. The computer only sends the starting message to FPGA, so the limitation of slow data transferring between computer and FPGA are no longer exists. This system was verified using Virtex5 XCVLX330. When the system runs at the clock frequency of 48MHz provided by the interface of Verilink, the throughput reaches 192Mbps. The run time is only one second when the BER is 10-5. Even for the BER of 10-10, one and a half days will be enough. With this system, the analysis speed to evaluate decoding performance is enhanced significantly.