Journal articles on the topic 'Qin shi huang ling'

Terracotta statues of warriors and war horses represent a type of sculpture from ancient burials. They are an important part of the system of objects buried together with the deceased during the Han dynasty (the so-called Mintsi). Yun, the most characteristic funeral figurines which archaeologists find especially in the region of the Chu kingdom of the pre-Qin period, began to appear during the Chunqiu and the Warring States periods. The burial of statues of soldiers together with the deceased carried an authentic meaning connected with the burial of living warriors during the Shang dynasty. Terracotta statues of warriors and war horses in the tomb of Qin Shi Huang were completed in a very short time and mainly reproduced the figures of people and soldiers on high alert before the start of a military campaign. Despite the fact that the Han Dynasty succeeded the Qin Dynasty in the administrative system, it also drew some lessons, to varying degrees, regarding martial arts, as evidenced by the location combinations of the terracotta statues and horses. In 1965, a large burial place of the ancestor of Liu Bang, the first emperor of the Han dynasty, was discovered in the Shaanxi province north of Xianyang in Yangjiawan village. In history, it was known as Zhoushitsuy or Mound of Zhou Ancestors. The size and Ill. 1. National architectural monument. Han Dynasty. Mausoleum Han Yang Ling. Ill. 2. Grave pits in the Hanyangling Museum depth of the pits are not the same, the number of ceramic statues found is also various and of different shapes and sizes; however, most of the statues have a bright colour and a perfectly regular shape. These excavations of the Han terracotta statues have historical significance due to the fact that this is the first finding of terracotta statues of the Han period since the founding of New China.

The article represents the new facts, phenomena and trends on the early stages of Chinese journalism formation, taken from several sources, mainly (and for the first time in Ukrainian journalism studies) from the textbook on journalism theory of journalism by the Professor Li Liangrong from Fudan University (the People’s Republic of China). This is not the first attempt in Ukrainian journalism studies to learn how the Chinese pre-journalism was developed. However this is the first translation from the Chinese fragments of the text-book “Introduction to Journalism” as one of the most popular textbooks in China that was developed on the basis of scientific traditions of the famous Missouri School of Journalism in the United States. The translation from Chinese language is provided with the comments giving an opportunity to see theoretical basis of the historical aspect of formation of the media of one of the world’s superpowers, as well as the views of researchers of this country on the history of their own media, how they interpret the historical component of the contemporary Chinese journalism research. For translation, we have chosen the textbook by Professor Li Liangrong, one of the most authoritative representatives of the“old” elite of the Chinese journalism theory. The article cites the most important positions of the history of Chinese pre-journalism. For this purpose, the views of the Chinese author are the subjects to critical commenting. The historical researches from origin of the Chinese lettering to the beginning of the Qin Empire, the last imperial dynasty of China was described and commented. The article provides the Ukrainian reader with the opportunity to see for the first time in detail what views the prominent Chinese theorist has on how the history of journalism in this country arised and what are the conclusions of historical experience during this period according to Chinese colleagues. The article will also help Ukrainian media historians to understand better their own achievements and the lessons of our pre-history journalism development.

Over the centuries, China still respectfully treasures rich Asian cultures, traditions, and customs. China is now famous all over the world for its mysterious wonders and cultural & natural heritages such as the Great Wall, the Forbidden City, the Terracotta Army, etc. The Chinese history is full with the exposition of outstanding features of Chinese culture such as great thoughts of Confucius, religious beliefs, traditional festivals and customs e.g., Chinese new year, language and calligraphy e.g., Shu Fa, four great inventions of ancient China e.g., papermaking, printing, gunpowder and the compass, traditional architecture and sculpture, traditional art forms, etc. The era of history of China before the time in power of Qin dynasty is known by name as the period of Warring States. This period started from 475 BC and ends at 221 BC. Seven Warring States were included in it i.e. Qin, Wei, Han, Yan, Chu, Zhao, and Qi. Zheng was the King of Qin, who started his journey to triumph over 6 states in the period of 230 BC. Qin was the 1st emperor of this unified state of China. Thus he was known by the name of “First Emperor of Qin” or “Qin Shi Huang”. This study provides a deep insight of Chinese history and it is illustrated that major achievements in Chinese culture and history are contributed in the era of Qin dynasty.

Background:Partial repair of bone erosions in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is known from high-resolution peripheral quantitative computer tomography (HR-pQCT) studies in patients with moderate to high disease activity using biologics [1]. Whether RANKL inhibition by denosumab is efficacious in healing existing erosions in RA patients with low disease activity or in remission on conventional synthetic DMARDs is uncertain.Objectives:To evaluate the effects of denosumab on erosion healing at 2-4 metacarpophalangeal head as determined by HR-pQCT in patients with RA with stable disease.Methods:This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. RA patients with disease activity score 28 joints (DAS28) ≤5.1 were randomized (1:1) to subcutaneous denosumab 60 mg or placebo once every six months for 24 months. The primary outcome was erosion healing at MCP 2-4 on HR-pQCT at 12 months. The effects of denosumab on erosion and joint space parameters on HR-pQCT and radiographs, disease activity and health assessment questionnaire-disability index (HAQ-DI) were also examined.Results:At 24 months, HR-pQCT images were analyzed in 98 patients. Baseline demographic, clinical characteristics and imaging parameters were comparable between the two treatment groups (table 1). Seventeen patients in each group (placebo group: 17/52, 32.6%; denosumab group: 17/50, 34.0%) achieved sustained low disease activity (DAS28 ≤ 3.2) throughout the 24 months. At 12 months, changes in erosion parameters on HR-pQCT were similar between the two groups. At 24 months, new erosions (19% vs 9%, p=0.009) and erosion progression (34% vs 16%, p<0.001) were more common in the placebo group than the denosumab group. Erosion healing was seen in a significantly higher proportion of patients in the denosumab group (20% vs 6%, p=0.045) at 24 months. The details of the changes in HR-pQCT erosion parameters are shown in figure 1. No significant differences in the changes in joint space parameters on HR-pQCT, van der Heijde-Sharp erosion score, DAS28 and HAQ-DI were observed between the two groups at 12 and 24 months.Table 1.Baseline clinical, demographic, disease activity parameters and medicationsPlacebo (n=55)Denosumab (n=55)Total (n=110)Age56.5 ± 7.157.2 ± 8.556.8 ± 7.8Gender (Female)47 (86)41 (75)88 (80)Disease duration (years)8.5 ± 6.87.3 ± 6.97.9 ± 6.8Rheumatoid factor positive40 (72)38 (69)78 (71)ACPA positive43 (78)44 (80)87 (79)DAS28-CRP2.43 ± 0.832.6 ± 0.922.51 ± 0.88DAS28-CRP>3.28 (15)13 (24)21 (19)HAQ-DI (0-3)0.31 ± 0.380.46 ± 0.470.39 ± 0.43csDMARDs49 (89)52 (95)101 (92)Combination csDMARDs26 (47)33 (60)59 (54)Glucocorticoids5 (10)5 (9)10 (9)vdH- Sharp erosion score10.4 ± 18.48.9 ± 13.89.6 ± 16.2vdH- Sharp JSN score12.4 ± 17.711.5 ± 17.211.9 ± 17.4Lumbar spine aBMD, g/cm20.914 ± 0.1470.930 ± 0.1430.922 ± 0.145Total hip aBMD, g/cm20.837 ± 0.1020.847 ± 0.1460.841 ± 0.125Femoral neck aBMD, g/cm20.681 ± 0.0990.695 ± 0.1280.687 ± 0.114Data are reported as mean ± SD or number (%). ACPA: Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody; DAS28: disease activity score 28; csDMARDs: conventional synthetic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug. HAQ-DI: health assessment questionnaire disability index; vdH- Sharp score: Van der Heijde- Sharp score; aBMD: areal bone mineral densityConclusion:Although no differences in erosion parameters were observed at 12 months, denosumab was more efficacious than placebo in erosion repair on HR-pQCT after 24 months.References:[1]Finzel S, Rech J, Schmidt S, et al. Interleukin-6 receptor blockade induces limited repair of bone erosions in rheumatoid arthritis: a micro CT study. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72:396-400.Figure 1.Changes in erosion parameters by HR-pQCT. (A) Percentage of patients with overall erosion healing; (B) Outcome of individual erosion with healing, progression and new erosion detected across study period; change in (C) mean erosion volume; (D) total erosion volume; (E) erosion width; (F) erosion depth and (G) marginal osteosclerosis per patient.Disclosure of Interests:Ho SO: None declared, Isaac T. Cheng: None declared, Sze-Lok Lau: None declared, Evelyn Chow: None declared, Tommy Lam: None declared, Vivian W Hung: None declared, Edmund Li: None declared, James F Griffith: None declared, Vivian WY Lee: None declared, Lin Shi: None declared, Junbin Huang: None declared, Yan Kitty Kwok: None declared, Isaac C Yim: None declared, Tena K. Li: None declared, Vincent Lo: None declared, Jolly M Lee: None declared, Jack Jock Wai Lee: None declared, Ling Qin: None declared, Lai-Shan Tam Grant/research support from: Grants from Novartis and Pfizer

Water use efficiency (WUE), as an environmental factor of metabolism in different ecosystem functional areas, is a key indicator of the ecosystem carbon-water cycle. WUE is defined as the ratio of carbon absorbed by ecosystems to water evaporated. Exploring the spatiotemporal variation in carbon and water cycles in different ecological zones of the North China Plain and their driving factors is important for the ecological management and sustainable development of the different ecological zones in the North China Plain. Based on remote sensing data products, this paper studies the spatiotemporal variations of WUE and their driving factors in different ecological functional areas of the North China Plain from 2001 to 2017. This study found that: (1) The spatial distribution of WUE and gross primary production (GPP) in the North China Plain is similar, with the multiyear average of WUE at 0.74 g C m−2 y−1. The variation trend of WUE is mainly affected by the variation trend of GPP (44.38% of the area of the North China Plain). (2) The change trend of WUE mainly showed a mild decrease and a mild increase, accounting for 73.22% of the area of the North China Plain; the area with medium-low fluctuation of WUE accounted for the largest proportion, accounting for 59.90% of the area of the North China Plain. In addition, the multiyear average values of WUE in the ecological functional area are Qin Ling Mountains deciduous forests > Central China loess plateau mixed forests > Mongolian-Manchurian grassland > Ordos Plateau steppe > Changjiang Plain evergreen forests > Huang He Plain mixed forests > Bohai Sea saline meadow, in the order from high to low. (3) The influence of precipitation on WUE was higher than that of temperature. The area of WUE that increased with the increase of precipitation accounted for 23.74% of the area of the North China Plain and was mainly distributed in the Qin Ling Mountains deciduous forests, Changjiang Plain evergreen forests, and Huang He Plain mixed forests’ ecological functional areas. The results of the study can provide a reference and theoretical basis for the conservation and management of carbon and water cycles in the functional areas of North China’s ecosystems.

Thirty years ago on a London street, an excited young teenager stood in a queue the likes of which he had never previously seen. The wait, however, was worth it, for the reward was the opportunity to see a small detachment of warriors from the Terracotta Army on their first visit to the city. For this particular young archaeologist, it was a glimpse of a foreign civilisation that made the local Roman ruins look desperately provincial by comparison. But it was not just I who was impressed; public interest in the event was extraordinary. With hindsight, it is easy to overlook the novelty that the warriors represented at that time. Fewer than 15 years had passed between the discovery of an army guarding the tomb of the Emperor Qin Shi Huang, large-scale excavations at the mausoleum complex and its inscription as a World Heritage Site, and the arrival of the exhibition in London at the start of an endless global tour as the new face (or faces) of Chinese cultural heritage.

AbstractCai Yong 蔡邕 (132–192) was one of the most erudite scholars of the Eastern Han. A major project of his was the so-called “Stone Classics of the Xiping era” (Xiping Shijing 熹平石經) project first commissioned by Emperor Ling in 175 c.e., for which Cai Yong wrote the texts of the court-sanctioned Classics in his own calligraphy. For the text of one of these Classics, the Odes (Shi 詩), he is known to have used the so-called Lu 魯 version, which was the dominant interpretative line for the Odes classic in his time. However, the question of whether Cai Yong's literary writings also evince a preference for the Lu reading of the Odes has not yet received much scholarly consideration. In my study, the Qincao 琴操, a collection of anecdotes and song texts relating to pieces played to the accompaniment of the zither qin, a work that may also be assigned to Cai Yong but has also mostly been neglected so far, will be analyzed in relation to the Lu interpretive line, as will the “Qingyi fu” 青衣賦 (Rhapsody on a Grisette), one of Cai Yong's rhapsodies.

Objective To investigate the effects of Huang Qin Hua Shi (HQ) decoction on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis in rats under high-temperature (hT)- and high-humidity (hH)-induced stress. Methods Male rats were randomized into four groups: rats without stress; rats induced with hT (35 ± 1°C) and hH (85 ± 5% humidity); rats induced with hT and hH and treated with HQ decoction; and rats induced with hT and hH and treated with mifepristone. After 3 weeks, rats underwent the Morris water maze and open-field test. Rat hypothalami were analyzed pathologically using hematoxylin and eosin staining and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA expression was evaluated by in situ hybridization. Serum levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and corticosteroid (CORT) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The administration of mifepristone or HQ in stressed rats significantly improved their performance in the Morris water maze test and increased the central-to-peripheral ratio and incidence of deep rearing in the open-field test. Mifepristone and HQ also reversed histological changes in the hypothalami of stressed rats. Compared with control rats, GR mRNA expression in the hypothalamus and serum CRH, ACTH, and CORT were significantly elevated in rats stressed with hT and hH, and these changes were attenuated by mifepristone and HQ. Conclusion HQ decoction protects against hT- and hH-induced cognitive-behavioral disorder and its therapeutic effect is associated with decreased HPA axis activity.

ABSTRACTThe basic error in Hu Shi's “An Exposition on Confucians” lay in discussing the basic nature of the Confucian school on the basis of the “tragic fate and miserable status of the survivors of the Shang”; for half a century this mistaken premise has been accepted by most historians as proven. On the basis of an analysis of pre-Qin literary sources, this paper first proves that there was no “tragedy of the defeated state”; on the contrary, the Yin survivors continued to possess considerable political power and quite high social status. Second, on the basis of newly un earthed Shang and Zhou inscriptions, the fate and status of the Shang survivors is set forth from three sides: (1) The history of the Wei Shi clan and Lu Sheng clan of the Guanzhong region, for which genealogies of seven-eight or six-seven generations exist, is reconstructed on the basis of, for the former, the Ding bronze horde newly unearthed from Fufeng Zhuangbai, and, for the latter, the inscriptions on already known as well as recently unearthed bronze vessels from the same area. Both clans were survivors from the Shang and close relatives of the Shang king; they possessed cities, subjects, and official positions, as well as holding offices in charge of troops. (2) The same conclusion may be reached in individual cases in various other kingdoms, such as for Mo Situ Sung of the state of Wei , and Dong Hefu of the state of Yan . As for the Ling Shi , Chen Chen and Deng of Cheng Zhou , Cheng Zhou is the ancient home of the Shang survivors, yet they seem not to have been the object of any special restriction or suppression. This section is based solely on inscriptions; the conclusions reached, however, are completely in agreement with those derived from literary evidence in the previous section. Finally an attempt is made to explain why the survivors of the Shang had land, subjects, offices, and power. We believe that it was due to a political and social structure with the clan as the primary unit. A complete explication of this question awaits a detailed study of oracle-bone and archaeological source material.

Introduction. Horse ammunition was formed historically on a large geographical area. The most important component of it is a saddle. The ancient history of a saddle is not sufficiently investigated. It should be safely assumed that the oldest forms of seats appear together with the use of a horse for riding. We can confidently say that the appearance of the horsemen of the Cimmerians and Scythians in Western Asia in 8th – 7th centuries BC would not have been possible if there had been no such devices. There is a deep belief that horse riding in Western Asia arose under the Cimmerian-Scythian influence. Methods and materials. The presence of images of horsemen and archaeological material allow us to revisit the issue. Even on the Nimrodical relief we can trace the saddle blanket provided with breeching strap and the girth. This primitive form of soft saddle can be seen on Assyrian reliefs, where it is complemented by a breast collar. Analysis. The well-preserved saddle of the Pazyryk burial mounds, shows that in the 5th century BC a saddle becomes more complicated, paired pillows and hardwood arcs fastening pillows appear. This type of a saddle in the Asian part of the nomadic world survives until the 3rd century BC and is represented in the Terracotta Army of Qin Shi Huang. In the West, in the Scythian world, a simple coating with mounting straps exists in the 4th century BC, probably in the late 4th century BC, a wooden base – lence and pommels – appears in the Scythian saddle. Results. The archaeological material clearly indicates that a saddle was formed within the culture of Eurasian nomads in the 1st millennium BC, a rigid saddle appeared in the Scythian culture in the late 4th century BC.

In Silla, there are two tales relating to Okdae. These are records of a Cheonsaokdae(天賜玉帶) during King Jinpyeong’s reign in the middle ancient period and of a Heukokdae(黑玉帶) during King Sinmun’s reign in the middle period. These two records were noted early on in each period because they shared the motif of the Okdae. Cheonsaokdae is said to be one of the three treasures of Silla, along with the Jangyukjonsang(丈六尊像) and the Nine-story Wood Pagoda of Hwangnyongsa Temple. Hwangnyongsa Temple reflected the political ideology of Cakravartin(轉輪聖王) from King Jinheung’s reign onward and served as the national temple for protecting Silla. The two treasures of Hwangnyongsa Temple are noteworthy because the ideology of King Jeonryunseong of the middle ancient period was maintained even after King Jinheung and was based on the concepts of Sacred Bone(聖骨) and Seokgajok(釋迦族), which were emphasized from King Jinpyeong to King Seondeok. In the case of Cheonsaokdae, perceptions about Silla’s three treasures appear to have been formed during the reign of King Seondeok, given that it is related to the Jeseok faith(帝釋信仰), which was predominantly practiced during King Seondeok’s reign. Meanwhile, in the records on Heukokdae from King Sinmun’s reign, black jade was considered to be associated with the Five Elements(五行說). The Five Elements theory, based on Confucianism, was introduced in Silla in the middle ancient period. Particularly worth noting is the fact that Qin Shi Huang, who united China for the first time, chose black as the primary color based on the Five Elements theory. During King Sinmun’s reign, a new ideology was required to match the status of the newly unified empire. Consequently, the tale of the “black jade,” influenced by the Five Elements theory, emerged. Okdae can be viewed as a symbol of the ruler, and the tale of the two okdae is symbolic of the connection between the middle ancient period and the middle period, while the heukokdae of the middle period represents the process by which a new political idea was established.

Abstract KRAS mutations are frequently found in various types of cancers with an overall mutation frequency of 19.3%. G12C mutation of KRAS (KRASG12C) represents 11.4% of all KRAS mutations in cancer. Targeting KRAS mutations as a cancer treatment strategy has long been investigated for over 30 years already but still remains unconquered field. XNW14010 is a highly selective KRASG12C inhibitor that is rationally designed from AMG510, another proven covalent inhibitor of KRASG12C with potential antineoplastic activity. Compared to AMG510, XNW14010 demonstrated a better pharmaceutical potential and a better safety profile. XNW14010 does not have an axial chiral center shown in AMG510, thus the production cost of this agent could be vastly reduced. The in vitro efficacy of XNW14010 was tested in a variety of cancer cell lines with either wild type KRAS or different mutant KRAS, including lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and pancreatic cancer. The result shows that XNW14010 potently inhibits the activity of KRASG12C, but not wild type KRAS or KRAS bearing other mutations. Specifically, in a pancreatic cancer cell line MIA PaCa-2, which bears KRASG12C, the IC50 of XNW14010 is 26 nM. Furthermore, XNW14010 demonstrated a much less plasma protein binding (PPB) than AMG510 (50.4% versus 93.2%, respectively), suggesting much great potential to penetrating into tumor tissue for XNW14010 compared to AMG510. XNW14010 exhibited comparable or superior pharmacokinetic characteristics compared to AMG510 after oral administration in animal studies. More interestingly, XNW14010 has an improved brain penetration capability. The brain/plasma ratio of XNW14010 exposure is two folds as high as that of AMG510 and the Cmax of XNW14010 in brain tissue is also much higher. XNW14010 had a wider therapeutic window and good tolerance compared to AMG510, both in mouse and dog models, suggesting potentially better safety profile in humans. We also compared the antineoplastic activity of XNW14010 with that of AMG510 in vivo in Xenograft mouse models including lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and pancreatic cancer. The results demonstrated that XNW14010 has comparable antineoplastic activities to AMG510 when administered at the same doses. In pancreatic cancer, the total growth inhibition (TGI) is 90% when administered at the dose of 10 mg/kg QD. Given the better PPB, superior brain penetrating capacity, and similar antineoplastic activitie of XNW14010 compared to AMG510 in non-clinical studies, XNW14010 is expected to be a potent therapeutic candidate in treating cancers bearing KRASG12C, including pancreatic cancer. Citation Format: Yonghan Hu, Xin Li, Bin Huang, Liang Kong, Meijie Le, Yan Li, Cungang Liu, Xiaojun Liu, Bin Qian, Jing Qiang, Qifeng Shi, Wengui Wang, Yuchuan Wu, Zhenwei Wu, Linfeng Xu, Jinfeng Zhao. XNW14010:A highly selective KRASG12C inhibitor with potent efficacy in animal model of pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer; 2022 Sep 13-16; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(22 Suppl):Abstract nr A071.

Lithium metal batteries are drawing attention as a next generation of lithium-ion batteries due to their advantage of high theoretical capacity. However, the widespread application and commercialization of this potential battery technology is not achieved yet due to the poor cyclability and safety issues. Despite the recent progress1-2 and development of numerous strategies for the long and durable cyclability1-4, the analysis of lithium metal evolution still depends on the experimental approach in macroscale or molecular simulation in nanoscale5. In order to understand and optimize the system-level response of these lithium metal batteries, an accurate and robust modeling and simulation framework with a coupled macro and nanoscale approach is essential. In the previous reports, we have discussed simple 1D model to study stripping and plating of the lithium metal electrode and obtaining the characteristic inverse signatures in the cell voltage6, and appropriate boundary conditions ensuring mass conservation in a 2D model7. In this work, a 2D separator domain with initial surface morphology at the lithium metal electrode is considered for diffusion and migration of the lithium-ions in the domain along with reaction kinetics at the surface. The model is based on the mass and charge conservation in the system that captures the morphological evolution at the lithium metal electrode along the charge/discharge of the battery during cycling. This model is solved with in-house schemes based on spatial, temporal discretization schemes and coordinate transformation. The results show that the local current distribution at the electrode surface affects the rate and shape of the growth of the lithium metal at the negative electrode. The study has been performed for a wide range of geometric, kinetic and transport parameters. The proposed in-house model efficiently reaches a converged results compared with other numerical schemes both in speed and accuracy, and easily adaptive to optimizing tools towards cell design. Acknowledgments This research was supported by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Vehicle Technologies of the US Department of Energy (DoE) through the Advanced Battery Materials Research Program (Battery500 Consortium). References K. N. Wood, E. Kazyak, A. F. Chadwick, K. H. Chen, J. G. Zhang, K. Thornton, and N. P. Dasgupta, ACS Cent. Sci., 2, 790-801 (2016). A. Pei, G. Zheng, F. Shi, Y. Li, and Y. Cui., Nano Lett., 17(2), 1132-1139 (2017). J. Liu, Z. Bao, Y. Cui, E. Dufek, J. B. Goodenough, P. Khalifah, Q. Li, B. Liaw, P. Liu, A. Manthiram, Y. S. Meng, V. R. Subramanian, M. F. Toney, V. V. Viswanathan, M. S. Whittingham, J. Xiao, W. Xu, J. Yang, X. Yang, and J. Zhang, Nat. Nanotechnol., 14 180-186 (2019). Y. Chen, Z. Yu, P. Rudnicki, H. Gong, Z. Huang, S. Kim, J. Lai, X. Kong, J. Qin, Y. Cui and Z. Bao, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 143(44), 18703-18713 (2021) S. Angarita-Gomez and P. B. Balbuena, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 22, 21369-21382, (2020) M. Uppaluri, A. Subramaniam, L. Mishra, V. Viswanathan, and V. R. Subramanian, J. Electrochem. Soc., 167, 160547 (2020). L. Mishra, A. Subramaniam, T. Jang, K. Shah, M. Uppaluri, S. A. Roberts and V. R. Subramanian, J. Electrochem. Soc., 168, 092502 (2021).

Li anodes represent a theoretical 10-fold upgrade over the capacity of graphite at comparable potential, and as such are key anode candidates for next-generation high energy density (> 1000 Wh/L) batteries. However, Li still falls below the 99.95-99.97% CE required for long-life cycling(1) and displays rate capability an order-of-magnitude lower than necessary for fast-charging (>2 C).(2) Interestingly, intrinsic Li0/Li+ redox has been reported to be more facile (j 0 > 10 mA/cm2)(3) than graphite intercalation (j 0 = 1-3 mA/cm2)(4). In spite of this, the chemical exchange of Li+ through the native solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on Li is typically slow (0.5-3 mA/cm2),(5) and as such it can bottleneck Li+/Li0 redox(3) and increase charge-transfer resistance.(6) The SEI thus manifests itself by substantially decreasing the exchange current j 0 measured on Li down from its intrinsic kinetic value.(7) While multiple recent studies see j 0 as a relevant property in determining Li reversibility,(1) measuring j 0 in the presence of an SEI is not straightforward. Consequently, current literature presents widely varying numerical values of j 0 in the presence of an SEI, making it challenging to discern the relationship between j 0 and CE. To bridge this gap, Li+ exchange at the Li anode is here systematically quantified using cyclic voltammetry (CV) at slow scan rates and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), both of which allow an SEI to develop natively. To avoid ambiguity with the intrinsic Li0/Li+ redox exchange current j 0, exchange rates are here interpreted in the framework of a “pseudo”-exchange current, j 0 p, that represents the total rate of Li+ exchange on the electrode. j 0 p was measured across a selection of historically-relevant and modern electrolytes, spanning low (78.0%) to high (99.3%) CE. In both methodologies, a strong dependence of j 0 p on electrolyte chemistry was identified. These differences reflect a strong correlation between CE and j 0 p, with electrolytes that display higher j 0 p typically also displaying higher CE. Upon cycling, a dynamic behavior of Li+ exchange on both Cu and Li were observed, with j 0 p typically increasing through cycling, attributed to morphological changes induced by non-uniform plating/stripping inherent to Li electrochemistry.(8) We will discuss the implications of this dynamic behavior on both the formation cycle on Cu, as well as how j 0 p changes report on SEI evolution during cycling. Finally, it was found that cycling Li with current densities j beyond j 0 p leads to substantial capacity loss and low CE, whereas electrolytes that can sustain high j 0 p are insensitive to j. Altogether, our results indicate that Li+ exchange plays a dominant role in determining the rate capability and CE of Li anodes, with high-j 0 p electrolytes displaying higher CE and better rate capability than their low-j 0 p counterparts. G. M. Hobold, J. Lopez, R. Guo, N. Minafra, A. Banerjee, Y. Shirley Meng, Y. Shao-Horn and B. M. Gallant, Nature Energy, 6, 951 (2021). P. Albertus, S. Babinec, S. Litzelman and A. Newman, Nature Energy, 3, 16 (2018). D. T. Boyle, X. Kong, A. Pei, P. E. Rudnicki, F. Shi, W. Huang, Z. Bao, J. Qin and Y. Cui, ACS Energy Letters, 5, 701 (2020). Y.-C. Chang, J.-H. Jong and G. T.-K. Fey, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 147, 2033 (2000). A. B. Gunnarsdóttir, S. Vema, S. Menkin, L. E. Marbella and C. P. Grey, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 8, 14975 (2020). A. Zaban, E. Zinigrad and D. Aurbach, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 100, 3089 (1996). J. N. Butler, D. R. Cogley and J. C. Synnott, Journal of Physical Chemistry, 73, 4026 (1969). J. Z. Lee, T. A. Wynn, M. A. Schroeder, J. Alvarado, X. Wang, K. Xu and Y. S. Meng, ACS Energy Letters, 4, 489 (2019).

Cellular senescence is a state in wich cells can not longer divide. The dysregulation of the cell senescence signaling pathway could lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation and formation of malignant cells. Intervening in cell senessence signaling pathway to bring cancer cells back to cell senessence state is a potential way in cancertreatment. Recent studies show that tumor cells can undergo celluar senessencestate by using special chemotherapy. In this study, we indicatedthat All trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is able to influence the expression of genes involved in cell senessence signaling pathway in gastric cancer cells MKN45. ATRA down-regulatesthe expression of important genes controlling cell growth. On the other hand, ATRA up-regulate the expression of GADD45A, P21 and P53 genes that play an important role in the signaling pathway of cells.This finding suggestes that ATRA could inhibite MKN45 cells through activating cell senescence signaling pathway. Keywords: All trans retinoic acid, gastric cancer stem cell, cell senescence. References [1] L. Hayflick, P.S. Moorhead, The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains, Exp. Cell Res. 25 (1961) 585-621. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827 (61)90192-6.[2] V. Dupé, N.B.Ghyselinck, V. Thomazy, L. Nagy, P.J. Davies, P. Chambon and M. Mark, Essential roles of retinoic acid signaling in interdigital apoptosis and control of BMP-7 expression in mouse autopods, Development Biology. 208 (1999) 30-34. https://doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1998. 9176.[3] López-Otín Carlos, et al, The hallmarks of aging, Cell. 153 (2013) 1194-1217. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.039.[4] Kuilman Thomas, et al, The essence of senescence, Genes & development. 24 (2010) 2463-2479. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.1971610.[5] Collado Manuel and Manuel Serrano, Senescence in tumours: vidence from mice and humans, Nature Reviews Cancer. 10 (2010) 51-57. https:// doi.org/10.1038/nrc2772.[6] Hofmann, L. Sandra, Retinoids:"differentiation" agents for cancer treatment and prevention, Am J Med Sci. 304 (1992) 202-213. https://doi.org/10. 1097/00000441-199209000-00010.[7] Heo Shin-Hee, Juri Kwak and Kyung Lib Jang, All-trans retinoic acid induces p53-depenent apoptosis in human hepatocytes by activating p14 expression via promoter hypomethylation, Cancer letters. 362 (2015) 139-148 https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.canlet.2015.03.036.[8] P.H. Nguyen, J. Giraud, C. Staedel, L. Chambonnier, P. Dubus, E. Chevret, H. Bœuf, X. Gauthereau X, Rousseau B, Fevre M, Soubeyran I, Belleannée, S. Evrard, D. Collet, F. Mégraud, C. Varon, Knudsen, S. Erik, All-trans retinoic acid targets gastric cancer stem cells and inhibits patient-derived gastric carcinoma tumor growth, Oncogene. 35 (2016) 5619-5628. https://doi.org 10.1038/onc.2016. 87.[9] SherrCharles, Frank McCormick, The RB and p53 pathways in cancer, Cancer cell. 2(2002) 103-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1535-6108(02)00102-2.[10] Ngo Thu Ha, Luu Thi Binh, Le Thi Thanh Huong, Mai Van Linh, Nguyen Đac Trung, Nguyen Phu Hung, All-trans Retinoic Acid Effect on the Apoptosis Gene Expression of Gastric Cancer Cell (in Vietnamese), Journal of Sciences. 33 (2017) 138-143. https://doi.org/10.25073/2588-1140/vnunst. 4540.[11] K.J. Livak, T.D. Schmittgen, Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method, Method. 25 (2001) 402-408. https://doi.org/10. 1006/meth.2001.1262.[12] E.Nelson Brown., Rinath Jeselsohn., Teeru Bihani., Miaofen G. Hu., Parthena Foltopoulou.,Charlotte Kuperwasser and Philip W. Hinds, Cyclin D1 activity regulates autophagy and senescence in the mammary epithelium,Cancer Res. 72 (2012) 6477-6489. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-4139.[13] M. Trimarchi Jeffrey, Jacqueline A. Lees, Sibling rivalry in the E2F family, Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 3 (2002) 11-12. https://doi.org/10.1038/ nrm714.[14] Stevaux Olivier, Nicholas J. Dyson, A revised picture of the E2F transcriptional network and RB function, Current opinion in cell biology. 14 (2002) 684-691. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-0674(02)00388-5.[15] Wu Kou-Juey, Muh-Hwa Yang, Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stemness: the Twist1-Bmi1connection, Bioscience reports. 31 (2011) 449-455. https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20 100114.[16] J.J.L. Jacobs, K. Kieboom, S. Marino, R.A. DePinho, M. van Lohuizen, The oncogene and Polycomb-group gene bmi-1 regulates cell proliferation and senescence through the ink4a locus, Nature. 397(1999) 164-168. https://doi.org/ 10.1038/16476[17] R. Maestro, A.P. Dei Tos, Y. 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Object segmentation is an important task which is widely employed in many computer vision applications such as object detection, tracking, recognition, and retrieval. It can be seen as a two-phase process: object detection and segmentation. Object segmentation becomes more challenging in case there is no prior knowledge about the object in the scene. In such conditions, visual attention analysis via saliency mapping may offer a mean to predict the object location by using visual contrast, local or global, to identify regions that draw strong attention in the image. However, in such situations as clutter background, highly varied object surface, or shadow, regular and salient object segmentation approaches based on a single image feature such as color or brightness have shown to be insufficient for the task. This work proposes a new salient object segmentation method which uses a depth map obtained from the input image for enhancing the accuracy of saliency mapping. A deep learning-based method is employed for depth map estimation. Our experiments showed that the proposed method outperforms other state-of-the-art object segmentation algorithms in terms of recall and precision. KeywordsSaliency map, Depth map, deep learning, object segmentation References[1] Itti, C. Koch, E. Niebur, A model of saliency-based visual attention for rapid scene analysis, IEEE Transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence 20(11) (1998) 1254-1259.[2] Goferman, L. Zelnik-Manor, A. Tal, Context-aware saliency detection, IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence 34(10) (2012) 1915-1926.[3] Kanan, M.H. Tong, L. Zhang, G.W. Cottrell, Sun: Top-down saliency using natural statistics, Visual cognition 17(6-7) (2009) 979-1003.[4] Liu, Z. Yuan, J. Sun, J. Wang, N. Zheng, X. Tang, H.-Y. Shum, Learning to detect a salient object, IEEE Transactions on Pattern analysis and machine intelligence 33(2) (2011) 353-367.[5] Perazzi, P. Krähenbühl, Y. Pritch, A. Hornung, Saliency filters: Contrast based filtering for salient region detection, in: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2012 IEEE Conference on, IEEE, 2012, pp. 733-740.[6] M. Cheng, N.J. Mitra, X. Huang, P.H. Torr, S.M. Hu, Global contrast based salient region detection, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 37(3) (2015) 569-582.[7] Borji, L. Itti, State-of-the-art in visual attention modeling, IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence 35(1) (2013) 185-207.[8] Simonyan, A. Vedaldi, A. Zisserman, Deep inside convolutional networks: Visualising image classification models and saliency maps, arXiv preprint arXiv:1312.6034.[9] Li, Y. Yu, Visual saliency based on multiscale deep features, in: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, 2015, pp. 5455-5463.[10] Liu, J. Han, Dhsnet: Deep hierarchical saliency network for salient object detection, in: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2016, pp. 678-686.[11] Achanta, S. Hemami, F. Estrada, S. Susstrunk, Frequency-tuned saliency detection model, CVPR: Proc IEEE, 2009, pp. 1597-604.Fu, J. Cheng, Z. Li, H. Lu, Saliency cuts: An automatic approach to object segmentation, in: Pattern Recognition, 2008. ICPR 2008. 19th International Conference on, IEEE, 2008, pp. 1-4Borenstein, J. Malik, Shape guided object segmentation, in: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on, Vol. 1, IEEE, 2006, pp. 969-976.Jiang, J. Wang, Z. Yuan, T. Liu, N. Zheng, S. Li, Automatic salient object segmentation based on context and shape prior., in: BMVC. 6 (2011) 9.Ciptadi, T. Hermans, J.M. Rehg, An in depth view of saliency, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013.Desingh, K.M. Krishna, D. Rajan, C. Jawahar, Depth really matters: Improving visual salient region detection with depth., in: BMVC, 2013.Li, J. Ye, Y. Ji, H. Ling, J. Yu, Saliency detection on light field, in: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2014, pp. 2806-2813.Koch, S. Ullman, Shifts in selective visual attention: towards the underlying neural circuitry, in: Matters of intelligence, Springer, 1987, pp. 115-141.Laina, C. Rupprecht, V. Belagiannis, F. Tombari, N. Navab, Deeper depth prediction with fully convolutional residual networks, in: 3D Vision (3DV), 2016 Fourth International Conference on, IEEE, 2016, pp. 239-248.Bruce, J. Tsotsos, Saliency based on information maximization, in: Advances in neural information processing systems, 2006, pp. 155-162.Ren, X. Gong, L. Yu, W. Zhou, M. Ying Yang, Exploiting global priors for rgb-d saliency detection, in: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, 2015, pp. 25-32.Fang, J. Wang, M. Narwaria, P. Le Callet, W. Lin, Saliency detection for stereoscopic images., IEEE Trans. Image Processing 23(6) (2014) 2625-2636.Hou, L. Zhang, Saliency detection: A spectral residual approach, in: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2007. CVPR’07. IEEE Conference on, IEEE, 2007, pp. 1-8.Guo, Q. Ma, L. Zhang, Spatio-temporal saliency detection using phase spectrum of quaternion fourier transform, in: Computer vision and pattern recognition, 2008. cvpr 2008. ieee conference on, IEEE, 2008, pp. 1-8.Fang, W. Lin, B.S. Lee, C.T. Lau, Z. Chen, C.W. Lin, Bottom-up saliency detection model based on human visual sensitivity and amplitude spectrum, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia 14(1) (2012) 187-198.Lang, T.V. Nguyen, H. Katti, K. Yadati, M. Kankanhalli, S. Yan, Depth matters: Influence of depth cues on visual saliency, in: Computer vision-ECCV 2012, Springer, 2012, pp. 101-115.Zhang, G. Jiang, M. Yu, K. Chen, Stereoscopic visual attention model for 3d video, in: International Conference on Multimedia Modeling, Springer, 2010, pp. 314-324.Wang, M.P. Da Silva, P. Le Callet, V. Ricordel, Computational model of stereoscopic 3d visual saliency, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 22(6) (2013) 2151-2165.Peng, B. Li, W. Xiong, W. Hu, R. Ji, Rgbd salient object detection: A benchmark and algorithms, in: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2014, pp. 92-109.Wu, L. Duan, L. Kong, Rgb-d salient object detection via feature fusion and multi-scale enhancement, in: CCF Chinese Conference on Computer Vision, Springer, 2015, pp. 359-368.Xue, Y. Gu, Y. Li, J. Yang, Rgb-d saliency detection via mutual guided manifold ranking, in: Image Processing (ICIP), 2015 IEEE International Conference on, IEEE, 2015, pp. 666-670.Katz, A. Adler, Depth camera based on structured light and stereo vision, uS Patent App. 12/877,595 (Mar. 8 2012).Chatterjee, G. Molina, D. Lelescu, Systems and methods for determining depth from multiple views of a scene that include aliasing using hypothesized fusion, uS Patent App. 13/623,091 (Mar. 21 2013).Matthies, T. Kanade, R. Szeliski, Kalman filter-based algorithms for estimating depth from image sequences, International Journal of Computer Vision 3(3) (1989) 209-238.Y. Schechner, N. Kiryati, Depth from defocus vs. stereo: How different really are they?, International Journal of Computer Vision 39(2) (2000) 141-162.Delage, H. Lee, A.Y. Ng, A dynamic bayesian network model for autonomous 3d reconstruction from a single indoor image, in: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on, Vol. 2, IEEE, 2006, pp. 2418-2428.Saxena, M. Sun, A.Y. Ng, Make3d: Learning 3d scene structure from a single still image, IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence 31(5) (2009) 824-840.Hedau, D. Hoiem, D. Forsyth, Recovering the spatial layout of cluttered rooms, in: Computer vision, 2009 IEEE 12th international conference on, IEEE, 2009, pp. 1849-1856.Liu, S. Gould, D. Koller, Single image depth estimation from predicted semantic labels, in: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2010 IEEE Conference on, IEEE, 2010, pp. 1253-1260.Ladicky, J. Shi, M. Pollefeys, Pulling things out of perspective, in: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2014, pp. 89-96.K. Nathan Silberman, Derek Hoiem, R. Fergus, Indoor segmentation and support inference from rgbd images, in: ECCV, 2012.Liu, J. Yuen, A. Torralba, Sift flow: Dense correspondence across scenes and its applications, IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence 33(5) (2011) 978-994.Konrad, M. Wang, P. 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Although the sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution has been part of the endodontic arsenal for more than one century, current investigations have been unable to determine which NaOCl volume and concentration or which time of application are able to dissolve organic matter without weakening the dental structure during the phase of biomechanical preparation of the root canal. Thus, the objective of the present study was to conduct a systematic literature review with no restriction of publication year or language in order to resolve these questions. The search strategy included the following databases: PubMed, LILACS, Web of Science and ClinicalTrials.gov, and only in vivo human clinical trials were included in the final review. After the removal of duplicates, the systematic literature review yielded 3,717 articles. Of these, 3,685 were excluded after applying the exclusion criteria (ex vivo studies, animal studies, cell-culture studies, narrative review, and studies with no available full texts). A total of 32 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. After evaluating the full text, all articles were excluded for different reasons. No studies fulfilled our inclusion criteria. This review was unable to answer what time of irrigation, concentration or volume of NaOCl solution can be of maximum effectiveness in endodontic treatment without producing significant changes in the mechanical properties of dentin. Thus, future human clinical studies are needed in order to resolve these questions.Descriptors: Endodontics; Sodium Hypochlorite; Review.ReferênciasSiqueira JF Jr, Guimarães-Pinto T, Rôças IN. Effects of chemomechanical preparation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and intracanal medication with calcium hydroxide on cultivable bacteria in infected root canals. 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J Endod. 2004; 30(11):785-87.Clarkson RM, Moule AJ, Podlich H, Kellaway R, Macfariane R, Lewis D. Dissolution of porcine incisor pulps in sodium hypochlorite solutions of varying compositions and concentrations. Aust Dent J. 2006;51(3):245-51.Siqueira JF Jr, Rôças IN, Favieri A, Lima KC. Chemomechanical reduction of the bacterial population in the root canal after instrumentation and irrigation with 1%, 2.5%, and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite. J Endod. 2000;26(6):331-34.Gu LS, Huang XQ, Griffin B, Bergeron BR, Pashley DH, Niu LN et al. Primum non nocere - The effects of sodium hypochlorite on dentin as used in endodontics. Acta Biomater. 2017; 61:144-56.Barreto MS, Moraes Rdo A, Rosa RA, Moreira CH, Só MV, Bier CA. Vertical root fractures and dentin defects: effects of root canal preparation, filling, and mechanical cycling. J Endod. 2012; 38(8):1135-39.Chai H, Tamse A. The effect of isthmus on vertical root fracture in endodontically treated teeth. J Endod. 2015;41(9):1515-19.Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62(10):1006-12.Hand RE, Smith ML, Harrison JW. Analysis of the effect of dilution on the necrotic tissue dissolution property of sodium hypochlorite. J Endod. 1978;4(2):60-4.Thé SD. The solvent action of sodium hypochlorite on fixed and unfixed necrotic tissue. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1979;47(6):558-61.Ringel AM, Patterson SS, Newton CW, Miller CH, Mulhern JM. In vivo evaluation of chlorhexidine gluconate solution and sodium hypochlorite solution as root canal irrigants. J Endod.1982;8(5):200-4.Ercan E, Ozekinci T, Atakul F, Gül K. Antibacterial activity of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite in infected root canal: in vivo study. J Endod.2004;30(2):84-7.Siqueira JF Jr, Rôças IN, Paiva SS, Guimarães-Pinto T, Magalhães KM, Lima KC. Bacteriologic investigation of the effects of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine during the endodontic treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007;104(1),122–30.Estrela C, Silva JA, de Alencar AH, Leles CR, Decurcio DA. Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecalis--a systematic review. J Appl Oral Sci.2008;16(6):364-68.Fedorowicz Z, Sequeira P. Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecalis--a systematic review. J Appl Oral Sci.2008;16(6):364-68.Gomes BP, Martinho FC, Vianna ME. Comparison of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and 2% chlorhexidine gel on oral bacterial lipopolysaccharide reduction from primarily infected root canals. J Endod; 2009;35(10):1350-53.Abbaszadegan A, Khayat A, Motamedifar M. Comparison of antimicrobial efficacy of IKI and NaOCl irrigants in infected root canals: an in vivo study. Iran Endod J.2010;5(3):101-6.Bashetty K, Hegde J. Comparison of 2% chlorhexidine and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite irrigating solutions on postoperative pain: a randomized clinical trial. Indian J Dent Res.2010;21(4):523-27.Haapasalo M, Shen Y, Qian W, Gao Y. Irrigation in endodontics. Dent Clin North Am. 2010;54(2):291-312.Huffaker SK, Safavi K, Spangberg LS, Kaufman B. Influence of a passive sonic irrigation system on the elimination of bacteria from root canal systems: a clinical study. J Endod. 2010;36(8):1315-18.Kandaswamy D, Venkateshbabu N. Root canal irrigants. J cons dent.2010;13(4),256-64.Kaya S, Yiğit-Özer S, Adigüzel O. Evaluation of radicular dentin erosion and smear layer removal capacity of self-adjusting file using different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite as an initial irrigant. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol and Endod.2011;112(4):524-30.Paudel KR, Jaiswal A, Parajuli U, Bajracharya M. Different pharmacological solutions in intracanal irrigation. 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