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1
T, John, Tomoko Hayashi, Raymond P. Wu, Howard Cottam, and Dennis A. Carson. "Selective Inhibition of Activated B-Cell Lymphoma Cells by a Novel Small Molecule Inhibitor of NF-κB." Blood 118, no. 21 (November 18, 2011): 2498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.2498.2498.
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Abstract Abstract 2498 Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) account for approximately 40% of lymphomas in adults, with the activated B-cell lymphoma (ABC) subtype being the least curable. ABC lymphoma cells display the phenotype of activated B-cells, which is induced by constitutive activation of the transcription factor Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB). NF-κB activation in ABC lymphoma can result from several different mutations or abnormal expression of proteins upstream of NF-κB nuclear translocation. No matter the mechanism of NF-κB constitutive activation, the resulting gene expression pattern confers an anti-apoptotic and pro-survival advantage to B-cells, hence driving the oncogenesis and supporting the survival of ABC lymphomas. Therefore, inhibiting NF-κB activity is an attractive strategy for the treatment of ABC lymphomas. Using a cell line with a reporter for NF-κB transcriptional activity in a high throughput screen of 180,000 compounds we discovered 12 compounds that inhibited NF-κB activation, suggesting these compounds negatively regulate NF-κB. Since ABC lines are generally more dependent on NF-κB signalling for cell survival than are the other types of B-cell lymphoma, the hits from the primary screen were tested in a secondary screen for the ability to selectively inhibit the growth of ABC lymphoma cells. Of the 12 hits, two compounds belonging to the same quinolone chemotype were found to selectively inhibit the growth of an ABC line compared to a non-ABC line and normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Three more structurally related quinolones were obtained to investigate a possible limited structure activity relationship for this class of molecules, designated here as Quinolone Inhibitors of NF-κB (QINs). QIN 1 was significantly more potent (Figure A and B) and selective (Figure B and C) relative to other QINs. The limited structure activity relationship suggests that two structural regions of the chemotype may be important for potency and for ABC selectivity, hence providing impetus to further investigate QINs as possible ABC lymphoma drugs. QIN1 is more potent in inhibiting the growth of ABC lines than a known inhibitor of NF-κB activity, a commercially available selective IKK inhibitor (CAS 507475-17-4). Active IKK causes degradation of IκBα, the natural inhibitor of NF-κB, hence IKK inhibitors prevent NF-κB activation by preventing degradation of IκBα. In addition to being more potent, QIN1 retains similar ABC selectivity as the IKK inhibitor (Figure C). QIN1 and the IKK inhibitor both cause apoptosis at a similar rate and both cause G1 arrest in ABC lines at equi-toxic concentrations, initially suggesting similar mechanisms of action. Subsequently, QIN1was found to inhibit NF-κB in several different assays using the IKK inhibitor as a positive control. First, QIN1 inhibited the activation of a transcription based NF-κB reporter cell line in response to LPS, an NF-κB activator. Supporting these results, QIN1 inhibited cytokine release from human PBMCs stimulated with LPS. In addition, QIN1 prevented degradation of IκBα in response to NF-κB activating stimuli, further demonstrating the ability of QIN1 to inhibit NF-κB activity. Finally, QIN1 inhibited nuclear translocation of active NF-κB, thus preventing pro-survival gene expression. The QINs studied here all contain an alpha-beta unsaturated ketone, an electrophilic chemical moiety known to interact with cysteine thiols. Compounds containing similar electrophilic groups are known to bind a cysteine thiol in IKK, preventing its activity and hence inhibiting NF-κB activation. This suggests that this electrophilic moiety in QINs maybe responsible for the NF-κB inhibition observed in these cell lines. The presence of this electrophilic group is not necessarily detrimental to normal cells as we have shown with QIN1 in vitro (Figure A-C) and in vivo (large daily doses of QIN1 cause no observable toxicities in mice). Overall, our data indicate QIN1 inhibits IKK, a kinase immediately upstream of NF-κB nuclear translocation, allowing the majority of ABC lymphomas to be treated irrespective of the upstream mechanism of pathway activation. The selectivity for inhibition of ABC lymphoma cells by QIN1 and our in vitro data showing synergy with an inhibitor of B-cell receptor signalling, which also promotes ABC survival, provides the impetus for further preclinical development of QINs. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Tianyu, Feng. "Society of Imperial Power: Reinterpreting China’s “Feudal Society”." Journal of Chinese Humanities 1, no. 1 (April 24, 2014): 25–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23521341-01010003.
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Abstract To call the period from Qin Dynasty to Qing Dynasty a “feudal society” is a misrepresentation of China’s historical reality. The fengjian system only occupied a secondary position in Chinese society from the time of Qin. It was the system of prefectures and counties (junxianzhi) that served as the cornerstone of the centralized power structure. This system, together with the institution of selecting officials through the imperial examination, constituted the centralized bureaucracy that intentionally crippled the hereditary tradition and the localized aristocratic powers, and hence bolstered the unity of the empire. Feudalism in medieval Western Europe shares many similarities with that of China during the Shang and Zhou dynasties, but is quite different from the monarchical centralism since the time of Qin and Han. Categorizing the social form of the period from Qin to Qing as “feudal” makes the mistake of over-generalizing and distorting this concept. It runs counter to the original Chinese meaning of fengjian, and severely deviates from the western connotation of feudalism. Moreover, the decentralized feudalism in pre-Qin dynasties and the later centralized imperial system from Qin onwards influenced the generation and evolution of Chinese culture in vastly different ways.
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von Glahn, Richard. "Modalities of the Fiscal State in Imperial China." Journal of Chinese History 4, no. 1 (July 2, 2019): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jch.2019.15.
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AbstractIn the past two decades, increasing attention has been paid to the significance of the fiscal capacity of the premodern state to promote or retard economic growth. In particular, scholarship on economic history has stressed the positive impact the emergence of the “fiscal state” had in enhancing economic growth in early modern Europe. Comparative studies have contrasted the administrative efficiency of the emerging European fiscal state with contemporary Asian empires (the Ottomans, Mughals, and the Ming and Qing empires in China). But the Ming-Qing state represents only one version of Chinese state formation under the Chinese empire. This article identifies four basic types of fiscal state that appeared between the Qin unification and the Ming-Qing era, analyzes their ideological foundations, and assesses their implications for economic growth.
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Ruohui, Li. "The Era of Prefectures and Counties: An Inquiry into the Power Structure and State Governance in Ancient Chinese Society." Journal of Chinese Humanities 1, no. 1 (April 24, 2014): 67–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23521341-01010005.
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Abstract In spite of all the vicissitudes that Chinese society underwent from the Qin (221-206 bc) to the Qing (ad 1644-1911) dynasties, the system of social government throughout this period as a whole was markedly different from that of Zhou. While the post-Qin dynasties adopted fa or laws to govern the nation, it was li or rituals that dominated in Zhou as a norm of social control. Hence the key to a fruitful inquiry into the administrative evolution of society from Zhou through Qing, a period spanning over two thousand years, lies in the investigation of the political shift from Zhou as a kingdom to Qin as an empire. Since li is a system of ritual propriety representing a consensus of both the upper and lower social strata on the constitution of state power, it is fundamentally different from fa due to its lack of a binding or coercive force. An artificial reorganization of society by a new form of social government called for a new political system known as junxian zhi (郡縣制), a bureaucratic system of centrally appointed local magistrates in “prefectures and counties.” The compulsory force of the law was guaranteed by the national army, and so a system of military officialdom ensured the command and monopoly over the army by the monarch. A fluid bureaucratic system, which enabled the ruling sovereign or monarch to delegate his authority to ministers and local officials, replaced the hereditary system of power by clan lineage. This paper begins with an analysis of the differences between the Confucians’ idea of rule by li and the Legalists’ idea of rule by law, and ends with a discussion on the birth and characteristics of the system of prefectures and commanderies.
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Qingzhu, Liu. "Archaeological Discovery and Research into the Layout of the Palaces and Ancestral Shrines of Han Dynasty Chang'an –A Comparative Essay on the Capital Cities of Ancient Chinese Kingdoms and Empires." Early China 31 (2007): 113–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0362502800001814.
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The principal function of the ancient Chinese royal capital city was political. From the perspective of archaeology, the physical manifestation of this is primarily revealed through palace buildings and ancestral shrines. Chang’an was the capital city of the Western Han Empire. After extensive excavation and research into the sites of palatial structures and ancestral shrines of Han Dynasty Chang’an city, it is clear that the two are distinct in form. Also, comparative research into the layout of the palaces and ancestral shrines of Han Chang’an that have undergone excavation beside those palaces and shrines of the capital cities of the kingdoms of the pre-Qin era also reveals that the two architectural forms have clear differences. The difference in architectural form between palaces and ancestral shrines reflects the difference in function they performed, between rule through territorial authority and rule through kinship. From the side-by-side placement of palaces and ancestral shrines within the royal precincts of capital cities of the kingdom era (the pre-Qin period), to the separate placement of palaces and shrines in the capital cities of the imperial era (Qin-Han to Ming-Qing periods), as well as in the formation of the system centered on the royal palace, whereby the “ancestors occupy the left, while the altar of soil occupies the right,” the difference in the layout of palaces and ancestral shrines in the capital cities of the kingdom era and those of the imperial era clearly explains how the palace, which represents rule by territorial authority, and the ancestral shrine, which represents rule by kinship, wax and wane in the strength of their social function with the development of society and the change in societal configuration. Archaeological discovery and research into the architectural sites of palaces and ancestral shrines of Han Chang’an city reveals that the kingdom era of ancient Chinese society was a time for the integration of rule through kinship and rule through territorial authority, while from the Qin-Han period to the Ming-Qing era was a time of centralized imperial power, where rule by territorial authority was primary, and rule through kinship was secondary.
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Fang, J. N., L. P. Tan, and E. Huang. "Modes and textures of secondary minerals on Chinese coins of different ages." Mineralogical Magazine 67, no. 1 (February 2003): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461036710081.
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AbstractA thorough assessment of the secondary minerals on 796 Chinese Pb-Cu-Sn-Zn bronze coins from ∼1100 BC to AD 1911 has been made. Malachite is found on more than 80% of the coins irrespective of their dynasties, but a botryoidal texture is only observed on the coins of the Song dynasty or older. Azurite, however, is seen in microscopic quantities on a single coin of ∼AD 1800, but is clearly visible on the Ming dynasty or older coins. Cerussite is a common secondary mineral of the Qin dynasty and older coins, though it has not been found on the Qing dynasty or younger coins. Cuprite is observed on the Song dynasty and older coins.
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Jinguang †, Zhang. "New Thoughts on the Social Forms of Ancient China (from the Zhou to Qing Dynasties)." Journal of Chinese Humanities 1, no. 1 (April 24, 2014): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23521341-01010004.
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Abstract The entire course of ancient Chinese history has centered on state power, which dominated and shaped the basic picture of social history. The key to Chinese state power has been the state ownership of land, and based on this we can divide the social forms of ancient China into four successive periods: the period of yishe 邑社時代 or village societies (Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period); the period of official communal system 官社時代 (Warring States Period to Qin Dynasty to the early Han Dynasty); the period of half official communal system 半官社時代 (Han to Tang Dynasty); and the period of state vs. individual peasants 國家個體小農時代 (Song to Qing Dynasty).
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Kelly, David. "Approaching Chinese Freedom: A Study in Absolute and Relative Values." Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 42, no. 2 (June 2013): 141–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810261304200206.
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The rise of stability preservation to dominance in the political order coincided with a highly charged debate over “universal values” and a closely related discussion of a “China Model”. This paper analyses the critique of universal values as a “wedge issue” that is used to pre-empt criticism of the party-state by appealing to nationalism and cultural essentialism. Taking freedom as a case in point of a universal value, it shows that, while more developed in the West, freedom has an authentic Chinese history with key watersheds in the late Qing reception of popular sovereignty and the ending of the Maoist era. The work of Wang Ruoshui, Qin Hui and Xu Jilin display some of the resources liberals now bring to “de-wedging” universal values, not least freedom. They share a refusal to regard “Western” values as essentially hostile to Chinese.
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Zhu, Hongbin. "Review on Su,Yunfeng’s Cong Qing hua xue tang dao Qin hua da xue, 1911-1929." Jiuzhou Xuelin 2010, no. 26 (March 1, 2011): 202–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5404/jiuzhou.2010.26.09.
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Tang, Yijie, Brian Bruya, and Hai-ming Wen. "Emotion in Pre-Qin Ruist Moral Theory: An Explanation of " Dao Begins in Qing "." Philosophy East and West 53, no. 2 (2003): 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pew.2003.0018.
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Wu, Guo. "ZHENG ZHEN AND THE RISE OF EVIDENTIAL RESEARCH IN LATE QING NORTHERN GUIZHOU." Journal of Chinese History 2, no. 1 (August 7, 2017): 145–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jch.2017.15.
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AbstractThis article investigates the formation of the Shatan scholarly group and the contribution of its leader, Zheng Zhen. Zheng benefitted from a vigorous trans-regional cultural network of returned local scholars such as Li Xun and Mo Yuchou and prominent scholar-officials from outside such as Cheng Enze and He Changling. Zheng Zhen remained true to the approaches and research topics of evidential research, i.e., historical philology and exegesis of pre-Qin classics, bibliography, and an inquiry into ancient institutions and technology, in an era when the general intellectual trend turned toward statecraft studies and the politicized Modern Text School, promoted by scholars like Gong Zizhen and Kang Youwei. The contribution of the Shatan group, Zheng Zhen in particular, embodies the rise of evidential research, a passion for facts, as well as concerns about society. More importantly, it prompts us to rethink Guizhou as an active agent in the late Qing Chinese cultural landscape.
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Foo, Check-Teck, Weiwei Wu, and Tachia Chin. "Governance for China: a multi-method research in corruption studies." Chinese Management Studies 8, no. 3 (July 29, 2014): 288–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cms-08-2014-0160.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to utilize a multi-method design for research on corruption in China. Corruption in any society is inimical to good governance. Singapore, despite her size, is argued to be a plausible model for China. Design/methodology/approach – Taking a multi-method approach, the phenomena of corruption is investigated from: etymological analyses for corruption (European roots) and its Chinese equivalent, 贪污 (pinyin: tan wu) case studies taken from three periods: current, Qing Dynasty and to founding of China (zhong guo, Qin Dynasty) to ground our policy recommendation of China be modeling after Singapore on the basis of our analysis of statistical (2013 and longitudinal) data. In the process, the authors embark on inter-country comparisons (mainly Confucian China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea and Japan). Findings – Here are the key insights: scholars are unaware the English word corruption is narrower in scope than the Chinese equivalent tan wu贪污. As far back as 3,000 years, the Chinese had attributed wu, 污 as filthy, polluting, dirty to psychological concept of greed tan, 贪. In English, corruption does not denote greed per se. Falsification of facts as a political ploy dates back to Qin dynasty. Destabilizing corrupt cases occurred in China today as in Qing Dynasty. Singapore rather Hong Kong is a better model for China in reforming society. Practical implications – This paper illustrates a distinctively, in-depth approach to research on Chinese management. It shows why it is important to clarify key concepts: corruption in the West and tan wu贪污in the East. Historical cases are utilized to show the presence of a continuing Chinese mind set. The authors argued for China to embark on a city-by-city strategy (modeling after Singapore) toward becoming a corruption-free society. Now, as 3,000 years ago, the Chinese conceptualization of corruption embeds the psychology of greed. Social implications – China is at a crossroad of her economic development. There is a possible risk of China being destabilized through the corruption of the top rung of leadership. Chinese authorities must with urgency, rein in corruption. An approach is proposed in this paper. Originality/value – In terms of style, approach and method of research, this paper is highly original. The integrative research here provides a rationale and basis for the Chinese leaders to implement a policy for a less corrupt society.
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Golovacheva, L. I. "James Legge on the Lun Yu’s text history." Orientalistica 3, no. 5 (December 29, 2020): 1280–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7043-2020-3-5-1280-1297.
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The article examines the views of the outstanding British Sinologist James Legge (1815–1897) on the textual history of the Lun Yu’. Based on the methodological approach as adapted in the textual historical studies the author, Lidia Golovacheva studies the views by J. Legg on the phenomena as follows. 1. The Qing views on the destruction of books and the killing of scholars, which took place during the Qin dynasty and on the targeted collection of ancient books in the Han era. 2. The compilation process of Lun Yu’s text by the Han dynasty scholars. 3. When and by whom the Lun Yu was written. 4. Who left comments on Lun Yu. 5. Variant readings in Lun Yu. The views on Lun Yu by Legge to a significant part are influenced by those of traditional Chinese scholars. They reflect the general height, reached by the Lun yu’ textology in the 19th cent. This builds a solid basis for future research on the development of Lun Yu studies in the Sinological studies in China, Western Europe and worldwide.
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Cui, Qingtian. "Researching the History of Chinese Logic." Asian Studies 9, no. 2 (May 7, 2021): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2021.9.2.105-120.
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During the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), the progressive intellectuals, who were confronted with the all-embracing crisis of Chinese society, yearned to find the new truth within the Western ideas on the one hand, and the works of the classical Chinese philosophy of the pre-Qin era on the other. These social and historical circumstances started the research into the history of Chinese logic. In the process of these investigations, it soon became clear that more appropriate methodologies were needed to explore Chinese logic, as those used for researching Western logic were not suitable for the task. The revival and modernization of such methods took place in the latter half of the 20th century, and one of the most important figures in these processes was Professor Wen Gongyi, who was hence one of the pioneers of modern research into the history of Chinese logic. Therefore, the present article also offers a short presentation of his biography and his contributions to the development of the research into traditional Chinese logic.
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종선홍. "Contradiction of Mind of Zhu-Zi Qing : Based on 《Jiang Sheng Peng Ying li de Qin Huai-He》." Journal of Foreign Studies 14, no. 1 (June 2010): 413–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15755/jfs.2010.14.1.413.
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Miyamoto, Kohji, Ken-ichi Furusawa, Ataru Kuroiwa, Munetoshi Saito, Takeshi Miyata, and Tatsuo Furukawa. "Effects of Qing-Fei-Tang on the Airway Inflammation and Clearance." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 18, no. 01n02 (January 1990): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x90000034.
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Qing-Fei-Tang, a Chinese blended medicine, inhibited the release of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) from passively sensitized guinea pig lung after antigen challenge. Qing-Fei-Tang also suppressed the chemiluminescence of oxygen radicals when healthy human leukocytes were stimulated by opsonized zymosan. In rabbits, Qing-Fei-Tang increased the output volume and fatty acid contents in respiratory tract fluid. In the bronchitic rabbits, 6 weeks administration of Qing-Fei-Tang restored the decreased amount of saturated fatty acid in the sputa, and histological examinations revealed an amelioration of the inflammation of lungs tissues. In pigeons, Qing-Fei-Tang facilitated tracheal mucociliary transport. Accordingly, Qing-Fei-Tang seems to exert effectiveness via its multiple mechanisms.
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&NA;. "Qing hao." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 879 (March 1993): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199308790-00026.
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Xu, Sufeng. "Domesticating Romantic Love during the High Qing Classical Revival." Nan Nü 15, no. 2 (2013): 219–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685268-0152p0002.
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This study examines the Heming ji (Collection of singing in harmony), which comprises the sometimes surprisingly intimate poetic exchanges between the woman intellectual Wang Zhaoyuan (1763-1851) and her husband Hao Yixing (1757-1829), both renowned in their lifetimes as classical “evidential research” (kaozheng) scholars. The paper seeks to demonstrate the transformation of the cult of qing (romantic love) in the High Qing period. It argues that, as the centrality of courtesans in literati culture died out with the Ming-Qing dynastic transition, gentry women came to represent the positive cultural values of qing through the increasingly fashionable idea and practice of companionate marriage. In this process, the cult of qing that characterized the subversive late Ming literati culture, of which courtesan culture was an important part, was not obliterated by the High Qing classical revival as is often assumed; rather, it was domesticated, ritualized, transformed into conjugal love, and arguably, integrated into the High Qing “familistic moralism.” The paper also explores how the concept of qing, in the narrow sense of love between man and woman, was expanded into this couple’s shared passion and ambition to serve the state and empire.
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Mu, Qing, Jun Liang, Xiaoxin Zhou, Gen Li, and Xing Zhang. "A node splitting interface algorithm for multi-rate parallel simulation of DC grids." CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 4, no. 3 (September 24, 2018): 388–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17775/cseejpes.2017.01170.
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Akawy, Ahmed. "Structural geomorphology and neotectonics of the Qina - Safaja district, Egypt." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 226, no. 1 (October 10, 2002): 95–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/226/2002/95.
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Lee, Jun Gab. "Qing and Liuqiu in Ming-Qing transition period." Journal of Ming-Qing Historical Studies 39 (April 30, 2013): 77–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.31329/jmhs.2013.04.39.77.
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Kim, Youme. "The Impact of Korean Ambassadors’ Encounters with Qing Entertainments, Focusing on Lantern Festivals, Fireworks, Plays, and Theater Facilities." Journal of Korean Studies 22, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 197–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/21581665-4153376.
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Abstract This study examines how Chosŏn Korean ambassadors’ encounters with Qing entertainment impacted their views of the Qing dynasty in China based on their travel accounts written during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. During diplomatic trips as ambassadors, select Chosŏn literati were able to experience new and exotic forms of foreign culture. This article focuses on Qing entertainments, including fireworks, lantern festivals, and plays, and related aspects such as theater facilities, that captured the attention of the traveling ambassadors. Through direct experience with Qing entertainments, traveling Chosŏn dignitaries gained first hand experience of Qing commercial and technological development. Some of these witnesses came to the realization that the Qing had become a successful ruling dynasty, which dismantled previously held assumptions by most Chosŏn literati that the Manchus were barbaric and uncultivated.
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Meng, Fengxian, and Hui Liu. "Effect of Compound Qin Qing Liquids on AMPK Protein Levels in Kidney Tissue of Rat Uric Acid Nephropathy Model." Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 20, no. 5 (May 2014): A35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/acm.2014.5088.abstract.
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Meng, Weizhan, and Weixing Hu. "Reacting to China’s rise throughout history: balancing and accommodating in East Asia." International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 20, no. 1 (September 11, 2018): 119–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/irap/lcy022.
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AbstractThe rise of China and how other countries respond to China’s rising is widely studied. But little has been done on how other countries reacted to the rise of China throughout history and how China strategically interacted with them. The conventional wisdom holds East Asian international relations did not operate in the Westphalian way and China’s rising in history did not trigger regional balancing actions. In this article, we challenge that view. We argue East Asian international relations were not exceptional to basic rules of the Westphalian system. Each time China rose up, it triggered balancing actions from neighboring regimes, including nomadic empires and settled kingdoms. The neighboring regimes would accommodate China only after they were defeated by China or pro-China regimes propped up in these countries. The Chinese hegemony in East Asian history could not be taken for granted. Over last 2,000 plus years, only during three periods of time (the Qin-Han 秦汉, Sui-Tang 隋唐, and Ming-Qing 明清 dynasties) China could successfully overpower regional resistance and enjoyed a stable tributary relationship with neighboring states. In the rest of time, the Chinese state could not retain hegemony in East Asia.
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LIU, Qian. "Legal Consciousness of the Leftover Woman: Law and Qing in Chinese Family Relations." Asian Journal of Law and Society 5, no. 1 (December 12, 2017): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/als.2017.28.
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AbstractThis paper analyses how the interaction of law and qing (情) shapes ordinary Chinese people’s legal consciousness. Ordinary Chinese people rely on qing, or the normal feelings, or attitudes of the public, to judge whether a particular law is just and how they should react to the law. By investigating Chinese leftover women’s legal consciousness regarding marriage and childbearing, this article has developed a theory to discuss Chinese people’s different forms of legal consciousness either when the law is in opposition to qing or when it is in alliance with qing. I argue that these variations of legal consciousness result from the dynamic relationship between qing and different types and levels of legality, including state law.
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Chia, Ning. "The Solon Sable Tribute, Hunters of Inner Asia and Dynastic Elites at the Imperial Centre." Inner Asia 20, no. 1 (April 16, 2018): 26–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340098.
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Abstract This article discusses the political and cultural importance of the Qing sable tribute for the expression and maintenance of imperial authority by focusing on the Solon, the largest sable-hunting group of the Qing dynasty in Heilongjiang. The political use of fur tribute items at the Qing centre reveals how the privilege of wearing fur defined the boundaries of the ruling hierarchy and, therefore, why sable tribute throughout the dynasty was a mechanism for maintaining relations between the Manchu court and the hunting population. The high demand for sable and other furs by the Qing emperor and other members of the political elite explains why the Qing empire needed the hunting population and their native places in the borderlands.
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Wei, Jun. "Research on the silver in the world flowing into Qing Dynasty." Economics and Management Science 1, no. 1 (September 30, 2019): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36012/ems.v1i1.960.
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In the 80 years of foreign trade in the Qing Dynasty, the main flow direction of silver was from Spain and Britain to Qing Dynasty, which is one of the main contents; the other is the materials, process and variety design of the silver flowing into the Qing Dynasty.
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Chung, Yan Hon Michael. "The Introduction of European-Style Artillery and the Reform of Siege Tactics in 17th Century China—a Case Study of the Tragedy of Jiangyin (1645)." Journal of Chinese Military History 9, no. 1 (March 2, 2020): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22127453-bja10001.
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Abstract While the importance of European-style artillery, also called “red-barbarian cannon” by the people of the time, to the Ming-Qing transition (1618-1683) is generally recognized, much less is known about the actual performance of the weapon on the battlefield. Such a dearth of knowledge hinders historians from evaluating the extent of its impact on the Manchu conquest of China. Hoping to fill this gap, this article examines the actual performance of red-barbarian cannon through reconstructing the siege of Jiangyin (1645). Close examination of this episode reveals that, although the Qing army possessed abundant European-style artillery, the absence of appropriate and effective artillery siege tactics greatly constrained the effectiveness of these weapons in siege warfare. Hence, the importance of artillery in the early stage of the Ming-Qing transition (1618-1645) is likely to have been minimal. However, the siege of Jiangyin witnessed a reform of siege tactics in the Qing artillery corps. These newly devised siege tactics enabled the Qing army to capture the city with efficiency by fully utilizing the red-barbarian cannon. The reform greatly enhanced the siege ability of the Qing forces and paved the way for the Qing conquest of China.
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Akawy, Ahmed, and Kamal Gamal El Din. "Middle Eocene to Recent tectonics in the Qina area, Upper Egypt." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 240, no. 1 (May 10, 2006): 19–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/240/2006/19.
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Cai, Zong-qi. "A Study of Early Chinese Concepts of Qing 情 and a Dialogue with Western Emotion Studies." Prism 17, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 399–429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/25783491-8690428.
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Abstract The term qing 情 (emotion) has lain at the core of Chinese thinking about literature from antiquity through modern times. It is of profound paradigmatic significance because each major reconceptualization of qing by literary writers and scholars almost invariably signifies and undergirds a new direction of literary production and reception. Mapping out qing's long and complex lexical-conceptual history over the millennia is crucial to the study of Chinese literary thought, premodern and modern alike. In undertaking such a historicized macro study, this article consistently grounds it in the microanalysis of influential and representative statements on qing made since antiquity. Through careful contextualization, it seeks to determine which particular meaning(s) of qing is most likely intended in each instance and if and how an author has reconceptualized the term to present a new understanding of literature. It also strives to assess the theoretical significance of all major qing reconceptualizations in the broader context of Chinese intellectual and literary history. Wherever appropriate, it draws insights from Western emotion studies to illuminate hitherto unrecognized theoretical significance of some major qing reconceptualizations.
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Setzekorn, Eric. "Qing Dynasty Warfare and Military Authority: Discipline and the Ethnic Cleansing of 1860s Shaanxi." Journal of Chinese Military History 7, no. 2 (October 16, 2018): 184–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341331.
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Abstract During the 1850s and 1860s, the Qing empire re-established political authority after a series of major rebellions that nearly toppled the dynasty. While the Taiping Rebellion was larger in scope, the campaign in Shaanxi is critical to understanding late Qing military history and the complex relationship between warfare, ethnicity, and demographic change in the late nineteenth century. The Qing reconquest of Shaanxi in 1863 resulted in the near elimination of the Muslim population in the province, which was not the intent of senior Imperial commanders, but a byproduct of Qing patterns of warfare and larger ethnic tensions in Shaanxi.
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최병규. "The Meaning of Qing(情) in the Confucian and Taoism classics during the period of Before-Qin(先秦) Dynasty." JOURNAL OF CHINESE STUDIES ll, no. 34 (November 2011): 47–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26585/chlab.2011..34.003.
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Luo, Na. "From Art to Cure: The Three Stages of Theoretical Development of Ancient Chinese Painting from Pre-Qin to Qing Dynasty." International Journal of Literature and Arts 8, no. 2 (2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijla.20200802.12.
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Dai, Yingcong. "A Disguised Defeat: The Myanmar Campaign of the Qing Dynasty." Modern Asian Studies 38, no. 1 (February 2004): 145–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x04001040.
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The Qing Myanmar campaign (1765-1770) was the most disastrous frontier war that the Qing dynasty had ever waged. In the beginning, the Qianlong emperor (r. 1735-1795) of the Qing dynasty had envisaged winning this war in one easy stroke, as he deemed Myanmar no more than a remote barbarian tribe without any power. But he was wrong. After the Green Standard troops in Yunnan failed to bring the Myanmar to their knees, Qianlong sent his elite Manchu troops in. A regional conflict was thus escalated into a major frontier war that involved military maneuvers nationwide. At the front, the Manchu Bannermen had to deal with the unfamiliar tropical jungles and swamps, and above all, the lethal endemic diseases. Not only did one after another commander-in-chief of the Qing dynasty fail to conquer Myanmar, but the Qing troops also suffered extremely heavy casualties. After a gruelling four-year campaign, a truce was reached by the field commanders of the two sides at the end of 1769 with the Qing invading expedition failing to conquer Myanmar and withdrawing in disarray. To rehabilitate itself, the Qing dynasty kept a heavy military lineup in the border areas of Yunnan for about one decade in an attempt to wage another war while imposing a ban on inter-border trade for two decades.
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Yin, Tongyun. "Liulichang: the Institution and Practice of the Antique, Art, and Book Market in Late Qing Beijing." East Asian Publishing and Society 8, no. 2 (September 18, 2018): 183–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22106286-12341325.
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AbstractThe unique characteristic of the late Qing Beijing antique and book market lies in the existence of Liulichang market, a geographically and culturally integrated marketplace on a scale that was not found in other parts of contemporaneous China. Starting with examining the changing urban landscape and reconfiguration of Beijing’s social and cultural spaces in the Ming and Qing dynasties, this paper investigates the uniqueness of Liulichang market through the lens of the distinctive architecture, organizations, and practices of its antique and book shops. The dominance of a regional market preference for particular artworks, represented by the canonization of paintings by the early Qing orthodox masters at Liulichang, demonstrates that the market was not only an economic institution, but also an essential public space for formalizing collective judgment, meanings, and relationships driven by the agendas of the bureaucratic elite class in the Qing capital. The emphasis on specific formative and decisive forces in constructing the regional markets and directing art consumption in late Qing China further aims to add different nuances to our understanding of the fluidity and specificity of different urban cultures in the late Qing dynasty.
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Dai, Yingcong. "QING MILITARY INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON GOVERNMENT, ECONOMY, AND SOCIETY, 1640–1800." Journal of Chinese History 1, no. 2 (July 2017): 329–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jch.2017.1.
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AbstractThis article underscores the impact of the Qing dynasty’s war making capacity and organization on non-military areas. Following a brief account of the Qing military establishment and its major operations in the first half of the dynasty,i.e., 1640–1800, it explores several important examples of how Qing military institutions interacted with the civil bureaucracy and society at large. First, through the practice of appointing officials across the divide between the civil and military bureaucracies, military personnel penetrated into the domain of the civil state apparatus, quietly transforming the Qing government’s makeup. Second, Qing military costs deeply influenced the distribution of dynastic financial resources and general administration at all levels. Finally, the Qing’s wartime logistical system engaged both the civil bureaucracy and society, opening many opportunities for both civil bureaucracy personnel and the private sector, which in turn re-shaped the local socio-economic landscape.
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Wang, Xiao Yu, Jin Zhu Meng, Bo Xu, and Xiao Hang Wang. "Research on Application of GIS Technology for Protection of Pre-Qing Architectural Heritage Area in Liaoning." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 2304–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.2304.
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The paper studies integrated protection methods of pre-Qing architectural heritage area in Liaoning with Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. First of all, pre-Qing architectural heritage in Liaoning is investigated, and the geographic information database is established. Then the composition of pre-Qing architectural heritage area in Liaoning is analyzed, and its value is evaluated. Finally, the traffic system of pre-Qing architectural heritage area in Liaoning is planned in order to facilitate its future protection. This research shows that the application of GIS for the overall protection of pre-Qing architectural heritage area in Liaoning is scientific, reasonable and feasible. Application of GIS technology can expand and innovate the ideas and approaches of traditional heritage protection, and provides a firm data foundation and powerful technical support for a better research and protection of this large scale type of heritage like heritage area.
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Jia, Jianfei. "Horse Theft, Law, and Punishment in Xinjiang during the Qianlong Reign." Ming Qing Yanjiu 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 135–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24684791-12340007.
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There are a large number of criminal cases in the Manchu archives, which occurred in Mongolia and Xinjiang and were reported to the Qing emperors. These criminal cases can be roughly divided into two groups: homicide cases and horse theft cases. Based on the records of the Manchu archives, this paper will focus upon horse theft cases in Xinjiang during the Qianlong reign. Xinjiang was a place populated by many ethnic groups under the Qing rule. In the Qing records, we found that almost all of the ethnic groups were involved in horse theft cases. The questions at issue are: why did such horse theft cases matter in the Qing dynasty, especially to the extent they even had to be reported to the central government and the Qing emperors? Based on what law were the criminals of different peoples punished in the judicial trials?My arguments are as follows: based on the Qing records, one can learn that the legislation in Xinjiang had been less mature than that in China proper, and there had not been specific regulations or laws on criminal cases including horse theft being enacted by the Qing court in Xinjiang; the law was subject to variation based on the emperors’ own will, which largely reflects the limitations and challenges that the Manchu rulers were facing during their reign in such a newly-conquered multi-cultural territory. What is certain is: first, in general, the ethnicities of horse theft criminals and owners of the stolen horses were considered by the Qing magistrates, and the criminals were punished on the basis of their and the owners’ ethnicities, thus, a diversified statutory base appeared to be applied in these trials. Second, the punishment for criminals in horse theft in Xinjiang at the time was more severe than that in other parts of the Qing Empire, and the penalties were generally borrowed from that inDaqing lüli, which, to some extent, could reflect the strong influences of Chinese and Manchu legislation.
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Du, Yue. "Policies and Counterstrategies: State-Sponsored Filiality and False Accusation in Qing China." International Journal of Asian Studies 16, no. 2 (July 2019): 79–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479591419000111.
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AbstractUsing court cases culled from various national and local archives in China, this article examines two strategies widely employed by Qing litigants to manipulate state-sponsored filiality to advance their perceived interests in court: “instrumental filicide to lodge a false accusation” and “false accusation of unfiliality.” While Qing subjects were willing and able to exploit the legalized inequality between parent and child for profit-seeking purposes, the Qing imperial state tolerated such maneuvering so as to co-opt local negotiations to reinforce orthodox notions of the parent–child hierarchy in its subjects’ everyday lives. Local actors, who appealed to the Qing legal promotion of parental dominance and filial obedience to empower themselves, were recruited into the Qing state's project of moral penetration and social control, with law functioning as a conduit and instrument that gave the design of “ruling the empire through the principle of filial piety” a concrete legal form in imperial governance.
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Elstein, David. "On Jiang Qing." Contemporary Chinese Thought 45, no. 1 (October 2013): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/csp1097-1467450100.
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Rowe, William T. "Ming-Qing Guilds." MING QING YANJIU 1, no. 1 (February 6, 1992): 47—ins01. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24684791-90000319.
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Chen, Kun, Dan Lu, Zimin Jin, Miao Su, and Jing Jin. "Song Brocade in the Ming and Qing Dynasties." Clothing and Textiles Research Journal 38, no. 4 (June 17, 2020): 285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887302x20932657.
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Song brocade is Chinese traditional brocade that originated in the Song dynasty but flourished in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Its delicate patterns, graceful colors, and exquisite techniques show the unique craftsmanship of ancient China. The fabric structure, pattern, and weaving technique had changed greatly because of the social environment, cultural customs, and other factors during the Ming and Qing dynasties. This article proposed a new series of classification for Song brocade patterns in Ming and Qing dynasties and recurred the fabric weave of Song brocade in Ming and Qing dynasties. Besides, the research provided a concise English-language description of historical background, varieties, and specifications based primarily on Chinese-language research publications.
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Schlesinger, Jonathan. "Rethinking Qing Manchuria's Prohibition Policies." Journal of Chinese History 5, no. 2 (March 18, 2021): 245–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jch.2020.52.
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AbstractHistorians hold that to preserve the Manchu homeland the Qing court instituted a “policy of prohibition” (Ch: fengjin zhengce), forbidding Han immigrants from settling in the region until the final decades of its rule. Using Manchu-language archives from the garrison of Hunčun (Ch: Hunchun), this article questions whether such a prohibition guided local governance. In some jurisdictions in Manchuria, including in Hunčun, the Qing state did not always have an overarching policy towards Han migrants. Migration, in fact, was often less of a concern to the state than poaching. We can reassess the history of Manchuria accordingly. Modern historians have been preoccupied with the coming of Han migrants to Qing Manchuria; the Qing government in Hunčun was not.
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Zhang, Y., F. Liu, Z. Dai, and Q. Wu. "The effect of Qing Huan Ling on the hypoglutamatergic schizophrenia model in mice." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S372—S373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.387.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of Qing Huan Ling and (or) risperidone on activity and preferences behavior of the hypoglutamatergic schizophrenia model in mice.MethodsSeventy kunming mice were randomly divided into 5 groups, one group as placebo group. The rest groups intraperitoneal injection MK-801 continuously 14 day, then randomly numbered: model group, Qing Huan Ling group, risperidone groupand Qing Huan Ling combined risperidone group. Intragastric administration give corresponding drugs for each group one month, at the same time observe high activities and changes in the preferences of five groups.ResultsCompared with the blank group, activity of the rest model groups induced by MK-801 was increased (P < 0.05). After intragastric administration one month, model groups of high activity was decreased, especially risperidone combined Qing Huan Ling group. There was no statistical meaning in inquiry activity of five groups (P > 0.05). Compared with model group, latent period of step-through test was prolonged 35.5 s (P < 0.05), of step-down test was prolonged 11.4 s in risperidone combined Qing Huan Ling group.ConclusionThe combination of Qing Huan Ling and risperidone can suppress the high activity; also can protect harmed memory of the preference behavior in the hypoglutamatergic schizophrenia model in mice.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Meyer-Fong, Tobie. "To Know the Enemy: The Zei qing huizuan, Military Intelligence, and the Taiping Civil War." T’oung Pao 104, no. 3-4 (October 30, 2018): 384–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10434p05.
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AbstractThis article highlights the strategies and institutions that were mobilized in order to collect information during the Taiping Civil War (1851-1864). Through a close reading of the Zei qing huizuan 賊情彙纂 (Compendium of Rebel Intelligence), the article reveals that the Qing and its allies understood the Taiping as a political entity constituted on a familiar (dynastic) model and also in ethnographic terms (linguistic, sartorial, religious, regional). The article also demonstrates how individuals made use of their access to information to obtain patronage and employment within the pro-Qing camp. Finally, by spotlighting the political and moral language used by the authors of the Zei qing huizuan, the article makes obvious the deep relationship between intelligence and ideology.
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McMahon, Keith. "SUBLIME LOVE AND THE ETHICS OF EQUALITY IN A HOMOEROTIC NOVEL OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: PRECIOUS MIRROR OF BOY ACTRESSES." NAN NÜ 4, no. 1 (2002): 70–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852602100402332.
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AbstractPrecious Mirror of Boy Actresses is the most serious piece of fiction about male love since the late Ming and the lengthiest of all in Chinese literary history. It is remarkable in its extension of the egalitarian implications of the qing aesthetic that it inherits from the late Ming and from earlier Qing literature such as Dream of the Red Chamber. In the homoerotic relationship it idealizes, lovers who are rigidly separated in terms of status nevertheless experience a sublime love which necessarily results in the liberation of the man of lower status. The novel makes unique use of the qing aesthetic's idealization of the feminine to arrive at this ethically pragmatic conclusion whereby liberation is achieved. The foregrounding of this sublime love and the qing-perfected characters who embody it, moreover, link the novel with other works of the period which portray a China that is ultimately a stable and invulnerable entity. Thus Precious Mirror's interpretation of qing carries a historical significance in spite of the novel's obliviousness of the social and political turmoil of China in the mid-nineteenth century.
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Mao, Bincheng. "Mob Ideology or Democracy: Analyzing Taiping Rebellion’s Defeat and Revolution of 1911’s Triumph in Ending the Qing Dynasty." Swarthmore Undergraduate History Journal 2, no. 2 (2021): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24968/2693-244x.2.1.2.
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This paper investigates the underlying factors that caused the Qing Dynasty of China to survive the Taiping Rebellion yet crumbled upon the Revolution of 1911. It first examines the ideological differences between the two attempts of regime change, followed by an exploration into the extent of foreign interference in determining the outcomes of the two events. Subsequently, the author analyzes the conflict between the constitutionalists and the absolute monarchists within the Qing court during the time of the Revolution in 1911. Ultimately, this paper concludes that the Qing dynasty survived the Taiping Rebellion yet crumbled upon the Xinhai Revolution because the latter’s San-min Doctrine, also known as the “Three Principles of the People,” drew support from within the Qing regional governments as its ideology gave them hopes of preserving powers, while the Taiping Rebellion’s mob ideology achieved the contrary; on top of this, the Revolution of 1911 faced a Qing government weakened by internal conflicts over constitutional reforms, and it also successfully prevented foreign powers from intervening on behalf of the falling imperial dynasty.
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Jiang, Xiaoli. "Did the Imperially Commissioned Manchu Rites for Sacrifices to the Spirits and to Heaven Standardize Manchu Shamanism?" Religions 9, no. 12 (December 5, 2018): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel9120400.
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The Imperially Commissioned Manchu Rites for Sacrifices to the Spirits and to Heaven (Manzhou jishen jitian dianli), the only canon on shamanism compiled under the auspices of the Qing dynasty, has attracted considerable attention from a number of scholars. One view that is held by a vast majority of these scholars is that the promulgation of the Manchu Rites by the Qing court helped standardize shamanic rituals, which resulted in a decline of wild ritual practiced then and brought about a similarity of domestic rituals. However, an in-depth analysis of the textual context of the Manchu Rites, as well as a close inspection of its various editions reveal that the Qing court had no intention to formalize shamanism and did not enforce the Manchu Rites nationwide. In fact, the decline of the Manchu wild ritual can be traced to the preconquest period, while the domestic ritual had been formed before the Manchu Rites was prepared and were not unified even at the end of the Qing dynasty. With regard to the ritual differences among the various Manchu clans, the Qing rulers took a more benign view and it was unnecessary to standardize them. The incorporation of the Chinese version of the Manchu Rites into Siku quanshu demonstrates the Qing court’s struggles to promote its cultural status and legitimize its rule of China.
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Chang, Che-chia. "The Qing Imperial Academy of Medicine: Its Institutions and the Physicians Shaped by Them." East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine 41, no. 1 (June 25, 2015): 63–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26669323-04101003.
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This paper is intended to explain the changes in the activities of the Imperial Academy of Medicine during the Qing dynasty (1644-1911). By tracing its precedents and comparing their functions, I will explain its role during the Qing dynasty. Furthermore, the seemingly hidebound institutional codes in fact reveal interesting information about the dynamics of the Academy. Through examining the impacts of the regulations on personnel and their careers, we are able to explain the very different requirements of the Qing rulers for their medical service. Up until the Ming period (1368-1644) there was an institutional boundary between medical services for the palace and those for the state, even though they shared the same personnel. The Qing was the first dynasty in which even this unclear line disappeared. In this sense, the Qing Academy did not simply copy the tradition of its predecessors. Instead, the services for the emperor’s individual needs became more and more central to its mission. Thus, the common people’s rather critical perceptions of the bureau were largely true. In spite of its increased emphasis on serving the imperial household, the Qing Academy retained its connections with the government. As an alien regime, the Manchu court’s concern for the security of its rulers was much higher than during the previous dynasty. To meet the needs of the new regime, the device of the Qing Academy emphasized fostering elites rather than selecting them. Now the Academy not only provided medical education to the junior members as in earlier periods, but also shaped them in behavior. This affected both the organization of the Imperial Medical Academy, and the strategies of the physicians employed in it.
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Bazarov, Boris V., Ekaterina V. Sundueva, Chingis Ts Tsyrenov, and Evgenii V. Nolev. "‘Treasures of the Golden Chest Brought to Light…’: Revisiting the Sources and Purport of the ‘Truthful Record of the Qing Dynasty’." Herald of an archivist, no. 1 (2018): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-1-11-23.
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The article analyzes a corpus of sources that formed the basis of the most notable record of the Qing Empire, the ‘Truthful Record of the Qing Dynasty’ (Qingshilu). The analysis is based on a careful study of Russian, Chinese and Mongolian scholarship. A historical treatise ‘Truthful Record of the Mongols under the Qing Dynasty’ based on the Qingshilu and written in the Old Mongolian script was published in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People’s Republic of China in 2013. A team of researchers from the Institute of Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAN) has been working on its translation, source studies and historical analysis, as its materials supplement the available data on the purport and sources of the Qingshilu. Review of its sources allows a better assessment of the veracity of the historical data of the ‘Truthful Record of the Qing Dynasty’ and a deeper understanding of its rich historical material on the Manchu dynasty ruling China, as well as Inner Asia during the Qing period. The article reviews the sources of the Qingshilu as listed in the ‘Truthful Record of the Mongols under the Qing Dynasty.’ Information on the Man Wen Lao Dang (‘The Old Archive of the Manchu Language’) is amassed and analyzed. The Man Wen Lao Dang was one of the sources used in compiling of early chronicles of the deeds of the first Manchu rulers into the ‘Truthful Record.’ The official historiographical and record-keeping tradition was then emerging in China under the Manchu dynasty. The authors assess the purport of the ‘Truthful Record of the Qing Dynasty’ throughout the spectrum of historical and political functions of the treatise. Analyzing of the sources of the ‘Truthful Record of the Qing Dynasty,’ including official documents untainted by compilers’ interpretation, and studying the import of the text in the political life allows to contend great value and veracity of the Qingshilu. The authors see new possibilities for studying international relations in the history of Inner Asia.