Academic literature on the topic 'QTBS'

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Journal articles on the topic "QTBS"

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Ding, Huiqiang, Luan Cheng, Tingting Dai, Enke Wang та Wei-Ning Zhang. "The Spectrum of Low-pT J/ψ in Heavy-Ion Collisions in a Statistical Two-Body Fractal Model". Entropy 25, № 12 (2023): 1655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25121655.

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We establish a statistical two-body fractal (STF) model to study the spectrum of J/ψ. J/ψ serves as a reliable probe in heavy-ion collisions. The distribution of J/ψ in hadron gas is influenced by flow, quantum and strong interaction effects. Previous models have predominantly focused on one or two of these effects while neglecting the others, resulting in the inclusion of unconsidered effects in the fitted parameters. Here, we study the issue from a new point of view by analyzing the fact that all three effects induce a self-similarity structure, involving a J/ψ-π two-meson state and a J/ψ, π two-quark state, respectively. We introduce modification factor qTBS and q2 into the probability and entropy of charmonium. qTBS denotes the modification of self-similarity on J/ψ, q2 denotes that of self-similarity and strong interaction between c and c¯ on quarks. By solving the probability and entropy equations, we derive the values of qTBS and q2 at various collision energies and centralities. Substituting the value of qTBS into distribution function, we successfully obtain the transverse momentum spectrum of low-pT J/ψ, which demonstrates good agreement with experimental data. The STF model can be employed to investigate other mesons and resonance states.
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Aamir, Muhammad, Siti Zaleha Abdul Rasid, Shathees Baskaran, Fadillah Binti Ismail, and Faiza Manzoor. "Can Emotional Intelligence Help in Reducing Auditor’s Engagement in Quality Threatening Behaviours?" Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences 2, no. 2 (2018): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/apss.v2i2.338.

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Quality Threatening Behaviours (QTBs) in auditing are associated with reduced audit quality and are under the focus of researchers and practitioners for the last two decades following the major corporate failures around the globe. QTBs are a constant threat for audit profession and lawmakers, regulatory bodies, practitioners and researchers are striving to reduce auditors’ engagement in these undesirable behaviours. Existing literature advocates that emotional intelligence (EI) meaningfully affects workplace behaviours. Wong and Law (2002) affirm that emotional intelligence is linked to job performance. Emotionally intelligent individuals respond to negative issues related to work in a better way (Greenidge, Devonish, & Alleyne, 2014). On the other hand, individuals who score low on emotional intelligence face problems in regulating emotions instigated by negative work practices reacting in a manner that can be detrimental for the organization and its members (Quebbeman and Rozell, 2002). Emotional intelligence is equally important for individuals in the accounting profession (Daff, de Lange, & Jackling, 2012). Akers and Porter (2003) proclaim that “EI skills are critical for the success of the accounting profession” (p. 65). Auditing is a frantic occupation that causes pressure on auditors (Fisher, 2001) that fetch damaging outcomes. Negative behaviours of auditors are caused by different pressures and lessen the quality of audit, emotional intelligence ability can help auditors in avoiding indulgence in these behaviours (Yang, Brink, & Wier, 2018). Grounding on the role of emotional intelligence at work across different contexts and its ability to negatively affect harmful workplace behaviours, it can be inferred that emotional intelligence can reduce auditors engagement in quality threatening audit behaviours.
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Wang, Jiajing, Bo Hu, Shanshan Huang, et al. "SNP-bin linkage analysis and genome-wide association study of plant height in soybean." Crop & Pasture Science 73, no. 3 (2022): 222–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp21128.

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As the major source of edible protein and oil, the global demand for soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is increasing. Plant height is closely related to yield; therefore, understanding the genetic basis of plant height will help to improve soybean plant type and increase seed yield. In this study, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and nucleotides (QTNs) for soybean plant height were detected by linkage analysis and association analysis. A high-density map containing 2225 bin markers was constructed by using 108 342 SNPs of a recombinant inbred line population (named RIL3613) of 120 lines for linkage analysis. In total, 39 QTLs were detected, including 16 QTLs that were repeatedly detected in multiple environments. Association analysis was performed by using 63 306 SNPs from a germplasm population of 455 natural soybean accessions. In total, 62 QTNs were detected, and 26 QTNs were repeatedly detected by multiple methods. Fourteen QTNs were distributed in the intervals of six multiple-environment QTLs by comparing the results of association analysis and linkage analysis. With pathway analysis, six candidate genes were identified as being associated with plant height. These results contribute to analysis of the genetic basis of plant height and will promote marker-assisted selection for breeding ideal plant shape.
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Fofana, Bourlaye, Braulio Jorge Soto-Cerda, Mohsin Zaidi, David Main, and Sherry Fillmore. "Genome-Wide Genetic Architecture for Common Scab (Streptomyces scabei L.) Resistance in Diploid Potatoes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 3 (2025): 1126. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031126.

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Most cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) varieties are highly susceptible to common scab (Streptomyces scabei). The disease is widespread in all major potato production areas and leads to high economic losses and food waste. Varietal resistance is seen as the most viable and sustainable long-term management strategy. However, resistant potato varieties are scarce, and their genetic architecture and resistance mechanisms are poorly understood. Moreover, diploid potato relatives to commercial potatoes remain to be fully explored. In the current study, a panel of 384 ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-mutagenized diploid potato clones were evaluated for common scab coverage, severity, and incidence traits under field conditions, and genome-wide association studies (GWASs) were conducted to dissect the genetic architecture of their traits. Using the GAPIT-MLM and RTM-GWAS statistical models, and Mann–Whitney non-parametric U-tests, we show that 58 QTNs/QTLs distributed on all 12 potato chromosomes were associated with common scab resistance, 52 of which had significant allelic effects on the three traits. In total, 38 of the 52 favorable QTNs/QTLs were found to be pleiotropic on at least two of the traits, while 14 were unique to a single trait and were found distributed over 3 chromosomes. The identified QTNs/QTLs showed low to high effects, highlighting the quantitative and multigenic inheritance of common scab resistance. The QTLs/QTNs associated with the three common scab traits were found to be co-located in genomic regions carrying 79 candidate genes playing roles in plant defense, cell wall component biosynthesis and modification, plant–pathogen interactions, and hormone signaling. A total of 61 potato clones were found to be tolerant or resistant to common scab. Taken together, the data show that the studied germplasm panel, the identified QTNs/QTLs, and the candidate genes are prime genetic resources for breeders and biologists in breeding and targeted gene editing.
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Wang, Cheng, Huangai Li, Yan Long, et al. "A Systemic Investigation of Genetic Architecture and Gene Resources Controlling Kernel Size-Related Traits in Maize." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 2 (2023): 1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021025.

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Grain yield is the most critical and complex quantitative trait in maize. Kernel length (KL), kernel width (KW), kernel thickness (KT) and hundred-kernel weight (HKW) associated with kernel size are essential components of yield-related traits in maize. With the extensive use of quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and genome-wide association study (GWAS) analyses, thousands of QTLs and quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) have been discovered for controlling these traits. However, only some of them have been cloned and successfully utilized in breeding programs. In this study, we exhaustively collected reported genes, QTLs and QTNs associated with the four traits, performed cluster identification of QTLs and QTNs, then combined QTL and QTN clusters to detect consensus hotspot regions. In total, 31 hotspots were identified for kernel size-related traits. Their candidate genes were predicted to be related to well-known pathways regulating the kernel developmental process. The identified hotspots can be further explored for fine mapping and candidate gene validation. Finally, we provided a strategy for high yield and quality maize. This study will not only facilitate causal genes cloning, but also guide the breeding practice for maize.
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van den Born-Bondt, Tessa, Harmen P. S. Huizinga, Koen R. Kappert, et al. "Development of an Adaptable Qualification Test Set for Personnel Involved in Visual Inspection Procedures of Parenteral Drug Products Manufactured Under Good Manufacturing Practice Conditions in Hospital Pharmacy Compounding Facilities." Pharmaceutics 17, no. 1 (2025): 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17010074.

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Objectives: Parenteral drug products manufactured under GMP conditions should be visually inspected for defects and particulate contamination by trained and qualified personnel. Although personnel qualification is required, no practical protocols or formal guidelines are available for the development of qualification test sets (QTSs) used for qualification procedures. The current practice is to either procure a standardized QTS from a commercial supplier or amass sufficient manufacturing rejects during visual inspection procedures to compile in-house QTSs. However, both strategies inherently possess disadvantages and limitations. The objective of this study was to develop a manufacturing protocol for an optimal and adaptable QTS for training and qualification procedures. Methods: We combined the results of a literature search, survey of five Dutch hospital pharmacy compounding facilities, semi-structured personnel interviews, and extensive pre-GMP formulation studies to develop an optimal and adaptable QTS manufacturing protocol. Results: The literature search did not identify a manufacturing protocol for an optimal and adaptable QTS, but did identify specifications and requirements for optimal QTSs. The survey among hospital pharmacy compounding facilities revealed considerable variability in the qualification procedures and used QTSs. Semi-structured personnel interviews and pre-GMP formulation studies demonstrated that defects encountered during routine productions could be realistically simulated with pharmaceutical-grade excipients. As a proof-of-concept, we manufactured two different QTSs under GMP conditions and assessed these for formal GMP training and qualification purposes, which were considered a significant improvement compared to using manufacturing rejects. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study presenting these data and our adaptable protocol, which is provided in the Supplemental Materials, may aid compounding facilities in the standardization, training, and qualification of personnel involved in visual inspection procedures.
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Wang, Zhikun, Mingming Yang, Yuanzhuo Wang, et al. "Genetic dissection of 2-heptenal content in soybean (Glycine max) seed through genome-wide association study." Crop and Pasture Science 71, no. 10 (2020): 884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp20237.

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Association analysis is an alternative to conventional, family-based methods for detecting the location of gene(s) or quantitative trait loci (QTLs), and provides relatively high resolution in terms of defining the genome position of a gene or QTL. Flavour is an essential quality characteristic of soymilk; however, soymilk contains volatile compounds unacceptable to consumers. One of main constituents in the volatiles of normal soymilk is 2-heptenal, which is thought to be a degradative oxidation product of polyunsaturated acids. In this study, a genome-wide association study using 24651 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was performed to identify quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) controlling 2-heptenal content in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seed from a natural population of 110 soybean germplasm accessions. We detected 62 significant QTNs located on 18 different chromosomes that are significantly associated with 2-heptenal content in soybean seed. Among these, 17 QTNs co-localised with QTLs previously found to be related to protein, oil and/or fatty acid content in soybean seed. We also identified some candidate genes involved in lipid metabolism. These findings further our understanding of the genetic basis of 2-heptenal content in soybean seed and the improvement of marker-assisted breeding efficiency, which will be important for breeding soybean cultivars with low 2-heptenal content.
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Zhao, Fangzhou, Wei Cheng, Yanan Wang, et al. "Identification of Novel Genomic Regions for Bacterial Leaf Pustule (BLP) Resistance in Soybean (Glycine max L.) via Integrating Linkage Mapping and Association Analysis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 4 (2022): 2113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042113.

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Bacterial leaf pustule (BLP), caused by Xanthornonas axonopodis pv. glycines (Xag), is a worldwide disease of soybean, particularly in warm and humid regions. To date, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms of BLP resistance. The only single recessive resistance gene rxp has not been functionally identified yet, even though the genotypes carrying the gene have been widely used for BLP resistance breeding. Using a linkage mapping in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population against the Xag strain Chinese C5, we identified that quantitative trait locus (QTL) qrxp–17–2 accounted for 74.33% of the total phenotypic variations. We also identified two minor QTLs, qrxp–05–1 and qrxp–17–1, that accounted for 7.26% and 22.26% of the total phenotypic variations, respectively, for the first time. Using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in 476 cultivars of a soybean breeding germplasm population, we identified a total of 38 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) on chromosomes (Chr) 5, 7, 8, 9,15, 17, 19, and 20 under artificial infection with C5, and 34 QTNs on Chr 4, 5, 6, 9, 13, 16, 17, 18, and 20 under natural morbidity condition. Taken together, three QTLs and 11 stable QTNs were detected in both linkage mapping and GWAS analysis, and located in three genomic regions with the major genomic region containing qrxp_17_2. Real-time RT-PCR analysis of the relative expression levels of five potential candidate genes in the resistant soybean cultivar W82 following Xag treatment showed that of Glyma.17G086300, which is located in qrxp–17–2, significantly increased in W82 at 24 and 72 h post-inoculation (hpi) when compared to that in the susceptible cultivar Jack. These results indicate that Glyma.17G086300 is a potential candidate gene for rxp and the QTLs and QTNs identified in this study will be useful for marker development for the breeding of Xag-resistant soybean cultivars.
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Sasazaki, Shinji, Raito Yamamoto, Shintaro Toyomoto, et al. "Verification of Candidate SNP Effects Reveals Two QTLs on BTA7 for Beef Marbling in Two Japanese Black Cattle Populations." Genes 13, no. 7 (2022): 1190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13071190.

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In our previous study, we used genome resequencing to detect all candidate polymorphisms within a quantitative trait loci (QTL) region for beef marbling reported previously at 10–30 Mbp on bovine chromosome 7, and we selected 6044 polymorphisms as candidate quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs). In the present study, we aimed to identify quantitative trait genes (QTGs) and QTNs in this QTL region by verifying the effect of SNPs on beef marbling in two Japanese Black cattle populations using a Dynamic Array integrated fluidic circuit. In total, 96 selected SNPs were genotyped in 441 and 529 animals in Hyogo and Miyazaki cattle populations, respectively. The most significant p-values were detected in a SNP in a splice region of ALDH7A1 (SNP93_ALDH7A1; p = 3.46 × 10−5) in Hyogo cattle and a missense polymorphism of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1) (SNP37_ICAM1; p = 3.33 × 10−4) in Miyazaki cattle. Interestingly, SNP93_ALDH7A1 was not significant (p = 0.459) in Miyazaki cattle, and SNP37_ICAM1 showed a weakly significant association (p = 0.043) in Hyogo cattle. Thus, each population would likely have different QTGs and QTNs for beef marbling in the QTL region. In the Hyogo population, it was not possible to determine the accurate range of the linkage disequilibrium (LD) block in LD block analysis because of a strong LD structure throughout the assessed region. In Miyazaki cattle, however, an LD block containing SNP37_ICAM1 had a range of 15.8–16.1 Mbp, suggesting that QTNs would be located within this region. The functions of 19 genes in the LD block were investigated. ICAM1 is known to play an important role in adipocyte differentiation; given this function and the effect of amino acid substitution, SNP37_ICAM1 was identified as a promising candidate QTN for beef marbling. Further research on the effect of SNP37_ICAM1 on adipocyte differentiation is expected to provide insights into the mechanism underlying beef marbling formation.
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Xie, Xiaofang, Yan Zheng, Libin Lu, et al. "Genome-Wide Association Study of QTLs Conferring Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Streak in Rice." Plants 10, no. 10 (2021): 2039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10102039.

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Bacterial leaf streak (BLS) is a devastating rice disease caused by the bacterial pathogen, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), which can result in severe damage to rice production worldwide. Based on a total of 510 rice accessions, trialed in two seasons and using six different multi-locus GWAS methods (mrMLM, ISIS EM-BLASSO, pLARmEB, FASTmrMLM, FASTmrEMMA and pKWmEB), 79 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) reflecting 69 QTLs for BLS resistance were identified (LOD > 3). The QTNs were distributed on all chromosomes, with the most distributed on chromosome 11, followed by chromosomes 1 and 5. Each QTN had an additive effect of 0.20 (cm) and explained, on average, 2.44% of the phenotypic variance, varying from 0.00–0.92 (cm) and from 0.00–9.86%, respectively. Twenty-five QTNs were detected by at least two methods. Among them, qnBLS11.17 was detected by as many as five methods. Most of the QTNs showed a significant interaction with their environment, but no QTNs were detected in both seasons. By defining the QTL range for each QTN according to the LD half-decay distance, a total of 848 candidate genes were found for nine top QTNs. Among them, more than 10% were annotated to be related to biotic stress resistance, and five showed a significant response to Xoc infection. Our results could facilitate the in-depth study and marker-assisted improvement of rice resistance to BLS.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "QTBS"

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Rodrigues, Paula. "Identification of non-host resistance genesin wheat to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei." Master's thesis, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10198/934.

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Yellow rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis West., is an important foliar disease of wheat and barley throughout the world, and the development of resistant cultivars is the most economical and environmentally friendly method of control. Breeding for resistance to yellow rust has, for decades, been based on the use of race-specific resistance genes, which have shown to be short-lived. Non-host resistance has been studied as a possible source of durable resistance. Two major genes, as well as an undetermined number of minor genes, for non-host resistance to the barley attacking form of yellow rust, P. striiformis f. sp. hordei, have been previously detected in the wheat cultivar ‘Lemhi’. The present study aimed at quantifying and mapping those genes using QTL (quantitative trait loci) mapping procedures. For that purpose, an F2 population of 114 individuals resulting from the cross of resistant ‘Lemhi’ with ‘Chinese 166’, a wheat cultivar susceptible to barley yellow rust, was used as the mapping population. QTL effects and significance were estimated by means of interval mapping and MQM mapping procedures. A map for the F2 population was constructed which included 116 DNA markers (14 SSRs and 102 AFLPs). Two major QTLs have been mapped to chromosome arms 1DS (Psh1) and 2BL (Psh2), with significant LOD values. These two QTLs account for 76.7% of the phenotypic variance for resistance to barley yellow rust. Two other QTLs, with a minor effect, were mapped to chromosome arms 5AL (Psh3) and 6AL (Psh4), explaining 5.1% and 10.9% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. The QTL on 5A was derived from the susceptible variety, ‘Chinese 166’. In all cases the resistance towards P. striiformis f.sp. hordei was associated with a visual chlorosis/necrosis response typical of race-specific, host resistance.<br>A ferrugem amarela, cujo agente causal é Puccinia striiformis Westend, é uma doença particularmente importante nas produções de trigo e cevada em todo o mundo, principalmente em regiões de clima fresco e húmido (EVERSMEYER & KRAMER, 2000). Infecções severas deste patogénio podem causar drásticas reduções na altura da planta, no número de grãos por espiga, e no peso e qualidade dos grãos (MA & SINGH, 1996b). A espécie P. striiformis encontra-se dividida em formae speciales, em função do género vegetal que ataca. Por exemplo, o trigo é considerado hospedeiro para P. striiformis f. sp. tritici, a ferrugem amarela do trigo, mas não para a f. sp. hordei, a forma da ferrugem amarela que ataca a cevada. No entanto, a divisão de P. striiformis em formae speciales, e em particular a separação em f. sp. tritici e f. sp. hordei, tem sido fortemente questionada, uma vez que existem vários exemplos de formae speciales com capacidade de atacar genótipos de espécies que estão supostamente fora do seu leque de hospedeiros (hospedeiros ‘inapropriados’) (JOHNSON & LOVELL, 1994; CHEN et al., 1995). O desenvolvimento de cultivares resistentes à ferrugem amarela é actualmente considerado o melhor método de controlo da doença, tanto a nível económico como ambiental. No entanto, o melhoramento para a resistência a esta doença tem assentado, ao longo das últimas décadas, no uso de genes de resistência específica de planta hospedeira, que, na maioria dos casos, têm demonstrado baixa durabilidade (WELLINGS & MCINTOSH, 1990; BAYLES et al., 2000; SING & HUERTA-ESPINO, 2001). O uso generalizado de cultivares portadoras deste tipo de resistência resulta geralmente numa elevada pressão de selecção sobre o patogénio e na sua consequente evolução para novas formas de virulência (BROWN, 1995). Formas de resistência alternativas à resistência específica têm sido estudadas como possíveis fontes de resistência durável. A resistência de planta não hospedeira é considerada por vários autores, a forma mais eficaz de obter durabilidade (HEATH, 1991; CRUTE & PINK, 1996). Na sua generalidade, este tipo de resistência envolve um controlo genético complexo e uma multiplicidade de factores de defesa que impedem o microrganismo de formar uma interacção básica (compatível) com a planta (HEATH, 1991). No entanto, interacções não-hospedeiro entre espécies vegetais filogeneticamente próximas (como é o caso do trigo e da cevada) e formae speciales do mesmo patogénio (P. striiformis f. sp. hordei e P. striiformis f. sp. tritici) parecem envolver mecanismos de resistência semelhantes aos envolvidos na resistência específica de planta hospedeira, que geralmente estão associados ao retardamento do desenvolvimento do patogénio na fase pós-haustorial e à morte das células invadidas (reacção de hipersensibilidade) (NIKS, 1988; GARROOD, 2001). As estratégias de exploração da resistência de planta não hospedeira, assim como a sua durabilidade efectiva, irão, neste sentido, depender de a resistência ser controlada por mecanismos de defesa específicos ou não-específicos (HEATH, 2001). Torna-se, portanto, indispensável a existência de informação detalhada sobre os genes que controlam os mecanismos de resistência de planta não hospedeira, por forma a determinar a viabilidade do uso deste tipo de resistência como fonte de resistência durável. O progresso nos sistemas de marcadores moleculares de DNA e nos programas informáticos de análise genética tornou possível o mapeamento de genes e a identificação de QTLs (Quantitative Trait loci, loci para características quantitativas) com relativa precisão, o que permitiu uma revisão dos métodos de análise genética e das estratégias de melhoramento. A análise de QTLs, i.e., a dissecção genética de características quantitativas, atenta na determinação do número de loci envolvidos na resistência, assim como na localização no genoma da planta e contribuição para o fenótipo de cada um desses loci, através da associação entre a variação de marcadores genéticos numa população segregante e a variação fenotípica para a resistência apresentada por essa mesma população (MOHAN et al., 1997). A tecnologia de microsatélites ou SSRs (Simple Sequence Repeats, repetições de sequências simples), que consistem em repetições em tandem de motivos básicos de 2 a 6 bases (TAUTZ, 1989), emergiu na última década como o sistema de escolha no mapeamento molecular em plantas, e em particular no trigo. Tal ocorre devido ao elevado número de SSRs existente nos genomas das plantas, e porque nesta tecnologia se reúnem as principais vantagens dos diferentes sistemas de marcadores moleculares: são específicos do cromossoma, altamente informativos, co-dominantes, com uma boa cobertura do genoma e com elevado potencial de automatização (MORGANTE & OLIVIERI, 1993; RÖDER et al., 1995; POWELL et al., 1996a; KORZUN et al., 1997). Têm como principal inconveniente o elevado custo de identificação e produção (POWELL et al., 1996a). Vários mapas de ligação foram já desenvolvidos para o trigo baseados neste tipo de marcadores moleculares (DEVOS et al., 1995; PLASCHKE et al., 1995; RÖDER et al., 1995, 1998a, b; BRYAN et al., 1997; STEPHENSON et al., 1998; PESTSOVA et al., 2000; VARSHNEY et al., 2000; SOURDILLE et al., 2001; GUPTA et al., 2002), e têm sido amplamente usados na localização de genes e QTLs responsáveis por resistências a doenças, incluindo a resistência à ferrugem amarela (e.g. CHAGUÉ et al., 1999; PENG et al., 1999, 2000a, b; BOUKHATEM et al., 2002; SUN et al., 2002). Com base num cruzamento entre as cultivares de trigo ‘Lemhi’ (resistente à ferrugem amarela da cevada) e ‘Chinese 166’ (susceptível à doença), JOHNSON & LOVELL (1994) identificaram dois genes major, independentes e dominantes, responsáveis pela resistência de planta não hospedeira à ferrugem amarela da cevada na cv. ‘Lemhi’. Foi igualmente detectada a existência de um número indeterminado de genes minor, alguns dos quais com possível origem na cv. ‘Chinese 166’. Pretendeu-se com o presente trabalho: 1) desenvolver um mapa genético para uma população F2, constituída por 114 indivíduos, derivada do cruzamento ‘Lemhi’ x ‘Chinese 166’ usando marcadores do tipo SSR; 2) adicionar estes marcadores a um mapa de AFLPs previamente construído para a mesma população; e 3) localizar os genes responsáveis pela resistência do trigo à ferrugem amarela da cevada em segregação na população F2 ‘Lemhi’ x ‘Chinese 166’. Cento e dezoito indivíduos da população F2 ‘Lemhi’ x ‘Chinese 166’, assim como as plantas progenitoras desta população, foram previamente testados para resistência/susceptibilidade ao referido patogénio. ‘Lemhi’ apresentou um fenótipo totalmente resistente, enquanto ‘Chinese 166’ se apresentou moderadamente susceptível, o que confirmou a presença de gene(s) minor nesta cultivar. Os 118 indivíduos da F2 analisados fenotipicamente segregaram 115 resistentes : 3 susceptíveis, sugerindo que a resistência de ‘Lemhi’ à ferrugem amarela é efectivamente controlada por dois genes major. Foram testados 88 pares de primers de SSRs para a presença de polimorfismos entre ‘Lemhi’ e ‘Chinese 166’. Desta análise resultou um total de 41 SSRs polimórficos, que foram analisados em 114 indivíduos da população F2. Com base nestes SSRs e em 172 AFLPs (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms, polimorfismos do comprimento dos fragmentos amplificados) anteriormente desenvolvidos para a mesma população, e recorrendo ao programa informático de análise genética JoinMap® versão 3.0 (VAN OOIJEN & VOORRIPS, 2001), foi construído um mapa molecular com 18 mapas de ligação, integrando 116 marcadores de DNA (14 SSRs e 102 AFLPs), e abrangendo 680 cM, com uma densidade média de 1 marcador por cada 6 cM. Os restantes 97 marcadores moleculares não foram integrados no mapa, provavelmente por, dada a extensão do genoma do trigo, não haver marcadores suficientes para criar ligação entre eles. Oito dos 18 grupos de ligação foram ancorados a seis cromossomas (1D, 2B, 3A, 5A, 6A e 6B) pela presença de SSRs. Uma vez que os restantes grupos de ligação não foram associados a nenhum QTL (ver parágrafo seguinte), não foram desenvolvidos esforços no sentido de identificar SSRs específicos para esses grupos de ligação. A identificação de QTLs foi efectuada usando o programa informático de análise de QTLs MapQTL™ versão 4.0 (VAN OOIJEN et al., 2002). Os efeitos dos QTLs e a sua significância para a variação fenotípica total da resistência à ferrugem amarela da cevada foram estimados pelos métodos Interval Mapping e MQM Mapping. Através do método Interval Mapping foram identificados dois QTLs major, localizados nos cromossomas 1DS (Psh1) e 2BL (Psh2), com origem na cv. ‘Lemhi’. Por forma a detectar possíveis QTLs minor mascarados por estes QTLs major, foi aplicado o método MQM Mapping. Neste método, recorre-se ao uso dos marcadores que flanqueiam os QTLs detectados por Interval Mapping como co-factores para eliminar o efeito daqueles e detectar QTLs minor. Após análise por MQM Mapping, foram localizados dois QTLs minor nos cromossomas 5AL (Psh3) e 6AL (Psh4), sendo que o QTL presente no cromossoma 5A deriva da variedade susceptível ‘Chinese 166’. Os quatro QTLs detectados explicam, no seu conjunto, 92,7% da variação fenotípica total da resistência à doença, o que indica que, provavelmente, todos os loci que contribuem para a resistência de planta não hospedeira foram identificados. Neste estudo, verificou-se que a resistência à ferrugem amarela da cevada estava associada a uma resposta fenotípica de clorose/necrose, típica de resistência específica de planta hospedeira. Para além disso, os genes Psh1 e Psh2, genes de resistência de planta não hospedeira à ferrugem amarela da cevada, foram identificados em regiões do genoma do trigo onde se pensa (no caso do Psh1) e onde se sabe (no caso de Psh2) existirem genes de resistência de planta hospedeira (genes Yr) à ferrugem amarela do trigo. Tendo em atenção estes factos, pode considerar-se a possibilidade de uma ligação entre genes Psh e genes Yr, que, a confirmar-se, pode levar a supor que se trata de genes que evoluíram de um mesmo gene de resistência ancestral, possuindo portanto estrutura e modo de acção semelhantes. Se tal se vier a verificar, então a durabilidade de ambos seria, também ela, semelhante. Patologistas e melhoradores teriam que repensar seriamente a validade da busca de genes de resistência de planta não hospedeira como fonte de resistência durável. A clonagem destes genes é, neste sentido, essencial para que estudos bioquímicos e de funcionamento dos genes possam ser posteriormente desenvolvidos, e para que seja determinada a viabilidade do uso dos genes Psh como genes de resistência com efeito duradouro.
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Ben, Sadok Inès. "Developmental changes of the Olive tree from juvenility to maturity and Genetic basis of vegetative and reproductive traits." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSAM0015/document.

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L'un des défis auxquels sont confrontés les producteurs de fruits est de réussir à maintenir d'année en année un équilibre entre croissance végétative et production. La productivité des arbres fruitiers au cours des années est étroitement liée à leur développement. Intégrer les caractères architecturaux dans les programmes de sélection pourrait donc, améliorer la régularité de production et aider à optimiser la gestion des cultures. Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié le déterminisme génétique des caractères architecturaux chez l'olivier (Olea europaea L. subsp. Europaea), en incluant le développement végétatif et reproducteur. L'olivier a un grand intérêt en raison de l'importance de l'huile d'olive et des olives dans l'alimentation humaine. L'étude a porté sur une descendance issue du croisement entre les variétés 'Olivière' et ‘Arbequina' qui a été cultivée en verger dans deux environnements contrastés. En premier lieu, nous avons étudié le déterminisme génétique de la croissance et ramification des arbres durant la phase juvénile sur un site en considérant trois échelles d'observation: arbre, unité de croissance et entrenœuds. Les interactions entre les facteurs liés à l'ontogénie de l'arbre ainsi que les facteurs génotype et environnement ont été prises en compte. Des modèles génétiques, incluant les effets année de croissance et/ou ordre de ramification, environnement, génotype et leurs interactions respectives, ont été construits en intégrant une fonction de variance et une structure de covariance lorsque cela était nécessaire. Après une étape de sélection de modèle, les facteurs impactant significativement l'architecture de l'arbre ont été identifiés et les valeurs d'héritabilité au sens large ont été estimées. Ces résultats nous ont permis de définir à quel moment au cours de l'ontogenèse de l'olivier et à quelle échelle d'observation, les caractères de croissance et ramification sont déterminés génétiquement. De plus, cette étude a permis d'investiguer la plasticité des caractères architecturaux et leur stabilité entre environnements contrastés. Enfin, les changements associés à l'acquisition des facultés reproductives ont été observés. Quand tous les descendants ont atteint l'âge adulte, j'ai étudié les bases génétiques du développement reproducteur. La stratégie était basée sur (i) une décomposition d'un sous échantillon d'unités de croissance localisées à la périphérie de la couronne de l'arbre en variables quantitatives liées à la fois aux processus de floraison et fructification en relation avec leur croissance et ramification (ii) une évaluation annuelle du rendement des arbres durant quatre années. L'observation d'arbres 'ON' ou ‘OFF' pour une année donnée a révélé des tendances de production régulière vs irrégulière au sein de la descendance. Après avoir développé une nouvelle carte génétique, une recherche QTLs associés aux caractères reproductifs a été réalisée. Des QTLs présentant les effets des deux parents et des co-localisations ont été identifiés. Cette étude a mis en évidence le schéma de développement de l'olivier pendant les phases juvénile et mature mettant en évidence l'existence de gradients ontogéniques se traduisant par des caractères héritables qu'à la périphérie de l'arbre. Une stratégie de phénotypage adaptée aux caractéristiques architecturales de l'olivier a été proposée. Enfin, les descendants montrant une supériorité intéressante par rapport à leurs parents ont été identifiés. Ces génotypes pourraient être valorisés dans les programmes de sélection futurs pour la création de variétés innovantes<br>One of the most challenging questions that fruit growers are facing is to maintain trees in a stable balance between production and vegetative growth from year to year. Fruit trees productivity over years is closely linked to their development. Integrating architectural traits in breeding programs could thus, optimise cultivation management and improve bearing regularity. Here, we investigate the genetic determinism of architectural traits in the olive tree (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea) including vegetative and reproductive behaviour. The olive tree raises high interest because of the importance of olive oil and olives in the human diet. The segregating population under study derived from a cross between ‘Olivière' and ‘Arbequina' cultivars and was grown on two orchards under contrasting environments. First, we investigated the genetic determinism of juvenile growth and branching traits in one site at three different scales: whole tree, growth unit and internodes. Interaction between tree ontogeny, genetic and environmental factors were considered. Genetic models, including the year of growth, environment, genotype effects and their interactions, were built with variance function and covariance structure of residuals when necessary. After a model selection step, morphogenetic factors impacting significantly tree architecture were identified and heritabilities were estimated. These finding allow us to define when during the olive tree ontogeny and at which observation scale, growth and branching traits are under genetic influence. Moreover, progenies plastic response to contrasted environments was highlighted and traits showing significant genotype-by-environment effect were identified. Changes over time associated to the acquisition of reproductive competence were further observed. Once all progenies attempt adulthood, we studied the genetic basis of reproductive behaviour. Our strategy was based on (i) a decomposition of adult growth units at the crown periphery in quantitative variables related to both flowering and fruiting process in relation to their growth and branching (ii) an annual assessment of individual trees yield. The observation of ‘on' or ‘off' olive trees in a given year over four years revealed patterns of regular vs. irregular bearing. After developing a new genetic map, a QTL mapping was carried out on reproductive traits, leading to the identification of QTLs with effects from both parents and co-localizations. This study gives an overview of olive tree development during juvenility and maturity periods showing the existence of ontogenic trends, which result in traits heritable mostly at the tree periphery. A phenotyping strategy adapted to its architectural characteristics is proposed. Finally, progenies showing interesting superiority in comparison to their parents were identified and could constitute interesting sources for innovative materials in future selection programs
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Pastina, Maria Marta. "Mapeamento de QTLs e estudo da interação entre QTLs, ambientes e cortes em cana-de-açúcar, usando a abordagem de modelos mistos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11137/tde-08112010-153342/.

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Os programas de melhoramento da cana-de-açúcar demandam aproximadamente 12 anos para a obtenção de um novo cultivar. Assim, os marcadores moleculares podem ser usados como uma ferramenta valiosa, uma vez que possibilitamo estudo da arquitetura genética de caracteres quantitativos, ajudando a reduzir este tempo. Embora a cana-de-açúcar seja uma cultura perene, para a qual o desempenho genotípico é avaliado através de ensaios estabelecidos ao longo de diferentes locais e cortes, a maior parte dos estudos de mapeamento de QTLs ignora a existência de interação entre QTLs, corte e local (QTL × H × L). Neste contexto, o presente trabalho apresenta uma estratégia que foi desenvolvida para a detecção de QTLs em cana-de-açúcar, com base em modelos mistos e mapeamento por intervalo, considerando diferentes estruturas de (co)variância que permitem supor heterogeneidade de variâncias genéticas e existência de correlações genéticas entre cortes e locais. A metodologia de modelos mistos foi aplicada aos dados de uma população segregante obtida a partir do cruzamento entre dois cultivares pré-comerciais de cana-de-açúcar, constituída por 100 indivíduos avaliados em dois locais (Piracicaba e Jaú, SP, Brasil) e em três cortes para produção (toneladas de cana por hectare, TCH), produção de açúcar (toneladas de Pol por hectare, TPH), porcentagem de fibra e Pol (teor de sacarose). A análise fenotípica resultou na seleção do modelo não-estruturado, que assume heterogeneidade de variâncias e existência de correlação genética específica para cada combinação de corte e local, para todos os caracteres avaliados. Na análise de mapeamento, foram detectados 50 QTLs, incluindo 14 QTLs para TCH, 15 para TSH, 10 para Pol e 11 para Fibra. Além disso, os resultados mostram que os efeitos das interações entre QTL e corte (QTL × H), QTL e local (QTL × L) e QTL, corte e local (QTL × H × L) foram importantes para todos os caracteres avaliados. Do total de QTLs identificados, 33 (66 %) apresentaram algum tipo de interação e apenas 17 (34 %) mostraram mesmo efeito entre as diferentes combinações de corte e local. Estes resultados fornecem informações importantes para o entendimento da base genética de caracteres quantitativos relacionados com produção e teor de sacarose em cana-de-açúcar.<br>Sugarcane breeding programs take at least twelve years to develop new commercial cultivars. Thus, molecular markers can be used as a valuable tool since they offer the possibility to study the genetic architecture of quantitative traits, helping to reduce this time. Although the performance of genotypes in sugarcane breeding programs has been evaluated across a range of locations and harvest years, since sugarcane is a perennial crop, many of the QTL detection methods ignore QTL by harvest by location interaction (QTL × H × L). In this work, a strategy for QTL detection in sugarcane was developed, based on mixed models and interval mapping, considering different (co)variance structures for the modeling of heterogeneous genetic variances and genetic correlations between harvests and locations. The mixed model approach was applied to a data set provided by a segregating population developed from a cross between two pre-commercial Brazilian cultivars, consisted of 100 individuals planted in two locations in 2003 (Piracicaba and Jaú, SP, Brazil) and evaluated in the first, second and third subsequent harvest years for cane yield (tonnes of cane per hectare, TCH), sugar yield (tonnes of sugar per hectare, TSH), fiber percent and Pol (sucrose content). Phenotypic analysis provided the selection of the unstructured model, which allows the assumption of heterogeneity of variance and presence of a specific genetic correlation for each combination of harvest and location. In the QTL mapping procedure, 50 QTLs were detected, including 14 QTLs for TCH, 15 for TSH, 10 for Pol and 11 for Fiber. In addition, the results show that QTL by harvest (QTL × H), QTL by location (QTL × L) and QTL by harvest by location (QTL × H × L) interaction effects were important for all evaluated traits. From the total of QTLs identified, 33 (66%) had some interaction and only 17 (34%) showed stable effects across the different combinations of harvest and location. These results can provide useful information to understand the genetic control of complex traits related with sugarcane production and sucrose content.
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Toledo, Elisabeth Regina de. "Mapeamento de QTLs utilizando as abordagens Clássica e Bayesiana." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11134/tde-14112006-134805/.

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A produção de grãos e outros caracteres de importância econômica para a cultura do milho, tais como a altura da planta, o comprimento e o diâmetro da espiga, apresentam herança poligênica, o que dificulta a obtenção de informações sobre as bases genéticas envolvidas na variação desses caracteres. Associações entre marcadores e QTLs foram analisadas através dos métodos de mapeamento por intervalo composto (CIM) e mapeamento por intervalo Bayesiano (BIM). A partir de um conjunto de dados de produção de grãos, referentes à avaliação de 256 progênies de milho genotipadas para 139 marcadores moleculares codominantes, verificou-se que as metodologias apresentadas permitiram classificar marcas associadas a QTLs. Através do procedimento CIM, associações entre marcadores e QTLs foram consideradas significativas quando o valor da estatística de razão de verossimilhança (LR) ao longo do cromossomo atingiu o valor máximo dentre os que ultrapassaram o limite crítico LR = 11; 5 no intervalo considerado. Dez QTLs foram mapeados distribuídos em três cromossomos. Juntos, explicaram 19,86% da variância genética. Os tipos de interação alélica predominantes foram de dominância parcial (quatro QTLs) e dominância completa (três QTLs). O grau médio de dominância calculado foi de 1,12, indicando grau médio de dominância completa. Grande parte dos alelos favoráveis ao caráter foram provenientes da linhagem parental L0202D, que apresentou mais elevada produção de grãos. Adotando-se a abordagem Bayesiana, foram implementados métodos de amostragem através de cadeias de Markov (MCMC), para obtenção de uma amostra da distribuição a posteriori dos parâmetros de interesse, incorporando as crenças e incertezas a priori. Resumos sobre as localizações dos QTLs e seus efeitos aditivo e de dominância foram obtidos. Métodos MCMC com saltos reversíveis (RJMCMC) foram utilizados para a análise Bayesiana e Fator calculado de Bayes para estimar o número de QTLs. Através do método BIM associações entre marcadores e QTLs foram consideradas significativas em quatro cromossomos, com um total de cinco QTLs mapeados. Juntos, esses QTLs explicaram 13,06% da variância genética. A maior parte dos alelos favoráveis ao caráter também foram provenientes da linhagem parental L02-02D.<br>Grain yield and other important economic traits in maize, such as plant heigth, stalk length, and stalk diameter, exhibit polygenic inheritance, making dificult information achievement about the genetic bases related to the variation of these traits. The number and sites of (QTLs) loci that control grain yield in maize have been estimated. Associations between markers and QTLs were undertaken by composite interval mapping (CIM) and Bayesian interval mapping (BIM). Based on a set of grain yield data, obtained from the evaluation of 256 maize progenies genotyped for 139 codominant molecular markers, the presented methodologies allowed classification of markers associated to QTLs.Through composite interval mapping were significant when value of likelihood ratio (LR) throughout the chromosome surpassed LR = 11; 5. Significant associations between markers and QTLs were obtained in three chromosomes, ten QTLs has been mapped, which explained 19; 86% of genetic variation. Predominant genetic action for mapped QTLs was partial dominance and (four QTLs) complete dominance (tree QTLs). Average dominance amounted to 1,12 and confirmed complete dominance for grain yield. Most alleles that contributed positively in trait came from parental strain L0202D. The latter had the highest yield rate. Adopting a Bayesian approach to inference, usually implemented via Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). The output of a Bayesian analysis is a posterior distribution on the parameters, fully incorporating prior beliefs and parameter uncertainty. Reversible Jump MCMC (RJMCMC) is used in this work. Bayes Factor is used to estimate the number of QTL. Through Bayesian interval, significant associations between markers and QTLs were obtained in four chromosomes and five QTLs has been mapped, which explained 13; 06% of genetic variation. Most alleles that contributed positively in trait came from parental strain L02-02D. The latter had the highest yield rate.
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Senra, João Felipe de Brites. "Mapeamento e validação de QTLs para isoflavonas em linhagens endogâmicas recombinantes de soja." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/6563.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:37:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joao Felipe Brites Senra.pdf: 1222145 bytes, checksum: 43a5bc32cc332c65c3a59a5950d50c5d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-27<br>Brazil is a major world producer of soybeans, its cultivation being well distributed throughout the country. The culture is characterized by the potential for production of isoflavones, phytoestrogens naturally occurring in plants and chemical structure comparable to that of estradiol. The principal isoflavone aglycones are (genistein, daidzein and glycitein) and &#946;-glucoside (genistin, daidzin and glycitin, 6 "-O-acetyl genistin, 6"-O-acetyl daidzin and 6 "-O-acetyl glycitin, 6 "-O-malonyl genistein, 6"-O-malonyl daidzein, 6 "-O-malonyl glycitin). There are reports on the beneficial effects of these on human health, and the reduction of coronary heart disease, delay the manifestation of atherosclerosis, have beneficial effects on hypercholesterolemia, protects against various types of cancer and improving hormonal activity. In plants isoflavones stimulate soil microorganism Bradirizobium, the formation of nodules on the roots and for fixing activity against pathogenic fungi and increases resistance to attack by aphids. Through the benefits of isoflavones in the feed, their influence on plant physiology and complexity of their extraction and quantification, it is necessary to evaluate and study the genetic control of this characteristic estimating the molecular markers linked to the QTL that control them. The objective of this work was to map and validate QTLs for isoflavone using recombinant inbred lines RIL (Recombinant Imbred Lines) and compare the results obtained by simple interval mapping (IM Simple Interval Mapping) and composite interval mapping (CIM Composite Interval Mapping). The population consists of recombinant inbred lines RIL (Recombinant Imbred Lines) belonging to soybean breeding program at the Federal University of Viçosa, from the cross between the cultivar Hartwig and lineage Y-23, contrasting the content of daidzin, glycitin, genistin , malonyl daidzin, malonyl glycitin, acetyl daidzin, daidzein, acetyl genistin, genistein, daidzein, total genistein total glycitein total, and total isoflavones. The extraction process was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and quantified by external standard, and the results obtained in &#956;g.g-1. Markers were used 133 polymorphic, which was obtained with a linkage map with 24 linkage groups, recombination frequency of 25 cM and a minimum LOD of 3.0. Mapping was carried out by simple brand MAS (single-marker locus analysis) by analysis of variance and regression, by the method of simple interval (IM, simple interval mapping), by the method of regression and maximum likelihood, and the composite interval mapping (CIM composite interval mapping). The positioning of QTL was performed by permutation test with 10,000 permutations, allowing establish significance levels of 5 and 1%. In the characteristics malonyl daidzin and acetyl genistin were not transgressive lines. The genotype 2.27 presented the highest levels in eight isoflavones and 4.75 in the lower 12. There are high correlations between the group DAC with isoflavones genistin, genistein and genistein total and low glycitin between DAC and genistin, genistein and genistein total. QTLs were validated in GLs A2, D2, E, H, K, M and N for CAD, C2, D2, K and M for GEC in A2, C2, D1a, D2, H, K, M and N for GLC and total isoflavone in GLs G, H and O. In GL G were found QTLs of large effect for DAC, and a large number of QTLs for GEC, although not mentioned in this GL QTLs for these isoflavones. There is evidence of a relationship between genetic control of resistance to the cyst nematode and isoflavones in this population due to the proximity of the QTL controlling these traits. The most efficient method of mapping the CIM was due to the selection of cofactors that allowed QTL eliminate ghosting, which was not possible for the IM method and maximum likelihood regression. The mapping CIM detected by 44, 40, 29 and 10 QTLs for CHD, GEC, GLC and total isoflavones respectively. The IM regression positioned nine, five, four and two QTL for CAD, GEC, GLC and total isoflavones respectively. The IM approach by maximum likelihood for DAC positioned six QTLs for GEC and 12 respectively<br>O Brasil é um dos grandes produtores mundiais de soja, sendo o seu cultivo bem distribuído no território nacional. A cultura caracteriza-se pelo potencial para produção de isoflavonas, fitoestrógenos de ocorrência natural nas plantas e com estrutura química comparável a do estradiol. As principais isoflavonas são as agliconas (genisteína, daidzeína e gliciteína) e as &#946;-glicosídeo (genistina, daidzina e glicitina, 6 "-O-acetil genistina, 6"-O-acetil daidzina e 6 "-O-acetil glicitina, 6 "-O-malonil genistina, 6"-O-malonil daidzina, 6 "-O-malonil glicitina) Existem relatos sobre a influência benéfica destes sobre a saúde humana, quanto a redução de doenças coronarianas, retardam a manifestação de arteriosclerose, possuem efeitos benéficos na hipercolesterolemia, protegem contra diversos tipos de câncer e melhoria da atividade hormonal. Nas plantas as isoflavonas estimulam o microrganismo Bradirizobium do solo, a formação de nódulos nas raízes para fixação e atividade contra fungos fitopatogênicos e aumenta a resistência ao ataque de pulgões. Mediante os benefícios das isoflavonas na alimentação, sua influência na fisiologia da planta e a complexidade de sua extração e quantificação, torna-se necessário avaliar e estudar o controle genético desta característica, estimando os marcadores moleculares ligados aos QTLs que as controlam. O objetivo deste trabalho foi mapear e validar QTLs para isoflavonas utilizando linhagens endogâmicas recombinantes RIL (Recombinant Imbred Lines) e comparar os resultados obtidos pelo mapeamento por intervalo simples (IM Simple Interval Mapping) e mapeamento por intervalo composto (CIM Composite Interval Mapping). A população é constituída por linhagens endogâmicas recombinantes RIL (Recombinant Imbred Lines) pertencentes ao programa de melhoramento de soja da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, oriundas do cruzamento entre a cultivar Hartwig e a linhagem Y-23, contrastantes para o teor de daidzina, glicitina, genistina, malonil daidzina, malonil glicitina, acetil daidzina, daidzeína, acetil genistina, genisteína, daidzeína total, genisteína total, gliciteína total, e isoflavonas totais. O processo de extração foi realizado por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC high performance liquid chromatography), e a quantificação por padronização externa, sendo os resultados obtidos em &#956;g.g-1. Foram utilizados 133 marcadores polimórficos, com os quais foi obtido um mapa de ligação com 24 grupos de ligação, frequência máxima de recombinação de 25 cM e LOD mínimo de 3,0. Foi realizado o mapeamento por marca simples MAS (single-marker locus analysis) por análise de variância e regressão, pelo método do intervalo simples (IM, simple interval mapping), pelo método da regressão e da máxima verossimilhança, e o mapeamento pelo intervalo composto (CIM, composite interval mapping). A determinação da posição do QTL foi realizada pelo teste de permutação, com 10000 permutas, possibilitando estabelecer níveis de significância de 5 e 1%. Nas características malonil daidzina e acetil genistina não ocorreram linhagens transgressivas. O genótipo 2.27 apresentou as maiores concentrações em oito isoflavonas e o 4.75 as menores em 12. Existem altas correlações entre as isoflavonas do grupo DAC com genistina, genisteína e genisteína total e baixa entre glicitina com DAC e genistina, genisteína e genisteína total. Foram validados QTLs nos GLs A2, D2, E, H, K, M e N para DAC, em C2, D2, K e M para GEC, em A2, C2, D1a, D2, H, K, M e N para GLC e para isoflavonas totais no GLs G, H e O. No GL G foram encontrados QTLs de grande efeito para DAC, e um grande número de QTLs para GEC, apesar de não serem citados QTLs neste GL para estas isoflavonas. Existem indícios de relação entre controle genético da resistência ao nematoide do cisto e isoflavonas nesta população, devido à proximidade dos QTLs que controlam estas características. O método mais eficiente de mapeamento foi o CIM, em virtude da seleção de cofatores que permitiu eliminar os QTL fantasmas, o que não foi possível pelo IM pelo método da regressão e máxima verossimilhança. O mapeamento pelo CIM detectou 44, 40, 29 e 10 QTLs para DAC, GEC, GLC e isoflavonas totais respectivamente. O IM por regressão posicionou nove, cinco, quatro e dois QTL para DAC, GEC, GLC e isoflavonas totais respectivamente. O IM pela abordagem da máxima verossimilhança posicionou seis QTLs para DAC e 12 para GEC respectivamente
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Klaoudatos, G. "Automated modeling of broadband network data using the QTES methodology." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ26998.pdf.

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Tan, Han-Qi. "Dissecting barley malting quality QTLs with maize Ac/Ds transposons." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=97247.

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Malting quality of barley is a complex but important trait for the malting and brewing industries. Several malting quality QTLs have been located on the chromosome 4H of barley. However, the genes associated with these QTLs regions are unknown. The Ac/Ds transposon system was used to dissect these malting quality QTLs. New single-copy Ds insertion lines (TNPs) were generated through sequential re-activation of Ds transposon in the candidate parental lines – TNP-29 and -79, in which the Ds insertion sites were mapped in the vicinity of the malting quality QTLs on chromosome 4H. Reactivation of Ds was carried out by crossing these TNPs with AcTPase expressing plants as well as through in-vitro expression of AcTPase in immature barley embryos. Furthermore, a new PCR based approach – HE-TAIL PCR was devised to expedite the detection of new transposition events. This study will contribute to a better understanding of genes involved in the barley malting quality.<br>La qualité du malt de l'orge est un trait complexe mais important pour les secteurs du maltage et de l'industrie brassicole. Plusieurs QTLs associés à la qualité du malt sont localisés sur le chromosome 4H de l'orge. Cependant, les gènes associés à ces QTLs sont inconnus. Par conséquent, nous avons utilisé le système de transposons Ac/Ds afin de caractériser ces QTLs. De nouvelles lignées comprenant une insertion unique de l'élément Ds (TNPs) ont donc été produites grâce à la réactivation séquentielle du transposon Ds chez des lignées reconnues comme ayant un élément Ds unique à proximité de ces QTLs. La réactivation de l'élément Ds a été réalisée en croisant les lignées parentales TNP-29 et TNP-79 avec une lignée exprimant l'AcTPase ainsi que par l'insertion par transformation de l'AcTPase chez des embryons immatures obtenus à partir de ces mêmes lignées. De plus, nous avons développé l'approche HE-TAIL PCR afin d'accélérer la détection de nouveaux événements de transposition. Par conséquent, mes travaux contribuent à améliorer notre compréhension des mécanismes impliqués dans la régulation de la qualité du malt de l'orge.
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Meyer, Andréia da Silva. "Uma abordagem bayesiana para mapeamento de QTLs em populações experimentais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11134/tde-13042009-160316/.

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Muitos caracteres em plantas e animais são de natureza quantitativa, influenciados por múltiplos genes. Com o advento de novas técnicas moleculares tem sido possível mapear os locos que controlam os caracteres quantitativos, denominados QTLs (Quantitative Trait Loci). Mapear um QTL significa identificar sua posição no genoma, bem como, estimar seus efeitos genéticos. A maior dificuldade para realizar o mapeamento de QTLs, se deve ao fato de que o número de QTLs é desconhecido. Métodos bayesianos juntamente com método Monte Carlo com Cadeias de Markov (MCMC), têm sido implementados para inferir conjuntamente o número de QTLs, suas posições no genoma e os efeitos genéticos . O desafio está em obter a amostra da distribuição conjunta a posteriori desses parâmetros, uma vez que o número de QTLs pode ser considerado desconhecido e a dimensão do espaço paramétrico muda de acordo com o número de QTLs presente no modelo. No presente trabalho foi implementado, utilizando-se o programa estatístico R uma abordagem bayesiana para mapear QTLs em que múltiplos QTLs e os efeitos de epistasia são considerados no modelo. Para tanto foram ajustados modelos com números crescentes de QTLs e o fator de Bayes foi utilizado para selecionar o modelo mais adequado e conseqüentemente, estimar o número de QTLs que controlam os fenótipos de interesse. Para investigar a eficiência da metodologia implementada foi feito um estudo de simulação em que foram considerados duas diferentes populações experimentais: retrocruzamento e F2, sendo que para ambas as populações foi feito o estudo de simulação considerando modelos com e sem epistasia. A abordagem implementada mostrou-se muito eficiente, sendo que para todas as situações consideradas o modelo selecionado foi o modelo contendo o número verdadeiro de QTLs considerado na simulação dos dados. Além disso, foi feito o mapeamento de QTLs de três fenótipos de milho tropical: altura da planta (AP), altura da espiga (AE) e produção de grãos utilizando a metodologia implementada e os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os resultados encontrados pelo método CIM.<br>Many traits in plants and animals have quantitative nature, influenced by multiple genes. With the new molecular techniques, it has been possible to map the loci, which control the quantitative traits, called QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci). Mapping a QTL means to identify its position in the genome, as well as to estimate its genetics effects. The great difficulty of mapping QTL relates to the fact that the number of QTL is unknown. Bayesian approaches used with Markov Chain Monte Carlo method (MCMC) have been applied to infer QTL number, their positions in the genome and their genetic effects. The challenge is to obtain the sample from the joined distribution posterior of these parameters, since the number of QTL may be considered unknown and hence the dimension of the parametric space changes according to the number of QTL in the model. In this study, a Bayesian approach was applied, using the statistical program R, in order to map QTL, considering multiples QTL and epistasis effects in the model. Models were adjusted with the crescent number of QTL and Bayes factor was used to select the most suitable model and, consequently, to estimate the number of QTL that control interesting phenotype. To evaluate the efficiency of the applied methodology, a simulation study was done, considering two different experimental populations: backcross and F2, accomplishing the simulation study for both populations, considering models with and without epistasis. The applied approach resulted to be very efficient, considering that for all the used situations, the selected model was the one containing the real number of QTL used in the data simulation. Moreover, the QTL mapping of three phenotypes of tropical corn was done: plant height, corn-cob height and grain production, using the applied methodology and the results were compared to the results found by the CIM method.
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9

Klaoudatos, G. (Gerasimos) Carleton University Dissertation Engineering Systems and Computer. "Automated modeling of broadband network data using the QTES methodology." Ottawa, 1997.

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Brustel, Jean. "Vers une maitrise génétique des faibles teneurs en isoflavones des cotylédons de la graine de soja destinée à l'alimentation humaine." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSEP132.

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Les isoflavones du soja sont des molécules présentes dans l’alimentation dont les effets complexes sur la santé humaine peuvent être bénéfiques comme délétères selon les circonstances de consommation. Les graines sont décortiquées pour la fabrication d’aliments à base de soja, essentiellement faits à partir des cotylédons. L’accumulation en isoflavones dans cette partie de la graine est spécifique en composition, quantité et dynamique par rapport aux isoflavones des axes embryonnaires. Ainsi, à l’échelle de la graine, les dosages d’isoflavones totales sont d’autant moins représentatifs que l’axe embryonnaire représente 2 à 3% de sa masse mais aussi jusqu’à 30% des isoflavones totales. Le but de ce travail de thèse a été de développer les outils nécessaires pour la sélection afin de sélectionner des variétés de soja spécifiques appauvries en isoflavones dans leurs cotylédons sans impacter celles des axes embryonnaires car ayant un rôle clé dans la signalisation de mise en place de la symbiose fixatrice d’azote. La spectroscopie proche infrarouge à partir des spectres des graines entières a été étudiée comme moyen de phénotypage haut débit non destructif de la teneur en isoflavones des cotylédons. Grâce à l’’utilisation d’un prétraitement des spectres et d’un paramétrage des modèles adapté, les performances en prédiction sont aujourd’hui suffisantes pour quantifier les teneurs dans les cotylédons et caractériser efficacement la composition en isoflavone des deux fractions de la graine. Le travail réalisé permet d’envisager l’étape de transfert de la méthode sur le terrain, bien qu’il reste un travail complémentaire à faire pour la prédiction des teneurs des axes embryonnaires. Dans un second temps, les effets de l’interaction génotype x environnement sur les teneurs en isoflavones des compartiments de la graine ont été étudiés. Ces interactions s’expliquent en grande partie par le groupe de maturité des génotypes. La caractérisation des conditions environnementales par des facteurs phénoclimatiques a mis en évidence des influences et des périodes de sensibilité contrastées entre les cotylédons et les axes embryonnaires. Notamment, les vagues de chaleur lors de la fin de l’embryogénèse inhibent spécifiquement les isoflavones des axes embryonnaires tandis que les basses températures lors de la maturation des graines en fin de cycle stimulent les teneurs dans les cotylédons. Cette approche écophysiologique a également mis en évidence une base génétique commune au déterminisme des deux parties de la graine une fois ces décalages pris en compte. Elle a aussi montré l’intérêt d’intégrer des facteurs phénoclimatiques pour mieux comprendre et décomposer les interactions génotypes-environnement. Enfin, la recherche de QTLs spécifiques aux isoflavones du cotylédon utilisables pour intégrer ce trait dans des programmes de sélection assistée par marqueurs a été réalisée via deux croisements entre variétés à teneurs moyennes sur un parent récurrent à faible teneur (dispositif de type NAM). Environ 5000 marqueurs SNP ont été génotypés sur (350 à 400 lignées RILs) de la génération F4 de ces populations et les niveaux en isoflavones ont été phénotypés sur les récoltes de la génération F5 sur deux lieux d’essai, par spectroscopie NIRS associée à l’analyse HPLC (10% des échantillons). Une vingtaine de marqueurs significativement associés ont permis d’identifier des régions chromosomiques d’intérêt, dont 5 contenant des gènes décrits dans la voie de biosynthèse des isoflavones. Ce travail ouvre la voie à une application vers la sélection assistée par marqueurs de la réduction de la teneur en isoflavones dans les cotylédons, ainsi que de nombreuses pistes à explorer pour comprendre la régulation différentiée de la teneur et composition en isoflavones de ces deux compartiments<br>Isoflavones are molecules found in soy-based foods with complex effects on human health, both beneficial and harmful depending on the circumstances in which they are consumed. The seeds are dehulled for the manufacture of soyfoods made essentially from the cotyledons. Isoflavone accumulation in this part of the seed is specific in composition, quantity and dynamics compared with isoflavones in the embryo axes. Therefore, at seed level, total isoflavone dosages are all the more unrepresentative when the germ represents 2 to 3% of its mass, but up to 30% of total isoflavones. The aim of this research was to develop the necessary breeding tools to develop soybean varieties adapted to the manufacture of soyfood, with lower levels of isoflavones in the cotyledons without impacting those of the embryo axes, which are key messages in the signaling of nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. Near infrared spectroscopy from whole-seed spectra was investigated as a nondestructive high-throughput phenotyping method for isoflavones content in cotyledons. Thanks to an appropriate spectral preprocessing and model configuration, predictive performance is now sufficient to quantify efficiently cotyledon content and characterize the isoflavone composition of both seed fractions. The work carried out means that the method can now be transferred to the field, although further work remains to be done to predict the content of embryo axes. In a second phase, the genotype x environment interactions on isoflavone content in the seed compartments were studied. These interactions are largely explained by the maturity group of the genotypes. The analysis of environmental conditions using phenoclimatic factors revealed contrasting influences and periods of sensitivity between cotyledons and embryo axes. In particular, heat waves at the end of embryogenesis specifically inhibit isoflavones in embryo axes, while low temperatures during seed ripening at the end of the growing cycle stimulate isoflavone levels in cotyledons. This ecophysiological approach also highlighted a shared genetic basis for the determinism of both parts of the seed once these offsets are taken into account. It has also shown the value of integrating phenoclimatic factors to better understand and breakdown genotype-environment interactions. Finally, the project focused on the search for QTLs specific to cotyledon isoflavones usable for the integration of this trait into marker-assisted selection programs with the study of two crosses between medium-grade varieties on a recurrent low-grade parent (NAM-type system). Around 5,000 SNP markers were genotyped on 350 to 400 individuals from the F4 generations of these populations, and isoflavone levels were phenotyped on harvests of the F5 generation from two test sites using NIRS spectroscopy combined with HPLC analysis (10% of the samples). About twenty significantly associated markers were identified in chromosomal regions of interest, including 5 containing genes described in the isoflavone biosynthesis pathway. This work opens the way to marker-assisted selection for the reduction of isoflavone content in cotyledons, as well as numerous paths to be explored in order to understand the differentiated regulation of isoflavone content and composition in these two compartments
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Books on the topic "QTBS"

1

Anne, Price, ed. Numeracy for QTLS: Achieving the minimum core. Longman, 2011.

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Keeley-Browne, Liz. Numeracy for QTLS: Achieving the minimum core. Longman, 2011.

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Agency, Teacher Training, ed. QTS numeracy skills test: Trainee support materials. Teacher Training Agency, 2000.

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Nene University College, Northampton. School of Education. BA (QTS): Assessment criteria for final school experience. Nene University College, 1998.

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1946-, Cole Mike, ed. Professional attributes and practice: Meeting the QTS standards. Routledge, 2008.

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Keeley-Browne, Liz. Numeracy for QTLS. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315834160.

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Hickey, Julia. Literacy for QTLS. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315834207.

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Qts: Information and Communication Technology (QTS). Charles Letts (London), 1999.

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Schubert, Franz. Mozart:String Qts. NIMBUS RECORDS, 1996.

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Hoodless, Pat, and Sue Bermingham. Achieving QTS, Teaching Humanities in Primary Schools (Achieving Qts). Learning Matters, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "QTBS"

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Najeeb, Sofi, Anumalla Mahender, Annamalai Anandan, Waseem Hussain, Zhikang Li, and Jauhar Ali. "Genetics and Breeding of Low-Temperature Stress Tolerance in Rice." In Rice Improvement. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66530-2_8.

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AbstractLow-temperature stress (LTS) is one of the major abiotic stresses that affect crop growth and ultimately decrease grain yield. The development of rice varieties with low-temperature stress tolerance has been a severe challenge for rice breeders for a long time. The lack of consistency of the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) governing LTS tolerance for any given growth stage over different genetic backgrounds of mapping populations under different low-temperature stress conditions remains a crucial barrier for adopting marker-assisted selection (MAS). In this review, we discuss the ideal location and phenotyping for agromorphological and physiological parameters as indicators for LTS tolerance and also the traits associated with QTLs that were identified from biparental mapping populations and diverse rice accessions. We highlight the progress made in the fields of genome editing, genetic transformation, transcriptomics, and metabolomics to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of cold tolerance in rice. The stage-specific QTLs and candidate genes for LTS tolerance brought out valuable information toward identifying and improving LTS tolerance in rice varieties. We showed 578 QTLs and 38 functionally characterized genes involved in LTS tolerance. Among these, 29 QTLs were found to be colocalized at different growth stages of rice. The combination of stage-specific QTLs and genes from biparental mapping populations and genome-wide association studies provide potential information for developing LTS-tolerant rice varieties. The identified colocalized stage-specific LTS-tolerance QTLs will be useful for MAS and QTL pyramiding and for accelerating mapping and cloning of the possible candidate genes, revealing the underlying LTS-tolerance mechanisms in rice.
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Wu, Bi, Zhongmin Han, and Yongzhong Xing. "Genome Mapping, Markers and QTLs." In Genetics and Genomics of Rice. Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7903-1_4.

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Gökçe, Ali Fuat, Usman Khalid Chaudhry, and Muhammad Daniyal Junaid. "Mapping QTLs for Abiotic Stress." In Developing Climate-Resilient Crops. CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003109037-9-9.

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Chakma, Nidhi, Moutoshi Chakraborty, Salma Bhyan, and Mobashwer Alam. "Molecular breeding for combating salinity stress in sorghum: progress and prospects." In Molecular breeding in wheat, maize and sorghum: strategies for improving abiotic stress tolerance and yield. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245431.0024.

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Abstract This chapter discusses current progress and prospects of molecular breeding and strategies for developing better saline-tolerant sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) varieties. Most molecular breeding techniques for salt tolerance have been carried out in controlled environments where the plants were not exposed to any variation of the surrounding environment, producing reliable results. Due to the polygenic nature of salt tolerance, the identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) could be false QTLs. Therefore, QTL validation is important in different plant populations and field conditions. Subsequently, marker validation is important before utilizing marker-assisted selection for screening salt-tolerant plants. Combining molecular breeding with conventional breeding can hasten the development of salt-tolerant sorghum varieties.
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Popelier, Paul L. A. "Developing Quantum Topological Molecular Similarity (QTMS)." In Quantum Biochemistry. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527629213.ch24.

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Kumar, Pardeep, Mukesh Choudhary, B. S. Jat, et al. "Isolation of genes/quantitative trait loci for drought stress tolerance in maize." In Molecular breeding in wheat, maize and sorghum: strategies for improving abiotic stress tolerance and yield. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245431.0015.

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Abstract This chapter focuses on target traits for drought stress, progress in mapping for drought tolerance-associated genes/QTLs identification and expression studies and introgression strategies followed by the possibilities of integrating the concept of speed breeding in maize drought breeding programmes for better utilization of wild relatives.
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Singh, Ishwar, Krishan Kumar, Prabha Singh, Pranjal Yadava, and Sujay Rakshit. "Physiological and molecular interventions for improving nitrogen-use efficiency in maize." In Molecular breeding in wheat, maize and sorghum: strategies for improving abiotic stress tolerance and yield. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245431.0019.

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Abstract This chapter discusses (i) the importance of nitrogen in plant growth and development, (ii) what is nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) and how to manage it, (iii) traits influencing nitrogen-uptake efficiency including root system architecture, root nitrogen transporter system, and interaction with microorganisms, (iv) traits influencing nitrogen-utilization efficiency, such as nitrate assimilation, canopy photosynthesis per unit of nitrogen, (v) identification and use of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to NUE, (vi) identification of nitrogen-responsive genes, and (vii) nitrogen signalling and transduction for improving NUE. Intensive research on molecular and genetic aspects of NUE has led to the identification of many new genes, QTLs and alleles that could be deployed to develop new genotypes. The future direction of the research efforts should be towards understanding the interaction of NUE-related genes with cellular small RNA flux and perturbing the system performance through metabolic engineering and genome editing techniques.
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Ye, Changrong, Xiaolin Li, Edilberto Redoña, Tsutomu Ishimaru, and Krishna Jagadish. "Genetics and Breeding of Heat Tolerance in Rice." In Rice Improvement. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66530-2_7.

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AbstractExtreme weather events, especially heat waves, have become more frequent with global warming. High temperature significantly affects world food security by decreasing crop yield. Rice is intensively planted in tropical and subtropical areas in Asia, where high temperature has become a major factor affecting rice production. Rice is sensitive to high temperature, especially at booting and flowering stages. Rice varieties tolerant of high temperature are rare, and only a few heat-tolerant rice varieties have been identified. High temperature at booting and flowering stages causes sterile pollen, decreased pollen shedding, and poor pollen germination, which finally lead to a yield decrease. Heat-tolerant QTLs have been identified in different studies, but new breeding lines with considerable heat tolerance have not been bred using identified heat-tolerance donors and QTLs. Research on heat-tolerant donor identification, QTL mapping, gene cloning, and large-scale phenotyping technology is important for developing heat-tolerant rice varieties.
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Charmet, G., and C. Groos. "QTLs in Bread Making Quality: A Review." In Molecular Techniques in Crop Improvement. Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2356-5_23.

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Chahota, R. K., Megha Katoch, P. K. Sharma, and S. R. Thakur. "QTLs and Gene Tagging in Crop Plants." In Agricultural Biotechnology: Latest Research and Trends. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2339-4_23.

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Conference papers on the topic "QTBS"

1

Yi, Wang, Fang Feihu, Tao Yilv, Yang Zeyu, and Liang Jinxing. "A Study of Surface-Etched Microgroove Depth on the Performance of QTFs." In 2024 International Conference on Sensing, Measurement & Data Analytics in the era of Artificial Intelligence (ICSMD). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/icsmd64214.2024.10920558.

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Hu, Xiaokang, Changzheng Wei, Jian Li, et al. "QTLS." In PPoPP '19: 24th ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles and Practice of Parallel Programming. ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3293883.3295705.

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Engebretsen, Espen, Zhiyuan Pan, and Nuno Fonseca. "Second-Order Difference-Frequency Loads on FPSOs by Full QTF and Relevant Approximations." In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-18132.

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Abstract This paper investigates three different approximations of the full Quadratic Transfer Function (QTF) for calculating horizontal plane second-order difference-frequency loads on FPSOs, namely Newman’s approximation, full QTF without free surface integral and the white-noise approximation. Second-order excitation loads obtained from approximated QTFs are compared in frequency-domain with those obtained by the full QTFs computed from second-order diffraction/radiation analysis in WADAM. The comparison is performed for a new-build FPSO in a range of water depths and environmental combinations. The full QTFs from second-order diffraction/radiation analysis are further compared to empirical QTFs as identified from cross bi-spectral analysis of model test results in irregular waves. A mesh convergence study is presented for calculating full QTFs by the near-field approach in a second-order diffraction/radiation analysis. The importance of including viscous damping in heave, roll and pitch is illustrated for the mean wave-drift force in surge and sway. FPSO motions and mooring line tensions from fully-coupled time-domain analysis in OrcaFlex is compared when using approximated QTFs and full QTFs from second-order diffraction/radiation analysis.
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Fonseca, Nuno, Synne Nybø, José Miguel Rodrigues, Aitor Gallego, and Carlos Garrido. "Identification of Wave Drift Forces on a Floating Wind Turbine Sub-Structure With Heave Plates and Comparison With Predictions." In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-81467.

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Abstract The paper presents empirical quadratic transfer functions (QTFs) of the horizontal wave drift loads on a turret moored floating wind turbine in operational and in severe sea states. Comparison between the empirical results and potential flow predictions of mean wave drift coefficients provide an assessment of the limitations of state of the art numerical tools. The floating substructure has a catamaran configuration with heave plates to minimize the vertical motions. The empirical QTFs are determined from cross bi-spectral analysis of model test data obtained in an ocean basin. Validation of the identified QTFs is provided by comparing low frequency motions reconstructed from the empirical QTF with measurements. The comparisons are performed in terms of low frequency spectra and motion time histories. The numerical mean wave drift coefficients are calculated by a panel code that solves the wave-structure linear potential flow problem. Systematic comparisons between numerical predictions and empirical QTFs allows identification of tendencies of the empirical QTFs and limitations of the potential flow predictions, namely with respect to the sea state severity and with respect to wave-current interaction effects. The results indicate a decrease of the wave drift coefficients with increasing sea state severity. Furthermore, wave-current effects for collinear conditions increase the empirical wave drift coefficients.
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Kurnia, R., G. Ducrozet, and J. C. Gilloteaux. "Second Order Difference- and Sum-Frequency Wave Loads in the Open-Source Potential Flow Solver NEMOH." In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-79163.

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Abstract Theoretical and numerical aspects of the open-source potential flow boundary element solver, NEMOH, for the first order hydrodynamic coefficients computations in the frequency domain are described in [Babarit, A. and Delhommeau, G., 2015]. [Philippe, M. et al., 2015] described the implementation and verifications of the second order difference-frequency quadratic transfer functions (QTFs) in the NEMOH code. In the latter paper, the QTFs are verified for standard cases, a bottom-mounted cylinder and a hemisphere. The present study reports the implementation and verification of the complete QTFs, for difference- and sum-frequency loads. The QTFs are composed of quadratic and potential parts. The quadratic part depending on the first order hydrodynamic quantities, is implemented using the near-field approach. The potential part, which depends on the second order potential, is solved using the indirect method. Verification is achieved by comparing the NEMOH result with a commercial software HYDROSTAR for a hemisphere and the OC5-DeepCwind semisubmersible.
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Rehn, A., R. Gente, T. Probst, J. C. Balzer, and M. Koch. "Plant water status monitoring with THz QTDS." In 2016 German Microwave Conference (GeMiC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gemic.2016.7461541.

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Mir, Raja N., and William R. Frensley. "Electron Transport Through 2D Waveguide Using QTBM." In 2019 14th International Conference on Advanced Technologies, Systems and Services in Telecommunications (TELSIKS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/telsiks46999.2019.9002329.

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Amestoy, Thomas, Alexandre Mercat, Wassim Hamidouche, Cyril Bergeron, and Daniel Menard. "Random Forest Oriented Fast QTBT Frame Partitioning." In ICASSP 2019 - 2019 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2019.8683413.

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Balzer, Jan C., Robert Kohlhaas, Arno Rehn, et al. "Fiber coupled THz QTDS at 1550 nm." In 2016 41st International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irmmw-thz.2016.7758611.

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Probst, T., A. Rehn, J. C. Balzer, and M. Koch. "A cost efficient and scalable THz-QTDS system." In 2015 40th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irmmw-thz.2015.7327733.

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Reports on the topic "QTBS"

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Zamir, Dani, and Steven Tanksley. Fine Mapping and Genetic Interactions of Nearly-Isogenic Allelic Series Representing Yield and Quality QTLs Derived from Wild Tomato Species. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7586460.bard.

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Wild germplasm represents a rich source of QTLs capable of enhancing productivity of crop plants. Using the molecular linkage map of tomato in conjunction with novel population structures, we have identified QTLs from five Lycopersicon species that improve key yield and quality associated traits of processing tomatoes. In this research we employed multi-testing sites for fine mapping analysis of the different components of the affected traits combined with genetic interaction studies. Our results demonstrate that 'exotic libraries', which comprise of marker-defined genomic regions taken from wild species and introgressed onto the background of elite crop lines, provide an important opportunity for improving of the agricultural performance of modem crop varieties. Furthermore, we showed that these genetic resources can also serve as reagents for the discovery and characterization of genes that underlie traits of agricultural value. The results set the stage for using the QTLs in marker assisted programs and for applying map-based cloning of the targeted QTL/genes. The cloning of QTLs revealed genes that control pathways for agricultural yield in tomato that may be common for other crop species.
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Moore, Gloria A., Gozal Ben-Hayyim, Charles L. Guy, and Doron Holland. Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci in the Woody Perennial Plant Genus Citrus. United States Department of Agriculture, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570565.bard.

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As is true for all crops, production of Citrus fruit is limited by traits whose characteristics are the products of many genes (i.e. cold hardiness). In order to modify these traits by marker aided selection or molecular genetic techniques, it is first necessary to map the relevant genes. Mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in perennial plants has been extremely difficult, requiring large numbers of mature plants. Production of suitable mapping populations has been inhibited by aspects of reproductive biology (e.g. incompatibility, apomixis) and delayed by juvenility. New approaches promise to overcome some of these obstacles. The overall objective of this project was to determine whether QTLs for environmental stress tolerance could be effectively mapped in the perennial crop Citrus, using an extensive linkage map consisting of various types of molecular markers. Specific objectives were to: 1) Produce a highly saturated genetic linkage map of Citrus by continuing to place molecular markers of several types on the map. 2) Exploiting recently developed technology and already characterized parental types, determine whether QTLs governing cold acclimation can be mapped using very young seedling populations. 3) Determine whether the same strategy can be transferred to a different situation by mapping QTLs influencing Na+ and C1- exclusion (likely components of salinity tolerance) in the already characterized cross and in new alternative crosses. 4) Construct a YAC library of the citrus genome for future mapping and cloning.
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Fallik, Elazar, Robert Joly, Ilan Paran, and Matthew A. Jenks. Study of the Physiological, Molecular and Genetic Factors Associated with Postharvest Water Loss in Pepper Fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7593392.bard.

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The fruit of pepper (Capsicum annuum) commonly wilts (or shrivels) during postharvest storage due to rapid water loss, a condition that greatly reduces its shelf life and market value. The fact that pepper fruit are hollow, and thus have limited water content, only exacerbates this problem in pepper. The collaborators on this project completed research whose findings provided new insight into the genetic, physiological, and biochemical basis for water loss from the fruits of pepper (Capsicum annuum and related Capsicum species). Well-defined genetic populations of pepper were used in this study, the first being a series of backcross F₁ and segregating F₂, F₃, and F₄ populations derived from two original parents selected for having dramatic differences in fruit water loss rate (very high and very low water loss). The secondly population utilized in these studies was a collection of 50 accessions representing world diversity in both species and cultivar types. We found that an unexpectedly large amount of variation was present in both fruit wax and cutin composition in these collections. In addition, our studies revealed significant correlations between the chemical composition of both the fruit cuticular waxes and cutin monomers with fruit water loss rate. Among the most significant were that high alkane content in fruit waxes conferred low fruit water loss rates and low permeability in fruit cuticles. In contrast, high amounts of terpenoids (plus steroidal compounds) were associated with very high fruit water loss and cuticle permeability. These results are consistent with our models that the simple straight chain alkanes pack closely together in the cuticle membrane and obstruct water diffusion, whereas lipids with more complex 3-dimensional structure (such as terpenoids) do not pack so closely, and thus increase the diffusion pathways. The backcross segregating populations were used to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with water loss (using DART markers, Diversity Arrays Technology LTD). These studies resulted in identification of two linked QTLs on pepper’s chromosome 10. Although the exact genetic or physiological basis for these QTLs function in water loss is unknown, the genotypic contribution in studies of near-isogenic lines selected from these backcross populations reveals a strong association between certain wax compounds, the free fatty acids and iso-alkanes. There was also a lesser association between the water loss QTLs with both fruit firmness and total soluble sugars. Results of these analyses have revealed especially strong genetic linkages between fruit water loss, cuticle composition, and two QTLs on chromosome 10. These findings lead us to further speculate that genes located at or near these QTLs have a strong influence on cuticle lipids that impact water loss rate (and possibly, whether directly or indirectly, other traits like fruit firmness and sugar content). The QTL markers identified in these studies will be valuable in the breeding programs of scientists seeking to select for low water loss, long lasting fruits, of pepper, and likely the fruits of related commodities. Further work with these newly developed genetic resources should ultimately lead to the discovery of the genes controlling these fruit characteristics, allowing for the use of transgenic breeding approaches toward the improvement of fruit postharvest shelf life.
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Tanksley, Steven D., and Dani Zamir. Development and Testing of a Method for the Systematic Discovery and Utilization of Novel QTLs in the Production of Improved Crop Varieties: Tomato as a Model System. United States Department of Agriculture, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570570.bard.

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Modern cultivated varieties carry only a small fraction of the variation present in the gene pool. The narrow genetic basis of modern crop plants is a result of genetic bottlenecks imposed during early domestication and modern plant breeding. The wild ancestors of most crop plants can still be found in their natural habitats and Germplasm Centers have been established to collect and maintain this material. These wild and unadapted resources can potentially fuel crop plant improvement efforts for many years into the future (Tanksley and McCouch 1997). Unfortunately, scientists have been unable to exploit the majority of the genetic potential warehoused in germplasm repositories. This is especially true as regards to the improvement of quantitative traits like yield and quality. One of the major problems is that much of the wild germplasm is inferior to modern cultivars for many of the quantitative traits that breeders would like to improve. Our research, focusing on the tomato as a model system, has shown that despite their inferior phenotypes, wild species are likely to contain QTLs that can substantially increase the yield and quality of elite cultivars (de Vicente and Tanksley 1992, Eshed and Zamir 1994, Eshed et al. 1996). Using novel population structures of introgression lines (ILs; Eshed and Zamir 1995) and advanced backcross lines (AB; Tanksley et al. 1996) we identified and introduced valuable QTLs from unadapted germplasm into elite processing tomato varieties. Populations involving crosses with five Lycopersicon species (L. pennellii (Eshed and Zamir 1994; Eshed et al. 1996; Eshed and Zamir 1996), L. hirsutum (Bernacchi et al. 1998), L. pimpinellifolium (Tanksley et al. 1996), L. parviflorum (unpub.), L. peruvianum (Fulton et al. 1997) have been field and laboratory tested in a number of locations around the world. QTLs from the wild parent were identified that improve one or more of the key quantitative traits for processing tomatoes (yield, brix, sugar and acid composition and earliness) by as much as 10-30%. Nearly isogenic lines (QTL-NILs) have been generated for a subset of these QTLs. Each QTL-NIL contains the entire genome of the elite cultivated parent except for a segment (5-40 cM) of the wild species genome corresponding to a specific QTL. The genetic material and information that was developed in this program is presently used by American and Israeli seed companies for the breeding of superior varieties. We expect that in the next few years these varieties will make a difference in the marketplace.
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Levin, Ilan, John Thomas, Moshe Lapidot, Desmond McGrath, and Denis Persley. Resistance to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in tomato: molecular mapping and introgression of resistance to Australian genotypes. United States Department of Agriculture, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7613888.bard.

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Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is one of the most devastating viruses of cultivated tomatoes. Although first identified in the Mediterranean region, it is now distributed world-wide. Sequence analysis of the virus by the Australian group has shown that the virus is now present in Australia. Despite the importance of the disease and extensive research on the virus, very little is known about the resistance genes (loci) that determine host resistance and susceptibility to the virus. A symptom-less resistant line, TY-172, was developed at the Volcani Center which has shown the highest resistance level among all tested varieties. Preliminary results show that TY-172 is a good candidate to confer resistance to both TYLCV and to Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) in Queensland conditions. Furthermore, Segregation analysis has previously indicated that the resistance is determined by 2-3 genes. In this proposal we aimed to substantiate that TY-172 can contribute to resistance breeding against TYLCV in Queensland, to develop DNA markers to advance such resistance breeding in both Israel and Queensland, and to exploit these markers for resistant breeding in Australian and Israeli lines. To map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling TYLCVresistance in TY172, appropriate segregating populations were analyzed using 69 polymorphic DNA markers spanning the entire tomato genome. Results show that TYLCV resistance in TY172 is controlled by a previously unknown major QTL, originating from the resistant line, and four additional minor QTLs. The major QTL, termed Ty-5, maps to chromosome 4 and accounts for 39.7-to-46.6% of the variation in symptom severity among segregating plants (LOD score: 33-to-35). The minor QTLs, originated either from the resistant or susceptible parents, were mapped to chromosomes 1, 7, 9 and 11, and contributed 12% to the variation in symptom severity in addition to Ty-5. Further analysis of parental lines as well as large F₁, BC₁F₁, F₂ and BC₁F₂ populations originating from crosses carried out, in reciprocal manner, between TY172 and the susceptible processing line M-82 (LA3475) during spring-summer 2010, indicated that: (1) the minor QTLs we have previously identified are in effect not reproducible, (2)Ty-5 alone can yield highly resistant plants with practically no extra-chromosomal effects, and (3) the narrow-sense heritability estimate of resistance levels, attributed to additive factors responsive to selection, does not significantly deviate from 1. All of these results point to Ty-5 as the sole resistance locus in TY172 thus significantly increasing the likelihood of its successful molecular dissection. The DNA markers developed during the course of this study were transferred together with the TY172 genotype to Queensland. TY172 was crossed to a panel of Australian genotypes and the resulting populations were subjected to segregation analysis. Results showed that resistant locus, Ty-5, is highly reproducible in the Australian conditions as well. The Australian group was also able to make improvements to the marker assays by re-designing primer pairs to provide more robust PCR fragments. The Ty-5 locus has now been introgressed into elite Australian germplasm and selection for TYLCV resistance has begun. Cumulatively, our results show that Ty-5 can be effectively used, together with the TY172 genotype to expedite TYLCV resistance breeding and improve our understanding of the genetics that underline the response of tomato to TYLCV. Contributions to agriculture include: (1) the development of tools for more efficient resistance breeding, allowing the incorporation of resistance to local tomato varieties in Australia, Israel and elsewhere; and (2) establish a solid framework for a future attempt to clone the genes that encode such resistance. The latter will enable to decipher the resistance mechanisms that could be applied to other geminiviruses in tomato and possibly in other plant species.
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Crisosto, Carlos, Susan Lurie, Haya Friedman, Ebenezer Ogundiwin, Cameron Peace, and George Manganaris. Biological Systems Approach to Developing Mealiness-free Peach and Nectarine Fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7592650.bard.

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Peach and nectarine production worldwide is increasing; however consumption is flat or declining because of the inconsistent eating quality experienced by consumers. The main factor for this inconsistent quality is mealiness or woolliness, a form of chilling injury that develops following shipping periods in the global fruit market today. Our research groups have devised various postharvest methods to prolong storage life, including controlled atmosphere and delayed storage; however, these treatments only delay mealiness. Mealiness texture results from disruption of the normal ripening process involving disassembly of cell wall material, and creates a soft fruit texture that is dry and grainy instead of juicy and smooth. Solving this problem is a prerequisite for increasing the demand for fresh peach and nectarine. Two approaches were used to reveal genes and their associated biochemical processes that can confer resistance to mealiness or wooliness. At the Volcani Center, Israel, a nectarine cultivar and the peach cultivar (isogenetic materials) from which the nectarine cultivar spontaneously arose, and at the Kearney Agricultural Center of UC Davis, USA, a peach population that segregates for quantitative resistance to mealiness was used for dissecting the genetic components of mealiness development. During our project we have conducted research integrating the information from phenotypic, biochemical and gene expression studies, proposed possible candidate genes and SNPs-QTLs mapping that are involved in reducing peach mealiness susceptibility. Numerous genes related to ethylene biosynthesis and its signal transduction, cell wall structure and metabolism, stress response, different transcription factor families were detected as being differentially accumulated in the cold-treated samples of these sensitive and less sensitive genotypes. The ability to produce ethylene and keep active genes involved in ethylene signaling, GTP-binding protein, EIN-3 binding protein and an ethylene receptor and activation of ethyleneresponsive fruit ripening genes during cold storage provided greater resistance to CI. Interestingly, in the functional category of genes differentially expressed at harvest, less chilling sensitive cultivar had more genes in categories related to antioxidant and heat sock proteins/chaperones that may help fruit to adapt to low temperature stress. The specific objectives of the proposed research were to: characterize the phenotypes and cell wall components of the two resistant systems in response to mealiness- inducing conditions; identify commonalities and specific differences in cell wall proteins and the transcriptome that are associated with low mealiness incidence; integrate the information from phenotypic, biochemical, and gene expression studies to identify candidate genes that are involved in reducing mealiness susceptibility; locate these genes in the Prunus genome; and associate the genes with genomic regions conferring quantitative genetic variation for mealiness resistance. By doing this we will locate genetic markers for mealiness development, essential tools for selection of mealiness resistant peach lines with improved fruit storability and quality. In our research, QTLs have been located in our peach SNPs map, and proposed candidate genes obtained from the integrated result of phenotypic, biochemical and gene expression analysis are being identified in our QTLs as an approach searching for consistent assistant markers for peach breeding programs.
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Paran, Ilan, and Molly Jahn. Analysis of Quantitative Traits in Pepper Using Molecular Markers. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7570562.bard.

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Original objectives: The overall goal of the proposal was to determine the genetic and molecular control of pathways leading to the production of secondary metabolites determining major fruit quality traits in pepper. The specific objectives were to: (1) Generate a molecular map of pepper based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. (2) Map QTL for capsaicinoids content (3) Determine possible association between capsaicinoids and carotenoid content and structural genes for capsaicinoid and carotenoid biosynthesis. (4) Map QTL for quantitative traits controlling additional fruit traits. (5) Map fruit-specific ESTs and determine possible association with fruit QTL (6) Map the C locus that determines the presence and absence of capsaicinoids in pepper fruit and identify candidate genes for C. Background: Pungency, color, fruit shape and fruit size are among the most important fruit quality characteristics of pepper. Despite the importance of the pepper crop both in the USA and Israel, the genetic basis of these traits was only little known prior to the studies conducted in the present proposal. In addition, molecular tools for use in pepper improvement were lacking. Major conclusions and achievements: Our studies enabled the development of a saturated genetic map of pepper that includes numerous simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and the integration of several independent maps into a single resource map that consists of over 2000 markers. Unlike previous maps that consisted mostly of tomato-originated RFLP markers, the SSR-based map consists of largely pepper markers. Therefore, the SSR and integrated maps provide ample of tools for use in marker-assisted selection for diverse targets throughout the Capsicum genome. We determined the genetic and molecular bases of qualitative and quantitative variation of pungency, the most unique characteristics of pepper fruit. We mapped and subsequently cloned the Pun1 gene that serves as a master key for capsaicinoids accumulation and showed that it is an acyltransferase. By sequencing the Pun1 gene in pungent and non-pungent cultivars we identified a deletion that abolishes the expression of the gene in the latter cultivars. We also identified QTLs that control capsaicinoids content and therefore pungency level. These genes will allow pepper breeders to manipulate the level of pungency for specific agricultural and industrial purposes. In addition to pungency we identified genes and QTLs that control other key developmental processes of fruit development such as color, texture and fruit shape. The A gene controlling anthocyanin accumulation in the immature fruit was found as the ortholog of the petunia transcription factor Anthocyanin2. The S gene required for the soft flesh and deciduous fruit nature typical of wild peppers was identified as the ortholog of tomato polygalacturonase. We identified two major QTLs controlling fruit shape, fs3.1 and fs10.1, that differentiate between elongated and blocky and round fruit shapes, respectively. Scientific and agricultural implications: Our studies allowed significant advancement of our understanding at the genetic and molecular levels of important processes of pepper fruit development. Concomitantly to gaining biological knowledge, we were able to develop molecular tools that can be implemented for pepper improvement.
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Smith, Margaret, Nurit Katzir, Susan McCouch, and Yaakov Tadmor. Discovery and Transfer of Genes from Wild Zea Germplasm to Improve Grain Oil and Protein Composition of Temperate Maize. United States Department of Agriculture, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1998.7580683.bard.

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Project Objectives 1. Develop and amplify two interspecific populations (annual and perennial teosintes x elite maize inbred) as the basis for genetic analysis of grain quality. 2. Identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from teosinte that improve oil, protein, and essential amino acid composition of maize grain. 3. Develop near isogenic lines (NILs) to quantify QTL contributions to grain quality and as a resource for future breeding and gene cloning efforts. 4. Analyze the contribution of these QTLs to hybrid performance in both the US and Israel. 5. Measure the yield potential of improved grain quality hybrids. (NOTE: Yield potential could not be evaluated due to environmentally-caused failure of the breeding nursery where seed was produced for this evaluation.) Background: Maize is a significant agricultural commodity worldwide. As an open pollinated crop, variation within the species is large and, in most cases, sufficient to supply the demand for modem varieties and for new environments. In recent years there is a growing demand for maize varieties with special quality attributes. While domesticated sources of genetic variation for high oil and protein content are limited, useful alleles for these traits may remain in maize's wild relative, teosinte. We utilized advanced backcross (AB) analysis to search for QTLs contributing to oil and protein content from two teosinte accessions: Zea mays ssp. mexicana Race Chalco, an annual teosinte (referred to as Chalco), and Z diploperennis Race San Miguel, a perennial teosinte (referred to as Diplo). Major Conclusions and Achievements Two NILs targeting a Diplo introgression in bin 1.04 showed a significant increase in oil content in homozygous sib-pollinated seed when compared to sibbed seed of their counterpart non-introgressed controls. These BC4S2 NILs, referred to as D-RD29 and D-RD30, carry the Diplo allele in bin 1.04 and the introgression extends partially into bins 1.03 and 1.05. These NILs remain heterozygous in bins 4.01 and 8.02, but otherwise are homozygous for the recurrent parent (RD6502) alleles. NILs were developed also for the Chalco introgression in bin 1.04 but these do not show any improvement in oil content, suggesting that the Chalco alleles differ from the Diplo alleles in this region. Testcross Fl seed and sibbed grain from these Fl plants did not show any effect on oil content from this introgression, suggesting that it would need to be present in both parents of a maize hybrid to have an effect on oil content. Implications, both Scientific and Agricultural The Diplo region identified increases oil content by 12.5% (from 4.8% to 5.4% oil in the seed). Although this absolute difference is not large in agronomic terms, this locus could provide additive increases to oil content in combination with other maize-derived loci for high oil. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of a QTL from teosinte for improved grain oil content in maize. It suggests that further research on grain quality alleles from maize wild relatives would be of both scientific and agricultural interest.
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Smith, Margaret, Nurit Katzir, Susan McCouch, and Yaakov Tadmor. Discovery and Transfer of Genes from Wild Zea Germplasm to Improve Grain Oil and Protein Composition of Temperate Maize. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7695846.bard.

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Project Objectives 1. Develop and amplify two interspecific populations (annual and perennial teosintes x elite maize inbred) as the basis for genetic analysis of grain quality. 2. Identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from teosinte that improve oil, protein, and essential amino acid composition of maize grain. 3. Develop near isogenic lines (NILs) to quantify QTL contributions to grain quality and as a resource for future breeding and gene cloning efforts. 4. Analyze the contribution of these QTLs to hybrid performance in both the US and Israel. 5. Measure the yield potential of improved grain quality hybrids. (NOTE: Yield potential could not be evaluated due to environmentally-caused failure of the breeding nursery where seed was produced for this evaluation.) Background: Maize is a significant agricultural commodity worldwide. As an open pollinated crop, variation within the species is large and, in most cases, sufficient to supply the demand for modem varieties and for new environments. In recent years there is a growing demand for maize varieties with special quality attributes. While domesticated sources of genetic variation for high oil and protein content are limited, useful alleles for these traits may remain in maize's wild relative, teosinte. We utilized advanced backcross (AB) analysis to search for QTLs contributing to oil and protein content from two teosinte accessions: Zea mays ssp. mexicana Race Chalco, an annual teosinte (referred to as Chalco), and Z diploperennis Race San Miguel, a perennial teosinte (referred to as Diplo). Major Conclusions and Achievements Two NILs targeting a Diplo introgression in bin 1.04 showed a significant increase in oil content in homozygous sib-pollinated seed when compared to sibbed seed of their counterpart non-introgressed controls. These BC4S2 NILs, referred to as D-RD29 and D-RD30, carry the Diplo allele in bin 1.04 and the introgression extends partially into bins 1.03 and 1.05. These NILs remain heterozygous in bins 4.01 and 8.02, but otherwise are homozygous for the recurrent parent (RD6502) alleles. NILs were developed also for the Chalco introgression in bin 1.04 but these do not show any improvement in oil content, suggesting that the Chalco alleles differ from the Diplo alleles in this region. Testcross Fl seed and sibbed grain from these Fl plants did not show any effect on oil content from this introgression, suggesting that it would need to be present in both parents of a maize hybrid to have an effect on oil content. Implications, both Scientific and Agricultural The Diplo region identified increases oil content by 12.5% (from 4.8% to 5.4% oil in the seed). Although this absolute difference is not large in agronomic terms, this locus could provide additive increases to oil content in combination with other maize-derived loci for high oil. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of a QTL from teosinte for improved grain oil content in maize. It suggests that further research on grain quality alleles from maize wild relatives would be of both scientific and agricultural interest.
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Wisniewski, Michael E., Samir Droby, John L. Norelli, Noa Sela, and Elena Levin. Genetic and transcriptomic analysis of postharvest decay resistance in Malus sieversii and the characterization of pathogenicity effectors in Penicillium expansum. United States Department of Agriculture, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7600013.bard.

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Blue mold of apple caused by Penicilliumexpansumis a major postharvest disease. Selection for postharvest disease resistance in breeding programs has been ignored in favor of fruit quality traits such as size, color, taste, etc. The identification of postharvest disease resistance as a heritable trait would represent a significant accomplishment and has not been attempted in apple. Furthermore, insight into the biology of the pathogenicity of P. expansumin apple could provide new approaches to postharvest decay management. Hypothesis: Postharvest resistance of apple to P. expansumcan be mapped to specific genetic loci and significant quantitative-trait-loci (QTLs) can be identified that account for a major portion of the population variance. Susceptibility of apple fruit to P. expansumis dependent on the ability of the pathogen to produce LysM effectors that actively suppress primary and/or secondary resistance mechanisms in the fruit. Objectives: 1) Identify QTL(s) and molecular markers for blue mold resistance in GMAL4593 mapping population (‘Royal Gala’ X MalussieversiiPI613981), 2) Characterize the transcriptome of the host and pathogen (P. expansum) during the infection process 3) Determine the function of LysM genes in pathogenicity of P. expansum. Methods: A phenotypic evaluation of blue mold resistance in the GMAL4593 mapping population, conducted in several different years, will be used for QTL analysis (using MapQTL 6.0) to identify loci associated with blue mold resistance. Molecular markers will be developed for the resistance loci. Transcriptomic analysis by RNA-seq will be used to conduct a time course study of gene expression in resistant and susceptible apple GMAL4593 genotypes in response to P. expansum, as well as fungal responses to both genotypes. Candidate resistance genes identified in the transcriptomic study and or bioinformatic analysis will be positioned in the ‘Golden Delicious’ genome to identify markers that co-locate with the identified QTL(s). A functional analysis of LysM genes on pathogenicity will be conducted by eliminating or reducing the expression of individual effectors by heterologous recombination and silencing technologies. LysMeffector genes will also be expressed in a yeast expression system to study protein function. Expected Results: Identification of postharvest disease resistance QTLs and tightly-linked genetic markers. Increased knowledge of the role of effectors in blue mold pathogenic
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