Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Quadratic Formula'

The purpose of this thesis in to introduce the systematic study of symmetries in binary differential equations (BDEs). We formalize the concept of a symmetric BDE, under the linear action of a compact Lie group. One of the main results establishes a formula that relates the algebraic and geometric effects of the occurrence of the symmetry in the problem. Using tools from invariant theory and representation theory for compact Lie groups we deduce the general forms of equivariant binary differential equations under compact subgroups of O(2). A study about the behavior of the invariant straight lines on the configuration of homogeneous BDEs of degree n is done with emphasis on cases in which n = 0 and n = 1. Also for the linear case (n = 1) the equivariant normal forms are presented. Symmetries of linear 1-forms are also studied and related with symmetries of tangent orthogonal vectors fields associated with it.
O objetivo desta tese é introduzir o estudo sistemático de simetrias em equações diferenciais binárias (EDBs). Neste trabalho formalizamos o conceito de EDB simétrica sobre a ação de um grupo de Lie compacto. Um dos principais resultados é uma fórmula que relaciona o efeito geométrico e algébrico das simetrias presentes no problema. Utilizando ferramentas da teoria invariante e de representação para grupos compactos deduzimos as formas gerais para EDBs equivariantes. Um estudo sobre o comportamento das retas invariantes na configuração de EDBs com coeficientes homogêneos de grau n é feito com ênfase nos casos de grau 0 e 1, ainda no caso de grau 1 são apresentadas suas formas normais. Simetrias de 1-formas lineares são também estudadas e relacionadas com as simetrias dos seus campos tangente e ortogonal.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-02-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:08:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 prado_j_me_sjrp.pdf: 438115 bytes, checksum: 072493cefd49a6603f89810da896f173 (MD5)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Seja K um corpo p-ádico, com p 6= 2 e F K uma extensão galoisiana de K de grau n: Então F pode ser visto como espa»co quadrático sobre K, com a forma quadrática dada por T(x) = trFjK(x2), para x 2 F: Determinaremos os invariantes determinante, dimensão e invariante de Hasse desta forma quadrática para n igual a 2,3 e 4.
Let K be a p-adic eld with p 6= 2 and F a Galois extension eld of K of degree n: Then F can be viewed as a quadratic space over K under the quadratic form T(x) = trFjK(x2) for x 2 F. The invariants of this quadratic form dimension, determinant and Hasse invariant are given in the case when n is equal to 2,3 and 4.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T15:36:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JobsonHSS_DISSERT.pdf: 1416900 bytes, checksum: 677228c50dc507b009762057a3ac8330 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-15
In general, the study of quadratic functions is based on an excessive amount formulas, all content is approached without justification. Here is the quadratic function and its properties from problems involving quadratic equations and the technique of completing the square. Based on the definitions we will show that the graph of the quadratic function is the parabola and finished our studies finding that several properties of the function can be read from the simple observation of your chart. Thus, we built the whole matter justifying each step, abandoning the use of decorated formulas and valuing the reasoning
Em geral, o estudo de fun??es quadr?ticas ? baseado numa quantidade excessiva de f?rmulas, todo conte?do ? abordado sem justificativas. Apresentamos a fun??o quadr?tica e suas propriedades a partir de problemas envolvendo equa??es do segundo grau e da t?cnica de completar quadrado. Partindo das defini??es mostraremos que o gr?fico da fun??o quadr?tica ? a par?bola e terminamos nosso estudos verificando que v?rias propriedades da fun??o podem ser lidas a partir da simples observa??o do seu gr?fico. Dessa forma, constru?mos todo o assunto justificando cada passo, abandonando o uso de f?rmulas decoradas e prezando pelo racioc?nio

O estudo dos nÃmeros complexos no ensino mÃdio à caracterizado, quase exclusivamente, pela abordagem algÃbrica deixando a parte geomÃtrica e suas aplicaÃÃes sem uma devida importÃncia. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre nÃmeros complexos bem como algumas de suas aplicaÃÃes tanto da parte algÃbrica, aplicada a polinÃmios, quanto da parte geomÃtrica aplicada em especial à trigonometria. De inÃcio fizemos uma abordagem dos fatos histÃricos desses nÃmeros citando alguns matemÃticos que deram suas contribuiÃÃes acerca desse conjunto complexo. Em seguida à apresentada a parte teÃrica, algÃbrica e geomÃtrica, bem como algumas aplicaÃÃes a trigonometria. Por fim apresentamos a teoria das equaÃÃes algÃbricas quadrÃticas e cÃbicas e a interaÃÃo dessas com os nÃmeros complexos.
The study of the complex numbers in the medium teaching is characterized, almost exclusively, for the algebraic approach leaving the geometric part and their applications without a due importance. This work presents a study on complex numbers as well as some of their applications so much of the algebraic part, applied to polynomials, as of the geometric part especially applied to the trigonometry. Of I begin did an approach of the historical facts of those numbers mentioning some mathematical that gave their contributions near of that complex group. Soon afterwards the part theoretical, algebraic and geometric is presented, as well as some applications the trigonometry. Finally we presented the theory of the quadratic and cubic algebraic equations and the interaction of those with the complex numbers.

Cette these, divisee en deux parties, aborde le probleme de la triangularisabilite lineaire des automorphismes quadratiques de l'espace affine c#n: etant donne un automorphisme quadratique f de c#n, a quelle condition existe-t-il une base de l'espace vectoriel c#n dans laquelle f s'ecrit sous forme triangulaire ? dans la premiere partie, nous donnons quelques conditions suffisantes pour cela, la plupart etant a rapprocher du theoreme fondamental de van den essen et hubbers, etablissant l'equivalence entre la notion de triangularisabilite lineaire et la notion de nilpotence forte. Nous prouvons entre autres que f est lineairement triangularisable si et seulement si son algebre non-associative correspondante est une algebre nilpotente. Dans la deuxieme partie, nous prouvons essentiellement que la conjecture de dependance lineaire implique la triangularisabilite lineaire des automorphismes quadratiques 3-nilpotents de c#n pour n 6. La demonstration que nous donnons utilise un outil informatique permettant d'effectuer des calculs formels. Nous exhibons au passage un automorphisme quadratique 3-nilpotent de c#6 dont l'inverse est de degre 6, ce qui repond a une question de meisters et olech (m-o)

Les espaces d'ordres abstraits sont introduits par M. Marshall dans les années 70, dans la perspective d'offrir un cadre abstrait à l'étude des formes quadratiques. Vers le début des années 90, les travaux de M. Dickmann, L. de Lima et de F. Miraglia, ont donné naissance à la version duale des groupes spéciaux. Le premier thème que nous traiterons est la caractérisation des points d'un espace d'ordres du corps de fonctions d'une variété réelle, nous reprendrons un résultat de Brumfiel affirmant l'existence d'une correspondance entre ces ordres et des ultrafiltres de semi-algébriques. Nous appliquerons ceci au corps R(x,y). Suivra la caractérisation des ordres de ce corps à travers la notion de demi-branche de Bézout. Le second thème traite des principes locaux-globaux généralisés (ou Conjecture pp). Le premier résultat de la thèse porte sur la séparation des constructibles et sur la principalité des basiques. Nous montrerons que le langage des groupes spéciaux nous offre une vision claire du fait que ces principes découlent trivialement du principe de l'isotropie étendu. Le second résultat traite des contre-exemples à la conjecture dans le cas de la conique rationnelle donnée par l'équation x2+y2=3. Le dernier résultat (le plus important), aborde la conjecture pp dans le cadre du corps R(x,y). Nous nous intéresserons à des familles de polynômes vérifiant certaines conditions géométriques et montrerons que toute formule pp, ayant ses paramètres dans cette famille, vérifie un principe local-global. Nous les baptiserons formules V-universelles. Nous clorons le dernier chapitre par deux méthodes de construction.

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2015-10-20T11:59:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivototal.pdf: 2975294 bytes, checksum: 8e1df00fddd8f1b9f26e991bf1868338 (MD5) license_rdf: 22190 bytes, checksum: 19e8a2b57ef43c09f4d7071d2153c97d (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2015-10-20T11:59:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivototal.pdf: 2975294 bytes, checksum: 8e1df00fddd8f1b9f26e991bf1868338 (MD5) license_rdf: 22190 bytes, checksum: 19e8a2b57ef43c09f4d7071d2153c97d (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-20T11:59:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivototal.pdf: 2975294 bytes, checksum: 8e1df00fddd8f1b9f26e991bf1868338 (MD5) license_rdf: 22190 bytes, checksum: 19e8a2b57ef43c09f4d7071d2153c97d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-26
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This paper presents a new way of discussing concepts involving function, a ne function and quadratic function. Through simple activities with the use of blocks of cubes, and the multiplane software such as GeoGebra, students will move from a passive position, as simple listener, the active member of the teaching-learning process, enabling them to acquire a broader notion the concept of function and apply it later in solving problems in school and in their daily lives. Besides these diversi ed activities, topics that are usually not given prominence in most books of high school such that the analysis of the canonical form of the quadratic function and the theorem of characterization of a ne function will play an important role in developing what is expected of students about this important area of mathematics. All activities were conducted with 1st grade students of high school Natalicia Maria Figueiroa da Silva, located in the city of Surubim, in the state of Pernambuco.
Este trabalho apresenta uma nova maneira de se discutir conceitos envolvendo função, função a m e função quadrática. Através de atividades simples com uso dos blocos de cubos, do multiplano e de softwares como o Geogebra, o aluno passará de uma posição passiva, como simples ouvinte, a integrante ativo do processo de ensino-aprendizagem, possibilitando ao mesmo adquirir uma noção mais ampla do conceito de função e aplicá- lo posteriormente na resolução de problemas na escola e em sua vida cotidiana. Além dessas atividades diversi cadas, tópicos que geralmente não são colocados em destaque na maioria dos livros de ensino médio tais quais a análise da forma canônica da função quadrática e o Teorema de caracterização da função a m terão um importante papel no desenvolvimento que se espera dos estudantes a respeito dessa importante área da Matemática. Todas as atividades foram desenvolvidas com alunos da 1a série do ensino médio da Escola Estadual Natalícia Maria Figueiroa da Silva, localizada na cidade de Surubim no Estado de Pernambuco.

SILVA, Adam Oliveira da. Rigidez de métricas críticas para funcionais riemannianos. 2017. 78 f. Tese (Doutorado em Matemática) – Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2017.
Submitted by Andrea Dantas (pgmat@mat.ufc.br) on 2017-09-19T19:08:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_tese_aosilva.pdf: 481005 bytes, checksum: 2bdfc6ab68b042a5cfd4f67caf1e21e4 (MD5)
Rejected by Rocilda Sales (rocilda@ufc.br), reason: Bom dia, Estou devolvendo a Tese de ADAM OLIVEIRA DA SILVA, para que o arquivo seja substituído, pois o aluno já veio na BCM e orientei quais eram as correções a serem feitas. Atenciosamente, on 2017-09-20T14:03:26Z (GMT)
Submitted by Andrea Dantas (pgmat@mat.ufc.br) on 2017-09-20T16:47:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_tese_aosilva.pdf: 480774 bytes, checksum: a1267dd82f8a82a19f79902004e1afb5 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Rocilda Sales (rocilda@ufc.br) on 2017-09-21T12:26:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_tese_aosilva.pdf: 480774 bytes, checksum: a1267dd82f8a82a19f79902004e1afb5 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-21T12:26:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_tese_aosilva.pdf: 480774 bytes, checksum: a1267dd82f8a82a19f79902004e1afb5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-15
The aim of this work is to study metrics that are critical points for some Riemannian functionals. In the first part, we investigate critical metrics for functionals which are quadratic in the curvature on closed Riemannian manifolds. It is known that space form metrics are critical points for these functionals, denoted by F t,s (g). Moreover, when s = 0, always Einstein metrics are critical to F t (g). We proved that under some conditions the converse is true. For instance, among others results, we prove that if n ≥ 5 and g is a Bach-flat critical metric to F −n/4(n−1) , with second elementary symmetric function of the Schouten tensor σ 2 (A) > 0, then g should be Einstein. Furthermore, we show that a locally conformally flat critical metric with some additional conditions are space form metrics. In the second part, we study the critical metrics to volume functional on compact Riemannian manifolds with connected smooth boundary. We call such critical points of Miao-Tam critical metrics due to the variational study making by Miao and Tam (2009). In this work, we show that the geodesics balls in space forms Rn , Sn and Hn have the maximum possible boundary volume among Miao-Tam critical metrics with connected boundary provided that the boundary be an Einstein manifold. In the same spirit, we also extend a rigidity theorem due to Boucher et al. (1984) and Shen (1997) to n-dimensional static metrics with positive constant scalar curvature, which give us another way to get a partial answer to the Cosmic no-hair conjecture already obtained by Chrusciel (2003).
Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo estudar métricas que são pontos críticos de alguns funcionais Riemannianos. Na primeira parte, investigaremos métricas críticas de funcionais que são quadráticos na curvatura sobre variedades Riemannianas fechadas. É de conhecimento que métricas tipo formas espaciais são pontos críticos para tais funcionais, denotados aqui por F t,s (g). Além disso, no caso s = 0, métricas de Einstein são sempre críticas para F t (g). Provamos que sob algumas condições, a recíproca destes fatos são verdadeiras. Por exemplo, dentre outros resultados, provamos que se n ≥ 5 e g é uma métrica Bach-flat crìtica para F−n/4(n−1) com segunda função simétrica elementar do tensor de Schouten σ 2 (A) > 0, então g tem que ser métrica de Einstein. Ademais, mostramos que uma métrica crítica localmente conformemente plana, com algumas hipóteses adicionais, tem que ser tipo forma espacial. Na segunda parte, estudamos as métricas críticas do funcional volume sobre variedades Riemannianas compactas com bordo suave conexo. Chamamos tais pontos críticos de métricas críticas de Miao-Tam, devido ao estudo variacional feito por Miao e Tam (2009). Neste trabalho provamos que as bolas geodésicas das formas espaciais Rn , S n e H n possuem o valor máximo para o volume do bordo dentre todas as métricas críticas de Miao-Tam com bordo conexo, desde que o bordo seja uma variedade de Einstein. No mesmo sentido, também estendemos um teorema de rigidez devido à Boucher et al. (1984) e Shen (1997) para métricas estáticas de dimensão n e com curvatura escalar constante positiva, o qual nos fornece outra maneira para obter uma resposta parcial para a Cosmic no-hair conjecture já obtida por Chrusciel (2003).

Nous construisons quelques extensions anisotropes des champs browniens multifractionnels qui rendent compte de phénomènes spatiaux dont les propriétés de régularité et de directionnalité peuvent varier dans l’espace. Notre objectif est de mettre en place des tests statistiques pour déterminer si un champ observé de ce type est hétérogène ou non. La méthodologie statistique repose sur une analyse de champ par variations quadratiques, qui sont des moyennes d’incréments de champ au carré. Notre approche, ces variations sont calculées localement dans plusieurs directions. Nous établissons un résultat asymptotique montrant une relation linéaire gaussienne entre ces variations et des paramètres liés à la régularité et aux propriétés directionnelles. En utilisant ce résultat, nous concevons ensuite une procédure de test basée sur les statistiques de Fisher des modèles linéaires gaussiens. Nous évaluons cette procédure sur des données simulées. Enfin, nous concevons des algorithmes pour la segmentation d’une image en régions de textures homogènes. Le premier algorithme est basé sur une procédure K-means qui a estimé les paramètres en entrée et prend en compte les distributions de probabilité théoriques. Le deuxième algorithme est basé sur une algorithme EM qui implique une exécution continue à chaque boucle de 2 processus. Finalement, nous présentons une application de ces algorithmes dans le cadre d’un projet pluridisciplinaire visant à optimiser le déploiement de panneaux photovoltaïques sur le terrain. Nous traitons d’une étape de prétraitement du projet qui concerne la segmentation des images du satellite Sentinel-2 dans des régions où la couverture nuageuse est homogène
We deal with some anisotropic extensions of the multifractional brownian fields that account for spatial phenomena whose properties of regularity and directionality may both vary in space. Our aim is to set statistical tests to decide whether an observed field of this kind is heterogeneous or not. The statistical methodology relies upon a field analysis by quadratic variations, which are averages of square field increments. Specific to our approach, these variations are computed locally in several directions. We establish an asymptotic result showing a linear gaussian relationship between these variations and parameters related to regularity and directional properties of the model. Using this result, we then design a test procedure based on Fisher statistics of linear gaussian models. Eventually we evaluate this procedure on simulated data. Finally, we design some algorithms for the segmentation of an image into regions of homogeneous textures. The first algorithm is based on a K-means procedure which has estimated parameters as input and takes into account their theoretical probability distributions. The second algorithm is based on an EM algorithm which involves continuous execution ateach 2-process loop (E) and (M). The values found in (E) and (M) at each loop will be used for calculations in the next loop. Eventually, we present an application of these algorithms in the context of a pluridisciplinary project which aims at optimizing the deployment of photo-voltaic panels on the ground. We deal with a preprocessing step of the project which concerns the segmentation of images from the satellite Sentinel-2 into regions where the cloud cover is homogeneous

abstract: Computability of spray flows is an important issue, from both fundamental and practical perspectives. Spray flows have important applications in fuel injection, agriculture, medical devices, and industrial processes such as spray cooling. For this reason, many efforts have been devoted to experimental, computational and some theoretical aspects of spray flows. In particular, primary atomization, the process of bulk liquid transitioning to small droplets, is a central and probably the most difficult aspect of spray flows. This thesis discusses developed methods, results, and needed improvements in the modeling of primary atomization using a predictive Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) formula. Primary atomization for round injectors and simplex atomizers is modeled using a three-step procedure. For each spray geometry, a volume-of-fluid simulation is run to resolve the trajectory of the intact liquid core. Atomization criterion is applied to the volume-of-fluid velocity field to determine atomization sites. Local droplet size is predicted at the atomization sites using the quadratic formula for Sauter Mean Diameter. Droplets with the computed drop size are injected from the atomization sites and are tracked as point-particles. A User Defined Memory (UDM) code is employed to compute steady-state Sauter Mean Diameter statistics at locations corresponding to experimental interrogation locations. The resulting Sauter Mean Diameter, droplet trajectory, and droplet velocity are compared against experimental data to validate the computational protocol. This protocol can be implemented on coarse-grid, time-averaged simulations of spray flows, and produces convincing results when compared with experimental data for pressure-atomized sprays with and without swirl. This approach is general and can be adapted in any spray geometry for complete and efficient computations of spray flows.
Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Mechanical Engineering 2020

Ce mémoire s'emploie à étudier les corps quadratiques réels ainsi qu'un élément particulier de tels corps quadratiques réels : l'unité fondamentale. Pour ce faire, le mémoire commence par présenter le plus clairement possible les connaissances sur différents sujets qui sont essentiels à la compréhension des calculs et des résultats de ma recherche. On introduit d'abord les corps quadratiques ainsi que l'anneau de ses entiers algébriques et on décrit ses unités. On parle ensuite des fractions continues puisqu'elles se retrouvent dans un algorithme de calcul de l'unité fondamentale. On traite ensuite des formes binaires quadratiques et de la formule du nombre de classes de Dirichlet, laquelle fait intervenir l'unité fondamentale en fonction d'autres variables. Une fois cette tâche accomplie, on présente nos calculs et nos résultats. Notre recherche concerne la répartition des unités fondamentales des corps quadratiques réels, la répartition des unités des corps quadratiques réels et les moments du logarithme de l'unité fondamentale. (Le logarithme de l'unité fondamentale est appelé le régulateur.)
This memoir aims to study real quadratic fields and a particular element of such real quadratic fields : the fundamental unit. To achieve this, the memoir begins by presenting as clearly as possible the state of knowledge on different subjects that are essential to understand the computations and results of my research. We first introduce quadratic fields and their rings of algebraic integers, and we describe their units. We then talk about continued fractions because they are present in an algorithm to compute the fundamental unit. Afterwards, we proceed with binary quadratic forms and Dirichlet's class number formula, which involves the fundamental unit as a function of other variables. Once the above tasks are done, we present our calculations and results. Our research concerns the distribution of fundamental units in real quadratic fields, the disbribution of units in real quadratic fields and the moments of the logarithm of the fundamental unit. (The logarithm of the fundamental unit is called the regulator.)

If an augmented algebra K over Q is filtered by powers of its augmentation ideal I, the associated graded algebra grK need not in general be quadratic: although it is generated in degree 1, its relations may not be generated by homogeneous relations of degree 2. In this thesis we give a sufficient criterion (called the PVH Criterion) for grK to be quadratic. When K is the group algebra of a group G, quadraticity is known to be equivalent to the existence of a (not necessarily homomorphic) universal finite type invariant for G. Thus the PVH Criterion also implies the existence of a universal finite type invariant for the group G. We apply the PVH Criterion to the group algebra of the pure virtual braid group (also known as the quasi-triangular group), and show that the corresponding associated graded algebra is quadratic, and hence that these groups have a universal finite type invariant.

The thesis is concerned with the theory of binary quadratic forms with coefficients in the ring of algebraic integers of a number field. Under the assumption that the number field is of narrow class number one, there is developed a theory of composition of such quadratic forms. For a given discriminant, the composition is determined by a bijection between classes of quadratic forms and a so-called relative oriented class group (a group closely related to the class group). Furthermore, Bhargava cubes are generalized to cubes with entries from the ring of algebraic integers; by using the composition of quadratic forms, the composition of Bhargava cubes is proved in the generalized case. 1