Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Quails eggs'

Orientador: Edivaldo Antonio Garcia
Banca: Otto Mack Junqueira
Banca: Carla Cahoni Pizzolante
Resumo: O experimento foi realizado na Unidade de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Brotas da Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios do Centro-Oeste, SP. Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos de codornas japonesas submetidas à muda forçada com o intuito de otimizar o plantel para mais um ciclo de produção. Foram utilizadas 400 codornas, em produção, com 65 semanas de idade, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso em esquema fatorial 5 x 4 (cinco tratamentos e quatro períodos), sendo os tratamentos: (T1= não sofreu muda forçada; T2= 3 dias de jejum, e após ração à vontade; T3= 1 dia de jejum + 13 dias 15g/ave; T4= 2 dias de jejum + 12 dias 15g/ave; T5= 3 dias de jejum + 11 dias 15g/ave), com quatro repetições de 20 aves por parcela. As rações utilizadas nos tratamentos foram todas isonutritivas e balanceadas, seguindo as recomendações de NRC (1994). Foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos e períodos estudados. Embora, ao se utilizarem 3 dias de jejum seguidos de alimentação à vontade, o peso dos ovos tenha sido menor, este tratamento apresentou melhores percentagens de postura, massa de ovos e conversões alimentares (CA/dz e CA/kg). Por outro lado, o mesmo período de jejum seguido de alimentação restrita apresentou maior consumo de ração e piores conversões alimentares (CA/dz e CA/kg). Constatou-se também que a não realização da muda forçada resulta em menor percentagem de postura e menor massa de ovos.
Abstract: The experiment was carried through in the Unidade de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Brotas of the Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios do Centro-Oeste Paulista, SP. It was objectified to search optimum method to reduce stress it of forced moulting in Japanese quails with intention to optimize the breeding in performance terms and quality of eggs for plus a production cycle. 400 had been used quails, in production, with 65 weeks of age, distributed in a delineation entirely to perhaps in factorial project 5 x 4 (five treatments and four periods), being the treatments: (T1= did not suffer forced moulting; T2= 3 fasting day , and after ration "ad libitum"; T3= 1 fasting day + 13 days 15g/ave; T4= 2 fasting day + 12 days 15g/ave; T5= 3 fasting day + 11 days 15g/ave), with four repetitions of 20 birds for parcel. The rations used in the treatments had been all balanced isonutritive and following the NRC recommendations (1994). The treatments and studied periods had been observed significant differences between. Although to if using 3 fasting day followed of feeding to the will the weight of eggs it has been lesser, this presented better percentages of position, alimentary egg mass and conversions (CA/dz and CA/kg). On the other hand, the same period of fasting followed of restricted feeding presented greater consumption of ration and worse alimentary conversions (CA/dz and CA/kg). One also evidenced that not the forced accomplishment of the moulting one, results in lesser percentage of position and minor egg mass.
Mestre

CAPES; Fundação Araucária
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar critérios de seleção a serem utilizados em duas linhagens de codornas de postura, visando melhoramento no número de ovos produzidos. Utilizou-se dados de fêmeas nascidas a partir de duas incubações, provenientes de duas linhagens de codornas de posturas mantidas sob seleção. As características estudadas foram o peso corporal da ave (PA), peso médio do ovo (PO), produção parcial (PP) e produção total de ovos (PT). As características foram avaliadas em quatro períodos parciais, P1 correspondente a 60 dias de produção, (P2), (P3) e (P4) corresponderam a 30 dias cada um e a produção total de ovos correspondeu a 150 dias de produção. Os dados foram analisados por meio de análises multicarater pelo procedimento Bayesiano, usando amostragem de Gibbs. Foram estimados parâmetros genéticos, calculadas as respostas indireta e direta a seleção, e a eficiência de seleção em produzir ganho genético na produção total de ovos em 150 dias de postura, devido à seleção com base na produção parcial de ovos aos 60 dias. As estimativas de herdabilidade para produção total de ovos foram baixas, a produção parcial de ovos apresentou estimativas médias, para o peso médio do ovo as estimativas variaram de baixas a médias, e para o peso corporal da ave a herdabilidade foi alta. As correlações genéticas apresentaram valores variando de moderado a alto para todas as combinações. A resposta indireta apresentou maior eficiência em produzir ganho genético em comparação à seleção direta. O primeiro período parcial correspondente a 60 dias de postura foi indicado para critério de seleção das codornas visando aumentar a produção total de ovos, obtendo-se maior ganho genético com diminuição do intervalo de geração.
The objective of this research was to evaluate the selection criteria to be applied in two laying quails lineages, for improvement in the number of eggs produced. We used data of females from two incubations of the two lineages of laying quails maintained under selection. The characteristics studied were body weight of the bird (BW), average egg weight (EW), partial production (PP) and total egg production (EP). The characteristics were evaluated in four partial periods, P1 corresponding to 60 days of production, (P2), (P3) and (P4) corresponded to 30 days each and the total egg production corresponded to 150 days of production. The data were analyzed by the Bayesian Inference multicaracter procedure using gibbs sampling. genetic parameters were estimated, calculated the direct and indirect responses to selection, and selection efficiency in producing genetic gain in total egg production in 150 days of posture due to selection based on incremental production of eggs at 60 days. The heritability estimates of total egg production were low, for the partial egg production were average, for egg weight low to medium, and for the body weight high. genetic correlations showed values ranging from moderate to high for all combinations. the indirect response was more efficient than direct selection for gentic gain. The partial period p1 (60 days) was the period indicated for the quails selection criteria to increase the total production of eggs, resulting in greater genetic gain with decrease the generation interval.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
There were two experiments to evaluate the effect of adding the enzyme phytase in the diet on the performance and eggs quality (experiment I) and the use of the feed ingredients (Experiment II) for laying Japanese quails. In the first experiment were used 320 quail females of Japanese sub- species, with 167 days old, initial weight of 182.3 + 3.8 g and rate of egg production of 89.0% and is divided into four and eight treatments repetitions of ten birds each. In experiment II were used 200 quail females of Japanese sub-species with 251 days old, average weight of 187.2 + 6.0 g and rate of egg production of 84.8%, distributed in four treatments and five repetitions of ten birds each. In both experiments using the completely randomized design. The treatments were: T1 - basal diet - RB - (given the nutritional requirements of quails and recommendations of the matrix of the enzyme phytase), T2 - RB + 200 U of phytase; T3 - RB + 400 U of phytase, T4 - RB + 600 U of phytase. The diets were formulated based on corn and soybean meal. The parameters of performance and eggs quality were evaluated in the experiment I: feed intake, egg production per bird day, eggs mass, efficient use of phosphorus for eggs mass, feed conversion per eggs mass and per eggs dozen, egg production per bird housed, viable eggs per bird day, feasibility studies, changes in body weight, lysine, methionine + cystine and threonine intake, egg weight, yolk weight, albumen weight, shell weight, percentage of yolk, albumen and shell, specific gravity and percentage of commercial eggs. Statistical analysis was made using the linear regression models, quadratic and Linear Response Plateau (LRP) as the best fit obtained for each variable. The best feed conversion occurred at levels of 437 (CAMO) and 400 (CADZ) U of phytase, however, considering the daily production of eggs per bird and production of viable eggs per bird day, the highest levels were 335 and 368 U of phytase, respectively. For MO the highest level of supplementation of phytase gave the best result. Meanwhile on the efficiency of the use of P, the level of 463 U of phytase was best for the composition of MO, while the other variables of performance and quality of eggs, filled with this level, in its ideal level of phytase. To determine the use of nutrients and energy in the diet (experiment II) was used the method of total collection of excreta. Were determined the values of apparent metabolizable energy and energy apparent metabolizable corrected by the retention of nitrogen, and metabolizability coefficient of apparent metabolizable energy and energy apparent metabolizable corrected by nitrogen balance. It was also calculated the amount of phosphorus, calcium and nitrogen detained by bird day. In general there was an improvement in the utilization of energy in the diet with phytase supplementation. Levels of 195 and 186 U of phytase are best designed to provide greater use of broiler apparent and apparent corrected by nitrogen balance. The level of 600 U of phytase the lowest nitrogen excretion, however, 368 U of phytase was enough for maximum retention of nitrogen by quails. The best level in the experiment I was 463 U of phytase and the experiment II was of 368 U of phytase.
Foram realizados dois experimentos para avaliar o efeito da adição da enzima Fitase na ração, sobre o desempenho produtivo e a qualidade dos ovos (experimento I) e o aproveitamento dos ingredientes da ração (experimento II) para codornas japonesas em postura. No experimento I foram utilizadas 320 codornas fêmeas da sub-espécie japonesa, com 167 dias de idade, peso inicial médio de 182,3 + 3,8g e taxa de produção de ovos de 89,0%, sendo distribuídas em quatro tratamentos e oito repetições de dez aves por unidade experimental. No experimento II foram utilizadas 200 codornas fêmeas da sub-espécie japonesa com 251 dias de idade, peso médio de 187,2 + 6,0g e taxa de produção de ovos de 84,8%, distribuídas em quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições de dez aves por unidade experimental. Em ambos os experimentos utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos foram: T1 Ração basal RB - (atendendo às exigências nutricionais das codornas e as recomendações da matriz da enzima fitase); T2 - RB + 200 U de fitase; T3 - RB + 400 U de fitase; T4 - RB + 600 U de fitase. As rações foram formuladas à base de milho e farelo de soja. Os parâmetros de desempenho e de qualidade dos ovos avaliados no experimento I foram: consumo de ração, produção de ovos por ave dia, massa de ovos, eficiência de utilização de fósforo para massa de ovos, conversão alimentar por massa de ovos e por dúzia de ovos, produção de ovos por ave alojada, ovos viáveis por ave dia, viabilidade, variação de peso corporal, consumo de lisina, metionina + cistina e treonina, peso dos ovos, peso de gema, peso de albúmem, peso de casca, porcentagens de gema, albúmem e casca, gravidade específica e percentual de ovos comercializáveis. As análises estatísticas foram feitas utilizando-se os modelos de regressão linear, quadrática e Linear Response Plateau (LRP), conforme o melhor ajustamento obtido para cada variável. A melhor conversão alimentar ocorreu nos níveis de 437 (CAMO) e de 400 (CADZ) U de fitase, entretanto, considerando a produção diária de ovos por ave e a produção de ovos viáveis por ave dia, os melhores níveis foram 335 e 368 U de fitase, respectivamente. Para MO o maior nível de suplementação de fitase proporcionou o melhor resultado. Entretanto em relação à eficiência do uso do P, o nível de 463 U de fitase foi o melhor para composição da MO, sendo as demais variáveis de desempenho produtivo e qualidade dos ovos, supridas com este nível, em seus níveis ideais de fitase. Para determinação do aproveitamento dos nutrientes e energia das rações (experimento II) foi utilizado o método de coleta total de excretas. Foram determinados os valores de energia metabolizável aparente e de energia metabolizável aparente corrigida pela retenção de nitrogênio, e os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade da energia metabolizável aparente e da energia metabolizável aparente corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio. Foi calculada também a quantidade de fósforo, cálcio e nitrogênio retido por ave dia. De maneira geral houve uma melhora no aproveitamento da energia das rações com a suplementação de fitase. Os níveis de 195 e 186 U de fitase são os mais indicados para proporcionar maior aproveitamento da energia metabolizável aparente e aparente corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio. O nível de 600 U de fitase proporcionou menor excreção de nitrogênio, entretanto, 368 U de fitase foi suficiente para máxima retenção de nitrogênio pelas codornas. O melhor nível no experimento I foi de 463 U de fitase e no experimento II foi de 368 U de fitase.

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O trabalho foi desenvolvido nas instalações do Setor de Avicultura da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da USP, campus de Pirassununga – SP, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos das micotoxinas sobre os parâmetros de desempenho (consumo de ração, porcentagem de postura, peso dos ovos, massa dos ovos, CA/massa, CA/dúzia e variação de peso) e o efeito protetor do adsorvente, em codornas japonesas em postura recebendo rações contaminadas com micotoxinas e suplementadas com adsorvente. Para isso foram utilizadas 576 codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica), com 15 semanas de idade e distribuídas em 36 gaiolas de área útil 1,00 m x 0,34 m x 0,19 m, com quatro compartimentos cada. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com o esquema fatorial 3x2x2, com três níveis de inclusão de aflatoxinas (0, 1000 e 2000 mg/kg), dois níveis de inclusão de zearalenona (0 e 2000 mg/kg) e dois níveis de inclusão de adsorvente (0 e 0,1%), com três repetições de 16 aves em cada parcela. Os parâmetros foram avaliados no período de 28 e 56 dias, utilizando-se o SASÒ (SAS Institute, 2000) e, foi utilizado o teste de Tukey pela ANOVA para comparação entre...
The work was developed in the poultry farming department of Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da USP, campus de Pirassununga – SP, with the objective of evaluating the effects of the mycotoxins on the performance parameter (feed consumption, laying percentage, egg weight, egg mass, feed gain/egg mass, feed gain/egg dozen and weight variation) and the protective effect of the adsorbent, in Japanese quails in laying receiving feed contaminated with mycotoxins and supplemented with adsorbent. For this work 576 Japanese quails were used (Coturnix coturnix japonica), with 15 weeks of age and distributed in 36 cages of an area of 1.00 m x 0.34 m x 0.19 m, with four compartment each. The experimental model used was entirely randomized with fatorial 3x2x2, with three levels of aflatoxin inclusion (0, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg), two levels of zearalenone inclusion (0 and 2000 mg/kg) and two levels of adsorbent inclusion (0 and 0.1%), with three replicates of 16 birds in each cage. The parameters were evaluated on period of 28 and 56 days, through the SASÒ (SAS Institute, 2000) and, the test of Tukey was used with ANOVA for... (Complete abstract click electronic address below)

Orientador: Aleksandrs Spers
Resumo: O trabalho foi desenvolvido nas instalações do Setor de Avicultura da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da USP, campus de Pirassununga - SP, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos das micotoxinas sobre os parâmetros de desempenho (consumo de ração, porcentagem de postura, peso dos ovos, massa dos ovos, CA/massa, CA/dúzia e variação de peso) e o efeito protetor do adsorvente, em codornas japonesas em postura recebendo rações contaminadas com micotoxinas e suplementadas com adsorvente. Para isso foram utilizadas 576 codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica), com 15 semanas de idade e distribuídas em 36 gaiolas de área útil 1,00 m x 0,34 m x 0,19 m, com quatro compartimentos cada. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com o esquema fatorial 3x2x2, com três níveis de inclusão de aflatoxinas (0, 1000 e 2000 mg/kg), dois níveis de inclusão de zearalenona (0 e 2000 mg/kg) e dois níveis de inclusão de adsorvente (0 e 0,1%), com três repetições de 16 aves em cada parcela. Os parâmetros foram avaliados no período de 28 e 56 dias, utilizando-se o SASÒ (SAS Institute, 2000) e, foi utilizado o teste de Tukey pela ANOVA para comparação entre... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The work was developed in the poultry farming department of Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da USP, campus de Pirassununga - SP, with the objective of evaluating the effects of the mycotoxins on the performance parameter (feed consumption, laying percentage, egg weight, egg mass, feed gain/egg mass, feed gain/egg dozen and weight variation) and the protective effect of the adsorbent, in Japanese quails in laying receiving feed contaminated with mycotoxins and supplemented with adsorbent. For this work 576 Japanese quails were used (Coturnix coturnix japonica), with 15 weeks of age and distributed in 36 cages of an area of 1.00 m x 0.34 m x 0.19 m, with four compartment each. The experimental model used was entirely randomized with fatorial 3x2x2, with three levels of aflatoxin inclusion (0, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg), two levels of zearalenone inclusion (0 and 2000 mg/kg) and two levels of adsorbent inclusion (0 and 0.1%), with three replicates of 16 birds in each cage. The parameters were evaluated on period of 28 and 56 days, through the SASÒ (SAS Institute, 2000) and, the test of Tukey was used with ANOVA for... (Complete abstract click electronic address below)
Doutor

The doubly labelled water technique was validated for captive-bred, laying Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix), and used to measure the energy expenditure of free-living laying swallows (Hirundo rustica). Swallows had a slightly higher energy expenditure during laying than during incubation or nestling-rearing. Energy expenditure and the net cost of incubation increased sharply for female dippers (Cinclus cinclus) when clutches were enlarged to 6 eggs. Lipophilic dyes were used to determine the rate of ovarian follicular growth and the volume of yolk deposjted in a 24 h period by captive quail and free-living swallows. Rates of yolk deposition were related to daily energy expenditure in quail, but not in swallows. Balances placed under swallow nests recorded an increase in female mass from 5 d before the first egg was laid. Female mass peaked on the evening before the first egg and declined as eggs were laid. Mass changes during laying were equal to the mass of the oviduct and developing ova. However, body composition also changed, as a lipid reserve was built up in the final 4 d before the first egg was laid, whilst body water content declined. This substantially increased the peak energy requirement for biosynthesis in a laying swallow. The lipid reserve was catabolized during the remainder of the laying period. The lipid reserve was likely to serve as an insurance against a drop in food intake during laying. Shortage of food on the day before the first egg was laid led to a reduction in clutch size for some swallows. There was no evidence for use of a protein reserve by laying swallows. A model was developed from which it was predicted that egg production by swallows, and probably all other insectivorous birds, would be constrained by energy rather than crude lipid or protein requirements. It was concluded that laying patterns and clutch sizes were sometimes constrained by food availability during egg-laying, and that an upper limit to clutch size could be set by the capacity of an incubating bird to cover the eggs.

The effect of dietary fats on reproductive performance, egg quality, fatty acid composition of tissues and egg yolk, and prostaglandin levels in embryonic tissues in Japanese quail (Coturnix, coturnix japonica) were evaluated. The addition of 5.0% chicken fat (CHX), hydrogenated soybean oil (HSBO), menhaden fish oil (MENH) or soybean oil (SBO) to the maternal and paternal diet altered tissue and yolk composition of the hens and tissue composition of the males to reflect the dietary source. Comparisons were made to chicken fat which served as a control. Feeding MENH increased the omega three fatty acid concentrations in liver, heart, testicle, and yolk. Feeding HSBO and SBO increased the omega six fatty acid concentrations in yolk. Feeding MENH and SBO increased the total monosaturated fatty acids in yolk. The concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids were increased by feeding MENH and SBO. Feeding MENH decreased egg production. Feeding MENH and HSBO decreased hatchability. Feeding MENH decreased specific gravity of eggs at day 30, 60, and 90. Feeding CHX increased specific gravity at day 30, 60 and 120. In addition, feeding CHX increased chick weight. Feeding SBO decreased early embryonic death. There were no consistent differences noted in tissue prostaglandin levels of embryos from hens on the differing diets.
Master of Science

O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da fumonisina B1 (FB1) sobre a produtividade e a qualidade dos ovos de codornas em início de postura. Para esse fim, 128 aves de 7 semanas de idade foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em quatro grupos experimentais (32 aves por grupo), tendo sido administrada ração contendo 0 (controle), 10, 50 e 250 mg de FB1/kg, durante 28 dias. Cada tratamento esteve constituído por quatro replicatas de oito codornas. A produção e o peso dos ovos foram avaliados diariamente. O consumo de ração e a conversão alimentar foram mensurados semanalmente. Os ovos produzidos no último dia de cada período de 7 dias foram coletados e submetidos à analise individual de densidade, unidade Haugh e percentual de peso da casca em relação ao peso total do ovo. No vigésimo oitavo dia experimental, foram coletadas amostras de sangue para análise de perfil de função hepática (proteína total, albumina, AST, GGT e ácido úrico) e hemograma. Dezesseis aves de cada tratamento foram sacrificadas por deslocamento cervical, e os fígados, rins e coração foram removidos, pesados e submetidos à análise histopatotológica. Comparado com os grupos controles, as codornas alimentadas com ração contendo concentração >= 50 mg de FB1/kg reduziram (p < 0,05) o consumo de alimentos e apresentaram menor (p < 0,05) ganho de peso. Entretanto, a conversão alimentar foi aumentada (p < 0,05) apenas para as aves que receberam 250 mg de FB1/kg na dieta. A produção média de ovos apresentou-se significativamente menor (p < 0,05) para o grupo exposto a 250 mg de FB1/kg. O peso dos ovos diminui significativamente (p < 0,05) para as aves alimentadas com ração contendo concentração de 250 mg de FB1/kg. As médias de densidade e unidade Haugh não foram afetadas (p > 0,05) pela FB1. O peso das cascas dos ovos diminuiu (p < 0,05) nos grupos que receberam concentração >= 50 mg de FB1/kg na dieta. Entretanto, o percentual de casca não foi afetado pela FB1. Comparados com os grupos controle, os tratamentos que receberam concentração >= 50 mg de FB1/kg na dieta apresentaram maior (p < 0,05) peso relativo de fígado. Os pesos relativos do rim e do coração não foram afetados (p > 0,05) pela FB1. Comparando-se com o controle, as aves que receberam concentração de 250 mg de FB1/kg na dieta apresentaram redução (p < 0,05) da porcentagem do hematócrito. Os demais parâmetros do hemograma avaliados não foram afetados (p > 0,05) pela FB1. Com exceção do número de leucócitos aumentado no tratamento 10 mg de FB1/kg de ração (p < 0,05), os parâmetros do leucograma avaliados não foram afetados pela FB1 (p > 0,05). O valor de AST para o tratamento 250 mg de FB1/kg de ração encontrou-se aumentado (p < 0,05) quando comparado ao controle. Os outros parâmetros de bioquímica sérica avaliados no presente estudo não foram afetados pela FB1 (p > 0,05). Com relação aos achados histopatológicos, não houve diferença entre os tratamentos, em tecido hepático, renal e miocárdio, comparando-se com o grupo controle. Esses resultados sugerem que codornas são sensíveis aos efeitos tóxicos da FB1, em níveis que foram descritos como sendo de ocorrência natural, em condições de campo. Os dados indicaram que a exposição a FB1 em níveis >=50 mg de FB1/kg podem afetar adversamente o desempenho de codornas, o que enfatiza a importância do controle da contaminação por FB1 nas rações de codornas.
A 28-d experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of fumonisin B1 (FB1) on egg production and egg quality of young laying Japanese quail fed contaminated rations. To this end, 128 7-wk-old birds were randomly distributed into four experimental groups (32 birds per group) and given rations containing 0 (controls), 10, 50 and 250 mg FB1/ kg feed. Each treatment consisted of four replicates of eight quail. Egg production and egg weights were checked daily. Feed consumption and feed use were determinated weekly. Eggs laid in the last day of each 7-d period were collected and subjected to individual analysis for specific gravity, Haugh units and percentage eggshells. On day 28, 12 quail from each treatment (4 replicates of 3 birds each) were bled by cardiac puncture and samples used for serum chemistry analyses (total protein, albumin, AST, GGT, and uric acid). Sixteen quail from each treatment were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, and liver, kidney, and heart were removed, weighed and collected for histopathological examination. Compared with controls, quail fed >= 50 mg FB1/ kg had reduced (p < 0.05) feed intake and lower (p < 0.05) body weight gain. However, feed use was only reduced (p < 0.05) for birds fed 250 mg FB1/ kg. Average egg production was significantly lower (p < 0.05) for group exposed to 250 mg FB1/ kg. Egg weight was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) for birds fed 250 mg FB1/ kg. Average specific gravity and Haugh units were not affected (p > 0.05) by FB1. Eggshell weight was reduced (p < 0.05) for birds fed >= 50 mg FB1/ kg. However, percentage eggshell was not affected by FB1. Compared with controls, quail fed >= 50 mg FB1/ kg had increased (p < 0.05) relative liver weight. Relative kidney weight and relative heart weight were not affected (p > 0.05) by FB1. Compared with controls, birds fed 250 mg FB1/ kg diet had reduced (p < 0.05) hematocrits. FB1 had no effet on hematological values evaluated (p > 0.05) but on hematocrits. Despite the icreased (p < 0.05) on total white blood cell count for quail fed 10 mg FB1/ kg diet, FB1 had no effect on heterophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts (p > 0.05). Compared with controls, AST concentrations were higher (p < 0.05) in quail fed 250 mg FB1/ kg diet. It was not observed any histopathological change in liver, kidney and heart samples from any treatment group, compared with controls. These results suggest that quail are sensitive to the toxic effects of FB1 at levels that have been reported to occur in feedstuff under field conditions. Data indicated that exposure to FB1 at levels >= 50 mg/ kg could adversely affect quail performance, emphasizing the importance of controlling fumonisin contamination in quail rations.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
O experimento foi realizado na Unidade de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Brotas da Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios do Centro-Oeste, SP. Objetivouse avaliar o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos de codornas japonesas submetidas à muda forçada com o intuito de otimizar o plantel para mais um ciclo de produção. Foram utilizadas 400 codornas, em produção, com 65 semanas de idade, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso em esquema fatorial 5 x 4 (cinco tratamentos e quatro períodos), sendo os tratamentos: (T1= não sofreu muda forçada; T2= 3 dias de jejum, e após ração à vontade; T3= 1 dia de jejum + 13 dias 15g/ave; T4= 2 dias de jejum + 12 dias 15g/ave; T5= 3 dias de jejum + 11 dias 15g/ave), com quatro repetições de 20 aves por parcela. As rações utilizadas nos tratamentos foram todas isonutritivas e balanceadas, seguindo as recomendações de NRC (1994). Foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos e períodos estudados. Embora, ao se utilizarem 3 dias de jejum seguidos de alimentação à vontade, o peso dos ovos tenha sido menor, este tratamento apresentou melhores percentagens de postura, massa de ovos e conversões alimentares (CA/dz e CA/kg). Por outro lado, o mesmo período de jejum seguido de alimentação restrita apresentou maior consumo de ração e piores conversões alimentares (CA/dz e CA/kg). Constatou-se também que a não realização da muda forçada resulta em menor percentagem de postura e menor massa de ovos.
The experiment was carried through in the Unidade de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Brotas of the Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios do Centro-Oeste Paulista, SP. It was objectified to search optimum method to reduce stress it of forced moulting in Japanese quails with intention to optimize the breeding in performance terms and quality of eggs for plus a production cycle. 400 had been used quails, in production, with 65 weeks of age, distributed in a delineation entirely to perhaps in factorial project 5 x 4 (five treatments and four periods), being the treatments: (T1= did not suffer forced moulting; T2= 3 fasting day , and after ration ad libitum; T3= 1 fasting day + 13 days 15g/ave; T4= 2 fasting day + 12 days 15g/ave; T5= 3 fasting day + 11 days 15g/ave), with four repetitions of 20 birds for parcel. The rations used in the treatments had been all balanced isonutritive and following the NRC recommendations (1994). The treatments and studied periods had been observed significant differences between. Although to if using 3 fasting day followed of feeding to the will the weight of eggs it has been lesser, this presented better percentages of position, alimentary egg mass and conversions (CA/dz and CA/kg). On the other hand, the same period of fasting followed of restricted feeding presented greater consumption of ration and worse alimentary conversions (CA/dz and CA/kg). One also evidenced that not the forced accomplishment of the moulting one, results in lesser percentage of position and minor egg mass.

Avian eggshell colouration fulfills multiple adaptive functions, including egg camouflage. The potential role of the two main eggshell pigments in oxidative stress, biliverdin and protoporphyrin, may be behind a relationship between female immunocompetence and eggshell pigment investment strategies. In this study, environmental conditions were manipulated during different life cycle stages, via a variety of methods, including food-restriction and stress hormone exposure in female Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica), in order to experimentally test the condition-dependence of eggshell pigmentation, and to give first insights into the possible implications for egg crypsis. I demonstrated that eggshell pigmentation strategy is not only affected by female current body condition, but is also shaped by its early life experience such as exposure to stress, and that eggshell colouration is a key factor involved in egg crypsis in Japanese quail. Eggshell colour and maculation were both independently affected by breeding conditions; which stresses the complexity of the relationship between eggshell pigment concentrations and its appearance. My findings imply that eggshell appearance is a female extended phenotypic trait, and that trade-offs between eggshell pigmentation and immune-functions may lead to inter-females differences in their ability to maximise egg crypsis.

O projeto avaliou os efeitos da aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) e fumonisina B1 (FB1), isoladas e associadas, sobre a produtividade e a qualidade dos ovos de codornas poedeiras (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Duzentas e oitenta e oito aves, adquiridas com idade de 8 semanas, foram subdivididas em 6 grupos experimentais (48 aves por grupo) e submetidas a 6 tipos de tratamentos, constituídos por rações contendo AFB1 e FB1 nas concentrações: (0 AFB1+0 FB1), (0 AFB1+10 mg/kg FB1), (50 µg/kg AFB1+0 FB1), (50 µg/kg AFB1+10 mg/kg FB1), (200 µg/kg AFB1+0 FB1), e (200 µg/kg AFB1+10 mg/kg FB1). As aves foram alimentadas durante 140 dias (5 ciclos de 28 dias). Os parâmetros de produtividade foram avaliados semanalmente, através do consumo de ração, peso dos ovos, índice de conversão alimentar e curva de produção. A qualidade dos ovos foi avaliada a cada ciclo de 28 dias, cada ovo produzido nesse dia foi analisado individualmente para a determinação do valor de unidade Haugh, gravidade específica e percentual do peso da casca. Ao final do 5º período experimental, o peso médio dos ovos foi significativamente menor (p < 0,05) nas aves alimentadas com 10 mg FB1/kg, 50 µg/kg AFB1, 200 µg/kg AFB1 e com o tratamento de associação de 10 mg FB1/kg + 50 µg/kg AFB1. Em relação à produção de ovos, as codornas alimentadas com 10 mg FB1/kg apresentaram uma diminuição significativa (p < 0,05), ao final do 3º, 4º e 5º ciclos. O consumo médio diário de ração foi significativamente menor (p< 0,05) nas aves alimentadas com 10 mg FB1/kg, ao final do 4º e 5º ciclos, enquanto que os níveis de 50 ou 200 µg/kg AFB1 provocaram uma diminuição significativa (p < 0,05), ao final do 5º período experimental. Ao final do 1º, 2º e 5º ciclos, o consumo médio de ração foi significativamente menor (p< 0,05) nas aves tratadas com 10 mg FB1/kg + 50 µg/kg AFB1. Os índices de conversão alimentar e os valores de Unidades Haugh não foram afetados (p > 0,05) pelos tratamentos. A gravidade específica dos ovos foi significativamente menor (p < 0,05) ao final do 5º ciclo, nas aves tratadas com 10 mg FB1/kg + 200 µg/kg AFB1. Observou-se uma diminuição significativa (p < 0,05) na porcentagem do peso de casca, nas aves tratadas com 10 mg FB1/kg ao final do 1º ciclo, entretanto, houve um aumento significativo (p < 0,05) nos tratamentos com 200 µg/kg AFB1 e também com 10 mg/kg FB1 + 50 µg/kg AFB1 ao final do 1º ciclo. Já ao final do 5º ciclo, o aumento na porcentagem de peso de casca (p < 0,05) ocorreu somente nas aves tratadas com 10 mg/kg FB1 + 200 µg/kg AFB1. Os resultados demonstraram que a administração prolongada de FB1 e AFB1, isoladas ou associadas nos níveis utilizados no presente experimento, pode causar prejuízos econômicos aos produtores de ovos de codornas.
This study evaluated the individual and combined effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) on egg quality and performance of laying Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Two hundred twenty-eight birds were purchased at 8 week of age and randomly distributed into 6 experimental groups and given rations containing AFB1 and FB1 at the following levels: (0 AFB1+0 FB1), (0 AFB1+10 mg/kg FB1), (50 µg/kg AFB1+0 FB1), (50 µg/kg AFB1+10 mg/kg FB1), (200 µg/kg AFB1+0 FB1), e (200 µg/kg AFB1+10 mg/kg FB1). The birds were fed for 140 days (5 28-day laying periods). Each treatment consisted of four replicates of twelve quail. Egg production and individual egg weight were checked daily. Feed consumption and feed utilization were determined weekly. Eggs laid in the last day of each 28-day laying period were collected and submitted to individual analysis for specific gravity, Haugh units and percent egg shell. Results showed that average egg weight at the end of the fifth cycle was significantly lower (p < 0,05) for groups fed 10 mg FB1/kg, 50 µg/kg AFB1, 200 µg/kg AFB1 and also for the group fed 10 mg FB1/kg + 50 µg/kg AFB1. Average egg production significantly decreased (p < 0,05) for groups fed 10 mg FB1/kg by the end of the third, fourth and fifth cycles. Feed consumption was significantly lower (p < 0,05) for group exposed to 10 mg FB1/kg, by the end of fourth and fifth cycles, whereas birds fed 50 or 200 µg/kg AFB1 showed a significant decrease (p < 0,05) on feed consumption, by the end of fifth cycle. Birds exposed to 10 mg FB1/kg + 50 µg/kg AFB1 also showed lower values (p < 0,05) of feed consumption, by the end of first, second and fifth cycles. Feed utilization and Haugh units were not affected (p > 0,05) by AFB1 and FB1. Average egg specific gravity was significantly lower (p < 0,05) for group fed 10 mg FB1/kg + 200 µg/kg AFB1, by the end of fifth cycle. Percent egg shell was significantly lower (p < 0,05) for group exposed to 10 mg FB1/kg, by the end of the first cycle, however, birds exposed to 200 µg/kg AFB1 and also to 10 mg/kg FB1 + 50 µg/kg AFB1, showed a significantly increase (p < 0,05) of percent egg shell, by the of the first cycle. Percent egg shell was significantly higher (p < 0,05) for group fed 10 mg/kg FB1 + 200 µg/kg AFB1 , by the end of fifth cycle. The results obtained in the present study showed that the prolonged administration of FB1 and AFB1, singly or combined at the levels checked, may cause economic losses to the quail egg producers.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Com o objetivo de comparar níveis de cálcio e fósforo durante toda a fase de produção, foi realizado um experimento utilizando-se 720 codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica) com 7 semanas de idade. O período experimental teve duração de 48 semanas e utilizou-se quatro níveis de cálcio (2,0; 2,5; 3,0 e 3,5%) e três níveis de fósforo (0,25; 0,35 e 0,45%) divididos em 12 tratamentos com 6 repetições cada. O experimento foi dividido em 3 fases: período inicial de produção (4 primeiros ciclos de 28 dias: 7 a 22 semanas de idade), período intermediário (4 ciclos de 28 dias: 23 a 38 semanas de idade) e período final de produção (os últimos 4 ciclos de 28 dias: 39 a 54 semanas de idade). O desempenho das aves e a qualidade dos ovos foram avaliados ao final de cada ciclo de 28 dias, e teores de cálcio e fósforo presentes no plasma, ao final do período experimental (54 semanas de idade). Concluiu-se que independente da fase de produção, as exigências nutricionais de cálcio e fósforo para codornas japonesas em postura que proporcionam bom desempenho produtivo e manutenção satisfatória da qualidade dos ovos são de 2,5% e 0,25%, respectivamente
With the objective to compare levels of calcium and phosphorus during all the production phase, was conducted an experiment using 720 Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) with 7 weeks of age. The experimental period lasted 48 weeks, and used four levels of calcium (2.0; 2.5; 3.0 e 3.5%) and three levels of phosphorus (0.25; 0.35 e 0.45%) divided into 12 treatments with six replicates. The experiment was divided into three phases: initial production phase (the first 4 cycles of 28 days: 7 to 22 weeks), intermediate phase (4 cycles of 28 days: 23 to 38 weeks) and the final production phase (the last 4 cycles of 28 days: 39 to 54 weeks). The bird performance and egg quality were evaluated after each cycle of 28 days, and grades of calcium and phosphorus in the plasma, at the end the experimental period (54 weeks). It was concluded that regardless of production phase, the nutritional requirements of calcium and phosphorus to Japanese cleaned common quails in posture that provide good performance productive and satisfactory maintenance of the quality of eggs are 2.5% and 0.25% respectively

With the growing ethnic diversity in metropolitan areas of North America, ethnic food niche markets, traditionally served by imports, may represent opportunities for local producers and processors. This study profiles the Chinese Canadian consumer market in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia (BC) for salted and preserved duck eggs and fresh quail eggs. After initial focus group research, a random sample survey of ethnic Chinese households yielded a net of 410 respondents (28.9%). Logistic regression analysis, including a measurement of acculturation, and cluster analysis based on beliefs, were used to describe buyer behaviour, predict purchase, and identify key buyer groups and opportunities. Results indicated that 73% of respondents purchased at least one of the duck or quail egg products in the past year, but only 15% purchased fresh quail eggs. Most purchased infrequently, however, the duck egg products’ market shares were divided approximately 40% - 40% between low and high frequency buyers, respectively. The sample’s mean acculturation score was medium-low on the created scale, suggesting a tendency to hold on to their Chinese cultural heritage. Results also indicated a significant, negative association between acculturation and product purchase. Logistic regression analysis yielded a model that correctly predicted 77% of purchases: Acculturation, and household size (positive association), were significant predictor variables. Cluster analyses suggested 4 buyer segments for each duck egg product. Significant differences were found between the segments. Results indicated an opportunity may exist to maintain and grow the market by addressing health concerns, particularly for salted duck egg buyers. Respondents indicated a willingness to pay at least 10% more for BC produced duck egg products versus imports, all other characteristics equal. The low number of fresh quail egg buyers prevented a meaningful market segmentation. However, an opportunity to provide a smaller package size may exist: Median preferred size was 12 eggs. Opportunities exist for local producers and processors; however, results suggest that due to acculturation, new immigrants will be required to sustain the market. Few Chinese Canadians appear to buy fresh quail eggs for at home consumption: Industry is recommended to concentrate efforts in the hotel/restaurant segment or investigate other consumer segments.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
Vitamin A deficiency is a serious public health problem in developing countries, and it causes death and blindness among children in the developing countries. The fortification of food could be an important source of vitamins to control deficiency. 60 Coturnix coturnix japonica quails were used in a randomized design with duration of seven weeks. The birds were assigned into five treatments with four repetitions. The objective was to evaluate the influence of the supplementation with different levels of retinyl palmitate (2,000 IU, 4,000 IU, 8,000IU and 16,000 IU) in quails under the levels of retinyl in egg yolks. The method used to dose retinyl in yolks of quail eggs was High Performance Liquid Chromatography and the enzymatic method to quantify the cholesterol concentration. The weight and production of eggs was significantly modified by the supplementation with retinyl in the birds. The results showed a gradual increase in the incorporation of retinyl in the egg yolk as a response to the supplementation, reaching values 384% higher than the control values. By the end of the supplementations a significant reduction in the concentrations of retinyl in the eggs yolk was observed. The most lasting supplementations were with 8,000 IU and 16,000 IU which lasted for three weeks. The cholesterol content in eggs was not significantly modified. The consumption of one egg enriched with 16000UI of retinol palmitate in the present study, by day, would probably reach 10 and 7,3% of the daily recommendations of this micronutrient for children of 1 to 3 years of age, and for 4 to 8 years, respectively. The nutritional value of eggs, related to the vitamin A, can be improved by supplementation of quails
A defici?ncia de vitamina A ? um s?rio problema de sa?de p?blica, e causa a morte e cegueira em crian?as nos pa?ses em desenvolvimento. A fortifica??o de alimentos como ovos, pode ser uma importante fonte de vitaminas para o controle da defici?ncia. Foram utilizadas 60 codornas Coturnix coturnix japonica em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, com dura??o de sete semanas. As aves foram distribu?das em cinco tratamentos com quatro repeti??es cada. O objetivo foi avaliar a influ?ncia de diferentes n?veis de retinol palmitato (2000UI, 4000UI, 8000UI e 16000UI) em codornas sobre os n?veis de retinol na gema dos ovos. O m?todo utilizado para dosar retinol na gema dos ovos de codornas foi a Cromatografia L?quida de Alta Efici?ncia (CLAE) e o m?todo enzim?tico para quantificar a concentra??o de colesterol. O peso e a produ??o de ovos foram significativamente alterados pela suplementa??o oral com retinol nas aves. Os resultados mostraram um aumento progressivo na incorpora??o de retinol na gema do ovo em resposta ? suplementa??o, atingindo valores 384% superiores aos valores de controle. Ao t?rmino das suplementa??es foi observada uma diminui??o significativa nas concentra??es de retinol na gema dos ovos, sendo as suplementa??es com 8000UI e 16000UI as mais duradouras e mesmo ap?s tr?s semanas continuaram com os n?veis de retinol elevados. O conte?do de colesterol nos ovos n?o foi significativamente alterado. O consumo de um ovo enriquecido com 16000 UI de retinol palmitato no presente estudo, por dia, provavelmente atenderia em torno de 10 e 7,3% das recomenda??es di?rias deste micronutriente para crian?as na faixa et?ria de 1 a 3 anos, e 4 a 8 anos, respectivamente. O valor nutricional dos ovos, relacionado ? vitamina A, pode ser aumentado pela suplementa??o das codornas

With the aim of evaluating the internal and external of eggs of quality quail stored under refrigeration and at room temperature, we used 440 eggs Japanese quail collected after laying. The eggs were distributed in a completely randomized design in factorial 2x11 (2 storage temperature x 11 storage periods) with 20 repetitions. Analyses were performed on eggs at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27 and 30 days of storage. The variables analyzed were weight loss (%), specific gravity (g / ml), yolk index and albumen percentages (%) of yolk, albumen and shell, shell thickness (mm), yolk color, pH albumen and yolk and Haugh Unit. Statistical analysis was performed using the System Analysis Statistical and Genetic (SAEG) and means compared by Newman Keuls test at 5% probability. Observed effect was (P<0,05) linear weight loss of eggs (%), specific gravity (g / ml), yolk index, albumen index, albumen percentage, yolk percentage, pH and yolk Haugh unit, in both storage temperatures. However, the pH of the albumen had an effect (P<0,05) quadratic for eggs stored at both storage temperatures. To eggshell percentage, shell thickness and yolk color not found a significant effect (P>0,05) among treatments. We conclude that Japanese quail eggs can be stored for up to 18 days at room temperature and 30 days under refrigeration.
Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas
Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade interna e externa de ovos de codornas armazenados sob refrigeração e à temperatura ambiente, utilizou-se 440 ovos de codornas japonesas coletados após a postura. Os ovos foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x11 (2 temperaturas de armazenamento x 11 períodos de armazenamento) com 20 repetições. As análises foram efetuadas nos ovos com 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27 e 30 dias de armazenamento. As variáveis analisadas foram: perda de peso (%), gravidade específica (g/ml), índice de gema e de albúmen, porcentagens (%) de gema, albúmen e casca, espessura de casca (mm), coloração da gema, pH do albúmen e da gema e a Unidade Haugh. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas, utilizando o Sistema para Análises Estatísticas e Genética (SAEG) e as médias comparadas pelo teste Newman Keuls a 5% de probabilidade. Observou-se efeito (P<0,05) linear para perda de peso dos ovos (%), gravidade especifica (g/ml), índice de gema, índice de albúmen, porcentagem de albúmen, pH da gema e unidade Haugh, em ambas as temperaturas de estocagem e porcentagem de gema para os ovos armazenados sob refrigeração. Contudo, o pH do albúmen apresentou efeito (P<0,05) quadrático para os ovos armazenados em ambas as temperaturas de estocagem e a porcentagem de gema para os ovos armazenados em temperatura ambiente. Para porcentagem de casca, espessura da casca e coloração da gema não se constatou efeito significativo (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. Concluiu-se que ovos de codornas japonesas podem ser armazenados por até 18 dias em temperatura ambiente e 30 dias sob refrigeração.

Orientador: Edivaldo Antonio Garcia
Banca: Lúcio Francelino Araújo
Banca: Ricardo de Albuquerque
Resumo: Com o objetivo de comparar níveis de cálcio e fósforo durante toda a fase de produção, foi realizado um experimento utilizando-se 720 codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica) com 7 semanas de idade. O período experimental teve duração de 48 semanas e utilizou-se quatro níveis de cálcio (2,0; 2,5; 3,0 e 3,5%) e três níveis de fósforo (0,25; 0,35 e 0,45%) divididos em 12 tratamentos com 6 repetições cada. O experimento foi dividido em 3 fases: período inicial de produção (4 primeiros ciclos de 28 dias: 7 a 22 semanas de idade), período intermediário (4 ciclos de 28 dias: 23 a 38 semanas de idade) e período final de produção (os últimos 4 ciclos de 28 dias: 39 a 54 semanas de idade). O desempenho das aves e a qualidade dos ovos foram avaliados ao final de cada ciclo de 28 dias, e teores de cálcio e fósforo presentes no plasma, ao final do período experimental (54 semanas de idade). Concluiu-se que independente da fase de produção, as exigências nutricionais de cálcio e fósforo para codornas japonesas em postura que proporcionam bom desempenho produtivo e manutenção satisfatória da qualidade dos ovos são de 2,5% e 0,25%, respectivamente
Abstract: With the objective to compare levels of calcium and phosphorus during all the production phase, was conducted an experiment using 720 Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) with 7 weeks of age. The experimental period lasted 48 weeks, and used four levels of calcium (2.0; 2.5; 3.0 e 3.5%) and three levels of phosphorus (0.25; 0.35 e 0.45%) divided into 12 treatments with six replicates. The experiment was divided into three phases: initial production phase (the first 4 cycles of 28 days: 7 to 22 weeks), intermediate phase (4 cycles of 28 days: 23 to 38 weeks) and the final production phase (the last 4 cycles of 28 days: 39 to 54 weeks). The bird performance and egg quality were evaluated after each cycle of 28 days, and grades of calcium and phosphorus in the plasma, at the end the experimental period (54 weeks). It was concluded that regardless of production phase, the nutritional requirements of calcium and phosphorus to Japanese cleaned common quails in posture that provide good performance productive and satisfactory maintenance of the quality of eggs are 2.5% and 0.25% respectively
Mestre

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Recent results suggest that the supplementation of quail breeders with organic selenium2 and canola oil could improve their performance and egg quality and of their progenies too, To test this hypothesis two trials were conducted, In the first, breeders (252 females and 72 males) were fed throughout a period of 110 days with six treatments, that consisted on a completely or partial substitution of soybean oil (SO) by canola oil (CO) with or without organic selenium (Se) supplementation, The birds were allocated in a completely randomized design in a factorial 3 x 2 (three levels of canola oil: 0, 50 and 100% of substitution by SO) and two level of organic Selenium supplementation (0 and 0,3 ppm). The variables analyzed were quails performance, egg quality, egg shelf life, egg fatty acid profile and some carcass traits of males. In the second trial a total of 344 eggs from 252 quails fed the experimental diets during 90 days were incubated, Later, egg weight, egg production, and body weight from the first generation offspring were evaluated. A basal corn-soybean meal diet of the progeny was the same to all birds and was formulated to contain 22% crude protein and 2,780 kcal of metabolizable energy. A total of 167 female s quails were hatched and their performance during the initial laying cycle (up to 63 days of age) was evaluated. Correlation analysis and regression equations were used to estimate the effects of quail age on carcass traits of the males. Treatment means were compared by orthogonal contrasts and Duncan s test at 5% level. By contrast analysis, it was observed that total or partial substitution of SO by CO had no effect on quails performance (P>0,05). The Se increased the left testicle weight, decreased abdominal fat and breast weight when supplemented on CO (P=0,01). The inclusion of CO on diet, when not supplemented with Se impaired the ¨Haugh¨ unit at 21 days of storage (P=0,02). The substitution of SO by CO changed the fatty acid profile in yolk, increasing the percentage of oleic and decreasing linoleic, regardless of Se supplementation (P=0,01). Breeders that were supplemented with Se produced chicks heavier than birds that were not supplemented (10,27 vs 9,97) regardless of the oil used in the diet (P=0,055). Progeny from breeders fed with Se produced heavier eggs (12,34 vs 11,94) than from birds not supplemented (P=0,038). Egg production and egg mass of the progeny were not significantly affected by nutritional treatments of the breeders. In conclusion the canola oil diet and organic selenium supplementation brought about benefits for the breeders and the first progeny of quails. The inclusion of CO changes positively the fatty acid profile in egg yolk.
Resultados recentes sugerem que a suplementação de matrizes com selênio orgânico1 (Se) e óleo de canola (OC) pode melhorar o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos e também de sua progênie. Para testar esta hipótese foram executados dois experimentos. No primeiro experimento as matrizes (252 fêmeas e 72 machos) foram alimentadas durante um período de 110 dias com seis tratamentos que consistiam da substituição total ou parcial do óleo de soja (OS) pelo de óleo de canola (OC) com ou sem a suplementação com Se orgânico. As aves foram distribuídas em um delineamento completamente casualizado num esquema fatorial 3 x 2 (três níveis de OC (0. 50 e 100% em substituição ao OS) e dois níveis de suplementação com Se (0 e 0.3 ppm). As variáveis analisadas foram desempenho, qualidade, tempo de prateleira e perfil de ácidos graxos dos ovos além das características de carcaça dos machos. No segundo experimento foram incubados 344 ovos das 252 codornas do primeiro experimento que foram alimentadas durante 90 dias com as dietas experimentais. Após, foram avaliados na progênie o peso vivo, a produção de ovos e o peso médio dos ovos. A dieta da progênie foi a mesma para todas as aves e foi formulado para conter 22% de proteína bruta e 2780 kcal/EM/kg. Um total de 167 fêmeas eclodiram e o desempenho delas foi avaliado durante a fase inicial do ciclo de postura (até 63 dias de idade). Foram utilizadas correlações e equações de regressão para estimar o efeito da idade sobre as características de carcaça dos machos. As medias dos tratamentos foram comparadas pelo teste de Duncan e por contrastes múltiplos de médias ao nível de 5% de significância. Com a análise dos contrastes múltiplos das médias observou-se que a substituição total ou parcial do OS pelo de OC até o nível de 2,4% na dieta não afetou as variáveis de desempenho (P>0,05). O Se aumentou o peso do testículo esquerdo, reduziu a gordura abdominal e peso do peito na dieta contendo OC (P=0,01). A inclusão de OC na dieta, quando não suplementada com Se, prejudicou a unidade ¨Haugh¨ aos 21 dias de armazenamento (P=0,02). A substituição de OS por OC na dieta alterou o perfil de ácidos graxos na gema, aumentando a porcentagem de oléico e diminuindo a de linoléico independente da suplementação com Se (P=0,01). As matrizes que foram suplementadas com selênio orgânico produziram pintinhos ao nascimento maiores que as aves que não receberam selênio (10,27 vs 9,97), independentemente do óleo utilizado na ração (P=0,055). A progênie das matrizes alimentadas com Se produziram ovos com peso médio maiores (12,34 vs 11,94) do que as não suplementadas (P=0,038). A produção e a massa de ovos da progênie não foram afetadas pelas dietas experimentais das matrizes. Em conclusão o óleo de canola e a suplementação com selênio orgânico trouxeram benefícios para as matrizes e para a sua primeira progênie. A inclusão de óleo de canola altera positivamente o perfil de ácidos graxos das gemas dos ovos.

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The objective of this study was to verify the physical, chemical and microbiological quality of Japanese quail eggs artificially contaminated with Salmonella Typhimurium, sanitized and stored at different temperatures (between 5 and 25 ºC) for 27 days. We used 768 eggs with opaque shells (Experiment 1) and bright shells (Experiment 2) with typical pigments of the species and average weight of 11 g. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2x2x2 factorial arrangement (contamination x sanitation x cooling) with six replications, with one egg per experimental unit. The eggs were contaminated by handling with 1.5 x 105 colony forming unit (CFU) of Salmonella Typhimurium / mL and according to the treatments, sanitized with 5ppm Cl a solution, and stored at 5 or 25 ° C. The physical (egg weight, specific gravity, shell thickness, yolk, albumen and shell ratio, Haugh unit, yolk albumen index), chemical (pH of yolk and albumen) and bacteriological (bacterial count in eggshell and egg content) qualities were analyzed. Results of Experiment 1 showed a inear regression of sorage time (P <0.05) of storage time (up to 27 days) worsening the variables of egg weight, albumen and yolk index and albumen ratio. A quadratic effect (p <0.05) of storage time worsening the pH of albumen and Haugh units. There was an interaction for the yolk pH variable between sanitation and refrigeration (p <0.05) after 27 days, while those for non refrigerated eggs the best result was for sanitized eggs, showing the importance of sanitization. In Experiment 2 (eggs with bright shells) there was a linear effect (P <0.05) of storage time (27 days), worsening the variables of egg weight, albumen ratio and Haugh units and quadratic effects (p <0.05) worsening albumen index and pH. These results indicate that eggs with opaque or bright, had a poorer quality with increasing internal storage time, especially at 25 ° C. Quail eggs with opaque or bright shell, stored up to 27 days, should be sanitized (5 ppm of chlorine) and cooled to 5 ° C during storage to maintain physical and chemical qualities, regardless of bacterial contamination. The sanitization (5 ppm Cl) and cooling (5 º C) are effective in reducing the growth of Salmonella in experimentally infected quail eggs.
Objetivou-se com este estudo verificar a qualidade física, química e microbiológica de ovos de codornas japonesas contaminados artificialmente com Salmonella Typhimurium, sanitizados e armazenados a diferentes temperaturas (5 e 25 ºC) durante 27 dias. Foram utilizados 768 ovos com cascas opacas (Experimento 1) e brilhantes (Experimento 2) com pigmentos típicos da espécie e com peso médio de 11 g. O delineamento empregado foi inteiramente casualisados com esquema fatorial 2x2x2 (contaminação x sanitização x refrigeração) com seis repetições, sendo um ovo a unidade experimental. Os ovos foram contaminados pelo manuseio com 1,5 x 105 unidade formadoras de colônias (UFCs) de Salmonella Typhimurium/mL e de acordo com os tratamentos foram sanitizados com solução com 5ppm de Cl e armazenados a 5 ou 25 ºC. Foi analisada a qualidade física (peso do ovo, gravidade específica, espessura de casca, percentagem de gema, albume e casca, unidade Haugh, índices de gema e albume), química (pH de gema e albume) e bacteriológica (contagem de bactérias na casca e no conteúdo do ovo). Os resultados de peso do ovo, uH, índice de gema e de albume e pH de gema e de albume, quando contaminados experimentalmente com Salmonella Typhimurium prejudicou a qualidade física do ovo a partir de 18 dias de armazenamento. Com relação a qualidade bacteriológica do ovo, a sanitização com 5 ppm de Cl pode ser uma alternativa simples e de baixo custo para reduzir a possibilidade de contaminação por Salmonella em ovos de codornas. Pode-se afirmar, que o tempo de estocagem dos ovos e a temperatura de armazenamento influenciaram a qualidade interna dos ovos de codornas em todas as variáveis estudadas. Esses resultados indicam que ovos com cascas opacas ou brilhantes, apresentaram pior qualidade interna com o aumento do tempo de armazenamento, principalmente na temperatura de 25 ºC. Ovos de codornas com casca opaca ou brilhante, armazenados até 27 dias, devem ser sanitizados ( 5 ppm de cloro) e refrigerados a 5 ºC durante a estocagem para manter a qualidade física e química, independentemente da contaminação por bactérias. A sanitização (5 ppm de Cl) e a refrigeração (temperatura de 5 ºC) são eficientes na redução do crescimento da Salmonella em ovos de codornas contaminados experimentalmente.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Os ovos embrionados de codorna podem ser utilizados para inoculação de diversos tipos de vírus, por diferentes vias, assim como técnicas já conhecidas e aplicadas em ovos embrionados de galinha (Gallus domesticus) com algumas adequações. Podem ser atribuídas vantagens a esse processo, tais como: custo menor de produção, redução do tempo de incubação, necessidade de menor espaço físico e, talvez a mais importante, ser de uma espécie diferente do Gallus domesticus e desta forma não ser portadora de antígenos e anticorpos de interesse na avicultura comercial moderna, não interferindo no diagnóstico e na replicação viral. Para avaliar o potencial de replicação viral, foram utilizados 351 ovos embrionados de codorna de casca branca (Coturnix coturnix japonica) da linhagem NISSEI e amostras dos vírus que acometem aves (vírus da doença de Newcastle, vírus da varíola aviária e vírus da bronquite infecciosa das galinhas) e também em outras espécies como vírus da influenza equina. Nos ovos inoculados com o vírus de Newcastle foi coletado o liquido alantoíde para a realização do teste de HA, que apresentou melhor resultado no tempo de 72 horas com o volume de 100μl. Na inoculação do vírus da varíola aviária foram coletadas as membranas corioalantoídes para analisar as les es po e an lise histopatol gica, sendo que todos os volumes utilizados (20, 40, 80 e 100μl) apresentaram lesões características desta enfermidade. Nos vírus da bronquite infecciosa das galinhas, de todos os volumes utilizados, somente o de 40μl produziu lesões no embrião, como nanismo e enrolamento. A replicação do vírus influenza equina, assim como aconteceu com o VDN, foi dependente da concentração e o tempo de incubação, sendo o melhor tempo o intervalo de 48 horas, utilizando o volume de 40μl. Os ovos embrionados de codornas de casca branca também foram utilizados para testar a viabilidade de uso em cultivo primário de fibroblastos, sendo que os mesmos permaneceram viáveis após quatro passagens in vitro. Este modelo biológico foi eficiente para replicação do vírus da doença de Newcastle, vírus da varíola aviária, vírus da bronquite infecciosa das galinhas e vírus da influenza equina. Estes embriões se mostraram aptos também para serem utilizados em cultivo primário de fibroblastos.
Quail embryonated eggs may be used for inoculation of several viruses by different ways, like the well-known techniques used in embryonated chicken (Gallus domesticus) eggs with some light adjustments. Some advantages may be assigned to this process like: lower production costs, reduction in incubation time, no need for large spaces and, maybe the most important one, for being a different species of Gallus domesticus and so, not carrying antigens and antibodies of interest for modern commercial poultry, it does not interfere in the diagnose or in the viral replication. To assess the viral replication potential, we used a total of 351 embryonated quail eggs of white eggshell type (Coturnix coturnix japonica) NISSEI lineage and samples of virus that affect birds (Newcastle disease virus, avipoxvirus and infectious bronchitis chickens and also, some other species like the equine influenza virus.From the eggs inoculated with Newcastle virus it was collected the allantois fluid to perform HA test which presented the better result for 72 hours period and a volume of 100μl. From the inoculation with Fowl pox we collected the chorioallantoic membrane o analyze both pox lesions and for histopathological analysis, all considered volumes (20, 40, 80 e 100μl) presented the disease characteristic lesions. For the Chicken Infectious Bronchitis Virus, from all considered volumes used only the 40μl volume produced embryo lesion like dwarfism and winding. The Equine Influenza Virus replication similar to what was observed with NDV was concentration and incubation time dependent, being the best result achieved for a 48 hours interval using a 40μl volume. White Shell quail embryonated eggs were also used to test its viability for primary cultures of fibroblasts and it was verified that they remain viable after four passages in vitro. This biological model demonstrated efficient for virus replication of Newcastle Disease, Fowl Pox, infectious bronchitis chickens and for equine influenza virus. These embryos also proved suitable for use in primary fibroblasts culture.

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This thesis was proposed in order to: verify the performance and egg quality of japanese quails supplemented with selenium (Se) and vitamin E, investigate the performance, egg quality and modeling the deposition of selenium (Se) and vitamin E in eggs of Japanese quails supplemented with these nutrients, evaluate by meta-analysis, supplementation (Se) chelated and non-chelated, evaluating the deposition in eggs, organs and performance of laying hens supplemented with these nutrients. At first objective 200 quails were used with 45 days of life, the experimental diets were supplemented with selenomethionine and vitamin E acetate, dl-α-tocopherol in the proportion of 0.2 ppm Se, 20 mg/kg vitamin E, 0.2 ppm up to 20 mg/kg vitamin E and basal diet (RR). In Objective 2, 600 quails were housed at 45 days of life in cages, four functions were adjusted for the deposition of Se in eggs, the treatments were: (RR) RR + 0.1 ppm Se + 20 mg/kg vitamin E (Se1) RR + 0.2 ppm Se + 20 mg/kg vitamin E (SE2), RR + 0.3 ppm Se 20 mg/kg vitamin E (SE3), RR + 0.4 ppm Se 20 mg/kg vitamin E (SE4). For objective 3 Data were composed of eight articles published between 2004 and 2010. If the levels of chelated and non-chelated included in the analysis were in the range of 0.15 to 0.9 ppm of this mineral in the diet Meta-analysis was performed by three sequential analyzes: correlation, graphical and variance - covariance. The conclusions reached were: Se supplementation and vitamin E is effective in increasing the concentration of these nutrients in the yolk and albumen of eggs of Japanese quail, but not influence the deposition of Se in the egg shell. Se supplementation and vitamin E did not influence the performance of quails, but influence the variables of quality. The models that best describes the deposition of Se in eggs and the shell is sigmoidal logistic and with 0.29 and 0.33 ppm for maximum deposition If the eggs respectively. The best model for deposition of Vitamin E is the requirement with sigmoidal 0.36 ppm Se for maximum deposition of vitamin E in eggs. The association of Se and vitamin E did not affect the production variables, but the variables of the quality of the eggs was influencing . The supplementation of the Se chelated and non-chelated influence the deposition in hens eggs, the laying rate and egg weight, however, does not influence the deposition of this nutrient in organs. The chelated form of Se is more effective deposition of eggs and has a greater rate of laying.
Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa verificar o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos de codornas japonesas suplementadas com selênio e vitamina E; averiguar o desempenho, qualidade dos ovos e modelar a deposição de selênio e vitamina E nos ovos de codornas japonesas suplementadas com esses nutrientes; avaliar por metaanálise, a suplementação de selênio quelatado e não-quelatado, avaliando o desempenho de poedeiras comerciais, a qualidades interna e externa dos ovos e a deposição desses nutrientes nos ovos e órgãos. No primeiro experimento utilizou-se 200 codornas com 45 dias de idade distribuídas de acordo com um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, as rações experimentais foram suplementadas com Sequelatado e vitamina E acetato de dl-α-tocoferol na proporção de 0,2 ppm Se, 20 mg/kg vitamina E, 0,2 ppm Se e 20 mg/kg de vitamina E e Ração Referência (RR). No objetivo dois foram alojadas 250 codornas com 45 dias de vida em gaiolas, foram ajustados quatro funções matemáticas a resposta de deposição de Se nos ovos, os tratamentos foram: (RR); RR + 0,1 ppm de Se mais 20 mg/kg de DL-α- tocoferil (Se1), RR + 0,2 ppm de Se + 20 mg/kg de DL-α- tocoferil (Se2), RR + 0,3 ppm de Se mais 20 mg/kg de DL-α- tocoferil (Se3), RR + 0,4 ppm de Se mais 20 mg/kg de DL-α- tocoferil (Se4). No objetivo três os dados foram compostos por oito artigos publicados entre 2004 e 2010. Os níveis de selênio quelatado e não-quelatado incluídos na análise estavam no intervalo de 0,15 á 0,9 ppm desse mineral na dieta. A meta-análise foi realizada por três análises sequenciais: correlação, gráfica e variância - covariância. As conclusões obtidas foram: A suplementação de Se e vitamina E é eficaz para aumentar a concentração desses nutrientes na gema e albúmen dos ovos de codornas japonesas, mas não influenciam na deposição de Se na casca dos ovos. A suplementação de Se e Vitamina E não influenciam no desempenho das codornas, mas influenciam as variáveis de qualidade dos mesmos. Os modelos que melhor descrevem a deposição de Se nos ovos e na casca é o sigmoidal e o logístico com 0,29 e 0,33 ppm de Se para máxima deposição nos ovos respectivamente. O melhor modelo para deposição de vitamina E é o sigmoidal com exigência de 0,36 ppm de Se para deposição máxima de vitamina E nos ovos. A associação de Se e vitamina E não influenciam as variáveis de produção, mas influenciam as variáveis de qualidade dos ovos. A suplementação de selênio quelatado e não quelatado influenciam a deposição nos ovos, a taxa de postura, peso e massa dos ovos, porém não influenciam a deposição desse nutriente nos órgãos.

A genetic selection study to determine the effects on egg hatchability and subsequent chick performance of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) eggs incubated at 100 F dry bulb temperature (Control, Line C) when compared to other eggs incubated at 102 F (Selected, Line S) was conducted over 10 consecutive generations. Eggs from a randomly mated population (designated as Generation 0) of Japanese quail maintained at the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station were randomly allocated to two treatment groups (Lines C and S) and incubated at the different temperatures in separate but identical Jamesway 252 machines. On day 14 of incubation all eggs were transferred to a common hatcher (98.5 F). Using family-based selection, the chicks that hatched from the two lines were subsequently used as breeders (25 paired matings per line) and the resulting eggs from each line incubated at their respective temperatures for 10 consecutive generations. Following the 10th generation percent egg fertility and percent hatch of fertile eggs were greater in Line C vs. Line S (pGraduation date: 2005

碩士
大葉大學
設計暨藝術學院碩士在職專班
101
It has been more than 50 years since the birth of the quail eggs industry in Siansi Town. It is a traditional industry with cultural heritage value like production, life and history. In terms of the evolution and development of the quail eggs industry in Siansi Town of Changhua County, this study adopts a qualitative research method, through documents, data collection, field observation and interviews with people related to the said industry. The research aims to learn about the conditions which make it an industry with the local character of the town and the problems that they face in the development. The evolution of the quail eggs industry here can be divided into three stages: the first stage is from 1951 to the 1960s, the second is from the 1970s to the 1980s and the third is from the 1990s till now. The changes in the different stages reveal an evolvement from the Labor Power Age to the Machine Age, indicating a progress from sideline cultivation to professional management. The reason why the industry has been infused with the town’s local character is the favorable natural environment for breeding quail, which is a historical activity. Thanks to the hard work of the entrepreneurs and the guidance of the local government, the local economy and community were developed, and the traffic has been improved to be quite convenient for transportation. The competiveness of the quail eggs industry has increased as it belongs to the minority areas. Furthermore, the entrepreneurs have developed new products to form an industry cluster, creating a very special industry with local character in Taiwan. The problems in developing the quail eggs industry lie in the smelly quail excrement under sunlight and unbalanced production and marketing. After analyzing the solutions, it proposes improving deodorant agents and equipment, selecting locations, government-assisted centralized processing, quality improvement, products diversification, using media like newspapers, magazines and networking as a means for publicizing and marketing. The quail eggs industry in Siansi had better develop to be economic valuable in the future, establishing marketing channels and connect with sightseeing. In addition, establishing the quail eggs museum to demonstrate the evolution process of the industry as well as interpret and preserve the industry will let the people understand it better.

碩士
大葉大學
生物產業科技學系
95
In this study, quail IgY was purified from egg yolk and was microencapsulated with four different materials, chitosan, gum arabic, β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and Acryl-EZE, spray-dried method. The effects of pH, temperature, proteases, lipopolysaccharids (LPS) (from E. coli serotype O55:B5), and storage time on the activity of microencapsulated IgY were investigated. The microencapsulated quail IgY with chitosan, gum arabic and β-CD have higher IgY activity at pH 5-9. The IgY activity was protected by the encapsulated material. The residual binding ability of IgY to antigen in un-encapsulated IgY decreased when the temperature increased. The residual of IgY activities microencapsulated with chitosan, gum arabic and β-CD were 90％ under the digestion of pepsin for two hours. After further digestion by pancreatin for four hours, the residual of IgY activities microencapsulated with Acryl-EZE were 80％. The E. coli (serotype O55:B5 form) was found to have an antigen-antibody affinity with the IgY. The activity of IgY, microencapsulated with Acryl-EZE, was higher than that of un-encapsulated IgY under the digestion of pepsin for two hours, pancreation for four hours. Storage temperature and packaging materials have a significant effect on the residual IgY activity. The IgY activity stored for 60 days at 4℃ was higher than that stored at room temperature. Aluminum bag-packaged IgY has a higher IgY activity than that of transparent plastic bag-packaged IgY.

碩士
國立中興大學
動物科學系所
101
Lycopene is a natural carotenoid of fruits and vegetables. The objective of this study was to determine the characteristics of the lycopene produced by recombinant E. coli (BL), and the effect of dietary supplementation of BL on blood characteristics and egg quality in laying quails. E. coli was incubated at 39℃ for 1 hour to induce the production of lycopene, and then incubated at 30℃ for 23 hour. At the end of incubation, the production of lycopene was determined. Antioxidant activity was measured by the DPPH radical photometric and reducing ability assay. The DPPH scavenging capacity showed 100% at concentration of lycopene at 5.78 ppm compared with BHT at 30 ppm. Reducing ability of lycopene was similar to ascorbic acid. In animal trial, seventy and 100-day-old Japanese quails were allocated into eight dietary groups including a basal diet (control), the basal diet supplement with lycopene produce by recombinant E. coli (BL; 6, 18 mg/kg diet), commercial lycopene (CL; 6, 18 mg/kg diet) and canthaxanthin (CA; 6, 18 mg/kg diet), respectively. Feed and water provided ad libitum throughout the experimental periol of 4 weeks on a 17L: 7D light: dark photo schedule. During the experimental period, egg production was recorded daily, and the eggs were collected to measure laying performance, the egg interior quality, the content of yolk triglyceride and cholesterol. Blood sample were also collected for serum lipids and antioxidant enzyme analysis. The results showed yolk triglyceride were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in BL and CL groups. Serum total lipid, triglyceride and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were decreased in lycopene and canthaxanthin supplemented groups compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Both of the BL and commercial lycopene did not significantly affect laying performance. The catalase activity and superoxide dismutases (SOD) were significantly increase in 18 ppm BL supplemented group. In conclusion, the lycopene produced by recombinant E. coli could be applied as a potential feed additive in laying hens diet which has strong antioxidant activity, and ability to decrease serum total lipid, triglyceride and increase High-density lipoprotein (HDL).