Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Qualité de l’eau'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 27 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Qualité de l’eau.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Kansou, Khaled. "Gestion de la qualité de l’eau : contribution à l’évaluation de la qualité de l’eau en Corse." Corte, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CORT0001.
Full textWater is an exceptional raw material as far as it is essential for people, animais and vegetables. Ifs considered for a long time as an unlimited plentiful resource. Some people consider it free or almost free. Water is one of the keys of sustainable development; it presents an important dimensional device for the social, economical and environmental development. Water is essential for human health and for that reason it satisfy human essential needs. Ln our research, we find that I?ollution is presented everywhere. Some developed or none developed countries, cares enough about the quality of water and controllers' pollution. Agriculture is the main reason responsible for pollution, more than the industry and municipalities. Ln sorne countries farmers use, fertilizers, pesticides, contaminated ground-water and superficial water. Agriculture remains the principle source for water pollution but the amount of factories and municipalities' garbage has increased in the last years. We believe that there are two hundred to four hundred chemical products found in water. Ln our research ifs composed of two axes. The first is theoretical, and the second is empirical. The primary one is divided into two chapters: ln. The first, it will concern sustainable development, to study the relation between economy and environ ment, concept of development, influence of climatic changes and inform the international politics. We took the example of Corsica to show that the nearness of watercourses for populations bordering the street has an impact on the quality of water in the same capacity as nearness of porcine animal. Data come in the form of qualitative evaluations allocated by experts. A model of logique floue was used to establish a synthesis of data and define a quality indication of the water taking its stocks interval [0, 1]. An econometric analysis allowed then to update the determiners of the quality of water
Maheux, Andrée. "Développement de tests moléculaires pour l’évaluation de la qualité microbiologique de l’eau potable." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28294/28294_1.pdf.
Full textMarçais, Jean. "Variabilités des temps de résidence de l’eau et du débit dans les rivières et les nappes phréatiques : implications sur la qualité de l’eau : inférence, modélisation et prédiction des temps de transit de l’eau dans les bassins versants." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B025/document.
Full textGroundwater travel time controls contaminant transport, weathering processes and biogeochemical cycles. Groundwater travel time is a fundamental descriptor characterizing the transit time of water inside the catchment, from precipitation events to the streams. Quantifying these transit times is pivotal to predict the impact of anthropogenic pressure and assess freshwater ecosystems resilience. However, streamwater and groundwater are a mixture of water of different ages (the transit time and the residence time distribution), which vary according to climatic forcings. This makes difficult its characterization and prediction. Here we infer residence times with geochemical tracers and data-driven models. We show how this can be constrained by silicate weathering at the catchment scale. We then develop a novel process-based framework, which can model discharge and transit time seasonal and interannual variabilities. We identify water table fluctuations, its interaction with permeable soil layers and the resulting subsurface stormflow generation as a key process for seasonal water quality variations described by dissolved silica measurements. Finally, we draw a reactivity framework to represent biogeochemical processes. Indeed, evaluating reactive solute degradation is needed to assess the efficiency of reducing fertilizer loads, to predict the long term evolution of in stream solute concentrations and the eutrophication potential of freshwater bodies. Modeling the reactivity at the catchment scale is the missing link to understand, quantify and predict the effect of anthropogenic pressure on the critical zone
Moussa, Haidar Chaden. "Évaluation de la qualité de l’eau du bassin supérieur de la rivière du Litani, Liban : approche hydrogéochimique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0295/document.
Full textLebanon has abundant water, but its river is polluted. The Litani River is the largest one, draining from north to south in the central core of the country (Bekaa Valley) before turning west to the sea. It crosses down a rather deep valley and passes by several urban agglomerations and industrial zones, which use its water as a discharge system of their waste. This study shows the impact of the anthropic activities on the water quality of this river. Physical (pH, T°, TDS, Ec), chemical (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl?, SO2?4, NH3+, NO?3, PO2?4, K+, BOD5 and COD), heavy metals (Fe, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cr, Al, Ba, Pb, Mn) and microbiological parameters of water quality assessment and sediment for the Upper Litani River Basin was performed. They were investigated during three seasons of rainy, mid-rainy spring and wet season, during the years 2010-2013 to determine correlation between chosen chemical water parameters and bottom sediments parameters. Microbiological and physico-chemical analyses are performed in accordance International methods (e.g. European Standard Methods, WHO). In addition, Multivariate statistical methods (Hierarchical Clustering Analysis: HCA, and Principal Component Analysis: PCA) and Pearson’s correlation were applied to figure out the influence of pollutants disposal in the Lake and the River as well. Sediments were characterized by a set of chemical analyses, cations exchange capacity, mineralogical X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). To assess metal contamination in sediments, Consensus-Based Sediment Quality Guidelines of Wisconsin (CBSQG) were applied. The metals contamination in the sediments was also evaluated by contamination factor (Cf), and the results showed that the effect of seasonal variations was important in the Upper Litani River Basin and the degree of contamination was increased in dry season. All the sites are characterized by moderate to highly microbial polluted range and some site was highly polluted and contaminated
Nehme, Nada. "Évaluation de la qualité de l’eau du bassin inférieur de la rivière du Litani, Liban : approche environnementale." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0296/document.
Full textThe objective of this study was to evaluate water quality of the lower Litani River and assess its feasibility for multi-purpose usage as one of the solutions to the aggravated water problems in Lebanon, To identify possible sources of metals (i.e. geological and/or anthropogenic) and then to characterize the chemical behavior of these metals in water and bed sediments, water and bed load sediments were sampled at six representatives sites which are investigated over three seasons of the year 2011-2012 (i.e. rainy, mid-rainy and dry seasons), The PCA (principal component analysis) method was used to interpret the elemental concentrations in the river water. Results show that among 18 variables, which were evaluated to characterize their physic-chemistry and metals, there are only 4 (Fe, NO2-, CaCO3, Cu) that were determined the type of environmental studied; Three groups were identified and differentiated by PCA according to the seasons. The first group includes all statements made in the mid rainy season and has a dialogue rich in Fe and NO2, and low in NH4 and EC. The second group formed in dry season, and surveys show physicochemical characteristics opposite to those in the first group, the third group formed in mid rainy, and showed the low concentration of K+, PO43- and Cl-. Sediments were characterized by a set of cations exchange capacity, granulometric, diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR( The FTIR analysis shows that the amount of montomorillonite is less than kaolinite and very much less than quartz and calcite. Pearson’s correlation was also performed in this study to compare to and determine the correlation between heavy metals in the sediments. Geo-accumulation (Igeo) index, Contamination Factor (Cf), and contamination degree (Cd) were also applying to assess the level of contamination in the sites. The results shows that the concentration of Pb, Fe are high in the site S5, S6 and the value of Cr ,Ni, are high in the S6, this results suggest that special attention must be given to the issue of element re-mobilization, because a large portion of elements in sediments are likely to release back into the water column. All the sites are characterized by moderate to highly microbial polluted range. The degree of contamination was increased in dry season. However, no critical physicochemical pollution has been reported in this part of the river; except the high concentration of Fe and NO2- in all investigated sites due to the reject of wastewater and to the distribution of touristic activities in the LLRB, the Concentrations of seven heavy metals is high(Cu, Fe, Cd , Mn , Cr, Zn, Ni and Pb) for sediment is higher according to Consensus-based sediment quality guidelines of Wisconsin (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 2003) were applied to assess metal contamination in sediment
Bélisle, Simon. "Portrait de l'utilisation du suivi en continu de la qualité de l’eau potable dans les municipalités du Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28191/28191.pdf.
Full textChemical and bacteriological contamination of drinking water has been highly publicized through the media and has raised public awareness of drinking water quality in municipal utilities. Online and real-time monitoring of drinking water quality has grown in popularity in the last few years, carving its place in drinking water quality surveillance. This portrait of the use of online monitoring of drinking water quality is based on a survey conducted in all of Quebec municipalities that operate a drinking water utility (810 municipalities). Descriptive analysis of the data has shown that source type and population size as the main factors influencing the use of online monitoring. Multivariate analysis added the use of filtration and disinfection in the water treatment process as main factors of the use of online monitoring. Respondents mentioned early warning capabilities and water baseline creation possibilities as reasons encouraging the use of online monitoring. High cost, low contamination risk and, in some cases, absence of regulation as reasons discouraging the use of these technologies. All of these factors and reasons are influenced by legislation, specifically articles 5, 22 and 22.1 of Province of Quebec’s Drinking Water Quality Regulation (DWQR). The portrait has identified some problems in drinking water quality monitoring and has made possible an evaluation of online monitoring regulations contained in the DWQR.
Scheili, Anna. "Variabilité spatio-temporelle de la qualité de l’eau potable des petits réseaux : facteurs explicatifs et développement d'outils de gestion." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26050.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the determination of factors that impact the spatio-temporal variability of drinking water quality in small systems and on the development of management tools intended to operators. Data was provided by sampling campaigns conducted in 25 small systems in two Canadian provinces (Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador). The first chapter draws a spatio-temporal portrait of raw and drinking water quality in the systems under study. Some factors affecting the quality of drinking water are identified. In the second chapter, a drinking water quality index is developed. Four customized monitoring scenarios are proposed according to the specific needs of small systems, which allow the appropriate representation of global drinking water quality. The third chapter identifies raw water quality parameters and climate factors that have an important impact on the temporal variability of drinking water quality. Based on these factors, a logistic regression model allows the development of a tool that estimates the probability of the deterioration of drinking water quality. The last chapter considers human operational factors as impact factors in drinking water quality management. A categorization leads to the determination of the most important human operational factors contributing to drinking water quality. A multi-level model is applied to evaluate the relative contribution of human operational factors in comparison to the impact of raw water quality and treatment. Finally, the impact of the temporal variability of human operational factors on drinking water quality is investigated. Keywords: Water quality, drinking water, small systems, spatio-temporal variability, water quality index, climate factors, human operational factors, management tools.
Millet, Pierre. "Modélisation du transfert et du transport de composés organiques des matériaux dans l’eau potable : Applications aux réseaux d’eau intérieurs." Rennes, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ENCR0039.
Full textThe French Public Health Code sets out the requirement on tap water quality and the materials used in the contact of drinking water are subject to the Attestation of Sanitary Conformity. However, organoleptic degradation can remain in tap water. A bibliographic study has shown that organoleptic degradation could be caused by the presence of chemicals migrating from materials and by complex hydrodynamic phenomenon. A compartmental model has been developed. It models the transfer and the transport of chemicals from materials to water. This approach allows to combine the study of transfer of chemical from the material and the study of hydrodynamics in private water installations. It provides the opportunity i)- to observe the impact of dynamic operating conditions on the concentration of chemicals in tap water ii)- to make diagnostics of the installation to avoid disagreements and iii)- to study the quantity of chemicals deliver in tap water in function of consumption habits of the users. The study of chemicals transfer phenomenon in dynamic conditions has shown the impact of water temperature, turbulent agitation and duration of the use of materials on migration kinetics of chemicals. However, the experiences made with compartmental model have indicated that the leaching of chemicals in dynamic conditions was negligible compared with the leaching of chemicals in static conditions. Indeed, the static contact time is far more important that the dynamic one. However, it has been shown that the hydrodynamics could have a significant impact on tap water quality, particularly due to exchanges between different parts of the networks. Finally, the complex scenario development based on consumption habits of the users have shown that the quantity of chemicals ingest by the consumers were strongly dependant of the consumption behaviour of the users. The approach could be a part of a process like the threshold of toxicological concern based on the prediction of the daily quantities of chemicals ingest
Vincent, Audrey. "L’agriculture biologique comme réponse à la pollution de l’eau : apports de la géographie pour comprendre les dynamiques en cours." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2050/document.
Full textThe conservation of water resources is a major issue in France because of the increasing problem of water pollution by nitrates and pesticides used in agriculture. In this context, organic farming is seen as a promising solution to this problem because of its Regulation that prohibits the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides. In 2009, the Grenelle Law stated that priority should be given to organic farming in water catchment areas. This research aims at analysing why and how organic farming has been called in to tackle water pollution problems. It is based on a multi-level analysis. Firstly, the evolution over time of water and agriculture policies (as well as the sectorial paradigms that underly them) is analysed in order to understand how « organic farming » and « the protection of water ressources » came to be associated in public policies. Secondly, a case study is carried out to analyse how local stakeholders take up this idea in setting up projects aimed at developing organic farming toprotect water quality. Particular attention is paid to investigating the stakeholder networks andthe geographical scales at which the projects are implemented. Thirdly, social representations that farmers have of the water question and of organic farming are studied. To conclude, this work examines the contribution of geography to the understanding of an emerging feature: the place-based development of organic farming to tackle environmental problems. It creates new research perspectives related to the analysis of ecological transitions of agriculture, a topic that was so far largely ignored by geographers
Trépos, Ronan. "Apprentissage symbolique à partir de données issues de simulation pour l’aide à la décision : gestion d’un bassin versant pour une meilleure qualité de l’eau." Rennes 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008REN1S004.
Full textOne often finds it difficult to analyze the results of a simulation model that represents the behavior of an environmental system. This is due to the large number of input variables and the complexity of interactions between the simulated processes. We have proposed to use symbolic learning techniques in order to perform this analyze, the goal of which is to learn classification rules for decision support. Two rule-learning methods have been developed and compared. In our context, the objects to be analyzed are tree structures, the nodes of which are labelled by attributes. Afterwards, we have developed a system which, from induced rules, suggests actions so that a situation proposed by a user can be improved. These contributions have been motivated by the SACADEAU project, devoted to develop a decision support system for the management of catchment areas. The project relies on a model that combines a model of farming practices with a model of pesticides transfer
Frémion, Franck. "Dynamique des flux sédimentaires et des éléments métalliques en lien avec l’exploitation courante et exceptionnelle d’un barrage hydroélectrique." Thesis, Limoges, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIMO0102/document.
Full textDam reservoir contexts concentrate social, economic and environmental issues. Their presence modifies both natural water and sediments continuity. Water level can be stable or fluctuate according to hydrological cycles and exploitation, leading to more or less pronounced sediments and associated contaminants remobilization. In such context, this work aims at studying spatio-temporal changes in concentrations, fluxes as well as speciation of metallic elements during natural and anthropologically-driven sediments accumulation and resuspension phases. For this purpose, a 19 months field survey was performed upstream and downstream from the dam during both routine and exceptional exploitation. The water and sediments quality during two sluicing events, performed in order to re-erode deposited reservoir sediments and flush them downstream through the bottom valves of the dam during high flows, were notably monitored. As for the influence of the main physicochemical parameters (i.e., solid/liquid ratio, pH, redox potential, drying) on metallic elements fate and speciation as well as the different processes involved, they were studied through laboratory experiments, statistical analyses and modeling. Results highlighted that during routine exploitation, dam presence leads to a significant discontinuity in metallic element dissolved concentrations, fluxes and speciation, mainly through pH changes magnified by water flow artificial lowering. During sluicing management, the high local pH, redox and S/L changes of the downstream water, mainly following maximum sediments release, enhance As, Fe and Mn solubilization through desorption or metallic oxydes dissolution. Nevertheless, given the overall low mobility of the metallic elements and bearing phases stability, dissolved fluxes remain far lower than particular ones. Recurrent sluicing management permits to minimize sediments and metallic fluxes, limiting toxicity towards aquatic biota
Roufai, Mohamed Chakirou. "Environnement, santé publique et risques sanitaires liés à l’eau à Cotonou au Bénin : approches par modélisation et analyse spatiales." Thesis, Paris 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA040095.
Full textOur Ph.D. dissertation contributes to the analysis of the management of health risks associated with water in Cotonou, Benin through the implementation of a Geographic Information System (GIS). Pertaining to both physical and human geography, the topic of this dissertation is an integrated approach of nature and society interfaces. Going beyond the differences and dualistic approaches this dissertation has highlighted the interdependence between lifestyle and health. To achieve that objective, we put in context the dynamics of the changes in the biophysical environment of our study area (the city of Cotonou), we study its progression and regression over time, and assess the phenomena through several spatial and temporal perspectives.On the methodological level, Data Model based on the theories of the hypergraphs (Hypergraph Based Data Structure) and the sets methods are the most efficient ones for assessing spatial phenomena. GIS are compatible with that approach as they make it possible to map geographically data of different types and sources. Our contribution consists of two complementary research axes that are modeling and spatial analyses.The spatial modelling materializes in through of a conceptual model of the hypergraphs and the sets data adapted to the problem. The inclusion of spatial analysis in health studies is an emerging approach that allows for a comprehensive monitoring of the environment in order to fight against diseases. It also makes it possible to provide corrective changes related to epidemiological cycles. The distribution of diseases and health outcomes obtained through this exercise is greatly affected by where people live.We use space remote sensing to achieve our objectives. The data obtained from GIS brought new and interesting insights. Remote sensing has delineated the areas relevant to our research, to identify habitats for the development of parasites, and their development environments, infrastructure, etc.GIS has also made it possible to use data from observation tools to analyze the space changes taking place in the coastal town of Cotonou, to reflect the operation of systems using the space by the city dwellers. The facts and health risk areas were located and their spatial organization, detected through GIS technologies. The search for health-risk areas was conducted at multiple scales and the accuracy of the results depends strongly on the quality of data used
Pradinaud, Charlotte. "Considering water quality and characterizing water as a resource in Life Cycle Assessment." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSAM0012.
Full textMaintaining the quality of water resources is one of the major challenges society faces today. It is therefore essential that this criterion be properly integrated into environmental impact assessment methods, such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). However, the estimation of water quality and how this information is used in impact assessment models raises a number of methodological challenges; hence, the general research question is “How to consider water quality in water use impact assessment in LCA, from inventory to Areas of Protection?” This thesis first provides a detailed study about the role and necessity of "water quality" information in assessing impacts of different types of water use (consumptive and degradative use, as well as quality improvement). This study applies to the different cause-effect chains in a mechanistic way, in view of the three Areas of Protection (AoP) human health, ecosystem quality and natural resources. In order to improve the understanding and consideration of the water use impacts on the AoP natural resources, a consensual framework, developed jointly with WULCA (Water Use in LCA group of the UNEP-SETAC Life Cycle Initiative), is presented. This framework provides a solid basis for the consistent development of impact characterization models to assess the irreversible reduction in physical availability of freshwater and its quality-based usability for future generations. The thesis ends with the development of a characterization model for water resource degradation impacts caused by emissions. Characterization factors are calculated for five metals at the midpoint level. The application of these indicators improves the interpretability of LCA results regarding future water resource challenges and water-quality related impacts on human health
Ruelland, Denis. "Méthodes d’intégration de l’information géographique dans la modélisation des hydrosystèmes." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20180.
Full textTo meet the needs for water resources management, hydrological sciences ought to develop tools able to forecast the effects of constraints (climate, land-use, water policy) on hydrological variables (discharge, water quality). As water management is necessarily performed at the level of regional catchments, these tools need to be developed at such scales, while taking into account explicitly the spatial distribution and the temporal variability of involved phenomena. The question is investigated through the synthesis of experiments in river systems modelling. These experiences make it possible to suggest methods and techniques for integrating geographical information and leading to their consistent use in hydrological terms. Examples of applications in various geographical contexts and on different levels of scales are put forward: (i) modelling of the transfer of point and diffuse pollutions in a large man-shaped basin in a temperate environment (basin of the Seine River, France); (ii) modelling of the transfer of agricultural pollutions in a rural basin in a temperate environment (basin of the Moine River, France); (iii) modelling of the rainfall-runoff relationship in a large Sudano-Sahelian catchment (basin of the Bani River, Mali). These experiments are followed by reflections on specificities of such approaches, the requirements of their implementation and the changes of paradigms which they can involve in hydrological research
Pougnet, Frédérique. "Etat de la qualité des eaux de l’estuaire de la Gironde : cas du cadmium et des butylétains." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0011/document.
Full textThe Gironde Estuary is affected by historical multi-metal pollution. Persistent contamination by cadmium (Cd) prevents complete recovery of the Gironde oyster farming, and implies potential risks for the most important oyster farming areas in France (Marennes-Oléron). In addition, the water quality survey governed by the Water Framework Directive (WFD), has downgraded the "Central Gironde" water body in 2009 due to the presence of TBT, a highly toxic organo-metallic compound, on the list of priority substances and banned for several decades.This work relies on 12 oceanographic campaigns, including a monthly survey at the WFD monitoring sites (KP52 and KP86) in 2015 with additional sampling at KP30. Furthermore, 3 longitudinal profiles were carried out along the salinity gradient to characterize the current state of water quality in the Gironde Estuary for Cd and butyltin species, in a perspective of decontamination and resilience. The results showed the lowest dissolved Cd additions (Cdd) along the salinity gradient since 2002, for contrasting hydrological conditions. The development of several calculation methods has shown a decrease in net Cdd flows over the past 30 years by a factor of ~10. Particulate Cd (Cdp) concentrations were in the range of 0.45 ± 0.07 mg/kg during the past 10 years. This value is higher than the geochemical background of the saline Gironde Estuary (0.2 mg/kg) suggesting the persistence of potential contamination of the coastal zone by desorption. Physical and chemical measurements at the estuary mouth coupling ADCP with geochemical analyses have provided estimates of the suspended particulate matter (SPM) and Cdp fluxes, for extreme hydrological conditions. The set of previous scientific results (measurements and hydro-sedimentary modeling), the analysis of time-series of flood events and tidal coefficients since 1990, have been integrated into a conceptual model for the export of SPM and Cdp to the coastal zone. The 2015 monthly survey according to the WFD has produced two distinct values and annual average concentrations both exceeding the respective environmental quality thresholds showing that the Gironde Estuary remains downgraded with respect to TBT. Longitudinal records of butyltins (TBT, dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT)) in water, SPM and sediment of the entire Gironde Estuary have pointed to several potential sources including urban discharges (from Bordeaux), industrial releases (Bec d’Ambès) and estuarine dredging activities (from downstream harbours)
Freitas, Fabiano Amarante de. "Qualidade da água e uso da terra na bacia de contribuição da Represa de São Pedro, Juiz de Fora - MG." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2015. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/86.
Full textApproved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2015-12-03T21:29:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fabianoamarantedefreitas.pdf: 16474266 bytes, checksum: bae419525a902453bbb8cb2e600b89f3 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-03T21:29:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fabianoamarantedefreitas.pdf: 16474266 bytes, checksum: bae419525a902453bbb8cb2e600b89f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-31
CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Na atual conjuntura neoliberal, o bem água tem sido transformado em um dos principais “objetos” de compra e venda. As crises de gestão, agravadas pela diminuição das chuvas dos últimos anos colocou em cheque a garantia do acesso a esse bem. A Represa de São Pedro é um exemplo característico dessa situação. Atualmente supre cerca de 8% do abastecimento público de Juiz de Fora/MG. Sua bacia de contribuição sofre acelerado processo de ocupação e forte pressão imobiliária, onde a manutenção das Áreas de Preservação Permanente – APPs é deixada de lado. O monitoramento de variáveis limnológicas possibilita inferir sobre as condições do recurso hídrico, além de oferecer indicativos da dinâmica natural ou antrópica compreendida na bacia hidrográfica que irão refletir nas condições da água. Assim, a presente pesquisa teve por objetivo identificar as relações existentes entre o uso e cobertura da terra e a qualidade da água da Bacia de contribuição da Represa de São Pedro - BCRSP, monitorada através do levantamento de dados limnológicos, índice de qualidade das águas (IQAs) e análises estatísticas multivariadas. Foram analisados 15 parâmetros mensalmente durante o período de maio de 2012 a abril de 2014 em quatro pontos de monitoramento: nascente do córrego São Pedro – P1, exutório do córrego São Pedro (na represa) – P2, exutório do córrego Grota do Pinto (na represa) – P3 e captação – P4. A metodologia seguiu os preceitos de APHA (2012). Além disso, foi elaborada, através de imagens do satélite Landsat 8 e de dados disponibilizados pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE, uma carta de uso e cobertura da terra da BCRSP extraindo as seguintes classes: mata, pasto, área com processo erosivo atuante, área ocupada, vegetação de alagado e represa. A quantificação dessas classes foi relacionada aos resultados das análises estatísticas e do IQA, contribuindo na verificação dos fatores atuantes sobre a qualidade e quantidade das águas. Procedeu-se à comparação dos resultados das variáveis pela Resolução do Conselho Nacional de Meio Ambiente (CONAMA) número 357 de 17 de março de 2005 e alguns parâmetros extrapolaram fortemente as prerrogativas estabelecidas para a classe 1 a qual o córrego São Pedro é enquadrado. Os IQAs da Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB) e do Instituto Mineiro de Gestão das Águas (IGAM) adaptado foram utilizados no intuito de verificar as condições de qualidade das águas da bacia. O IQA médio no P1 e P4 pelo IGAM adaptado foi classificado como “bom”, já no P2 e P3 como “médio. Pelos critérios da CETESB não ocorreram distinções, classificando a água em todos os pontos como “boa”. A análise fatorial juntamente VIII com a análise de componentes principais (AF/ACP) foi empregada visando à identificação dos parâmetros mais influentes na variação total dos dados e quais carecem de monitoramento contínuo. A identificação dos fatores latentes às variáveis de destaque em cada componente permitiu inferir sobre os fenômenos que condicionam alterações na dinâmica dessas e assim corroborar na gestão. Os resultados da AF/ACP indicaram que a dinâmica das variáveis no P1 é complexa e se relaciona, na maioria das vezes, a fatores naturais que necessitam de maiores investigações. Nos demais pontos, pode-se dizer que o escoamento superficial e a poluição pontual por despejos de esgoto se caracterizaram como os principais fatores latentes às componentes encontradas após aplicação do fator Varimax – FV. Os resultados demonstraram o quanto a ocupação desordenada e o elevado revolvimento de terras influenciam negativamente na qualidade das águas do manancial em questão. Concluiu-se que os resultados de todas as análises apontaram para um problema comum: os interesses especulativos sobressaem aos interesses comuns.
Dans l’actuelle conjoncture néolibérale, l’eau s’est transformée en une des principales marchandises. Les crises de gestion, aggravées par la diminution des précipitations ont remis en question l’accès à ce bien. Le réservoir de São Pedro est un exemple caractéristique de cette situation. Il participe actuellement à 8% de l’approvisionnement en eau potable de Juiz de Fora/MG. Son bassin de contribution est impacté par un processus d’occupation et une forte pression immobilière, la conservation des Aires de Protection Permanente – APPs est laissée de côté. La surveillance des variables limnologiques permet de définir l’état de la ressource hydrique, en plus de d’offrir des informations sur la dynamique naturelle ou anthropique du bassin versant et qui se reflètent sur la qualité de l’eau. Ainsi, la présente recherche a eu pour objectif d’identifier les relations existantes entre l’usage et la couverture du sol, et la qualité de l’eau dans le bassin de contribution du réservoir de São Pedro, surveillée á travers les variables limnologiques, Indices de Qualité de l’Eau (IQEs), et des analyses statistiques multi-variées. Quinze paramètres de qualité de l’eau ont été analysés mensuellement durant la période de Mai 2012 à Avril 2014 pour quatre points de collecte : Source du ruisseau São Pedro – P1, embouchure du ruisseau São Pedro (dans le réservoir) – P2, embouchure du ruisseau Grota do Pinto (dans le réservoir) – P3 et captage dans le réservoir – P4. La méthodologie a suivi les préceptes de l’APHA (2012). En outre, une carte d’usage et couverture du sol fut élaborée à partir des images du satellite Landsat 8 et de données mises à disposition par l’Institut Brésilien de Géographie et de Statistiques – IBGE, délimitant les classes suivantes : forêt, pâturage, zones subissant un processus érosif, aires occupées, lit majeur et réservoir. Cette carte d’usage et occupation du sol a été corrélée avec les résultats des analyses statistiques et de l’IQE, et a contribué à la vérification des facteurs qui influent sur la quantité et la qualité de l’eau. Il a été procédé à la comparaison des résultats des analyses avec les valeurs de la Résolution du Conseil National de l’Environnement (CONAMA) numéro 357 du 17 Mars 2005 et quelques paramètres dépassent lourdement les prérogatives établies pour la Classe 1 à laquelle le ruisseau São Pedro appartient. Les IQEs de la Compagnie Environnementale de l’État de São Paulo (CETESB) et de l’Institut du Minas Gerais de Gestion des Eaux (IGAM) adapté ont été utilisés pour vérifier la qualité des eaux du bassin de contribution. L’IQE moyen pour les points P1 et P4 selon l’IGAM adapté fut « bon » et pour le P2 et le P3 il fut « moyen ». Selon les critères de la CETESB il n’y a pas eu de distinctions entre les points, tous les points ont été classifiés comme « bon ». L’Analyse X Factorielle conjointement avec l’Analyse en Composantes Principales a été employée pour l’identification des paramètres les plus influents dans la variation totale des données et donc ceux qui seraient les plus intéressants de surveiller régulièrement. L’identification des facteurs latents aux paramètres de qualité l’eau ont permis d’inférer sur la nature des phénomènes qui conditionnent les altérations de ces paramètres et ainsi collaborer dans la gestion du bassin versant du réservoir. Les résultats de l’AF/ACP indiquèrent que la dynamique des paramètres de qualité de l’eau pour le P1 est complexe et qu’elle est due, la plupart du temps, à des facteurs naturels, nécessitant tout de même plus de recherches. Pour les autres points, le ruissellement et la pollution ponctuelle par des eaux d´égouts sont les variables latentes qui caractérisent les composantes principales (FV) après l’application de l’algorithme de rotation Varimax. Les résultats démontrèrent à quel point l’occupation désordonnée et les mouvements de terre dans le bassin de contribution influencent de manière négative les eaux destinés à l’approvisionnement public. Les résultats des analyses montrent un problème commun : les intérêts particuliers, spéculatifs, surpassent l’intérêt public.
Soltani, Ines. "Evaluation des propriétés hydriques de sols de Bretagne grâce à un indice spectral proche infrarouge. : Pertinence régionale et objectivation de l’impact des pratiques agricoles." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NSARH108/document.
Full textThe remarkable complexity of soil and its importance for a wide range of ecosystem services present major challenges to the assessment of soil processes. Although major progress in characterizing water retention properties has occurred in the last fifty decades, analytical methods remain costly and time-consuming. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been widely used as a rapid, non-destructive and cost-effective technique to predict different soil properties, including soil water content. However, less attention has been paid to assessing soil water retention properties and its variations depending on soil physical properties. The main objective of this work is to analyze the relevance and accuracy of NIRS for assessing soil water retention properties as they are related to soil characteristics.In this study, we focused on the full width at half maximum of the absorption band near 1920 nm to identify a new NIRS index (Soil water spectral index, SWSI) which can be used to characterize the soil water retention properties. Our results show a linear relation between SWSI and soil water content (R2 >0.9). They also shown that SWSI to be relevant to study the effects of texture, organic carbon content and agricultural practices on soil water retention properties. Furthermore, using the parameters (slope and intercept) of this linear relation, we propose a new approach to characterize water retention properties and physical quality of soils. Therefore, NIRS approach performs better or similar in assessing soil water retention properties and soil quality compared to conventiona
Saba, Marianne. "Développement et élaboration de méthodes de traitement de données de terrain et de modèles hydrodynamiques et hydrodispersifs dans une optique de développement durable en matière de gestion de l’eau au Nord du Liban." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10055/document.
Full textThe increasing population in Tripoli and its surrounding has placed an increase in the demand of groundwater and the random drilling of wells. This situation has resulted in a higher demand of groundwater and thus endangered the Miocene aquifer that will cause problems unless serious steps for the management of water resources are implemented. These steps should include defining stringent characterization of the properties of the aquifer in order to properly manage the quality & quantity of pumped water.Our aim in this study is to analyze the hydrochemical, hydro physical quality,& water level of groundwater in the Miocene aquifer in the North of Lebanon. The results have shown that the dominant type of groundwater in the area is highly chlorinated with sulfated calcium and magnesium with heavily charged Nitrate & Nitrite. The spatial distribution of the physiochemical parameters obey an increasing pattern westwards towards the Mediterranean Sea. During the last decades, illegal groundwater pumping mainly for domestic and agricultural use has caused groundwater quality degradation due to saline water intrusion from western areas .In order to study the origin and the hydrochemical aspect of groundwater, Phreeq C & Diagram software helped us determine the properties ;as for the water level Aquitest software was used.GIS ,Surfer & Visual Modflow softwares were used to generate maps locating the spatial distribution of all parameters & most importantly the modeling of the potentiometric map of the North. The end result was the determination of anthropogenic & naturogenic sources of water pollution in the North of Lebanon & the formation of the piezometric map of the region
Zaiter, Youssef. "Optimisation du design des réseaux de surveillance de la qualité de l'eau en maximisant la valeur économique de l'information." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020STRAB006.
Full textThe work presented in this thesis consists in combining, for the first time, the two types of literature concerning water quality monitoring networks, the literature on physical optimization of networks and the literature on the economic value of information for a predefined network. We seek to optimize the design of the monitoring network by maximizing the economic value of the information. We are mainly interested in the spatial aspect of the monitoring network, more specifically the location of the monitoring stations. We call this method the economic optimization of the monitoring network. This means that the optimization of the monitoring network is not only based on physical or hydrological considerations, but also takes into account economic considerations. In this thesis, we study in particular the advantage of such an economic optimization compared to the traditional physical optimization
Hartard, Cédric. "Les bactériophages ARN F-spécifiques comme indicateurs du danger viral lié à la pollution fécale des matrices hydriques et alimentaires." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0152/document.
Full textEnteric viruses are a leading cause of fecal-oral route transmitted diseases and currently, conventional fecal indicator bacteria (i.e. Escherichia coli, enterococcus) fail to assess this kind of hazard. In this context, the use of more efficient indicators to assess the hazard linked to viruses in water or foodstuff is required. F-specific RNA bacteriophages (FRNAPH) present numerous benefits for this purpose. Of enteric origin, these viruses are found in high concentrations in wastewater. Sharing many structural similarities with pathogenic enteric viruses, FRNAPH are easily cultivable and their potential to track the origin of the pollution is also often investigated. However, some limits are still associated with these indicators, regarding to their ability to track the origin of the pollution or concerning the lack of correlation with pathogens. In this context, the aim of this work was to make clear the potential of FRNAPH as fecal and as viral indicators in environmental waters and shellfish. As a first step, their ability to track human pollution was optimized. In addition, our results underlined the gains bringing by FRNAPH detection, especially when focusing on shellfish microbiological quality management. Indeed, unlike fecal indicator bacteria, the accumulation of FRNAPH and their persistence in shellfish have been found to be close to that of enteric viruses (i.e. norovirus). Furthermore, when using comparable methods for their detection, high correlation was observed between human FRNAPH and norovirus in shellfish. Taking into account these observations, a sensitive method allowing the detection of infectious FRNAPH of human origin was developed to improve viral hazard management in water and food commodities (e.g. environmental waters, shellfish, soft fruits, leaf)
Grossmann, Anna-Clémentine. "Le management territorial, un cadre dynamique pour la gouvernance d'un service public : le cas du service public de distribution d’eau potable dans les départements des Bouches-du-Rhône et de l’Hérault." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1113.
Full textOur research is in the core of the sustainable city issues. The current context of improving management efficiency of public services, including local utilities, will raise issues relating to the quality and performance of these utilities. On the other hand, water management, through the issues of sustainable territorial development, agenda 21, associated with the question of the water resource scarcity, is one of the major challenges facing managers of local authorities. This research deals with the whole water governance as an element which can be considered as a lever in a territory development. By taking position in the core of an urban comprehensive ecosystem, we aim to deal with one of the sub-ecosystems componements, the one related to water. We focus our research on all aspects of water distribution public service governance, making up this "sub ecosystem". Through our study, we will therefore seek to determine whether or not would be possible to characterize an ecosystem on the governance of a public drinking water supply, which can lead to better managerial efficiency with the coordination of stakeholders and decision-makers, and playing a leading role in terms of territorial management. Our concern will be the example of drinking water distribution within the Bouches-du-Rhone and Herault areas
Grandcoin, Alexis. "Sous-produits de dégradation d'herbicides dans le milieu naturel et sur les filières de traitement des eaux : quelles origines, quels impacts et quelles solutions ?" Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1B022/document.
Full textAbstract : Brittany (France) is an agricultural region, where emerging pollutants are highly at risk to reach surface waters. Legal monitoring shows that herbicides metabolites are the main pollution of surface waters, in a region where 80 % of drinking water is produced with surface waters. The environmental behavior of herbicides metabolites is badly known and, for some of them, the contributions of their different sources are still debated. In east Britany, the Vilaine watershed (10 500 km²) is of great research interest, as a large drinking water treatment plant (100 000 m3/day) is located at the extreme downstream of it. In this context, this study aims to (i) map the watershed, (ii) evaluate the contamination and its spatial and seasonal variations, (iii) understand the favoring conditions resulting in metabolites export towards surface water, (iv) study sources and fate of AMPA (aminomethylphosphonic acid) in wastewaters, (v) explore ozonation treatment of a resistant metabolite in drinking water This thesis consists of three chapters: a review of the literature on herbicides and their metabolites occurrence and fate in surface waters, wastewaters, and drinking water; the materials and methods including, selection of compounds of interest, sampling strategy, description of the methods of analysis and quality assurance, statistical tools; the results of herbicides metabolites occurrences and behavior in the different waters studied. This work concludes on a broader context by providing perspectives to gain a better understanding of the sources and the factors influencing herbicides metabolites occurrences in the different waters, in order to improve the quality of water resources
Diab, Walaa. "Étude des propriétés physico-chimiques et colloïdales du bassin de la rivière Litani, Liban." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0063/document.
Full textThis thesis is part of one of the focus of research at “MCEMA Laboratory” that concerns the physicochemical study of river water and the evaluation of the possible influence of human activities on the water quality of the Litani River. This work is divided into three principal parts. In the first one, we studied the physicochemical parameters (T, pH, EC, TSS, TDS, ions, etc.) of the water. The second part focuses on the sediment analysis. We studied the sediments of Litani River, their nature, size, composition, physicochemical properties (charge and specific surface area) with the metallic contamination. The third par is devoted the adsorption study of certain pollutants present in water on activated coal in order to anticipate on a future study on the treatment of the water river. The obtained results fall within a broader project on the study of developed methods on the treatment of wastewater
Al-Juhaishi, Mohammed. "Caractérisation et impact de la pollution dans les rejets urbains par temps de pluie (RUTP) sur des bassins versants de l'agglomération Orléanaise." Thesis, Orléans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ORLE2021/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis was to characterize urban runoff water at the level of stormwater outletson three major urban sub-basins of the Orléans agglomeration, covering land areas ranging in size from463 to 2257 ha and with contrasted land use. 11 individual rain events were sampled at runoff outletsbetween April 2015 and June 2017 and 10 campaigns were also carried out in dry weather.In general, it was observed that the conductivity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemicaloxygen demand (BOD5 and BOD28), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen (NT), anions andmajor cations were found to be higher in dry weather conditions than in rainy weather. These resultsindicate a dilution effect due to precipitation.A mixture of rainwater and wastewater was also identified in the sub-basin of Ormes. Land use andhuman activities in the sub-basin studied were found to significantly influence the quality of the resultedrunoff from rainfall events. For example, in the Egouttier sub-basin 2, the presence of a large imperviouszone (industrial and residential, 40% of the surface area) was responsible for an increase in the parametersBOD5, BOD28, COD and NT.The flows at the outlets of the different water quality parameters were evaluated and compared withthose from the four main wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and those from the Loire. The estimatedloads of the three sub-urban basins accounts for approximately 166.61% of the load of the four WWTP.The three sub-basins have a small impact on the Loire in terms of annual flows (about 1.62% for wetweather case).Two versions of a conceptual model of accumulation / washoff were evaluated to estimate pollutantrunoff; the classical version and a modified version in which the pollutant accumulation parameter has alogarithmic form. The performances of the models were found acceptable for the MES and the COD. TheNash-Sutcliffe (NS) coefficients were found as 0.84 and 0.85 for the two versions at the Egouttier subbasin.For trace elements in particulate phase, the correlation with the experimental measured value wasfound good as well. In general, when a measured flow was less than 1 kg.ha-1, the modified model was nolonger applicable.The first simulation tests of the quality and quantity of urban runoff were carried out with MIKEURBAN, which equips both MOUSE and SWMM modeling software. For water quantity, the hydrographsindicated that the maximum flow obtained with SWMM was always lower than that obtained with MOUSE.For water quality, TSS mass was still more strongly impacted by the leaching of TSS in the MOUSE modelthan in the SWMM model.This work can be considered as the first step of the evaluation work of RUTP for the Orléansagglomeration. It provides a solid foundation for a future monitoring program
Jean, Aurélien. "Contribution à l'étude des parois complexes végétalisées : évaluation de la performance énergétique globale en climat tropical humide." Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0028.
Full textThe aim of this article is to present a vulgarized introduction to the vegetated complex partitions field, called VCP. To reach this goal, the green roof notions, their uses and implications are defined. The theory is illustrated by a Reunion Island case study, which allows to list several impacts of the green walls utilization
Grac, Corinne. "Fouille temporelle des indicateurs physico-chimiques et biologiques pour l'évaluation de l'état, des pressions et de la capacité de résilience des rivières." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAH015.
Full textData from the assessment of river are big data, with complex relationships. Unsupervised data mining methods can be applied on them and give relevant results for their management, if a close collaboration exists between hydroecologists and computer scientists. The extraction of partially ordered patterns from temporal sequences of physicochemical pressures preceding a biological state has been achieved. These temporal patterns allow to identify a part of the pressures involved or not in a degraded ecological status, to specify the importance of the sequences time-length before a biological assessment, to identify the characteristic pressure categories at a regional scale. To go further, we plan to extend these patterns to hydromorphological pressures
Cusson, Edith. "Patrons de distribution des crustacés planctoniques dans le fleuve Saint-Laurent." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6173.
Full textThe research aims to determine the distribution patterns of crustacean plankton along the longitudinal (west-east) and transversal (north shore - south shore) axes of the St. Lawrence River between Lake Saint-François and the estuarine transition zone, during two hydroperiods in May (high discharge) and August (low discharge). The zooplankton samples and the environmental data were collected at 52 stations distributed along 16 transversal transects in 2006. In chapter 1, we present the theoretical concepts of river ecosystem models, and a synthesis on the generative processes driving zooplankton spatial patterns in rivers. We also present our research objectives and hypotheses. In chapter 2, we describe spatial patterns of the zooplankton community structure in three biogeographic zones of the St. Lawrence and 6 longitudinal habitats, together with the relationships between zooplankton spatial structure and water masses spatial distribution and environmental characteristics. In chapter 3, we perform a variation partitioning procedure on spatial variables AEM (based on water masses spatial distribution) and environmental variables in order to assess how much of the zooplankton variation is explained by hydrological processes (AEM variables) and local conditions (environmental factors). The salinity-conductivity gradient related to the fluvial-estuary discontinuity determines the large-scale spatial patterns of the crustacean zooplankton. In the fluvial zones, the zooplankton distribution patterns are more influenced by the water masses spatial structure than by local environmental factors. The spatial distribution of the water masses explained more of the spatial structure of zooplankton communities in August than in May.