Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Qualité de l'énergie électrique'
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Abdelli, Youcef. "Étude et commande de convertisseurs statiques multifonctions en vue de l'amélioration de la qualité de l'énergie électrique." Nantes, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NANT2028.
Full textThis thesis presents a multi-function converter (MFC) as a viable solution to improve the power quality for three-phase three-wire or four-wire supply systems. The basic configuration of shunt active filter is first studied and used to compare performances obtained respectively with Variable Structure Control or a Resonant Current Controller. A multi module parallelable three-phase active power filters for high power non linear loads is also studied. The second part deals with energetic study and passive elements selection for the MFC. A simple control strategy which allows the MFC operating as a shunt active power filter (to improve the power-factor and to compensate harmonic and unbalanced currents drawn from non linear loads connected on the ac line), as a PWM rectifier (to supply dc power to its linear or pulsating load), as a battery charging for the energy storage and as an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) for critical non-linear loads is synthesised and discussed. Simulation results made by MATLAB/SIMULINK under several loads configurations are presented to show the effectiveness and the reliability of the multi-function converter concept. A mixed analogical-digital control using DSP is performed to validate theoretical study. Experimental results, obtained under balanced sinusoidal conditions are presented and discussed
Ignatova, Vanya. "Méthodes d'analyse de la qualité de l'énergie électrique : application aux creux de tension et à la pollution harmonique." Grenoble 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10157.
Full textThe power quality concerns all the actors in the energy domains, that they are network administrators, suppliers, producers, or consumers of electricity. The research work presented in this PhD thesis is situated in the field of the power quality monitoring. Its objective is to introduce new techniques for analysis of power quality problems. There different methods designed for the analysis of the power quality disturbances. This method reaches very good performances in the voltage dips analysis, as it allows segmenting, classifying and characterising these power quality disturbances. The periodic systems method allows the theorical study of the generation and the propagation of harmonic disturbances in the network. Finally, the statistical matrix method has the objective to represent statistically electrical signals without loss of important information
Gaillard, Arnaud. "Système éolien basé sur une MADA : contribution à l'étude de la qualité de l'énergie électrique et de la continuité de service." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10023/document.
Full textWind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) will probably be intended, in a short term, to provide ancillary services such as reactive power compensation, as done by conventional generators of power plants and/or participate in improving electric power quality by filtering harmonic currents. Furthermore, by considering the increased installed wind power, connected to the grid, WECS will certainly ensure, in long term, the continuity of service following an electrical fault on the grid or on one of elements of the electromechanical conversion (power switches, sensors…) to ensure their reliability. In this thesis, we have studied in the first part a WECS based on Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) with an amplification gain between the stator and rotor currents. We have demonstrated that such a WECS can efficiently improving the electric power quality by compensating simultaneously reactive power and harmonic currents on the grid, without requiring any oversized elements in the electromechanical conversion chain. Then, we studied fault tolerant converter topologies and associated controls, ensuring the continuity of service in the presence of possible faults of a semiconductor or a current sensor. To minimize the time fault detection, we used an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) to implement the fault tolerant controller. Simulation, “FPGA in the loop” prototyping and experimental results have validated the performances of the proposed methods and fault tolerant topologie
Etxeberria-Otadui, Ion. "Sur les systèmes de l'électronique de puissance dédiés à la distribution électrique – Application à la qualité de l'énergie." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00382761.
Full textKukacka, Leos. "Qualité de l'énergie dans les alimentations électriques : applications dans les réseaux d'éclairage." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30011/document.
Full textThis dissertation thesis is concerned with temporal fluctuations of the luminous flux of LED lamps, a phenomenon referred to as flicker. Flicker is usually regarded as a disturbance due to its negative impact on human health. For lighting systems based on light emitting diodes (LED), its definition has recently been formalised in norm IEEE 1789-2015 and has been documented on devices supplied with AC voltage. AC flicker results from interactions between network impedance, voltage and current harmonics, and the AC to DC converter. DC supplies are generally obtained by switching converters. Consequently, the same perturbing factors are present on DC networks. The thesis summarises the differences between the characteristic properties of flicker under AC and DC supplies. It has been shown in the literature and also in this thesis that the key factor affecting flicker with LEDs is the design of the LED driver-a necessary part of the LED lighting systems. This thesis describes a methodology for the evaluation of the flicker sensitivity of DC supplied LED lamps and analyses how the sensitivity changes when the LED drivers are simplified and accustomed to DC supply. The thesis presents a set of measurement experiments aimed to determine the typical flicker response of LED lamps both under AC and DC supply. Further experiments were performed to reveal the impact of accustomising the driver to the DC supply (removing the diode rectifier). It was found that some lamps show better flicker immunity while other lamps show worse flicker immunity. These experiments are accompanied by LED driver simulations aiming to reproduce and explain the measurement results. The thesis further describes a measurement experiment aimed to show the typical severity of the voltage fluctuation in a low voltage DC network coupled to AC mains and its impact on the flicker. It is concluded that such a system is robust enough to filter out any perturbations coming from the AC supply, but an undesired interaction between the lamp and the supply may occur
Christophe-Tchakaloff, Borjan. "ORQA : un canevas logiciel pour la gestion de l'énergie dans les véhicules électriques." Thesis, Brest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BRES0001/document.
Full textElectric vehicles are nowadays a viable alternative to vehicles built around an internal combustionengine. They offer a cleaner and more comfortable driving thanks to the electric engine. The energymanagement of an electric vehicle is usually focused on the engine operation, the biggest energyconsumer, thus ignoring the user comfort.The contribution presented in this thesis allows for the consideration of the user preferences insidethe energy management of electric vehicles. It takes shape with a framework named ORQA. First,the vehicle devices are characterised by their energy requirements and the quality levels they offer.An energy manager based on the devices characteristics is then integrated into the software systemof the vehicle. The manager offers the user a solution to configure a trip request. The configuration isbased on the usage preferences and optional constraints over duration and consumption. The solutiondefines a set of constraints on the motor and on the comfort-related devices during the trip execution.The energy manager is executed in the embedded systems of the vehicle which platforms are highlyconstrained. Thus, the energy manager’s implementation is optimised to satisfy the execution platformconstraints. The interest and the validity of the chosen approach are attested by the comparison ofthe original configuration and an optimised configuration on two example vehicles
Belmont, Cortés Edgar Israel. "Réorientations et réorganisations du service public de l'énergie électrique : les cas d'Electricité de France et de Luz y Fuerza del Centro (Mexique)." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009EVRY0007.
Full textThe objective of our investigation is to analyze the deregulation of the electric market, the slogan that redeploy and reorganize the service public and its effects in the productive member space. The thesis that develops is that one which redefines the mission of the service and the objectives of the company puts in the game the link of the worker with the company, with its activity and with the public user.In that way, the conversion of the public service to the model of the market represents a loss of coherence symbolical and a negotiation in which the sense that is assigned to the public service benefit. To show the convergence and the divergence of this process in both public companies, since a global point of view because they go through unstable and parallel situations, we have been analyzed, in the case of the Electricité de France: a) the transposition of the European directive and the transition to the model of the “competitive regulation”,b) the conversion of the commercial activity starting from that the direction instrumentality. i) the “professionalization of the sale” ii) the “solidarity activity” across the device that redeploy the assistance to the clients with precarious situation.In the case of the Luz y Fuerza del Centro: a) to turn the politic energy b) the controversy between to the mission of the public service and the impact in the process of the collective negotiation. c) the reorganization of the commercial activity starting from the quality of the service (included the way of how to deal with a user) get into the debate.Our interest has been built in a framework interpretative to understand the complexity of this process from a perspective comparative
Hamadi, Abdelhamid. "Contribution à l'étude des filtres hybrides de puissance utilisés pour améliorer la qualité de l'énergie dans le réseau électrique de distribution." Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2010. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/644/1/HAMADI_Abdelhamid.pdf.
Full textShafiee, Khoor Mohsen. "Amélioration de la qualité de l'énergie à l'aide de compensateurs actifs : série, parallèle ou conditionneurs unifiés de réseaux électriques." Nantes, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NANT2109.
Full textDue to deregulation in the power sectors of transmission and distribution, Power Quality (PQ) has become a distinguishing feature of electricity, to be treated as a commodity in the open market economy. On the other hand, the proliferation of power electronic equipment has lead to a significant increase of power quality problems. One of the major issues in improving power quality in distribution networks is the mitigation of network voltage distortions for proper operation of industrial process where there are sensitive and critical loads. The first to treat the voltage perturbations such as voltage dips, harmonics, flickers and voltage imbalances, the “dynamic voltage restorers” (DVR), based on the series active power filtering (SAPF) topology, is studied, analysed and discussed in detail in this thesis. Parallel active power filtering (PAPF); as a powerful tool for current harmonics and fundamental reactive power compensation; and their ontrol strategies are also studied. Different aspects concerning PAPF and SAPF, such as voltage and current distortion extraction, voltage source power converters and control strategies and design considerations are dealt with detail. To complete the studies a power flow study is presented to determine the power rating in different parts of a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) during the faults, which are carried out in a flicker phenomena as an interesting case study. A novel analogical method of perturbation detection is proposed for active filtering, and to stay analogue, the analogue PID controllers are proposed for different parts of a complete UPQC system. Extensive computer simulation using MATLAB/SIMULINK Power System Blockset and experimental results are used to show the viability and performance of the proposed DVR, PAPF and UPQC for different voltage and current perturbations rejection in different conditions both in steady state and transient times
Houssamo, Issam. "Contribution à l'étude théorique, à la modélisation et à la mise en oeuvre d'un système multisource appartenant à un micro-réseau électrique : considération sur la qualité de l'énergie." Compiègne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012COMP2020.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to study, analyze and develop a multisource system belonging to a DC micro-grid with consideration of some aspects of the power quality. Chapter I presents the interest of the smart grid to ensure better coordination between distributed generation and power consumption. Having in view the prediction, a purely experimental model of photovoltaic source is developed and presented inChapter II. Furthermore, in order to extract the maximum power of the photovoltaic source, a classical algorithm is improved and the extracted energy is compared with three other methods. In Chapter III, the security system elements, the electrochemical storage and the public grid, are characterized. In the case of a storage shortage, the public grid is used to supply power to the load, but also trade back excess energy. Chapter IV presents the control of multisource system and its experimental validation. The energy management strategy taken into account is based on switching between the elements which secure the multisource system. For this, the priority is given to storage characterized by its state of charge. Thanks to this strategy, the technical feasibility of the multisource system is experimentally validated. Chapter V gives some aspects related to the improvement of the power quality: for the public grid side, a resonant controller is proposed, for the DC bus side, the pulsating power is eliminated by injecting the opposite signal supplied by the electrochemical storage
Hadbi, Djamel. "Formulations de problèmes d’optimisation multiniveaux pour la conception de réseaux de bord électriques en aéronautique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAT115/document.
Full textWithin more electric aircraft context, electric systems and networks have to evolve. High energy density integration pushes designers to reconsider their systems, architectures and tools.An aircraft network contains a large number of multidisciplinary systems which come from different manufacturers. Each manufacturer designs its system separately following quality standards specified by the aggregator. The goal of this thesis is to provide system approaches which could deal with the high-level of complexity of the network while reaching the optimal design of all the system and so reduce the total weight in comparison with mechanistic approaches based on independent optimization loops for the different subsystems.Consulting MDO “Multidisciplinary Design Optimization” researches, we have developed a multilevel approach based on our previous studies and conclusions on classical approaches used in the design of electrical systems. The optimization concerns the input filters of the loads connected to the HVDC bus and the output filter of the generating channel which supply the electric power. The multilevel collaborative optimization allows an automated exchange of data between the aggregator (system level) and manufacturers (sub-system level) and thanks to that, the optimal design of all the system is joined. The strong points of this approach are the aggregated formulation and causality connections between sub-systems
Vechiu, Ionel. "Modélisation et analyse de l'intégration des énergies renouvelables dans un réseau autonome." Le Havre, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00179164.
Full textIn many of the remote areas, the diesel generator is the main source of power supply. The cost of grid extension is, and will probably continue to be, prohibitive and the fuel cost increases severely with the remoteness of the location. The combination of several energy sources (wind turbines, photovoltaic panels, small hydroelectric power plants etc. ) in a Hybrid Power System (HPS) can be very attractive for most of the remote areas, in terms of cost and availability. However, improvements of the design and operation of the HPS is still needed to allow this technology more competitive in remote areas. In this context, the work presented in this thesis gives a contribution to the behaviour analysis and the performances control of an HPS constituted by two renewable sources, a diesel generator and storage batteries. This kind of system is studied according to three aspects: sizing, maximizing the use of the renewable resource and power quality
Amaripadath, Deepak. "Development of Tools for Accurate Study of Supraharmonic Emissions in Smart Grids." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCA016.
Full textAs the worldwide concern for the climate change and its effects are growing, the governments are forced to make strong decisions in favour of the implementation of the smart electrical grids. However, the success of these actions strongly depends on meeting the certain requirements of the electricity system raised by the quality of the energy supplied and the means to assess it. The smart electrical networks have to tackle the challenges raised by the increasing uptake of the renewable energy sources, such as the photovoltaic (PV), wind, etc. and the equipment, such as photovoltaic inverters (PVI), electric vehicle chargers (EVC), etc. This introduces a complex dynamic operating environment for the distribution system. The distortions coming from the new generation and load equipment are generally larger and less regular than those due to the traditional generation and load equipment, making the power and energy measurements difficult to perform.In this context, the thesis aims to quantify and reproduce the supraharmonic emissions in the frequency range of 2 to 150 kHz. Therefore, the existing literature on the supraharmonic emissions in the frequency range of 2 to 150 kHz is studied. The 4-channel measurement system is designed and implemented for the measurement of the fundamental and supraharmonic components of the voltage and current waveforms in the frequency range of 2 to 150 kHz in the electrical network. The measurements are carried out in the Concept Grid platform. The individual equipment characterization and electrical network tests are carried out here. The waveforms acquired during the measurement campaigns are processed mathematically using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm and statistically using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) algorithm. The mathematical and statistical processing of the acquired waveforms helps to determine the individual effects and interactions of the different parameters in the generation of the supraharmonic emissions in the electrical network. The various parameters, such as the primary and secondary emissions, effects of the cable length, effects of the sudden addition and removal of the load equipment are also studied.The thesis describes the design of the complex waveform platform, which can be used for the laboratory testing and the characterization of the power quality analyzers (PQA) in the frequency range of 2 to 150 kHz. In the electrical networks, the waveform platform can be used to measure the supraharmonic emissions in the frequency range of 2 to 150 kHz. The software architecture of the waveform platform is described here. In addition, the paper explains the hardware design of the waveform platform. It also includes the laboratory and electrical network applications of the waveform platform. The laboratory setup for the characterization of the PQA and the measurement schema for the electrical network waveforms are also depicted here. The uncertainty budget for the waveform platform is calculated considering the various factors, such as the cable length, noise, etc. are discussed in the thesis. Finally, the PQA is characterized in the frequency range of 2 to 150 kHz with respect to the waveform platform for varying emission amplitudes
Wang, Wenlu. "Eco-conception des systèmes de transmission de l'énergie électrique." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00627890.
Full textRahmouni, Ahmed. "Contribution à la réforme du secteur de l'énergie électrique." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010IEPP0078.
Full textThese works relate to the political reforms of the public services that are applied in the sector of electricity. For the case of Maghreb, we suggest an “initiative” of reform for the electricity sector adapted to developing countries aiming at the promotion of the competitive commerce of electricity outside the market structures: (1) opening the access to all networks, including international interconnections, for all clients connected to HV and MV, mainly those who are sensitive to the price of electricity. This will let them to negotiate their power sourcing independently ; (2) opening the access of to all networks, and including international interconnections for all the independent production whose destination in the internal or external markets ; (3) to initiate the operation of an integrated system to manage offer and demand bids taking into account an optimal use of the networks. Concerning Europe, we propose an initiative of organizational reform in the electricity sector reinforcing the guidelines suggested by the European Union, to promote the competitive commerce of electricity and to create a large single European market ; (4) create a pan European entity coordinate the operation of national systems and integrate the markets ; (5) to promote the economic development of competitive offers in the countries of the Union that will reinforce the regional balances ; (6) reinforce the transmission infrastructures to put in competition the most efficient generation across Europe
El, mejdoubi Asmae. "Diagnostic de l’état de vieillissement des systèmes de stockage de l'énergie électrique : application : véhicule électrique." Caen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CAEN2021.
Full textThis thesis presents a diagnosis and aging study for electrical energy storage systems used in vehicular applications. It develops different online diagnosis methods for supercapacitors and Lithium-ion batteries state of health and state of charge estimation. A large aging storage systems database was elaborated under various stress conditions using a test bench developed in our laboratory. The storage systems characterizations were also taken at each aging step and under different constraints. This work has implemented a prediction aging model for supercapacitors calendar life. Unlike other aging models, where the supercapacitor capacity loss is assumed linear with the aging time, the proposed model takes advantage of the chemical reaction showing the parameters causing the aging process. Based on the experimental data, a comparison between the experimental results of the different aging models presented in the literature highlights the precision of the proposed calendar aging model in various operating conditions. Then, different models are proposed for the diagnosis of the state of charge and the state of health of supercapacitors and Lithium-ion batteries. Indeed, three online supercapacitors aging diagnostic models are presented. The proposed strategies capitalize the estimation capabilities of three observers, well-known tools for theirs particularities and performances to study nonlinear parameters estimation, namely: - The extended Kalman filter, - The sliding mode observer, - The adaptive observer. On the other hand, a hybrid diagnostic model for the diagnosis of the state of charge and the state of health of the Lithium-ion batteries is proposed considering the variation of the surface temperature. The proposed strategy is based on the performance of the extended Kalman filter to estimate the state of charge, while the adaptive estimation technique is used to a robust estimation of the state of health
Cheron, Yvon. "La commutation douce dans la conversion statique de l'énergie électrique." Toulouse, INPT, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988INPT084H.
Full textKallel, Emna. "Planification de la distribution de l'énergie électrique avec demande incertaine." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2003. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/5035.
Full textNeffati, Ahmed. "Stratégies de gestion de l'énergie électrique d'un système multi-source : décision floue optimisée pour véhicule électrique hybride." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2015/.
Full textThe energy management of hybrid electric vehicles (VHE) has been a major scientific effort in recent years. In addition, the power required in a (VHE) must be managed online within the constraints of charge and available energy. We are particularly interested in our work to the energy management of a hybrid vehicle, the problem is the instantaneous distribution of the electric power required through the two energy sources as much as possible by optimizing the overall consumption hydrogen on a given mission profile. We start in the first phase of study the characterization of mission profiles with the aim to find characterization tools that will help us to choose the laws of commands that are part of a process of energy management online. In the second study phase, energy strategies that rely on frequency management management techniques have been developed. Then we present a method for power management in line based on fuzzy rules, this method has been improved by the application of a method of fuzzy switching. This strategy leads the fuel cell to operate at best efficiency point. It has been verified that if this method is applied to an unknown online profile, the consumption obtained is near optimal
Houari, Azeddine. "Contribution à l'étude de micro-réseaux autonomes alimentés par des sources photovoltaïques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0293/document.
Full textThe actual electrical energy demand focuses on the development of stand-alone electrical systems which leads to the definition of new directives on performances and reliability of the electrical structures, especially those based on renewable energy. The main objective of this work concerns the development of new tools to improve the power quality and the stability of autonomous micro-grid systems. In this aim, new control algorithms based on the concept of differential flatness have been developed. The main advantage of the proposed technique is the possibility of implementing one loop controllers ensuring high dynamic properties. In the same time, it allows accurate prediction of the evolution of all state variables of the system. Concerning the stability of the autonomous micro-grid systems, we proposed tools to deal with instability phenomena either caused by the loss of load information and the resonance phenomenon of the passive filters
Mendalek, Nassar. "Qualité de l'onde électrique et moyens de mitigation." Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2003. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/729/1/MENDALEK_Nassar_Hanna.pdf.
Full textSantana, José. "Mesure de charges d'espace dans les câbles de transport de l'énergie électrique." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20030.
Full textHankache, Walid. "Gestion optimisée de l'énergie électrique d'un groupe électrogène hybride à pile à combustible." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00567577.
Full textSavard, Christophe. "Amélioration de la disponibilité opérationnelle des systèmes de stockage de l'énergie électrique multicellulaires." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI111/document.
Full textHigh-capacity electrical energy storage system (EESS) are often matrix-organized system with a large number of elementary storage cells. Due to manufactoring tolerances and their individual use, the electrical characteristics of these cells do not evolve in the same way. These imbalances reduce operative dependability, in the short term by contributing to a decrease of the charge-discharge capacity, in the long-term by shortening lifetime. To improve storage performance, redundant cells can be added. It is also possible, in order to increase efficiency of stored energy restitution, to balance electrical characteristics by using energy exchange forced by an adequate configuration. It should therefore be possible to increase long-term operative dependability by reconfiguring internal connections in dynamic mode. Parallel-series (PS) architecture EESS consists of the series association of blocks, made up of several cells connected in parallel. Series-Parallel dual solution (SP) associates strings of cells in parallel. If other architectures are being studied, often requiring several switches per cell to reconfigure the matrix, we propose in this thesis a new architecture, called C3C, satisfying an acceptable level of reliability and distributing current flows. We then compare the classic solutions and the C3C in terms of reliability and the long-term operative dependability and propose a reflection on the possibilities to discrete control aspects to pilot architecture with a suitable control algorithm. The reliability of any structure can be improved by redundancy, with additional cells that will be used either to replace failing cells or temporarily supplemeting the weak ones. The system may also be designed to tolerate the defect of a portion of the cells. We demonstrate by modeling reliability diagrams and Markov chains that the C3C and PS architectures have a much eigher level of reliability than a SP architecture. The sustainability of these structures can also be improved by piloting activating and rest of the available resources according to different strategies in a choice algorithm based on SoC (State of Charge) or SoH (State of Health) of each cell. To do this, we model a cell on Matlab, precisely simulating the aging parameters and their dynamic evolution. It emerges that, whatever the architecture, if it includes a minimal share of redundant cells, an adequate differentiated management of the cells allows an improvement of the long-term operative dependability of nearly 40% on average. In order to study the reconfigurability control of architectures, we propose a model based on Discrete Event Systems through a colored Petri net. Simulation of this model has reinforced the behaviors already identified
Gounant, Serge. "Création et réalisation d'un module de gestion optimisée de l'énergie électrique : application ferroviaire embarquée." Nancy 1, 1997. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1997_0084_GOUNANT.pdf.
Full textVuillermot, Catherine. "L'énergie industrielle : d'une société à un groupe de production-distribution d'énergie électrique (1906-1945)." Lyon 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO22020.
Full textThis research work depicts the formation and functioning of an industrial group from 1906 to 1945. The energie industrielle chooses a strategy of external development. So, as to make up an important portfolio of securities, p-m. Durand plans financial strategies, which are common today, but which were precocious then. Those strategies result from a policy of parent company as well as from its holding company. The main part of the growth is horizontal. It contributes to the creation in brittany or in the "rhone-alpes" area of real regional monopolies due to an intense policy of concentration and rationalization. However, its working structure does not result in the creation of a large company but in the creation of a group. Being a group of legally independent companies, the latter only exists through a network of people centered on the durand family who inspire that group with a management. Databases allow to analyse both the group's owners, that is to say the stockholders, and its reality, that is to say the network of managers. So, we can point out whether the group is either an entreprise-like, family-like or corporation-like structure. The durand family is faithfull to a paternalistic policy without uniformity, it multiplies the agreements with its competitors and is involved in the setting up of the interconnexion national network. After basing its growth on the distribution, the group bets on the development of the hydro-electric production. On the whole, affiliates make important profits, which enables to give out good dividends. This policy has the advantage of multiplying the number of potential small subscribers and of avoiding the use of an important shave-holder. Thus, the whole decision-making power is left in the hands of the family. But in 1946 the group is nationalized
Deladreue, Sophie. "Planification et fonctionnement des réseaux de grand transport de l'énergie électrique en environnement concurrentiel." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066094.
Full textAit, Laasri Hicham. "Étude et élaboration de matériaux ferroélectriques sans plomb pour le stockage de l'énergie électrique." Thesis, Littoral, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018DUNK0528/document.
Full textFerroelectric materials with a high dielectric permittivity and low dielectric losses are very attractive for the realization of capacitors and for electrical energy storage. To improve the electrical energy density Wd, the structural and dielectric properties influence the ferroelectric parameters such as the maximum polarization Pm and the remanent polarization Pr under an applied electric field Em. This manuscript proposes to study the structural, dielectric and ferroelectric properties of ceramics derived from BaTiO₃ (BT) and SrTiO₃ (ST) as well as pure PVDF thick films and composites such as PVDF/BT and PVDF/BZT. The ceramics were synthesized by the solid state reaction reaction route and the sol-gel process. The subsitution in the A-sites or B-sites of the BaTiO₃ material with cations such Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺ and Zr⁴⁺ reduces the electrical energy density Wd and increases the energy storage efficiency η. The ceramic BaZr₀.₅Ti₀.₅O₃ (BZT0.5) has the highest energy storage efficiency (η=75%). The substitution in the A-sites of SrTiO₃ material with 40% of Ca²⁺ cations reduces the dielectric permittivity (ε'∽200), but is more stable over a wide frequency range [100 Hz -1 GHZ]. The Sr₀.₆Ca₀.₄TiO₃ ceramic prepared by sol-gel process has the highest electrical energy density (Wd = 0.149 J/cm³) under an electrical field Em = 105 kV/cm. The PVDF thick films were synthesized by Spin-Coating. The dielectric permittivity of pure PVDF thick films increases when increasing the thickness. The addition of BT and BTZ0.15 particles in the PVDF polymer matrix increases the dielectric permittivity of the composite PVDF/BT thick films (ε'=32 for 30% of BT particles) and PVDF/BZT0.15 ones (ε'=32 for 15% of BZT particles)
Caillierez, Antoine. "Etude et mise en oeuvre du transfert de l'énergie électrique par induction : application à la route électrique pour véhicules en mouvement." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLC010/document.
Full textInductive power transfer has become a flourishing subject, considering the current geopolitical and environmental situation and the new technological possibilities. The electric road may lead to important and valuable consequences: extended range for electric vehicles and even hybrids, from a simple bonus to an infinite range, depending on the infrastructure set up, down-sized on-board batteries, reduction of the weight and cost of the vehicle and lowered importations of both battery cells and oil for the benefit of local investments .The solution developed uses a magnetic medium for the transfer. Therefore, it involves loosely coupled coils, implying inevitably strong leakage inductances and outstanding associated voltage drops. A new type of DC-DC converter was imagined to answer those issues. It is based on the concept of symmetry; a detailed analysis conducted with phasor diagrams leads to a specific working principle, which has been named the “voltage copying”. Thus, the DC/DC converter designed works with a realistic air-gap of 15 centimeters, a longitudinal tolerance to displacement up to +/-50% and a stable output voltage with low losses despite large coupling variations. And it all works without any communication between the ground part and the mobile part. These results make a dynamic charging seriously worth investigating.It requires to sequence the power supply of a multitude of small coils buried beneath the road surface, at the right time and for the right position. Putting inactive coils in a resonant short-circuit mode enables to use current measures to precisely detect the switching time from one coil to the next. This original solution, free of any position sensor, does not prevent the specific “voltage copying” property and the design principles developed in the first part
Gueorguieva-Faye, Diana. "Enjeux autour de l'énergie électrique éolienne en Ardèche.La construction sociale du plateau de Saint-Agrève." Phd thesis, Museum national d'histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00276321.
Full textL'approche anthropologique est ici utilisée pour analyser la construction de l'acceptabilité sociale des éoliennes et la contradiction paysage/énergie/environnement au sein même des mouvements écologistes. L'étude de terrain sur le plateau de Saint-Agrève montre que l'identité locale peut aujourd'hui se construire autour d'un projet commun, un projet de production énergétique.
Chenailler, Hervé. "L'efficacité d'usage énergétique : pour une meilleure gestion de l'énergie électrique intégrant l'usager dans les bâtiments." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00771667.
Full textGueorguieva-Faye, Diana. "Enjeux autour de l'énergie électrique éolienne en Ardèche : la construction du plateau de Saint-Agrève." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MNHN0014.
Full textAfter the ratification in 2001 of the European Directive on renewable energies France finds itself in a period of legislative and administrative adjustments of its energy policy regarding the wind energy. There is a reaction of often violent opposition coming from the near-by residents of future wind parks who push forward environment and democracy related problems. The anthropological approach is used here to analyze the built-up of social acceptability of the wind mills and the contradiction between landscape/energy/environment inside the environmental movements. The terrain survey of Saint-Agrève's plateau shows that today the local identity can be built around a common project which is a project of energy production
Chenailler, Hervé. "L'efficacité d'usage énergétique : pour une meilleure gestion de l'énergie électrique intégrant les occupants dans les bâtiments." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00734291.
Full textYuan, Jinkai. "Elaboration et optimisation des composites comportant des nanotubes de carbone pour le stockage de l'énergie électrique." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00784198.
Full textMorales, jadan Diego. "Développement de la gestion optimale de l'énergie électrique dans les îles Galápagos vers les Reséaux Intelligents." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAT106/document.
Full textThe Galápagos Islands are an archipelago of volcanic islands located in the Pacific Ocean, 926 km west of continental Ecuador, of which they are a part. Since 1978, Galapagos Islands are accepted as Heritage World, due to the growth of the population, there are several social, economic and environmental problems, which endanger the environment conservation of the Islands.In this context, the Ecuadorian government desires to preserve its ecological heritage. Hence, with the participation of several stakeholders mainly the Ministry of Energy and Renewable Energy, it is releasing a lot of initiatives. In order to improve the general services that are provided in the islands, this goal will be achieved by means of reducing fossil fuel consumption and therefore CO2 emissions. Thus, this thesis has analyzed the impact of new services on the grid such as the mandatory replacement of conventional vehicles and cookers for efficient ones and to propose solutions for reducing negative issues originated on the network. Also, a strong integration of distributed generation is considered in the analysis.In addition, innovative solutions for both low and medium voltage have been designed and tested for improving the electrical service without affecting the environment and conserving this world heritage. For instance, a smart DSM program composed of Time of Use scheme combined with Demand Response has shown interesting results, the installation of a Battery Energy Storage System has been studied as well; the results in Medium Voltage are promising. An Automatic Phase Switching system is adapted like a solution for reducing unbalance in low voltage with impressive results. The deployment of reclosers has demonstrated a considerable improvement in the reliability with a Return on Investment very short.Considering the Information and Communication Technologies a key piece to deploy Smart Grids, the communication architecture of the Neighbor, Field and Home Area Networks is addressed. As last, an Energy Management System for performing optimal energy management within Galapagos is designed. All these studies have a significant challenge: the optimal management of electricity of isolated grid with zero fossil energy
Pronovost, Francis. "Développement d'un concentrateur solaire dans une perspective d'exploitation durable de l'énergie solaire." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27556/27556.pdf.
Full textCapri, Roger. "Du monopole public au processus de restructuration du secteur de l'énergie électrique en Côte d'Ivoire (1960-1998)." Bordeaux 4, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR40003.
Full textGrossoleil, David. "Etude de l'hybridation d'énergie humaine, synthèse de commandes minimisant l'énergie consommée par un vélo à assistance électrique." Limoges, 2014. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/e64bb679-1855-427d-93c0-36b85f2dbe69/blobholder:0/2014LIMO4007.pdf.
Full textBicycle is a transportation mean whose major advantages with respect to individual cars are to decrease greenhouse effect and to improve the health of the rider. Electrically assisted bicycles (EAB) may impulse a technological breakthrough that would encourage massive modal shift from private car use to this virtuous transportation mode. The objective of this work is to improve the control of the assistance of the EAB with the conflicting objectives to maximize their autonomy while ensuring the rider comfort. This problem is formulated as an Optimal Control problem that minimizes the energy consumed under the constraint of an imposed average speed. The methodology is based on a multi-physics modeling of EAB and its rider. An instrumented EAB is used to calibrate an electro-mechanical modeling. The human behavior modeling is designed thanks to a literature study and measurements achieved on 14 cyclists. The human power behavior is modeled as a regulated power source. Control design is first based upon the Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle in the context of academic assumptions, it yields a reference solution. With weaker but more realistic assumptions, the control design is based on the Bellman’s Principle applied to a sampled problem. The problem is thus reformulated as finding an optimal path in an energy valued graph. The optimal path is found by an A* algorithm assisted by a well-adapted heuristic function. Moreover, a 18% reduction of the computation time is obtained by using an ad-hoc pruning method. Results show that the optimal control saves 12 % of energy and does not affect the cyclist’s behavior
Scotto, Philippe. "Nécessité et faisabilité d'une démarche qualité de l'information : application au cas de l'agence internationale de l'énergie atomique, laboratoire d'environnement marin." Toulon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOUL0007.
Full textAt the turn of the third millennium, globalization, and new information technology are about to develop radical changes in our society. In a world of constant crises, the manipulation of information has become commonplace. In order to give back some of its lost credibility, homo sapiens demens has had to have recourse to Science. Henceforth, the label "scientific" has become the guarantor of information quality. Thus, scientists have seen their responsibility and their role of counselor reinforced amongst political decision-makers. The idea behind the subject of this research stems from four years of labour dedicated to pollution control and protection of the marine environment. The root of the hypothesis is the following:there does not exist today in the domain of sensitive scientific information management and, more precisely, in the sector of radioactive contamination of the oceans and seas, any quality control system that covers all the production chain of this information, therefore guaranteeing the traceability of information, a condition that is necessary but alas insufficient for quality. A feasibility study carried out at the International Atomic Energy Agency on the certification of information quality arising from radioactive contamination in the marine environment permitted us to identify the various components of the production chain and to elaborate a Total Quality Control Management System (TQCMS). This approach contributes through the institutional capacity to manage sensitive scientific information, to the improvement of the quality of information and to the enhancement of the system as a whole
Ruscassie, Robert. "Contribution à l'étude des modes d'alimentation des lampes à décharge haute pression à halogènures métalliques en vue d'une application gradable pour l'éclairage urbain." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20218.
Full textPain, Mario Saul. "Conception et réalisation d'un code NxOD destiné à l'étude du transport de l'énergie électronique dans les tokamaks." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112073.
Full textBerkoune, Karima. "Approche mathématique pour la modulation de largeur d'impulsion pour la conversion statique de l'énergie électrique : application aux onduleurs multiniveaux." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30310/document.
Full textThe power electronic converters are increasingly exploited in particular in applications requiring variable speed machines. The use of more effcient and more powerful components coupled with new multilevel structures widens the fields of application and allows high efficiency functioning. These converters are able to manage, with a suitable control, the energy transfer between different sources and different receivers depending on the used converter family. In the control interface, a particular pattern is used to generate control signais for the switches, it is the modulation. Generally, the modulation strategy takes two forms : a Modulation based on comparaison modulating - caiTier (Carrier based Pulse Width Modulation, (CPWM)) or a Vector Modulation (SVM). The purpose of the PWM is to generate a signal which has a mean value as nearest as possible to the desired sinusoidal signal. The usual control by PWM, in the case of multi-level architectures, requires as many triangular carriers as there are cells to be controlled within an arm. The modulation strategy selection for each multilevel topology is based on optimizing criterias related to the quality of the produced waveforms after the conversion. The choice of the variable to implement in the PWM scheme requires expertise of the experimenter and refers little to the initial mathematical model that can be established to characterize the operation of the power electronics architecture. Concerning the vector strategies SVM, the lack of a compatible model with PWM inverters is observed. The three-phase inverters with two or N voltage levels can be modeled in the form of equations of a compatible linear system that is written as V= f(a) in the case of a sinusoïdal PWM and V= f(1) in the case of SVM, with V represents phase voltages, ais a duty cycle and fthe switching instants. In this basic configuration, it is found that the matrix linking these voltages duty cycles (or switching times) adrnits no inverse, which means that it is not possible with the usuallinear functions theories to solve this system in order to express the duty ratios (or the instants of switching) as a function of the reference voltages. This is the reason that today a number of practical implementations of modulation is done after experimental analysis of the consequences of strategy choices on the variables of interest. This study proposes the development of a generic formulation for the modeling of voltage inverters and especially multilevel inverters. The development of generic models for the implementation of modulation strategies is illustrated. The extension of the average model to the three-phase systems is performed to the usual structures of N levels such as the floating capacity and H bridge inverters. The idea is to generalize the model to the multi-level architectures, whether by the sinusoidal PWM modulation expressing the alpha as an output variable, or by the SVM expressing tau. This thesis aims to define a modeling approach and mathematically express the set of solutions in order to generate modulation strategies for various architectures of inverters studied. This will be done using a tool for solving linear systems. This resolution is based on finding degrees of freedom, to be identified at first, then express them in a second step by establishing the link with the criteria to optimize for given architectures. Two examples of application have been implemented on conventional two levels of voltage inverters and the thtree levels flying capacitor voltage inverter
Hemche, Noureddine. "Étude et mise en oeuvre du transfert sans contact de l'énergie électrique et de l'information dans les systèmes embarqués." Amiens, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AMIE0112.
Full textThibault, Robert. "Contrôle de l'énergie injectée dans un réseau électrique par un convertisseur triphasé utilisant un régulateur basé sur un modèle interne sinusoïdal." Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2006. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/511/1/THIBAULT_Robert.pdf.
Full textBeltran, Alain. "L'énergie électrique dans la région parisienne entre 1878 et 1946 : production, distribution et consommation d'électricité dans le département de la Seine." Paris 4, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA040405.
Full textHistory of electricity supply and electricity consumption in the Seine district between the 1878 universal exhibition and the 1946 nationalization of the French electricity supply industry
Tabanjat, Abdulkader. "Modélisation, commande et supervision d'un système multi-sources connecté au réseau avec stockage tampon de l'énergie électrique via le vecteur hydrogène." Thesis, Belfort-Montbéliard, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BELF0266/document.
Full textThe limited reserves of fossil fuel and the pollution gases produced pave the way to promising alternativeRenewable Energy Sources (RESs) such as Solar Energy Sources (SESs) and Wind Energy Sources (WESs).SESs and WESs are freely available and environmentally friendly. However, RESs are intermittent in nature.Therefore, the smoothing of power fluctuations by storing the energy during periods of oversupply and restore it tothe grid when demand becomes necessary. Accordingly, Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) can be appropriatelyused for this purpose.Using several energy sources for constructing HPSs alongside with ESS will require an energy managementstrategy to achieve minimum HPS cost and optimal balance between energy generation and energy consumption.This energy management method is a mechanism to achieve an ideal energy production and to conveniently satisfythe load demand at relatively high efficiency.In this thesis, a Hybrid Power System (HPS) including Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) such as main sourcescombined with Gas Micro-Turbine (GMT) and hydrogen storage system such as Back-up Sources (BKUSs) hasbeen presented. The aim of this hybridization is to build a reliable system, which is able to supply the load andhaving the ability to store the excess energy in hydrogen form and reuse it later when demanded. Consequently, thestored energy at the end of each cycle will be zero and a minimum generated power cost is achieved. In addition,partial shading problem of Photovoltaic (PV) panels is comprehensively studied and a new solution based on simpleswitches and Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) integrated into dSPACE electronic card is created. Consequently, a realtime PV panels reconfiguration and disconnecting shaded ones is performed and minimum power losses isachieved. Then, the PV panels are connected to a Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyser (PEM ELS). Theemitted temperature by the PV panels is transferred to the endothermic element PEM ELS. Consequently, anefficiency enhancement of the hybrid system PVPEM ELS is realized
Caldeira, Nabo Adelphe. "Contribution à l'estimation et à l'amélioration de la production de l'énergie photovoltaïque." Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR4058/document.
Full textThis study deals with the development of hardware and software tools to estimate and improve the efficiency of the PV energy conversion chain for household photovoltaic applications. We firstly proposed a new mixed 5-level inverter. This type of structure, based on the mixture of a full bridge inverter and NPC architecture, reduces the converter output voltage THD while reducing levels of leakage current induced by the PV modules. This architecture consists of a limited number of semiconductor devices with respect to a NPC structure and improves the robustness of the inverter. Several test results in reduced power validate the concept proposed. Finally, we focus on some parameters that could perturb the system and impact the energy production. It is highlighted that the impact of the convective heat transfer coefficient variation with wind speed is important. For this purpose, a flexible tool was developed to estimate the PV production. It is then possible to quantify and qualify the impact of wind speed on the photovoltaic energy production
Roussel, Kévin. "Évaluation et amélioration des plates-formes logicielles pour réseaux de capteurs sans-fil, pour optimiser la qualité de service et l'énergie." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0051/document.
Full textIn the field of wireless sensors networks (WSN), specialized network stacks have been a very active research field for many years. However, most of this research, especially on lower layers of the network stacks, did not go beyond theory. Their implementations have generally not been the subject of deep or systematic effort, especially within the framework of dedicated operating systems. We thus propose, in this thesis, to focus on interaction analysis between lower layers’ protocols and dedicated software platforms, and to optimize them, especially at the implementation level. We first review and evaluate the various dedicated operating systems, and choose the one offering the necessary features to implement efficient and innovative MAC/RDC protocols. We then study, improve and optimize these lower layers of specialized stacks, and show, with an actual implementation of one of our advanced MAC/RDC protocols, that we can bring significant improvements in the quality of service (QoS) of WSNs, especially under heavy network traffic. We also report inaccuracies in Cooja/MSPSim simulations/emulations, and analyze the reliability issues caused by the use of this tool for performing evaluations (especially time-related) of WSNs. We finally propose some new leads for future enhancements and optimizations of the lower layers of these specialized network stacks, in order to further improve the liability, performances and energy consumption of WSNs
Perret, Damien. "Approche expérimentale et étude théorique des mécanismes de dissipation de l'énergie vibratoire : application aux résonateurs acoustiques à haut facteur de qualité." Lyon, INSA, 2003. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2003ISAL0046/these.pdf.
Full textThe objectives of the present work are, from the experimental aspect, the elaboration and the characterization of the vibratory properties of materials, for mechanical resonators with high quality factor (Q) applications. From a theoretical point of view, the aim is the identification and the evaluation of the vibratory energy damping mechanisms in the 10 kHz frequencies range. From the experimental aspect, we developped a vibratory characterisation device which allows detection of the resonant modes and the measurement of Q. We used the gaz-film levitation process in order to elaborate silica glass samples of various qualities. We showed that the intrinsic damping of synthetic silica glasses is about one order of magnitude less compared to natural silica glasses damping in the 10 kHz range. A post-elaboration chemical surface treatment was developped ; the Q values of samples attacked were significantly increased. The highest Q values measured are about 107 for synthetic glass samples. In order to understand the origin of the different damping levels observed, a set of chemical, optical and acoustical characterisations was carried out. From a theoretical point of view, we investigated the dissipation sources leading to internal damping in materials. We showed that thermoelastic damping may be an important criteria for the selection of resonant materials. We also developped theoretical models to evaluate the dissipation mechanisms that have not been clearly identified before. Thus we showed an important relationship between the internal stress level and intrinsic damping. On the other hand, Q values do not seem to be affected by the presence of low concentration impurities. Finally, we also investigated vibratory properties of two other potentially interesting materials: monocrystalline sapphire samples elaborated by the shaping crystal growth technique, and Pd-Ni-Cu-P bulk metallic glasses obtained by fusion in cold crucible and casting. These two materials exhibit lower Q values compared to those measured on silica glass samples
Lopez, de Heredia Bermeo Amaia. "Commande avancées des systèmes dédiés à l'amélioration de la qualité de l'énergie : de la basse tension à la montée en tension." Grenoble INPG, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INPG0150.
Full textThe present PhD deals with the control of power eIectronic devices for power quality systems. Different advanced digital control structures (integrator based controllers, Dead-Beat control, Space Veètor Modulation - Direct Power Control) have been analysed and compared, in theory and in practice, for muIti-frequency applications such as shunt power active filtering. Ln the first part a study in low voltage has been carried out. Afterwards, in view of the evolution of power electronics towards higher power applications, the anaIysis has been focused on the consequences and restrictions that find power electronic converters in a medium voltage application context. The most important restrictions are related to semiconductors limitations (in terms of current, voltage and especially switching frequency). Ln addition, very powerful control structures are necessary in order to overcome as much as possible these limitations and make the best of these converters