Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Quality development planning'

Includes bibliographical references.<br>The report outlines details of research in distribution network development with consideration of costs due to quality. Network planning methods are diverse with the common objective of establishing minimum cost options without violating network constraints. The selected network alternative is directed to meet customer requirements. Network planning models have evolved from consideration of simplistic models to multi variable and more realistic approaches. It is not always possible to achieve the desired outcome because planning is a difficult and complex task. There are usually uncertainties due to vague or no information available about the long-term (15-20 years) planning. The uncertainties generally result in risks, which have to be sufficiently analysed before reaching planning decisions. The recently proposed Minimum Risk Criterion is not a preferred risk resolution approach because it suggests that utilities should not establish expensive networks due to cost risk. Uncertainty modeling approaches based on fuzzy logic are proposed as the solution for analysis of uncertain conditions where very limited information is available. Costs in distribution lines are usually due to capital investment and operating costs. Distribution capital costs are primarily due to cost of conductor, s ucture and insulator. The cost of conductor and structure varies with size and type. Insulator costs do not vary significantly with variations in insulator type and properties. Quality related costs are a relatively new concept in distribution costing and are developed in the research. They are primarily due to mitigation, condition monitoring and interruptions. Quality mitigation costs are defined in the mitigation cost models in Figure 4- 8 and Figure 4- 9. The impact cost values in the models were established on the basis of assumptions, which require further research. According to CTLab [12], quality-monitoring equipment costs could vary from R50, 000 to R250, 000. Interruption costs are incurred through penalty cost and revenue losses. The penalty cost is similar to the revenue loss cost in many respects but is incurred when the standard limits are violated. Revenue loss costs are applicable whenever the frequency or voltage deviates from the nominal. It may be preferred to accept revenue losses where mitigation is expensive.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2002.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 147-149).<br>This research examines practices that achieve an urban fabric unique to its cultural heritage by promoting innovation in local building industries while embracing notions of urban livability. Prevailing urban livability theorists argue that built form is a physical manifestation of the expression of culture and agree that cultural heritage is important to a community's sustainability and identity. The central hypothesis is that "Quality" in the built environment in Bhutan is accomplished only by employing traditional building practices. "Quality", as defined here, is achieved when two factors are satisfied: 1) the construction is equal to or above established standards and, 2) the construction practice possesses the distinct characteristics of the culture. This hypothesis is tested through five case studies of current buildings in urban centers and through various discussions with design professionals, construction practitioners, government officials and others in Thimphu, Bhutan. The Royal Government of Bhutan is at the forefront of cultural heritage initiatives and has been celebrated for its progressive Gross National Happiness (GNH) development vision, a document that articulates the criteria for defining the distinct characteristics of the Bhutanese culture. However, the government has been challenged to implement this vision while facing the rapid development of its nascent urban centers. As part of the conclusion, the thesis proposes the establishment of a research institute, The Housing Research Institute of Bhutan, for the study of responsible building practices in support of GNH. The mission would be to inform design, development and construction processes formulated from the collection and dissemination of information, promotion of knowledge exchange, and support of research on materials, regulation, management and design through building demonstration projects. The institute will act as a conduit for the convergence of information and priorities between industry, contractors, government agencies and the public.<br>Alexis Anne Bennett.<br>M.C.P.

Human and environmental well-being is the main goal of sustainable development. Quality of Life (QoL) which is often used to measure human well-being, constitutes existential factors, but excludes attributes of people and local environment. In the absence of people’s perception towards the environment and satisfaction associated with environmental features, QoL remains an incomplete expression of human well-being. This study includes attributes of people and environment and has defined a new QoL metric – environmental QoL (QoLe) – to measure progress towards sustainability at neighbourhood scale. The QoLe model includes environmental attributes, perceived neighbourhood satisfaction and environmental attitudes of people, and explores the relationships between them. The testing of the model involved field work in an ecologically sustainable development (ESD) and a conventional neighbourhood from south-east Queensland, Australia. In the ESD, protection and enhancement of the natural environment was emphasised and the built environment is designed to be environment friendly and sustainable. Majority of the residents demonstrated a Preservation (pro environmental) attitude and expressed an overall high level of satisfaction with their neighbourhood. The conventional neighbourhood lacked sustainable planning and design features. Majority of the residents demonstrated a Utilisation (pro-utilitarian) attitude and they were relatively less satisfied with their neighbourhood environment quality. The QoLe allows exploration of congruity/ incongruity between neighbourhood environmental quality and the level of satisfaction associated with them. It will provide policy planners, developers and designers with an understanding of the conflicting interests between the neighbourhood environment quality and individuals’ expectations based on their environmental attitudes. The study highlights that environmental and human well-being requires people-environment congruity.

An increasing number of companies are reporting their environmental performance, impacts, and activities. The objectives of such reports are many including, in particular, reacting to external pressures from company stakeholders demanding more information about environmental performance. This might also be matched by management requiring information to better run the business - hence an internal requirement for information that would then be available for publication. Because, this environmental reporting serves multiple objectives and satisfies different needs of different readers, it varies in the type of information provided, the scope and depth of material disclosed, presentation formats used, the credibility of the information provided and its overall quality. Although richness of report content, scope of topics covered, presentation and credibility of this content have all been used to assess the quality of corporate environmental reporting (CER), to date most prior studies have looked simply at the volume of and/or the types of information when assessing the quality of CER. Studies have used two main indices to measure disclosure quality; subjective analysts' indices and semi-objective indices. Subjective indices such as the Association of Investment Management and Research (AIMR), formerly the Financial Analysts Federation (FAF) disclosure ratings, are built on corporate disclosures' ratings weighted by a panel of leading analysts in each industry. In semi-objective indices, on the other hand, a pre-determined list of items (topics of disclosure) is developed and tested for their presence (absence ) and/or the richness of their content. It is noted that most disclosure studies adopt this second approach in the form of disclosure index studies, a partial type of content analysis. Other disclosure measures have included textual analysis such as thematic content analysis, readability studies, and linguistic analysis. However, there is no consensus about the best measure for assessing reporting quality. One of the most important limitations encountered in the disclosure literature is the difficulty in assessing the quality of disclosure (Healy and Palepu, 2001; Urquiza et al., 2009). For example, these studies identify three key limitations. Firstly, there is inherent subjectivity involved in the selection of the quality measure and in the coding scheme to assess this 'quality' generally researchers choose their own methods or proxies. Secondly, there is an ignorance of the quality perceptions of preparers and users of corporate disclosure. Hammond and Miles (2004) argue that we cannot assess the quality of disclosure independently of a detailed understanding of users' need of disclosure. Thirdly, it has been common to use annual reports (ARs) to assess the extent and quality of corporate responsibility disclosure, ignoring the other reporting media such as corporate responsibility reports (CRRs), websites, home advertisings, etc (Forst et al., 2005; KPMG, 2011). Thus considering the fact that robust, reliable, and replicable quality assessment is problematic, the objectives of this research are threefold. Firstly, to build a more representative quality model based on the findings of a questionnaire ascertaining the views of both preparers and distinct categories of readers of ARs and/or CRRs. Secondly, to apply this model to FTSE 100 CER in both ARs and CRRs to ascertain whether the proxies frequently used in prior literature yield similar results to those derived from this more complex model. Thirdly, to investigate whether the common use of ARs, rather than more detailed CRRs in assessing CER quality is giving a misleading picture of the level and richness of disclosure available to stakeholders.

Treatment planning standardization efforts were made for the Stereotactic Radiosurgery(SRS) program at the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal. A standardized dose objective template for SRS was made in collaboration with physicians in our clinic. A web based platform was made for radiotherapy research and data analysis. The web platform was made with considerations for ease of distribution and customizability. A plan report module was made for the web platform to automatically analyze dose statistics and generate SRS plan reports. The plan report module was well received by dosimetrists in our clinic and reduced the labour required in plan evaluation. A total of 35 approved treatment plans were imported into the web application for analysis. A quantitative metric, Quality Index (QI), was developed to measure SRS plan compliance to the standardized plan evaluation template. The results show increased average QI and decreased QI variation between pre-release and post-release of the web application. The validation of QI as a quality indicator of a treatment plan warrants further study.<br>Des efforts ont ete fait envers la standarisation de la planification de traitements pour le programme de radiochirurgie stereotactique (SRS) a l'Hopital General Juifde Montreal. Un modele standardise d'objectifs de dose pour la SRS a ete construit en collaboration avec les medecins clinique. Une plate-forme web a ete programme afin de faire l'analyse des donnees de recherche. Le web a ete choisis comme hote de la plate-forme en raison de la facilite de distribution et d'adaptation des applications web. Un module de redaction de rapports automatique est inclue dans la plate-forme pour effectuer une analyse statistique de la dose pour chaque plan et ensuite rediger un rapport. Le module a ete implante en clinique avec succes et une reduction marquee de la charge de travail requise pour l'evaluation des plans de traitement pour la SRS. Un total de 35 plans ont ete approuve pour l'importation dans la plateforme web pour l'analyse de donnees. Un metrique quantificatif surnomme L'index de Qualite (QI) a ete developpe pour evaluer l'adherence des plans au modele standard construit. Les resultats demontrent une hausse du QI ainsi qu'une baisse de la variance entre chaque plans suite a l'implantation de la plate-forme web. D'autres etudes doivent etre performes pour valider le QI en tant qu'indicateur de qualite de plans.

At the Primary Health Care Centre in Vännäs (VPHCC), northern Sweden, a development work was implemented in 1976-1980. The overall purpose was to enhance primary health care planning. In trying to improve health care delivery cooperation with community members was initiated and some organizational changes like a new appointment system, a new medical record and local care programs for some common diseases were introduced. Official statistics were also used for comparative purposes. The aims of the work were postulated (increased accessibility, higher continuity, more equitable distribution and enhanced cooperation) and suitable methods were designed. From postal surveys, chartreviews and administrative data (from hospitals, out-patient clinics and health centres) figures and information were collected. Accessibility was studied by waiting room time which was reduced and continuity, analyzed with a new concept - visit based provider continuity - was improved. The question of equitable distribution was studied by the consultation rates at different out-patient clinics. It seemed as if the local development work changed the patterns of utilization but some important issues were not decisively answered. Repeated postal surveys reflected the question of equitable distribution and the cooperation between the VPHCC and the community members. Positive responses were recorded in aspects like telephone accessibility and health care information. In a tracer study of diabetes the quality of care was studied. The local care program was actually implemented in the daily practice but the question of care quality needs further penetration. Within the frames of the development work new methods in the health care planning were introduced. Our work started from the prerequisits of the VPHCC and other health centres might find other ways of planning for care provision. On a general level, however, the structure of our work - defining aims, means and evaluation methods - can be used by others.<br><p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1986, härtill 6 uppsatser.</p><br>digitalisering@umu

Thesis (Ph.D) (Microbiology and Plant Pathology)--University of Pretoria, 2006.<br>Summaries in Afrikaans and English. Includes bibliographical references. Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

Master of Regional and Community Planning<br>Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning<br>Huston Gibson<br>This document is a Master’s Project for a proposal of a sustainable community amenity to be implemented in Union, Nebraska. The idea that I have considered best fit for Union is the concept of a multi-functional structure that will have many uses, such as office space for city government, a community center, a visitor center, public restrooms, and indoor and outdoor recreational space. There may also be space that can be utilized for a small commercial function, such as a coffee shop, bakery, or convenience store. Right now, Union only has a handful of businesses, most of which only operate part-time. There is nowhere currently where a person can purchase a drink, a meal, groceries, or even use a restroom. Although Union lacks those amenities, Union is home to two historic finds: an old Union Pacific Railroad caboose car and a single-room jail cell. Without a proper place to showcase Union’s unique character or a place for people to stop in the town, Union may take a turn downhill economically and socially. Many sites in the town are deteriorating and are in definite need of rehabilitation. The implementation of the proposed structure will improve the quality of life for the community as well as benefit passersby by providing an attraction. The social equity of the community is an important concern and providing a space where the community can thrive within Union is an integral factor for sustainability in the town. By also targeting the people driving through Union, the town can benefit economically by getting these visitors to stop and spend money in the town. Environmentally, Union can be improved by addressing the aging properties along their main street. Many parcels along Main Street are potential brownfield sites and could be revitalized through cleanup funding opportunities. Within this document I will be identifying potential sites and funding opportunities and focusing on composing a feasible course of action for implementing the multi-functional structure. Research has been done through many methods including literature reviews, case studies, site visits, and through a community survey process. Funding for my research is provided by the Technical Assistance to Brownfields (TAB) program through the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) because of the potential brownfield interests in Union. Working with Union, Nebraska constitutes a valid planning situation because it is in need of essential planning practices that can boost the social, economic and environmental equity of the town. With only about 230 residents, Union has only one governmental official, the city clerk. The city clerk must wear many hats in order to keep Union running smoothly. Having help with planning recommendations will greatly benefit the town and take some weight off of the city clerk’s work load. By focusing my efforts on creating a concept for a multi-functional building, I could produce the optimum outcome in the most efficient manner. The final goal of my work is to not only graduate with a Master’s Degree in Regional and Community Planning through the College of Architecture, Planning and Design at Kansas State University, but also to impact the town of Union, Nebraska in a positive and lasting way. I am truly pleased to be able to produce something that could improve the quality of life in a realistic way for a real community. If I can use this project to make any positive influence in a community, then I have succeeded.

<p> This project presents a theory and an application for using the integrated systems of Total Quality Management (TQM) and Six Sigma (SS) for the American Samoa Lyndon B Johnson (LBJ) Tropical Medical Center to improve results for the random survey and recertification process for Medicare and Medicaid. Identified aspects of the project include roles, responsibilities, and measurement requirements of the TQM framework, using the Juran Quality Trilogy, cost of quality, and investment training in SS. The basis of the research that forms the foundation of the project comes from a review of related literature. Methods are presented in order to clarify where improvement processes are required. This project provides the LBJ center with a proven approach that has found success for implementing TQM and an SS foundation to ensure efficient compliance with The Center of Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and other regulatory government agencies.</p>

Ever since the 1990s, when the Private Finance Initiative (PFI) was developed as the primary method for delivering major public-sector capital projects in the UK, it has been severely criticised for the lack of design quality in the buildings that it produced. The main driver for this thesis was to redress that situation. The development of an Architectural Design Quality Evaluation Tool was based on a live project with a metropolitan council in the North East of England. The aim was to improve the design quality of schemes that had been submitted through a PFI to replace the council’s entire sheltered housing stock. The Tool has two functions. It was a substantial part of the assessment process, which selected the preferred bidding consortium from the original six bidders, through a series of stages. However, it was also directed at improving the quality of all submitted designs through an iterative process. While existing tools provide useful benchmarks, and some offer means of structuring an evaluation, none are totally applicable in the context of PFI competitive bidding processes. Moreover, the existing tools are good for evaluating performance attributes of buildings, and these are important, but do not substantially tackle the less tangible amenity attributes that are vital to engendering the feeling of home. This Tool emphasises the amenity attributes without neglecting performance, thus generating a design quality hierarchy. The criteria for assessment are derived from academic publications. In order to reflect the hierarchy, each criterion was weighted on a scale of one to five, in accordance with multivariable utility theory. The percentage allocation to each main heading of the Tool was determined by the local authority Project Team. A User Guide was developed to assist the evaluation of schemes. The Tool itself was appraised at the final stage, assisting the selection of the preferred bidder. The designs were evaluated in three reviews, thus providing 156 results. The Tool and its development have been published, and the Tool and the User Guide accepted by the Homes and Communities Agency as an example of good practice. Both currently appear on its website. The Tool continues to assist other social housing providers with the design quality of their own projects.

This study presents an indicator system created for the Town of Fishers, Indiana to examine and evaluate the quality of life within the community. After reviewing other communities' indicator projects, a series of 20 indicators were developed for the Town of Fishers. There is a brief discussion and a possible source of data for each indicator. The indicators can be utilized by the community leaders and residents to monitor the quality of life. To continue this study, Fishers can create a benchmarking system to set goals for the future of the community.<br>Department of Urban Planning

xii, 60 p. : ill. (some col.)<br>Exurban growth is prevalent in watersheds nationwide and of special concern in areas important for their undeveloped qualities. The McKenzie River, Oregon, is a natural amenity of great public, aesthetic and recreational value and provides drinking water for much of the southern Willamette Valley. These qualities also make the basin an attractive place to live, and their preservation is often in conflict with the rights and gains of private landowners. However, current containment strategies of development can be arbitrary from a hydrological perspective, especially when adapted from urban contexts. This study introduces a spatially-explicit and physically-based approach for identifying hydrologically sensitive lands in periurban watersheds and then applies that model as a framework for assessing current risk to municipal drinking water sources from exurban residential development.<br>Committee in charge: Robert Parker, Chair; David Hulse, Member; Scott Bridgham, Member

The City of New Orleans (CNO) Office of Community Development approved funding to rehabilitate 81 properties (73 of which were actually used in the project) that were moved from the site of the VA/LSU Medical complex to scattered sites city-wide. These homes, which were located in a proposed historic district, were chosen to be part of a blight remediation initiative monitored by the CNO Office of Performance and Accountability “BlightSTAT” meeting. This research examines the impact of this U.S. Housing and Urban Development (HUD) sponsored affordable housing program on the New Orleans blight remediation plan. The case study on the properties moved from the site of the VA/LSU Medical complex provides a lens to examine the progress of the CNO Blight policy and analyze various pitfalls and/or successes. Although the affordable housing plan is in progress as of March, 2017, a total of 39 out of 81 properties have been renovated and 29 of those are now occupied. Focusing on the intersection of affordable housing development, historic preservation and blight remediation in this project creates a model for organizations looking to influence public policy through community development. This study examines if and how an integrated planning process, (using the intersection of affordable housing, blight remediation and historic preservation) reshapes public policy and economic development. The study further looks at the CNO BlightSTAT program and how public administration of city resources post Hurricane Katrina has contributed to economic development and neighborhood stabilization in New Orleans.

The focus of this thesis is to seek and observe the patterns of economic development around local public schools of varying quality. The Greater Richmond Region (consisting of the City of Richmond and the counties of Chesterfield, Hanover and Henrico) were used as the basis of the study. The scores for the schools were derived from an equation that took into account some of the main quality aspects. The factors that went into the equation were graduation rates, dropout rates, standardized test scores and AP (Advance Placement) enrollment. The basis of the economic development evaluation is based on a set of indicators published by the King County (Washington) Department of Planning. These indicators include real wages per worker, poverty rate and high school graduation rate. Using GIS, these two data sets were observed for patterns and trends. The findings of this study show that not only do the economic development indicators change based on quality but also on geographic location. This study ends with recommendations for cities to improve both their education systems as well as their economic development opportunities.

Economic development brings about urbanisation which may result in rapid housing expansion. The health and well-being of communities is often not considered as a priority of urbanisation with the pressure for developing better economies. Sustainability principles in housing developments are perceived to be able to enhance and to improve the quality of living. The approach to sustainability can, however, be interpreted and prioritised differently. Many developing countries such as Malaysia are depending upon industrialisation for the development of their economies. Continuing urbanisation and industrialisation in these countries indirectly creates tensions between the need for a better built environment, and the push for economic growth. One specific phenomena in Malaysia is the introduction of the mixed-use urban neighbourhood, whereby residential development is netsled within the industrial establishments. On one hand, this helps to create job opportunities and improve the local economy. On the other, it creates concerns in the relations to the house planning, and to the well-being of the residents. These have potential exposures to industrial activities that are associated with environmental problems, such as, poor air quality, local temperature increases, and excessive noise levels. This research applied the current international trends of sustainability practices in housing development in searching for the most appropriate strategies for developing sustainable residential-industrial neighborhoods. Cross reference to other countries strategies and experiences can be adaptation for Malaysian conditions. A residential-industrial community in the city of Pasir Gudang Johor, Malaysia, has been selected as a case study in order to examine the perceived problems of indoor environmental quality in such environments. The result of a questionnaire survey and in-situ measurement indicates that they are facing indoor environmental problems. A set of recommendations for housing guidelines which are tailored for local Malaysians conditions have been identified, and have potential for improving the housing development guidelines and policies for mixed-use community living. Comprehensive strategies will need to be developed to achieve housing development sustainability goals. The development of Master Planned Communities (MPC's) is suggested to be appropriate mechanism to developing planning controls. This will ensure the improvement of indoor environmental quality of living in residential-industrial housing developments in Malaysia. It is anticipated that this research will make a positive contribution to developing decision-making procedures that are appropriate to achieving the goals of sustainable housing development in relation to mixed-used residential housing, It is also expected that this research will assist in establishment of a unified national sustainable housing strategy, and in the rationalised adoption of a master planned community approach.

Economic development brings about urbanisation which may result in rapid housing expansion. The health and well-being of communities is often not considered as a priority of urbanisation with the pressure for developing better economies. Sustainability principles in housing developments are perceived to be able to enhance and to improve the quality of living. The approach to sustainability can, however, be interpreted and prioritised differently. Many developing countries such as Malaysia are depending upon industrialisation for the development of their economies. Continuing urbanisation and industrialisation in these countries indirectly creates tensions between the need for a better built environment, and the push for economic growth. One specific phenomena in Malaysia is the introduction of the mixed-use urban neighbourhood, whereby residential development is netsled within the industrial establishments. On one hand, this helps to create job opportunities and improve the local economy. On the other, it creates concerns in the relations to the house planning, and to the well-being of the residents. These have potential exposures to industrial activities that are associated with environmental problems, such as, poor air quality, local temperature increases, and excessive noise levels. This research applied the current international trends of sustainability practices in housing development in searching for the most appropriate strategies for developing sustainable residential-industrial neighborhoods. Cross reference to other countries strategies and experiences can be adaptation for Malaysian conditions. A residential-industrial community in the city of Pasir Gudang Johor, Malaysia, has been selected as a case study in order to examine the perceived problems of indoor environmental quality in such environments. The result of a questionnaire survey and in-situ measurement indicates that they are facing indoor environmental problems. A set of recommendations for housing guidelines which are tailored for local Malaysians conditions have been identified, and have potential for improving the housing development guidelines and policies for mixed-use community living. Comprehensive strategies will need to be developed to achieve housing development sustainability goals. The development of Master Planned Communities (MPC's) is suggested to be appropriate mechanism to developing planning controls. This will ensure the improvement of indoor environmental quality of living in residential-industrial housing developments in Malaysia. It is anticipated that this research will make a positive contribution to developing decision-making procedures that are appropriate to achieving the goals of sustainable housing development in relation to mixed-used residential housing, It is also expected that this research will assist in establishment of a unified national sustainable housing strategy, and in the rationalised adoption of a master planned community approach.

The research focuses on the effectiveness of the integrated development planning (IDP) as a tool to accelerated service delivery: A case study of Aganang Local Municipality. The main problem investigated in the research is that the community of Aganang Local municipality does not have adequate services. The objective of the research is to investigate the integrated development planning process's impact on service delivery, to investigate if the budget is aligned to the IDP and to make possible recommendations on how the IDP could accelerate and improve service delivery. The hypothesis of the research centres on the acceleration of service delivery by implementing the IDP. Change in integration and cooperation in municipalities can be met if the management, process, systems, culture and innovation are improved. Qualitative and quantitative data was used in this research; the primary sources include questionnaires and interviews while the secondary sources include books, journals and reports. The findings revealed that Aganang local municipality has limited capacity in terms of human and financial resources; the municipality should have a retention and succession policy to ensure that the skills in the municipality are retained. The research also revealed that most people in the municipal area are illiterate and have insufficient skills. The study also revealed that the sector departments do not ensure that municipal strategies take cognisance of provincial strategies during the strategic sessions. The study also revealed that the budgets are only done per financial year and not on a Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTERF) basis (3-year plan) and are not properly aligned to the IDP. The research recommends that municipalities should strengthen the inter-governmental relations to ensure alignment and integration both horizontally and vertically. The research also recommends that the municipality should build capacity and develop skills in the community. The study also recommends adopt the cluster planning and implementation including forward planning to ensure that there is maximum resource allocation and shared functions. The study also recommends that the budget should be on a three-year basis to allow for proper project planning.<br>Thesis (M.Art. et Scien. (Town and Regional Planning))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Like in many developing countries, youth development in South Africa is advancing towards becoming the central focus of government. The population figures illustrate a demographic dividend, or youth bulge as others would want to call it. A more pragmatic and aggressive approach to youth development for South Africa has never been more urgent than now. Municipalities by design are at the grassroots and the gateway for providing direct development interventions to the masses of the peoples of South Africa. Most of the municipalities in the country have started to take up this responsibility. There is, however, evidence that success in implementing youth development programmes is limited, owing mainly to the lack of performance management application at the local government level. This study is intended to explore a research problem defined as follows: “The absence of a tailor-made performance management for youth development leads to limited or no achievement of the set targets for youth development.” The study is started by exploring the literature on both the underlying areas of the study: youth development and performance management. Though youth development is a fairly new area, there has been progress in defining and conceptualizing both performance management and youth development in South Africa. Youth and youth development are defined respectively as young people between 14 and 35 years of age, and deliberate interventions to enable the youth to participate in the socio-economic wellbeing of the country and the world. Performance management is further defined as the process towards ensuring there is a concerted effort in the implementation of the predetermined plans. The researcher opted for the case study approach, using Nkangala District Municipality (NDM) as the case to explore the extent to which municipalities apply the prescripts and principles of performance management to the youth development programmes. The study sought to establish whether municipalities have performance management frameworks and systems, whether youth development matters are included and whether there are specific youth development performance measures in place. The literature shows that there is extensive work done on the area of performance management in local government in South Africa. The legislation compels all municipalities to have performance management systems and frameworks in place and adopted by the councils. The document review shows that in Nkangala District Municipality there is still a need to trickle down the application of the systems and framework. There is a need to ensure that youth development is included in the performance management process. Evidence from the study shows that there are still gaps to be addressed in as far as the district is concerned. Their application of the performance management framework and systems still needs to be cascaded to all staff members; the application must still be applied to youth development programme and youth development units. There is a need to align municipal planning with youth development. Youth participation still remains a challenge throughout the process of planning, implementation and reporting. Municipalities are suffering from attitudes that suggest that youths are simply recipients of hand-out products and services. Finally, the study suggest a Youth Development Performance Management Framework which will also integrate youth participation, monitoring and evaluation.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Soos in baie ontwikkelende lande neig jeugontwikkeling in Suid-Afrika daarna om die sentrale fokus van die regering te word. Die bevolkingsyfers illustreer 'n demografiese dividend of jeug uitstulping (“youth bulge”), soos wat daarna verwys word. `n Meer pragmatiese en aggresiewe benadering tot jeugontwikkeling was nog nooit meer dringend vir Suid-Afrika as juis tans nie. Munisipaliteite, deur ontwerp, is op voetsoolvlak en die poort vir die verskaffing van direkte ontwikkelingsingrypings vir die meerderheid van mense in Suid-Afrika. Meeste van die munisipaliteite in die land het begin om hierdie verantwoordelikheid op te neem. Daar is egter bewyse dat sukses in die implementering van jeugontwikkelingsprogramme beperk is, veral as gevolg van die gebrek aan die aanwending van prestasiebestuur op die vlak van plaaslike regering. Hierdie studie is bedoel om die navorsingsprobleem gedefinieer as: “die afwesigheid van 'n pasgemaakte prestasiebestuurstelsel vir jeugontwikkeling lei tot beperkte of gebrekkige bereiking van die gestelde teikens vir jeugontwikkeling” Te verken. Die studie begin deur die literatuur te ondersoek op beide die onderliggende gebiede van die studie, jeugontwikkeling en prestasiebestuur. Hoewel jeugontwikkeling `n redelik nuwe gebied is, is daar vordering in die definiëring en konseptualisering van beide prestasiebestuur en jeugontwikkeling in Suid-Afrika. Jeug en jeugontwikkeling word gedefinieer as jong mense tussen 14 en 35 jaar oud en doelbewuste intervensies om die jeug in staat te stel om deel te neem aan die sosio-ekonomiese welstand van die land en die wêreld. Prestasiebestuur word gedefinieer as die proses om te verseker dat daar `n gesamentlike poging is vir die implementering van die voorafbepaalde planne. Die navorser het besluit op `n gevallestudie benadering, deur gebruik te maak van die Nkangala Distriksmunisipaliteit (NDM) om die mate waarin munisipaliteite die voorskrifte en beginsels van prestasiebestuur op die jeugontwikkelingsprogramme toepas te verken. Die studie poog om vas te stel of munisipaliteite prestasiebestuursraamwerke en stelsels het, of jeugontwikkelingsaangeleenthede ingesluit is en of daar spesifieke jeugontwikkeling prestasiemaatreëls in plek is. Literatuur toon dat daar uitgebreide werk gedoen is op die gebied van prestasiebestuur in plaaslike regering in Suid-Afrika. Die wetgewing verplig alle munisipaliteite om prestasiebestuurstelsels en raamwerke in plek te hê en goedgekeur deur die rade. Die dokumentêre hersiening toon dat daar in die Nkangala Distriksmunisipaliteit steeds `n behoefte daaraan is om die toepassing van die stelsels en raamwerk te laat deursyfer. Daar is `n behoefte om te verseker dat jeugontwikkeling ingesluit word in die prestasiebestuursproses. Bewyse uit die studie toon dat daar steeds gapings is om aan te spreek met betrekking tot die distrik. Die aanwending van die prestasiebestuursraamwerk en stelsels moet nog afgewentel word na alle personeellede. Die aanwending moet nog van toepassing gemaak word op jeugontwikkeling en jeugontwikkelingseenhede. Daar is 'n behoefte om munisipale beplanning in lyn te bring met jeugontwikkeling. Jeug deelname dwarsdeur die proses van beplanning, implementering en rapportering bly steeds 'n uitdaging. Munisipaliteite ly onder gesindhede wat daarop dui dat die jeug eenvoudig ontvangers is van produkte en dienste. Die studie stel ten slotte `n jeugontwikkeling prestasiebestuursraamwerk voor wat ook jeug deelname, monitering en evaluering sal integreer.

“Development” embodies the yearning of the present time. However, what is understood by development has been varying over time. It can be said that the concept has evolved from a markedly economic meaning to one with a considerable social and human component that therefore includes an environmental value. This has a substantial connotation. Because it concerns people’s goals and achievements, the concept, in terms of its use in management, applies specifically to a territory. In consequence, development is strongly related to its spatial nuance. In the early 21st century, in a context of globalization and expanding frontiers, local development is more likely to achieve a greater success. Analogously, today human thought evolution manages to dissociate itself from more than four centuries of tradition. Rationalism, reductionism and empirical thought give way to an ample vision of “the whole” that requires the incorporation of complexity. The systems, the relations more than the parts, the synergies, among other elements, become fundamental to facing the new challenges of the present time. This is the case of sustainability. This conceptual framework is what is now used in the design and implementation of public policies. They deal with people, the environment, what is local and what is global, the market, the resources, with temporality. All are one element in a changing, assiduously dynamic reality that requires new tools to confront it. Local governments, as development “agents”, consciously address this yawning variety. Different tools have arisen to manage the inclusion of complexity and to support local governments in their task. Local development in Chile has had its own records. Morphology and history have affected its background, carried out inefficiencies in the traditional management system of the local development. A progress in these matters calls for the incorporation of new tools, which strengthen governance, accountability and legitimacy. Hence, Chilean local management needs an improvement for accurate, participatory, flexible, coherent, operative and strategic planning, of the decision-making process. The research is carried out in this context. It proposes a methodology that interprets a social process that reinforces the participative democracy, transparency, coherence, and which engages ethical positions. It looks to improve the quality of the political process, gathering in the development duty the citizenry and the public, by the construction of local agenda. The research gives way to a project which aims at improving current local development management in the Chilean perspective, proposing the reinforcement of instruments in order to achieve its goals, within the framework of a sustainable perspective. The proposal intends to overhaul the Chilean planning development instrument approaching procedures (how to do) by a flexible decisions support tool. In other words, to position the Communal Development Plan (PLADECO) as the Mayor’s agenda during his term in office, incorporating the community into political decisions. The proposal is carried out through cooperation between the United Nations Economic Commission of Latin America and the Caribbean and the Subsecretariat of Regional and Administrative Development of the Government of Chile. It involves the Regional Governments and is implemented in four Municipalities of Chile.<br>Lo sviluppo rappresenta uno degli impegni più gravosi del nostro tempo. Tuttavia, il concetto di “sviluppo” continua a variare. Se può affermare che ha evoluto di un significato prettamente economico a una concezione con una componente sociale e umana predominante, che tiene in considerazione il valore dell'ambiente. Questo passaggio ha un’importanza cruciale. Nello specifico, il concetto di sviluppo è legato agli obiettivi e ai risultati di una società composta di persone, ed è quindi applicato a un ambito di azione limitato, ovvero ad un particolare territorio. All’inizio del 21° secolo, in un contesto di globalizzazione e di espansione delle frontiere, la forte connotazione spaziale del concetto di sviluppo decreta il successo delle azioni portate avanti a livello locale. Analogamente, oggi lo sviluppo del pensiero umano è riuscito a dissociarsi da più di quattro secoli di tradizione. Il pensiero cartesiano, riduzionista ed empirico conducono ad un'ampia visione “del tutto" che richiede l'incorporazione della complessità. I sistemi, i rapporti e i sinergismi, tra altri, diventano alcuni degli elementi fondamentali ad affrontare le nuove sfide del tempo attuale. Qui entra in gioco il concetto di sostenibilità. Quest’approccio viene applicato per la definizione e l’implementazione di politiche pubbliche, che affrontano questioni legate alla popolazione, all’ambiente, a problemi a livello locale e globale, al mercato, alla gestione delle risorse. Tutte fanno parte di una realtà dinamica e mutevole, la cui gestione sempre i nuovi strumenti per confrontarla. Approcci e strumenti specifici sono quindi stati definiti per sostenere gli Enti Locali, quali principali “agenti" dello sviluppo nella gestione quotidiana di problematiche complesse. In Cile lo sviluppo locale ha seguito un percorso indipendente. Sia la morfologia del territorio che la storia del Paese hanno contribuito a creare una situazione che rivela le inefficienze nel sistema tradizionale di gestione dello sviluppo locale. Un effettivo progresso richiede l'incorporazione dei nuovi strumenti, allo scopo di rafforzare la governance, l'accountability e la legittimità. Quindi, la gestione dello sviluppo locale cileno necessita di un importante intervento per essere in grado di definire e sostenere processi decisionali accurati, partecipati, flessibili e coerenti. Questo è il contesto della presente ricerca, che propone una metodologia per interpretare un processo sociale allo scopo di una democrazia partecipativa, trasparenza e coerenza, di tenere in considerazione. In questo modo si cerca di migliorare la qualità del processo politico, guidando la cittadinanza e le istituzioni nel processo di sviluppo, tramite la definizione di un'agenda locale. La ricerca è stata applicata a un miglioramento della gestione dello sviluppo locale in Cile. Propone l’applicazione e il potenziamento di strumenti ad hoc per realizzare i obiettivi specifici, nel quadro di una prospettiva sostenibile. La proposta intende revisionare e facilitare l'applicazione dello strumento cileno di pianificazione dello sviluppo locale, promuovendo procedure tramite da un approccio flessibile di supporto decisionale. In tal modo il progetto vuole inserire il Programma di Sviluppo Comunale (PLADECO) nell’agenda dei Sindaci durante il loro mandato, includendo la comunità nelle decisioni politiche. Il progetto è stato realizzato in quattro Comuni del Cile tramite la partecipazione attiva dei Governi Regionali, ed è stato sviluppato in collaborazione con la Commissione Economica delle Nazioni Unite di America Latina e dei Caraibi e il Sottosegretariato dello Sviluppo Regionale ed Amministrativo del Governo del Cile.<br>El “desarrollo” sigue representando el anhelo de la actualidad. No obstante, lo que se entiende por desarrollo ha ido variando en el tiempo. Se puede afirmar que el concepto ha evolucionado de una acepción marcadamente económica a un concepto con una gran componente social, humana, y a una intertemporalidad, poniendo de manifiesto el valor del medio ambiente. Esto tiene una connotación de suma importancia. Al hablar de sociedad compuesta por personas, se lleva el concepto a una aplicabilidad acotada a un escenario de acción, es decir, a un territorio. Así se encuentra hoy al desarrollo fuertemente ligado a su connotación espacial, donde en el contexto de inicios del siglo XXI, de la globalización y ampliación de las fronteras, es el desarrollo local el que alcanza el mayor éxito. Análogamente, la evolución en el pensamiento humano no ha estado exenta de importantes cambios que logran disociarse de más de cuatro siglos de herencia. El pensamiento cartesiano, reduccionista y empírico, da paso a una visión más amplia del todo, que requiere la incorporación de la complejidad. Los sistemas, las relaciones más que las partes, las sinergias, pasan a ser aspectos fundamentales para enfrentar los nuevos desafíos de la actualidad. Este es el caso de la “sostenibilidad”. Resulta éste el escenario de las políticas públicas, que tratan con personas, con el entorno, con lo global y lo local, con el mercado, con los recursos, con una temporalidad, todo parte de una realidad cambiante, asiduamente dinámica que requiere nuevas herramientas para enfrentarla. Los Gobiernos Locales, en su labor de agentes del desarrollo, están cada vez más conscientes de esta profunda complejidad, observación que ha tenido importantes implicancias en las políticas públicas. De esta forma han surgido diferentes instrumentos y herramientas que buscan responder a estas necesidades y apoyar a los Gobiernos en su misión. El desarrollo local en Chile ha seguido su propio recorrido. Tanto la morfología como su historia han influenciado un desenlace que revela ineficiencias en el sistema tradicional de gestión del desarrollo. Para avanzar en estas materias se requiere de la incorporación de nuevas herramientas que consoliden la gobernanza, la rendición de cuentas y la legitimidad. De este modo, la gestión del desarrollo local chileno apela a una mejora en la operatividad, participación, flexibilidad, coherencia y visión estratégica del proceso de toma de decisiones. Éste es el contexto en el cual se enmarca el presente estudio, donde se propone una metodología que interprete el proceso social donde se refuercen la democracia participativa, la transparencia, la coherencia y se involucren posiciones éticas. Así, se busca mejorar la calidad del proceso político, coaccionando a la ciudadanía y a los distintos niveles gubernamentales en la tarea del desarrollo, mediante la construcción de la agenda local. La investigación da paso a un proyecto que busca mejorar la gestión del desarrollo local en la perspectiva chilena, proponiendo reforzar los instrumentos existentes para alcanzar estos objetivos bajo una perspectiva de sostenibilidad. La propuesta realiza una revisión del instrumento de planificación del desarrollo local Chileno promoviendo procedimientos (cómo hacer) mediante una herramienta flexible de apoyo a la toma de decisiones. En otras palabras, posicionar el Plan de Desarrollo Comunal (PLADECO) de modo que represente la agenda de acciones del Alcalde durante su período ejercicio, la cual considere a la comunidad en las decisiones políticas. La propuesta se desarrolla a través una cooperación conjunta entre la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe de Naciones Unidas y la Subsecretaría de Desarrollo Regional y Administrativo del Gobierno de Chile, involucra a los Gobiernos Regionales y se implementa en cuatro Municipios de Chile.

S'il semble évident, depuis quelques décennies, de protéger le patrimoine architectural lors d'opérations de renouvellement ou d'aménagement urbain, la préservation de l'environnement est une préoccupation plus récente puisqu'elle ne s'est véritablement imposée que depuis l'émergence du concept de développement durable dans les années 1990. A travers ces deux thématiques, que sont le patrimoine et l'environnement, la qualité paysagère des projets urbains apparaît toujours en pointillé dans les règlements ou les cahiers des charges des opérations d'aménagement sans toutefois être explicitement citée comme un objectif à atteindre. Pour ne pas négliger, sous prétexte de « faire » des quartiers durables, les incidences paysagères de certains choix, cette recherche propose ainsi de lier les deux notions que sont le paysage urbain et le développement durable, qui comprennent respectivement le patrimoine et l'environnement.Dans une première partie, l'analyse historique et règlementaire du terme de paysage urbain nous a permis de définir les fondamentaux qui démontrent son existence sur le territoire de Paris. La seconde partie présente les étapes qui ont mené à l'émergence d'une démarche de développement durable dans la politique urbaine à Paris. Enfin, dans la troisième partie, l'étude détaillée de trois projets urbains, nous a permis d'identifier de nouveaux modes de suivi des opérations dans lesquels les démarches de développement durable et l'évaluation continue occupent une place croissante. Néanmoins, il est apparu que si la prise en compte de la qualité paysagère, pour contribuer à la « fabrication » de paysages urbains durables, puis de projets urbains paysagers, semble acquise pour les acteurs, celle-ci ne se formalise pas encore clairement dans le suivi opérationnel. Des éléments de réponses sont ainsi proposés dans cette recherche pour que la qualité des paysages urbains puisse être considérée comme un véritable objectif de projet urbain et soit évaluée, à ce titre, dans la conception, la réalisation et la gestion des quartiers durables<br>If it seems evident, since a few decades, to protect the architectural heritage during renewal operations or urban planning, the environmental protection is a much more recent preoccupation and has become an imperative only since the emergence of the concept of sustainable development in the 1990s. Through these two themes, i.e. the heritage and the environment, the landscaped quality of the urban projects always seems to be implicit in every regulations, steps or specifications of the operations of development without, however, being explicitly quoted as an objective to be reached. This research suggests to connect both notions of townscape, linked to the protection of the heritage, and sustainable development, including beside the social and the economic aspect the question of the environment, in order not to neglect, under pretext of "making" sustainable districts, the landscaped incidences.The historic and statutory analysis of the term of townscape, whose validity has already been demonstrated on the Parisian territory, together with some reflections on the emergence of the notion of sustainable development in the Parisian administration, led us to evoke a new representation of the "ideal" city as the origin of new urban forms. Finally, the detailed study of three sustainable projects of development, allowed us to identify new ways of monitoring in which the initiatives of sustainable development and evaluation play an increasing role. The consideration of the landscaped quality, as contributing to the "manufacturing" of sustainable townscapes and sustainable urban project, seems already acquired by the actors even if it doesn't yet appear clearly, until these days, in the monitoring of the operations. This research develops the first elements of an answer in order to consider and evaluate urban landscaped quality as a real objective in the conception, realization and maintenance of sustainable districts

The thesis investigated the application and implementation of marketing practices in public library services in the UK and Republic of Ireland, using local authority leisure services as a comparator. The empirical research included both qualitative and quantitative methodologies to assess marketing strategy development in public libraries, using a comparison with local authority leisure services to provide a contextual framework. The research covered the period 1991-1999, using a triangulation approach of national questionnaire surveys, case study interviews and document analysis, as well as extensive reference to the relevant literature. The research was conducted during a period of increasing economic, political and social pressure to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of public sector services. The growth of consumerism in the 1980s and 90s had increased pressures on public libraries to provide an even wider range of quality services at a time of financial restraint. The hypotheses for the research were: that marketing principles, which have been modified to meet the needs of not-for-profit services, are essential for the delivery of effective public library services; the successful implementation of such relevant marketing principles and practice in public library services is dependent on a range of organizational, environmental and cultural constraints. The research found the hypotheses to be valid; there were a number of significant constraints on public library marketing, including government legislation, budget reductions, local government reorganization, and a lack of marketing awareness and customer orientation. Recommendations included the fundamental reorientation of library service delivery from a product orientated organization to a customer focused service; further research to investigate the linkages between marketing tools and the principles of total quality management; and research into the marketing training and continuing education needs of senior managers, the marketing awareness of elected members, and the in-house training of all library staff in marketing theory and techniques.

Master of Landscape Architecture<br>Department of Landscape Architecture, Regional and Community Planning<br>Jason Brody<br>The Mid America Regional Council, (MARC) is the official metropolitan planning organization for the Greater Kansas City region. MARC received a 4.25 million dollar grant from the US Department of Housing and Urban Development in 2010 to advance the region’s vision of sustainability through vibrant, green, and connected centers and corridors. From which the CSP (Creating Sustainable Places) initiative was established. Responding to this initiative, eight grant funded Kansas State University students worked in a Rock Island Corridor group. This group showed and described ways of achieving MARC’s and the US Department of Housing and Urban Development’s goals through the development of Master’s Reports. Reports include design ideas and proposals which MARC and city planning departments might not have developed otherwise. Student collaboration between public and city planning departments informed the development of student ideas. Green trail systems and tourism specifically addresses how the quality of life in the Kansas City Metro Area could be enhanced with the implementation of a cultural trail network. This network would provide access to the Rock Island Corridor, create greenspaces, and establish mixed-use housing districts for potential home and business owners. The Greater Kansas City region population is increasing. Trails, parks, and mixed-use buildings for residents in KC could improve the quality of life for future residents. Adding greenspaces, pedestrian mobility, and entertainment districts in which to find region specific activities could help attract people to redeveloping areas. Green trail systems and tourism’s project area is located between the Sprint Center and the Truman Sports Complex. To resolve problems and dilemmas within this region of Kansas City, a routing plan of a cultural trail network is outlined. This cultural trail features new trail heads, cultural centers, and proposed zoning overlays for park developments and mixed-use housing districts. The trail network created connects the Sprint Center and Truman Sports Complex in Kansas City, Missouri as a tourism link. Tourism destinations and historic sites add to the economic success of KC. Sites are connected to in the routing plan for the cultural trail. This proposal shows one approach for creating sustainable centers in KC.

The purpose of this research is to help increase the capacity of public-sector transportation agencies (such as state Departments of Transportation, Metropolitan Planning Organizations, and transit providers) to preserve and enhance transportation-related quality of life (QOL) outcomes in their jurisdictions. QOL is a multi-dimensional concept that is closely related to the concepts of livability and social sustainability. Public-sector agencies are charged with promoting the well-being (i.e. QOL) of the public, and they often must work within a complex inter-organizational context, with overlapping and intersecting jurisdictions and responsibilities, in order to influence QOL. Because of their responsibility to promote QOL, many public-sector transportation agencies mention QOL, livability, and/or sustainability in their vision statements, mission statements, and strategic planning documents. Furthermore, U.S. Federal guidance and regulations that govern the practice of transportation planning, engineering, and performance management have begun to refer to issues related to livability and sustainability. However, these complex concepts are still ambiguous in meaning and application for many transportation practitioners. In order to effectively preserve and enhance transportation-related QOL outcomes, practitioners need a clear conceptual framework that links concepts of livability and sustainability to practical performance management tools for an inter-jurisdictional context. The primary objective and contributions of this research are the development of such a conceptual framework - the stacked systems framework (SSF) - and a methodology for applying it to enhance transportation performance management in an inter-jurisdictional context. In order to develop the SSF, this research begins with an extensive literature review that clarifies the relationships among sustainability, livability, and transportation-related QOL outcomes; and integrates the concepts of social sustainability, soft systems methodologies, and the field of transportation performance management. To apply the SSF, this research includes a case study of public-sector transportation performance management processes in metropolitan Atlanta. The case study analyzes the influence of the regional inter-organizational system of public-sector transportation agencies on transportation-related QOL outcomes; identifies gaps in the current set of transportation performance measures used for decision making at the regional scale; and demonstrates the value to decision making of incorporating recommended performance measures that can more appropriately link organizational actions to broader QOL and livability outcomes via changes in transportation service quality. The case study methodology can be extended for future development of transportation performance management practices in metro Atlanta, and reproduced for other regions and geographic scales.

This thesis deals with the enduring problems families face who have a member with intellectual disability when they embark on the process of permanency planning. Ageing families of an adult with intellectual disability who start to plan for the future generally think of making hard and fast decisions about where the person live 'when the time comes' and who will take over their direct care. The literature reveals trepidation around future permanency planning which i.s a common feature of families who have provided lifelong care of their member with disability. It reveals that up to one-third of families ignore, neglect or simply do not engage in any formal planning or attempts to 'launch' their member. Typically, when ageing families do make plans often crisis driven their singular focus on a place to live can mean that other meaningful aspects the persons' quality of life can get lost in the shuffle. In order to address this clinical problem and facilitate family carers in mindful planning that incorporates the quality of life domains, an instrument called '\Vhat the Future Holds' was designed. It includes sections on social, health, financial, vocational and residential well being. 'What the Future Holds' provides a format for semi-structural interviews which yielded both quantitative and qualitative data. In order to consider the efficacy of the instrument, it was implemented in both Northern Ireland and the Midlands of Ireland for this study. The data and outcomes are presented with discussion and recommendations.

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-10T19:20:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marilda.pdf: 1911625 bytes, checksum: 8547e0cc838875e7b27bfb27d73afc07 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-04-13T20:04:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marilda.pdf: 1911625 bytes, checksum: 8547e0cc838875e7b27bfb27d73afc07 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-13T20:04:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marilda.pdf: 1911625 bytes, checksum: 8547e0cc838875e7b27bfb27d73afc07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004<br>Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica e uma proposta metodológica. De uma maneira geral, os estudos realizados para avaliar a Qualidade Ambiental Urbana - QAU, têm apresentado como resultado, indicadores e índices, ou modelos computacionais, promovendo análises parciais, muitas vezes equivocadas da realidade. Observa-se que essa prática metodológica não atende, de maneira satisfatória, ao tema qualidade ambiental urbana, sob perspectiva cultural, em função das variáveis/parâmetros envolvidos (materiais, sociais e psicológicos). Neste trabalho consta uma proposta para metodologia de avaliação da QAU, interdisciplinar, sob uma perspectiva cultural, propondo a delimitação de Grupos Culturalmente Homogêneos - GCH para selecionar as variáveis relativas à QAU e a atribuição dos pesos, contribuindo para a construção de um índice, que servirá como instrumento de auxílio na análise da QAU. O resultado do trabalho mostra um método de análise da QAU, um processo de formação de um índice, e análises qualitativas a serem incorporadas, de forma interdisciplinar, inserindo a perspectiva cultural. Sugere-se a continuação dos estudos, através da aplicação prática do modelo apresentado, e a realização de ajustes ou adequações às realidades das áreas selecionadas, bem como aos objetivos da avaliação (sejam eles políticos, econômicos, sociais e/ou acadêmicos).<br>Salvador

Physically decentralised water management systems may contribute to improving the sustainability of urban water management. Any shift toward decentralised systems needs to consider not just physical system design but also social values, knowledge frames, and organisations, and their interconnections to the physical technology. Four cases of recent Australian urban water management improvement projects were researched using qualitative methods. Three cases were of decentralised water management innovation. The other was of a centralised system, although decentralised options had been considered. These cases were studied to identify institutional barriers and enablers for the uptake of decentralised systems, and to better understand how emerging environmental engineering knowledge might be applied to overcome an implementation gap for decentralised urban water technologies. Analysis of each case focused on the institutional elements of urban water management, namely: the values, knowledge frames and organisational structures. These elements were identified through in-depth interviews, document review, and an on-line survey. The alignment of these elements was identified as being a significant contributor to the stability of centralised systems, or to change toward decentralised systems. A new organisational home for innovative knowledge was found to be common to each case where decentralised innovation occurred. ??Institutional entrepreneurs??, strong stakeholder engagement, and inter-organisational networks were all found to be linked to the creation of shared meaning and legitimacy for organisational and technological change. Existing planning frameworks focus on expert justification for change rather than institutional support for change. Institutional factors include shared understandings, values and organisational frameworks, and the alignment of each factor. Principles for, and examples of, appropriate organisational design for enabling and managing decentralised technological innovation for urban water management are proposed. This research contributes to the understanding of the institutional basis and dynamics of urban water management, particularly in relation to physical centralisation and decentralisation of urban water management technologies and, to a lesser extent, in relation to user involvement in urban water management. Understanding of factors that contribute to enabling and constraining decentralised technologies is extended to include institutional and organisational factors. New and practical pathways for change for the implementation of decentralised urban water systems are provided.

We all want to live in a healthy community. Each of us has his or her own image of what such a community should look like. That image is shaped, in part, by our reaction to the communities in which we now live or used to live. However we often take for granted the elements of communities that enable and sometimes disable many of us to remain active in a community for a lifetime. For older residents, a lifelong community would include elements that help them to maintain independence and quality of life. The physical characteristics of a community often play a major role in facilitating our personal independence. In order to combat the growing challenges and health concerns facing the American lifestyle this research proposes a set of design guidelines that promote sustainable lifelong communities that are universally designed for people of all ages and levels of physical ability. The purpose of developing a set of universal design guidelines for lifelong communities is to alleviate many of the physical barriers and challenges that prevent some Americans from active involvement in the community. The methods employed to develop these guidelines were based on literature review and analysis. This research was incorporated into a new body of practical standards that was tested against a real life community in Decatur, Georgia. These standards were edited and revised to appropriately accommodate the necessary adaptations that were discovered during the evaluation phase. The resultant guidelines are presented with the intention of becoming a usable guide for planning agencies such as the Atlanta Regional Commission and other local and national community design facilitators.

År 2018 ska betydelsen av biologisk mångfald och värdet av ekosystemtjänster vara allmänt kända och integreras i ekonomiska ställningstaganden, politiska avväganden och andra beslut i samhället där så är relevant och skäligt. Så lyder ett av etappmålet som beslutades av regeringen år 2012. Idag vet vi att endast delar av målet kommer kunna nås. Denna studie omfattar en kartläggning av begreppet ekosystemtjänst i Sveriges samtliga översiktsplaner och fördjupade översiktsplaner. Vidare har en granskning av tre bostadsbyggnadsprojekt i Stockholms län genomförts, där ekosystemtjänster i planeringen från översiktsplan till genomförande varit fokuspunkt. Av studiens första del, kartläggning av begreppet, framgick det att 116 av 290 kommuner har använt begreppet ekosystemtjänst i sin översiktsplan. De senaste tre åren är det totalt fler antagna översiktsplaner där begreppet behandlas än utan. I studiens andra del granskades översiktsplaner, planhandlingar och genomförandeavtal från projekt i Täby, Nacka och Haninge kommun. Granskningen är baserad på textanalys och platsbesök, resultatet visade att kommunerna har en hög ambition gällande arbetet med ekosystemtjänster. Det finns samband mellan visioner i översiktsplan och bestämmelser i detaljplan. I avtalen för genomförandet av detaljplanerna binds exploatörerna till att arbeta efter gestaltningsprogram och hållbarhetsprogram vilka reglerar hänsynstagandet av ekosystemtjänster. Begreppet ekosystemtjänst används för att visa den nytta människan får från naturens arbete. Vi är beroende av att ekosystemen fortsätter producera tjänster, de är livsviktiga för vår folkhälsa och vårt välbefinnande. Ett gemensamt arbete och hänsynsfullt nyttjande behövs för att säkerställa ekosystemtjänsterna. Det kan resultera i stora samhällsvinster att bevara, utveckla och nyskapa tätortsnära natur och grönområden. Att integrera ekosystemtjänster i den fysiska planeringen är ett steg på vägen. Översiktsplaneringen visar inriktningen för kommunens samhällsplanering och konturerna av den framtida fysiska strukturen, den vägleder kommande detaljplaner och bygglov. Översiktsplanen spelar en nyckelroll för ekosystemtjänsternas framtid eftersom det där finns stora möjligheter att belysa deras mycket betydelsefulla värde. För att uppnå visionerna i översiktsplaneringen krävs möjlighet att förverkliga dessa i detaljplanen. För att säkra ekosystemtjänsternas producerande förmåga krävs en tydlig och ändamålsenlig lagstiftning. Kunskapen och medvetenheten om dess livsviktiga förmåga måste öka. Alla måste se sin del i det gemensamma ansvaret och arbeta för ett hållbart samhälle.<br>In 2018 the meaning of biodiversity and the value of ecosystem services should be general knowledge and integrated into economical standpoints, political considerations and other decisions where relevant and reasonable. This is one of the milestone targets that the Swedish government decided in 2012. We know today that only parts of this target will be reached. This study includes a survey regarding the concept of ecosystem service in Sweden, all the local authority comprehensive planning, and an examination of three housing projects in Stockholm’s county where ecosystem services were the focal point during the comprehensive planning. In the first part of the study, which concentrates on surveying the concept of ecosystem services, it can be shown that 116 of 290 municipalities have been using the concept in their local authority comprehensive planning. Furthermore, the concept is used more often than not during the last three years in local authority comprehensive planning. In the second part of the study the outline planning was examined, plan handlings and implementation contracts from projects in Täby, Nacka and Haninge municipality. The research was based on text analysis and on-site inspection. The results from the research showed that the municipalities have a high ambition regarding working with ecosystem services, and that there exist a correlation between the visions in the local authority comprehensive planning and regulations in the detailed developed plan. In the agreement the developers are bound to work according to implementation contracts and sustainability program which regulate the considerations of ecosystem services. The concept of ecosystem services is used to show which benefits we humans receive from nature’s work. We are dependent on continual ecosystem services, which are also essential to the public health and wellbeing. Joint effort and a considerate use of ecosystem services is needed to keep them intact. It can result in large profit for society to preserve, develop and recreate nature and green areas in population centers. To integrate ecosystem services in the physical planning is a step in the right direction. The local authority comprehensive planning show the direction for the municipality’s community planning, and the outline of the future physical structure, it also serves to guide upcoming detailed development plans and building acts. The local authority comprehensive planning plays a key part in the ecosystem services future, since its importance can be illustrated within. To reach the visions of the local authority comprehensive planning and the opportunity to actualize it in the detailed development plan is required. To secure the continued functionality of the ecosystem services, a clear and purposive legislation is required. An increase in knowledge and awareness of ecosystem services is essential, and everyone must see their part in the in our common responsibility and work toward a sustainable society.

Transport Policy in the United Kingdom from the 1950s to the early 1990s has been focused on increasing car use at the expense of investment in public transport services and infrastructure. This has culminated in a poorly integrated public transport network that has seen continued decline in use outside of London. The Competition Act (1998) has exacerbated this, as public operators risked prosecution if they were seen to collaborate. A policy shift in 1998 introduced the concept of Local Transport Plans, Organisational Travel Plans and Quality Partnerships as local policy tools for developing and implementing travel solutions using the planning process. Travel Plans today are viewed by the UK Government as a local delivery tool for transport policy, inspired by the successes in Europe and the United States in changing individual travel behaviour, where the Smart Growth Agenda has emerged as a mass transit based planning response to urban sprawl. In the UK, success in delivering significant modal shift away from private car use has seen limited success, hence the rationale for this research. Using this wider policy context, this research uses the University of Hertfordshire as a case study with the objective to research the development and implementation processes of a Travel Plan. The research conducts a review of travel behaviour within the case study, providing recommendations for implementing alternative interventions to car-based travel. Making use of national policy tools, using insights from both Smarter Travel / Smarter Choice agenda, the research includes the development process of a complex city wide Quality Partnership – a delivery mechanism for travel behaviour change incorporating multiple stakeholders. This thesis uses an embedded and reflective critical realist approach to researching Travel Plans from the perspective of a Travel Plan Coordinator. Through applying a multi-method dimension to empirical data collection, the use of structured quantitative commuter surveys, semi structured qualitative interviews and supporting secondary data sources are all utilised. Using such an approach provides the research with the flexibility for reporting complex social and empirical data, including the researcher’s embedded reflective insights throughout the process. An evaluative matrix ‘lens’ has been developed for reporting back the multitude of factors, including identifying Critical Success Factors and Key Performance Indicators that underpin the success or failure of such travel planning approaches. The research culminates in the development of a Travel Plan for the University of Hertfordshire and a voluntary Quality Partnership for the City and District of St Albans. A conclusion is drawn based on the unique perspective of an embedded reflective researcher as an active practitioner in the field of travel planning. In order to be successful a Travel Plan should feed into the wider quality partnership structures for mutual benefit where multiple stakeholders are able to influence the development of interventions at the local level, which could lead to significant travel behaviour changes. It is argued that this will ultimately help Travel Plans and quality partnerships achieve their key performance objectives and help meet government policy agenda.

The aim of the thesis is to find the answer, whether it is plausible to monitor social cohesion of the municipality and how to measure this cohesion, which is one of the essential pillars of sustainable development. In order to find out, analysis of approaches and measurements of the sustainable development social pillar in international and Czech environment was carried out. Social pillar was identified and described also at the local level. Within the framework of the sustainable development social pillar at the municipal level three main thematic blocks are proposed: • Social environment quality of the municipality • Social-demographic population structure of the municipality • Contentment and participation in the public affairs These themes should be monitored by the set of indicators proposed in this thesis. It aimed to cover all dimensions of social cohesion which are significant and well-founded in the context of the territorial planning process. These indicators can be followed in the direct relationship with the population size and regional importance of the observed territorial unit at the local level and they are not separated from the concept of indicators monitoring at other – territorially higher – levels. Outcomes, analysis and interpretation of attained values could become the basis for the “territorial sustainable development analysis” (part of territorial planning instruments according to contemporary legal regulations), representing social pillar. All phenomenon and processes must be evaluated in the context with other sustainable development pillars and afterwards they should become another suitable instrument for measurement of the fulfilling the territorial planning aims.

This thesis investigates the effectiveness of Low Impact Development Infrastructure (LIDI) and Green Infrastructure (GI) in reducing flooding resulting from heavy rainfall events and sea-level rise, and in improving stormwater quality in the City of Miami Beach (CMB). InfoSWMM was used to simulate the 5, 10, and 100-year, 24-hour storm events, total suspended solids (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) loadings, and in evaluating the potential of selected LIDI and GI solutions in North Shore neighborhood. Post-development results revealed a decrease of 48%, 46%, and 39% in runoff, a decrease of 57%, 60%, and 62% in TSS, a decrease of 82%, 82%, and 84% in BOD, and a decrease of 69%, 69%, and 70% in COD loadings. SWMM 5.1 was also used to simulate the king tide effect in a cross section in Indian Creek Drive. The proposed design simulations successfully demonstrated the potential to control flooding, showing that innovative technologies offer the city opportunities to cope with climate impacts. This study should be most helpful to the CMB to support its management of flooding under any adaptation scenarios that may possibly result from climate changes. Flooding could be again caused as a result of changes in inland flooding from precipitation patterns or from sea-level rise or both.

System för planering och bebyggelsekontroll måste hantera många utmaningar. Svårigheterna och den påverkan dessa system har på den fysiska miljön gör ämnet ständigt aktuellt att undersöka och försöka utveckla. Examensarbetet gör detta genom att jämföra systemet i Sverige med det i andra länder. Mer specifikt studeras form-based codes som förespråkas av Nyurbanismen i USA och design codes i England. I en svensk kontext kan dessa codes jämföras med detaljplanens planbestämmelser och riktlinjer i kvalitets- och gestaltningsprogram. I och med propositionen ”Politik för gestaltad Livsmiljö” som antogs i maj 2018 uppmuntras kommuner ta fram en arkitekturpolitik på lokal nivå. Dessa dokument utgör också ett intressant verktyg i sammanhanget. Examensarbetets frågeställning lyder därför: Hur kan koncept och verktyg från form-based codes i USA och design codes i England utveckla svenska kommuners arkitekturpolicyer, kvalitetsprogram och detaljplaner? I en mindre utsträckning har förutom systemen i USA och England även Frankrike och det typo-morfologiska förhållningsättet till zonering inkluderats. Examensarbetet startade med en litteraturstudie och åtföljdes av ett antal fallstudier som innefattade innehållsanalyser av arkitekturpolicyer, kvalitetsprogram och detaljplaner. De policyer som valdes ut för analys bedömdes ha mest gemensamt med arbetssätt inom form-based codes och design codes. Dessa var Örebros och Linköpings policyer samt Avesta, Fagerstas och Norbergs gemensamma policy. Från de två förstnämnda kommunerna analyserades även detaljplaner. Utöver detta inkluderades detaljplanerna och kvalitetsprogrammen för Henriksdalshamnen och Kolkajen i Stockholm. Innehållsanalysen av planer och program utgick från ett antal kategorier. Resultatet från fallstudierna jämfördes sedan med litteraturstudien. Parallellt genomfördes även en intervju med en praktiserande planarkitekt som innan intervjun fick läsa en begränsad mängd material om form-based codes. Resultat och analys från jämförelsen och intervjun låg sedan till grund för utformningen av ett antal rekommendationer. Litteraturstudien behandlade användningen av codes genom historien, utvecklingen och definitioner av form-based codes och design codes, samt hur dessa är organiserade. Vidare innefattade litteraturstudien kritik som riktats mot dessa och kopplingen till urbanmorfologi i relation till det franska typo-morfologiska förhållningsättet till zonering. Slutligen behandlades även utformnings och gestaltningsfrågor kopplat till bebyggelsereglering i den svenska planprocessen. Jämförelsen mellan innehållsanalysen av de utvalda fallen och litteraturstudien visade på skillnader och likheter mellan vad som behandlas och hur detta görs inom form-based codes och design codes respektive planer och program i Sverige. Resultatet från analysen av arkitekturpolicyerna visade på likheter med form-based codes och design codes som kunde förstärkas. I detta avseende utmärkte sig framför allt Örebros arkitekturstrategi som i likhet med praktiken inom form-based codes och design codes delade in staden i olika områdestyper. De två kvalitetsprogram som analyserades skiljde sig åt i karaktären vilket kopplades samman med processen för framtagandet av dessa. I jämförelse visade sig programmet för Kolkajen ha mer gemensamt med form-based codes och design codes än det för Henriksdalshamnen. Intervjun belyste perspektiv på innehållet i planer och program, kontexten som planer och program tas fram i och verkar, samt synpunkter på form-based codes.De rekommendationer som togs fram utgjordes av 19 aspekter som på ett övergripande plan kan behandlas för olika områdestyper i en arkitekturpolicy i likhet med Örebros arkitekturstrategi. Därutöver utvecklades en tabell med rekommendationer för vad som kan behandlas i detaljplaner och kvalitetsprogram beroende på planområdets läge i staden. Tanken är att dessa ska ha en direkt anknytning till områdestyperna i policyn då kopplingen mellan områdestyper och regleringar eller riktlinjer är direkt inom form-based codes och design codes. Genom att dessa preciseras i detaljplanerna skulle kopplingen vara mer flexibel än den är inom form-based codes. Detta skulle kunna innebära ett sätt för kommuner att agera proaktivt i stället för reaktivt till enskilda exploateringsförslag. Slutligen visade även litteraturstudien fördelar med att tillämpa enkla, principiella illustrationer vilket kan göras i en större utsträckning i såväl policyer, program och detaljplaner.<br>Planning and development control systems must deal with many challenges. The difficulties and the impact these systems have on the physical environment make the subject constantly relevant to study and try to develop. The thesis does this by comparing the system in Sweden with that in other countries, more specifically form-based codes advocated by New Urbanism in the US and design codes in England. In a Swedish context, these codes can be compared with the building control regulations in detailed plans and guidelines in quality and design programs. With the adoption of the Government bill "Politik för gestaltad livsmiljö" in May 2018, municipalities are encouraged to develop an architectural policy at the local level. These documents are also an interesting tool in this context. The thesis’ question therefore reads: How can concepts and tools from form-based codes in the US and design codes in England develop Swedish municipalities’ architecture policies, quality programs and detailed plans? To a lesser extent, in addition to the systems in the US and England, France and the typo-morphological approach to zoning have also been included. The degree project started with a literature study and was accompanied by a few case studies that included content analysis of architectural policies, quality programs and detailed plans. The policies selected for analysis were judged to have the most in common with approaches to regulations within form-based codes and design codes. These were Örebro's and Linköping's policies and Avesta, Fagersta and Norberg’s joint policy. Detailed plans were also analysed from the first two municipalities. In addition to this, the detailed plans and quality programs for Henriksdalshamnen and Kolkajen in Stockholm were included. The content analysis of plans and programs was based on a few categories. The results from the case studies were then compared with the literature study. In parallel, an interview was also conducted with a practicing planning architect who before the interview read a limited amount of material about form-based codes. Results and analysis from the comparison and the interview then formed the basis for the formulation of recommendations.The literature study dealt with the use of codes throughout the history, the development and definitions of form-based codes and design codes, as well as how these are organized. Furthermore, the literature study included criticism of these and the connection to urban morphology in relation to the French typo-morphological approach to zoning. Finally, design issues linked to building regulation were also dealt with in the Swedish planning process. The comparison between the content analysis of the selected cases and the literature study showed differences and similarities between what is treated and how this is done within form-based and design codes and plans and programs in Sweden. The results from the analysis of the architecture policies showed similarities with form-based codes and design codes that could be strengthened. In this respect, Örebro’s architectural strategy especially distinguished, which, like the practice in form-based codes and design codes, divided the city into different area types. The two quality programs that were analysed differed in nature, which was linked to the process in which they were designed. In comparison, the program for Kolkajen turned out to have more in common with form-based codes and design codes than the program for Henriksdalshamnen. The interview shed light on perspectives on the content of plans and programs, the context in which plans, and programs are produced and operate as well as views on form-based codes. The recommendations developed consisted of 19 aspects. These can be dealt with at an overall level for different area types in an architecture policy like Örebro’s architecture strategy. In addition, a table was developed with recommendations for what can be dealt with in detailed plans and quality programs depending on the location of the area in the city. The idea is that these should have a direct connection to the area types in the policy like form-based codes and design codes, but a more flexible one as the area type should be more precisely defined in the detail plan. This could offer a way for municipalities to act proactively instead of reactively to individual development proposals. Finally, the literature study also showed the advantages of applying simple, principled illustrations, which can be done to a greater extent in policies, programs, and detailed plans in Sweden.

Thesis advisor: Penny Hauser-Cram<br>This study involves secondary analysis of data from the Early Intervention Collaborative Study (EICS; Hauser-Cram, Warfield, Shonkoff, &amp; Krauss, 2001), a longitudinal investigation of children with disabilities and their families. Presented is a mixed methods investigation of the relationship between future planning issues and sibling relationship quality when the teen with a disability (DD) was in adolescence (15 and 18 years old). First, future planning issues were examined contemporaneously with sibling relationship quality using hierarchical regression. Second, future planning issues from when the teen with DD was 15 years old were investigated in their relation to change in sibling relationship quality from ages 15 to 18 using lagged OLS regression. Third, qualitative content analysis was used to analyze sibling responses to a series of open-ended questions concerning the future at age 15 (1 question) and age 18 (4 questions). Siblings were asked "what have you learned by living with your brother or sister?" at both time points. In the first set of analyses, discussion of the teen's needs with parents, teen functional skills, sibling gender match, and sibling expectation of future roles were found to significantly relate to sibling relationship cooperation when the teen was 18. Additionally, sibling birth order was related to sibling conflict at age 18. In the second set of analyses, sibling relationship closeness was found to decrease over adolescence and sibling pessimism at age 15 was found to negatively relate this decrease. Finally, in the results for the qualitative analysis, various themes in sibling responses are discussed. More specifically, patterns arose in the change of sibling responses: trends reflecting a decrease in sibling relationship closeness, trends reflecting increasing role asymmetry in the sibling relationship, and trends reflecting sibling development. Future research must further examine the sibling relationship by using a developmental perspective and by taking into account the dynamic nature of sibling roles. The findings support the design of family-based interventions that address future planning explicitly with siblings and parents. Finally, improving the current resources and support for siblings may potentially increase siblings' perception of sibling relationship quality in these sibling pairs<br>Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2012<br>Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education<br>Discipline: Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology

O estudo se propõe a conhecer a percepção dos avicultores que operam em sistema de integração vertical agroindustrial no município de Mineiros (GO) quanto à qualidade de vida no trabalho (QVT) proporcionada aos seus empregados. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória e de campo, de caráter quantitativo e qualitativo. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de questionário, com questões fechadas, aplicado em uma amostra de 42 avicultores, e de entrevistas semiestruturadas aplicadas em uma subamostra de 12 produtores. O questionário identificou a amostra e aspectos relacionados à atividade e à relação do produtor integrado com a agroindústria integradora, capazes de impactar na QVT dos empregados rurais das granjas. Identifica, também, a percepção dos produtores integrados quanto à qualidade de vida no trabalho proporcionada aos seus funcionários. As entrevistas foram feitas para aprofundamento da percepção da QVT. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que os avicultores pesquisados têm percepção da satisfação de seus empregados com a qualidade de vida que desfrutam no trabalho. Especialmente os que produzem frango/chester reportam importante percepção de insatisfação de seus funcionários em relação à jornada de trabalho e previsibilidade de horários. Acredita-se que a presente pesquisa possa servir para subsidiar a implementação, por parte dos avicultores, de ações voltadas para a melhoria da qualidade de vida no trabalho de seus colaboradores, gerando desenvolvimento para o Município.<br>The study proposes to understand the perception of poultry farmers operating in agribusiness vertical integration system in the municipality of Mineiros-GO for the Quality of Life at Work - QLW proportionate to their employees. This is an exploratory research and field, quantitative and qualitative. The data collection was carried out by means of a questionnaire with closed questions applied to a sample of 42 farmers and semi-structured interviews applied in a subsample of 12 producers. The questionnaire identified the sample and aspects related to the activity and the relationship between the integrated producer with agribusiness integrator capable of impacting on QWL of rural workers of the farms, as well as identified the perception of integrated producers with respect to the Quality of Life at Work proportionate to their employees. The interviews were made for deepening of perception on the QWL. The results obtained demonstrate that the respondents perception of satisfaction of their employees with the quality of life at work that they enjoy. The respondents, especially those who produce chicken/chester, reply important perception of dissatisfaction of the changes in working day and your time of life. It is believed that the present research may serve to ensure that the respondents can implement actions directed to the improvement of the quality of life at work of its employees, generating development for the municipality.

<p>This licentiate thesis on architecture addresses how the state and municipalities use programs that deal with the design process in town planning projects. The author describes the process of creating an aesthetic design program and also studies a completed aesthetic design program. Furthermore, the author combines different findings and presents how programs develop during the planning process.</p><p> The background of the work with architectural policy programs by the state agencies can be tracked in the program <i>Shape of the Future –</i> <i>Program of Action, Design and Creative Design,</i> 1997. Municipalities have also been influenced by architectural policy programs in their work. Changes in the Plan and Built Act, 1998/1999 that concern aesthetic values have also had effect on their work.</p><p> The thesis presents four studies that comprise concept analysis, a case study of a municipal planning process, a road movie test and finally a comparison of different methods for evaluation of aesthetic design programs in road design projects. The first study presents a survey of the linguistic usage for programs that concern the design process. Examples from Sweden from the period 1999-2005 have been studied. Also, differences in the usage of the programs between the property developers and the town planning departments have been studied. The study showed that four types of programs were more commonly used: <i>achitectural programs, aesthetic design programs, architectural quality</i> <i>programs</i> and <i>urban design programs.</i> The distinctions in the programs can be used as foundation for more clear and uniform language use among the property developers and town planning departments.</p><p> The second study follows the planning process of creating an aesthetic design program for the area Kvibergs äng in Gothenburg. An example of city development, the planning process contains both house planning and traffic planning. By the study the author search to increase the comprehension of developing aesthetic design programs and the knowledge of the distribution of power in town planning projects. The case relies on multiple sources of evidence, participant observations have been a main source. The case study consists of two kinds of analysis, a process analysis account of planning process and a discourse analytic interpretation of work of the planning group. The work with the aesthetic design program and the city plan stopped before it was completed. The planning group did not succeed in creating consensus among key actors. The differences in objectives among the<i> architectural</i> <i>discourse, traffic planning discourse</i> and the <i>property developer discourse</i> are some of the reasons why the aesthetic design program has not been completed. There were differences in interests and goals among the participants in the project of city development. The claim made throughout the study is that a common goal for the planning work is significant and it is essential to create consensus among the participants. In addition, the municipalities need guidance for aesthetic design programs to be able to guarantee the architectural quality.</p><p> The third study describes a full scale experiment “road movie”. A film and a questionnaire were tried to evaluate the aesthetic design program for the detour past Sollefteå. The question was: Are film and questionnaire more easily available in comparison to traditional evaluation methods? Film was chosen as medium, since while driving on the road the experience is dynamic and similar to watching the movie. The film was shown to three independent groups. A total of 25 persons participated in the test. The informants were all professionals, either students or persons that worked with design tasks. The informants were asked to answer questions that concerned three kinds of evaluation criteria: research criteria, professional criteria and criteria specific for the program.</p><p> The experiment showed that the informants had a positive attitude to use film for showing completed aesthetic design and evaluating road architecture. Film was a medium that showed critical viewpoints on the aesthetic design program and on completed design measures. In the beginning the method was expensive and took a lot of time, which was compensated by the fact that it was possible to conduct anywhere and anytime. The film also gave a good general impression of the road. The method was good at putting together measures and result when appraising the aesthetic design program.</p><p> The fourth study shows a comparison of methods for evaluations that were used for completed aesthetic design programs at the Swedish Road Administration. A rich material was available to investigate the difference between film and other methods for evaluation. The evaluations carried out were: <i>Tuning at place with the aesthetic design</i> <i>program, Evaluation at place with criteria</i> and <i>Qualitative evaluation.</i> The issue investigated was: Which one of the methods of evaluation gave the best basis for assessment of the aesthetic design program and the result of the completed design measures. The study showed that used methods were suited in different situations. <i>Tuning at place with the</i> <i>aesthetic design program</i> was the fastest and cheapest method, it was only a local evaluation. With <i>Evaluation at place with criteria</i> more resources were needed, a discussion with informants was added. The method <i>Qualitative evaluation</i> was the only one of the methods that had users in the role as informants. The users provided new information through local knowledge.<i> Film </i>and <i>questionnaire</i> was the only one of the methods that gave critical comments to the aesthetic design program. The method put together program, measures and result. The method <i>Film</i> and <i>questionnaire</i> is based on criteria of research. Method and result become comparable with other evaluations that are built on theory.</p><br><p>Denna licentiatavhandling behandlar program avsedda att styra gestaltningen i stadsutvecklingsprojekt. En central frågeställning i avhandlingsarbetet har varit att undersöka hur programmen används hos statliga byggherrar och kommuner. Jag valde dels att följa ett gestaltningsprogram under själva framtagningsprocessen, dels att studera ett färdigt och genomfört gestaltningsprogram. Tillsammans ger studierna kunskap om bestaltningsprogrammets utvecklingsförlopp under planeringsprocessen från tidiga skeden till uppföljning av genomförda gestaltningsåtgärder.</p><p> Bakgrunden till de statliga myndigheternas arbeten med arkitekturpolitiska handlingsprogram kan spåras i programmet <i>Framtidsformer – Handlingsprogram för arkitektur, formgivning och</i> <i>design,</i> 1997. Även kommuner har blivit påverkade av handlingsprogrammet i sitt arbete med arkitekturprogram. De ändringar i Plan- och bygglagen, 1998/1999, som berör estetiska värden har också haft betydelse för stadsbyggnadskontorens hantering av planprojekt. </p><p>Licentiatavhandlingen innehåller fyra delstudier, de omfattar en kartläggande begreppsanalys, en fallstudie av en kommunal planprocess, ett filmförsök med utvärdering och slutligen en jämförelse av olika utvärderingsmetoder för gestaltningsprogram i vägprojekt. I den första delstudien redovisas en kartläggning av språkbruket som rör program för gestaltningsfrågor. Svenska exempel på hur programmen används som hjälpmedel i planeringsprocessen hos stat och kommuner mellan åren 1999–2005 studeras. Studien visar att fyra programtyper dominerar: <i>arkitekturprogram, gestaltningsprogram, kvalitetsprogram</i> och <i>stadsmiljöprogram.</i> Det råder inte något enhetligt språkbruk på området och studien avslutas med ett förslag till definitioner av förekommande programtyper. En klarare begreppsanvändning framstår som önskvärd.</p><p> Den andra delstudien följer tillblivelseprocessen för ett kommande gestaltningsprogram för bebyggelsen vid Kvibergs äng i Göteborg. Planprocessen innehåller både bebyggelseplanering och trafikplanering. Genom studien söker jag få en ökad förståelse för utvecklingen av gestaltningsprogram och kunskap om maktordningen inom stadsutvecklingsprojekt. Information samlade jag främst genom deltagande observation vid möten som behandlade gestaltningsprogram och intervjuer. Fallbeskrivningen redovisar dels en processanalys av planeringsprocessen, dels en diskursanalytisk tolkning av planeringsgruppens arbete. Arbetet med gestaltningsprogrammet och detaljplanen avstannade innan det var färdigt till följd av oklarheter i planeringsprocessen och politiska omprioriteringar. En bidragande orsak kan sökas i skillnaden mellan de tre diskurser som var representerade i planeringsgruppen: arkitekturdiskursen, trafikplaneringsdiskursen och byggherrediskursen. De representerade olika intressen och målbilder i stadsutvecklingsprojektet. Resultatet av studien visar att en gemensam målbild för arbetet är viktig för att skapa samsyn bland mötesdeltagarna. En vägledning för gestaltningsprogram hos kommuner behövs för att säkra de arkitektoniska kvaliteterna.</p><p> Den tredje delstudien beskriver ett fullskaleförsök, ”road movie”, där film och enkät prövades för att utvärdera genomförda gestaltningsåtgärder för förbifarten vid Sollefteå. Är film och frågeformulär ett mer lättillgängligt sätt jämfört med traditionella utvärderingar? Film valdes för att det finns en dynamik som är inbyggd i att färdas på vägen som liknar filmens möjlighet att redovisa en upplevelse av rörelse. Filmen visades för tre oberoende grupper vid olika tillfällen. Sammanlagt deltog 25 personer i försöken. Informanterna var professionella, antingen studenter eller personer som arbetade med gestaltningsfrågor. För att undersöka hur road movien uppfattades av informanterna fick de svara på frågor rörande tre typer av utvärderingskriterier: forskningskriterier, professionella kriterier och programspecifika kriterier.</p><p> Informanterna i försöket var överlag positiva till att använda sig av film, både för att visa genomförda gestaltningsåtgärder och för att utvärdera vägarkitektur. Filmen var ett medium som lockade fram kritiska synpunkter både på gestaltningsprogrammet och utförda gestaltningsåtgärder. Initialt var metoden tids- och kostnadskrävande, vilket kompenserades med att den vid tillämpning var oberoende av tid och rum. Filmen återgav ett bra helhetsperspektiv av vägen. Metodiken bidrog till att länka samman åtgärder och resultat vid bedömningen.</p><p> Den fjärde delstudien är en jämförelse av utvärderingsmetoder för genomförda gestaltningsprogram inom Vägprojekt. Det fanns ett rikt jämförelsematerial för att undersöka skillnader mellan film och övriga utvärderingsmetoder. De genomförda utvärderingarna var: <i>Avstämning på</i> <i>plats mot gestaltningsprogrammet, Utvärdering på plats med</i> <i>utvärderingskriterier</i> och <i>Kvalitativ utvärdering.</i> Den frågeställning som undersöktes var vilken av metoderna som gav det bästa underlaget för bedömning av gestaltningsprogram och bedömning av vidtagna gestaltningsåtgärder. Resultatet av jämförelsen visar att använda utvärderingsmetoder lämpade sig för olika användningsområden. <i>Avstämning på plats mot gestaltningsprogrammet </i>var den snabbaste och billigaste metoden, det blev dock endast en lokal utvärdering. <i>Utvärdering</i> <i>på plats med utvärderingskriterier</i> var mer resurskrävande, det tillkom även ett diskussionsmoment med informanterna. Metoden <i>Kvalitativ</i> <i>utvärdering</i> var den enda av metoderna som hade brukare som informatörer. Brukare tillförde ny kunskap genom sin lokalkännedom. <i>Film </i>och<i> enkät</i> var den enda av metoderna som gav kritiska kommentarer till gestaltningsprogrammet. Den bidrog till att länka samman program, åtgärder och resultat. Metoden<i> film</i> och <i>enkät</i> bygger på forskningsbaserade kriterier och härigenom blir metodik och resultat jämförbara med teoribaserade utvärderingar.</p>