Dissertations / Theses: 'Quality of body posture'

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Mühlhan, Markus, Michael Marxen, Julia Landsiedel, Hagen Malberg, and Sebastian Zaunseder. "The effect of body posture on cognitive performance: a question of sleep quality." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-147476.

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Nearly all functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies are conducted in the supine body posture, which has been discussed as a potential confounder of such examinations. The literature suggests that cognitive functions, such as problem solving or perception, differ between supine and upright postures. However, the effect of posture on many cognitive functions is still unknown. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of body posture (supine vs. sitting) on one of the most frequently used paradigms in the cognitive sciences: the N-back working memory paradigm. Twenty-two subjects were investigated in a randomized within-subject design. Subjects performed the N-back task on two consecutive days in either the supine or the upright posture. Subjective sleep quality and chronic stress were recorded as covariates. Furthermore, changes in mood dimensions and heart rate variability (HRV) were assessed during the experiment. Results indicate that the quality of sleep strongly affects reaction times when subjects performed a working memory task in a supine posture. These effects, however, could not be observed in the sitting position. The findings can be explained by HRV parameters that indicated differences in autonomic regulation in the upright vs. the supine posture. The finding is of particular relevance for fMRI group comparisons when group differences in sleep quality cannot be ruled out.

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Peres, Ana Carolina Atanes Mendes. "Avaliação da postura, qualidade de vida, imagem corporal e autoestima em mulheres com mastectomia sem reconstrução e com a reconstrução imediata da mama." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5163/tde-05082014-154238/.

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INTRODUÇÃO: A mastectomia é um procedimento que pode gerar diversas repercussões tanto físicas quanto emocionais. Atualmente há uma tendência para que a reconstrução da mama seja realizada o quanto antes com o objetivo de amenizar o impacto psicológico da doença. Na literatura são escassos os estudos sobre os efeitos da mastectomia e da reconstrução mamária na postura. Ainda na literatura é possível observar que não há um consenso sobre a qualidade de vida, imagem corporal e autoestima em mulheres submetidas à mastectomia com e sem reconstrução da mama. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a postura, qualidade de vida, imagem corporal e autoestima em mulheres com mastectomia sem reconstrução e com reconstrução imediata da mama. METODOLOGIA: Participaram do estudo 76 mulheres com idade entre 35 e 70 anos diagnosticadas com câncer de mama e submetidas à mastectomia, sendo divididas em dois grupos: sem reconstrução da mama (MSR; n=38) e com reconstrução mamária imediata com retalho abdominal (M+RI; n=38). Para a avaliação da postura foram localizados e demarcados pontos anatômicos específicos para a obtenção de fotografias em vista anterior, posterior, lateral direita e esquerda. As fotografias foram analisadas pelo Software para Avaliação Postural (SAPO). Na avaliação da qualidade de vida foi utilizado o questionário Short- Form Health Survey; na imagem corporal o Questionário de Imagem Corporal após o Câncer de Mama e a autoestima foi avaliada pela Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg. O nível de significância estabelecido foi de alfa= 0,05. RESULTADOS: Na avaliação postural o grupo MSR apresentou maior ângulo no alinhamento vertical do tronco, na vista lateral esquerda (4,2 vs. 3,1; p=0.05). Para as demais variáveis do alinhamento postural as diferenças não foram significativas. O grupo MSR apresentou na avaliação da qualidade de vida menor capacidade funcional (66,3 vs. 76,4; p=0,01). Na avaliação da imagem corporal e autoestima não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas. CONCLUSÃO: As mulheres com mastectomia sem reconstrução mamária apresentam na vista lateral esquerda o ombro posicionado mais posteriormente em relação ao trocânter maior do fêmur, apontando para uma rotação de tronco e apresentam menor capacidade funcional na avaliação da qualidade de vida. Ter ou não realizado a reconstrução imediata da mama não comprometeu a imagem corporal e autoestima
INTRODUCTION: Mastectomy is a procedure that can generate diverse physical and emotional repercussions. Currently, there is a tendency to perform breast reconstruction as soon as possible in order to mitigate the psychological impact of the disease. There are few studies in the literature on the effects of mastectomy and breast reconstruction on body posture. However, it has been observed that there is no consensus regarding the quality of life, body image, and self-esteem of women undergoing mastectomy, with or without breast reconstruction. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate posture, quality of life, body image, and self-esteem in women with mastectomy without reconstruction and with immediate breast reconstruction. METHODS: The study included 76 women, 35-70 years of age, who were diagnosed with breast cancer and underwent mastectomy. The women were divided into two groups: without breast reconstruction (MSR, n=38) and with immediate breast reconstruction with an abdominal flap (M+IR, n=38). To assess body posture, specific anatomical points for obtaining photographs were located and marked in anterior, posterior, and right and left side views. The photographs were analyzed using Postural Assessment Software (PAS/SAPO). The Short-Form Health Survey was used to assess quality of life, body image was assessed with the Questionnaire Body Image after Breast Cancer, and self-esteem was assessed with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The significance level was set at alfa=0.05. RESULTS: A higher angle of vertical alignment of the trunk in the left lateral view was observed in the MSR postural assessment group (4.2 vs 3.1; p=0.05). Differences in the other postural alignment variables were not significant. Lower functional capacity in the quality of life assessment was also observed in the MSR group (66.3 vs. 76.4; p=0.01). No statistically significant differences were found in the body image and self-esteem assessments. CONCLUSION: In the left side view, women with mastectomy without breast reconstruction presented with the shoulder positioned more posteriorly in relation to the greater trochanter, indicating trunk rotation. In addition, they exhibited lower functional capacity in quality of life. Body image and self-esteem were not affected by whether or not breast reconstruction was performed

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Mattmann, Corinne. "Body posture detection using strain sensitive clothing /." Zürich : ETH, 2008. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=17982.

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Condon, Laura A. "Representation of body posture in action & perception." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.546543.

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Hock, Alyson J. "THE WHOLE PICTURE: BODY POSTURE RECOGNITION IN INFANCY." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychology_etds/35.

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Holistic image processing is tied to expertise and is characteristic of face and body processing by adults. Infants process faces holistically, but it is unknown whether infants process body information holistically. In the present study, we examined whether infants discriminate changes in body posture holistically. Body posture is an important nonverbal cue that signals emotion, intention, and goals of others even from a distance. In the current study, infants were tested for discrimination between body postures that differ in limb orientations in three conditions: in the context of the whole body, with just the limbs that change orientation, or with the limbs in the context of scrambled body parts. Nine-month olds discriminated between whole body postures, but failed in the isolated parts and scrambled body conditions, indicating that they use holistic processes to discriminate body information. In contrast, 3.5-month olds failed to discriminate between whole body postures, therefore no conclusion can be drawn about their ability to process bodies holistically. These results indicate that infants process body information holistically during the first year of life, but there are developmental changes in the processing of body information from 3.5 to 9 months of age.

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Hellsing, Eva. "Craniofacial morphology related to body and head posture." Stockholm : Kongl Carolinska Medico Chirurgiska Institutet, 1987. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/15730764.html.

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Patelli, Giulia. "Effects of vertical mechanical shocks and body posture on discomfort." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2016. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/397338/.

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The discomfort caused by vertical vibration depends on the magnitude and frequency of vibration, but little is known about how discomfort depends on the magnitude and frequency of mechanical shocks or on body posture. The main objectives of this thesis were to advance understanding: (i) of how the discomfort caused by a vertical mechanical shock depends on the nominal frequency, magnitude, and direction of the shock and seating dynamics, and (ii) of the effects of body posture on vibration comfort when sitting and standing. Three of the four experiments presented in this thesis investigate the discomfort caused by mechanical shocks in an upright sitting posture. The first experiment compared the frequency-dependence of discomfort caused by shocks and sinusoidal vibration in the range 0.5 to 16 Hz at vibration magnitudes less than ±9.4 ms-2. A different frequency-dependence was found for shocks and for vibration, with shocks being less uncomfortable than vibration at frequencies greater than 4 Hz. The difference is explained by shocks containing energy at frequencies other than their fundamental frequency. The rates of growth of discomfort depended on frequency, indicating an effect of magnitude on the frequency-dependence of discomfort caused by shocks and vibration. A second experiment investigated the effect of shock direction (i.e., up or down) on discomfort in the range 2 to 5 Hz with peak accelerations from 7 to 11 ms-2. Upward displacements at frequencies from 2 to 4 Hz were more uncomfortable than downward displacements when the peak acceleration approached or exceeded 1 g. This was explained by the human body leaving, and subsequently impacting with, the seat. A third experiment found that a three degree-of-freedom model is able to predict SEAT values of blocks of polyurethane foam when people are exposed to shocks in the range 1 to 16 Hz. Predicted and measured SEAT values were consistent with subjective responses at most frequencies and magnitudes investigated. A fourth experiment investigated how the discomfort caused by vertical vibration depends on the frequency and magnitude of vertical vibration (0.5 to 16 Hz at 0.3 to 3.2 ms-2 r.m.s.) in four postures. The frequency-dependence of discomfort was equivalent to the standardised frequency weighting Wb when sitting upright, sitting leaning forward, and standing with straight legs. When standing, bending the legs increased discomfort in the range 2 to 4 Hz but reduced discomfort at frequencies greater than 5 Hz, consistent with the effects of bending the legs on biodynamic responses. There are four main findings from the research reported in this thesis: (i) The same methods can be used to predict the discomfort caused by shocks and vibration but the optimum frequency weighting for evaluating shocks depends on the shock magnitude; (ii) Shocks with fundamental frequencies in the range 4 to 16 Hz cause less discomfort than vibration of the same frequency and magnitude; (iii)The SEAT value is a useful predictor of seat comfort and a three degree-of-freedom model can be used to predict SEAT values of occupied foam cushions during exposures to vertical shocks in the range 1 to 16 Hz with peak accelerations less than 1g; (iv) The frequency-dependence of discomfort caused by vertical vibration is similar in normal standing and when sitting upright or sitting leaning forward, but differs when standing with bent legs.

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Bennett, Mindy. "Differences in upper body posture and postural muscle activation in females with larger breast sizes." [Boise, Idaho] : Boise State University, 2009. http://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/td/17/.

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Loots, Maureen. "A multi-variate approach to posture." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/22851.

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What is the ideal human upright posture? Where did it come from, how did it develop, what is its significance, how is it measured? What are the cause and effect of malposture? Much has been published on the role of posture in physical as well as mental and emotional states of the individual. This study was undertaken to investigate these issues, while at the same time aiming to find the position and role of posture in the physical and psychological context of human life. The first aspect of posture investigated was its definition. What constitutes good posture is still a debated issue. The conclusion drawn was that good posture represents the state of balance in an individual at rest and during motion. Ideally this state should be achieved with all the body parts aligned on top of each other requiring minimal effort and energy expenditure. The evolutionary origin of the upright posture in man was traced in order to come to a clearer understanding of the anatomical, biomechanical and physiological mechanisms involved in posture. The positions and functions of some muscles and bones have remained, and some have changed during the development of the upright human from its quadrupedal ancestors. Maintenance of balanced posture depends mainly on the coordinated action of the stabilizing mono-articulated muscles, and their place and purpose in upright man were viewed in the light of their origins. By so doing one is able to uncover their intended use and to identify misuse of these muscles. Development throughout childhood mimics the evolutionary process. A series of postural exercises was described, which follows the childhood/evolutionary pattern, and have proven to be successful in postural rehabilitation and body¬mind integration. In order to understand the concept of the upright standing posture, control mechanisms responsible for maintaining upright posture were reviewed. These included the sensory and the neuromusculo-skeletal systems. This was duly undertaken in accordance with existing literature, it was concluded that posture is controlled in association with all human functions. Following the concept that posture affects the mind and emotions, the work and theories of prominent researchers in the body-mind and postural integration field such as Frederick Alexander, Raymond Dart, Moshe Feldenkrais, Alexander Lowen, Wilhelm Reich and Ida Rolf were reviewed and distilled. This led to evidence that treatment of the body has an effect on the mind, that structure influences function and that postural equilibrium has a beneficial influence on both mind and body. According to numerous workers malposture in man is pandemic. Ensuing literature and empirical research on total body posture, and the position of each area of the body, from the head to the feet, revealed divergent causes of this problem as well as effects of malposture, including negative self-image, psycholological problems, pain, fatigue and the inability to achieve the full human potential. Although there is no obvious cause of postural imbalance, there are many ways of preventing or rectifying the disorder. During the course of a postural rehabilitation therapy, there is a good chance of uncovering the underlying cause of the postural imbalance. This can be as deep seated as a personality disorder or as clear as the fear of an old sport injury. The incidence and extent of postural defects were investigated in two small groups of subjects with the aim to determine the range of postural deviations, and the body areas most commonly affected. All subjects studied, leaned forward with the gravity line anterior to the ankle joint. Postural defects were prevalent in all subjects. Most of the subjects were categorized as having severe postural defects or gross deformity. Postural asymmetry and kyphosis were the most common defects. The conclusions drawn from these studies were that most people, in any age group, suffer from some type of postural defect, supporting the general consensus that malposture is a pandemic condition. The effects of postural rehabilitation were also investigated. Postures improved in all the subjects over a period of twelve weeks, with a more vertical body alignment the most obvious change. Postural rehabilitation has physical and psychological consequences. This was demonstrated by improvement in posture and increased body awareness, a decrease in the tendency to become fatigued, an decrease in back and neck stiffness and improvement in mental attitudes. Postural training in general could therefore be profitable for both body and mind, and an appreciation of good posture and its resulting efficiency represents the best kind of preventative medicine. Postural training should have a place in both Education and Health.
Thesis (D Phil (HMS))--University of Pretoria, 2007.
Arts, Languages and Human Movement Studies Education
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Mansfield, Neil James. "Non-linear dynamic response of the seated person to whole-body vibration." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245302.

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Kleinsmith, A. L. "Grounding affect recognition on a low-level description of body posture." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2010. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/20228/.

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The research presented in this thesis is centred in the rapidly growing field of affective computing and focuses on the automatic recognition of affect. Numerous diverse technologies have become part of working and social life, hence it is crucial to understand whether recognising the affective state of the user may be added to increase the technologies' effectiveness. The contributions made are the investigation of a low-level description of body posture, the proposal of a method for creating benchmarks for evaluating affective posture recognition models, and providing an understanding of how posture is used to communicate affect. Using a low-level posture description approach, this research aims to create automatic recognition models that may be easily adapted to different application contexts. These recognition models would be able to map low-level descriptions of postural configurations into discrete affective states and levels of affective dimensions. The feasibility of this approach is tested using an incremental procedure with three studies. The first study (acted postures), investigates the feasibility of recognising basic emotions and affective dimensions from acted, i.e., stereotypical, exaggerated expressions. The second study (non-acted postures), aims at recognising subtle affective states and affective dimensions from non-acted body postures in the context of a video game. In both studies, the results showed above chance level agreement and reliable consistency between human observers for the discrete affective states and valence and arousal dimensions. A feature analysis showed that specific low-level features are predictive of affect. The automatic recognition models achieved recognition rates similar to or better than the benchmarks computed. Extending the non-acted postures study, the third study focuses on how the affective posture recognition system performs when applied to sequences of non-acted static postures that have not been manually preselected, as if in a runtime situation. An automatic modelling technique was combined with a decision rule defined in this research. The results indicate that posture sequences can be recognised at well above chance level.

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Jones, Claire E. "An investigation into the role of body posture in mindfulness practice." Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, 2016. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/14779/.

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Embodied emotion theory hypothesises a reciprocal relationship between physical expression of emotion and the manner in which emotional information is perceived. The Integrated Cognitive Subsystems (ICS) theory of depression and Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs) propose the body as key in the development and treatment of depression. This study investigated the relationship between posture and outcomes of mindfulness practice; participants meditating in an upright posture were predicted to report greater mindfulness, positive affect and distress tolerance than in a slouched posture. A non-clinical, adult sample (N=39) carried out a 15-minute mindfulness breathing exercise in upright and slouched postures in a counter-balanced within-participant design, with outcome measures of mindfulness, affect and distress tolerance. Participants also reported qualitative experiences. Due to order effects, only data from the first posture participants adopted were analysed, converting the study into a between-participant design. Hypotheses were not supported; between-subjects analyses found no difference in participants’ reported mindfulness, affect or distress tolerance between the two posture groups; potentially due to measurement or power issues. Keeping with previous MBI research, negative affect decreased following the practice in both postures. There was tentative evidence that distress tolerance decreased in the slouched posture condition; although there was no change in the upright condition. Qualitatively, participants reported breathing was easier when upright. These two findings may provide some support for the importance of attending to an upright posture in mindfulness practice. Further research is required to understand the role of the body in depression and MBIs.

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Duarte, Carolina Abraços Henriques Gomes. "O efeito do peso vivo às 17 semanas de idade de galinhas poedeiras nos parâmetros produtivos e de qualidade do ovo durante a fase de postura." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Instituto Superior de Agronomia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/11642.

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Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia Zootécnica/Produção Animal
O presente estudo foi realizado na empresa Zêzerovo - Produção Agrícola e Avícola do Zêzere, SA com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do peso vivo de galinhas poedeiras de 17 semanas de idade nos parâmetros produtivos e de qualidade do ovo durante a fase de postura. Trezentas e sessenta galinhas com 17 semanas de idade foram agrupadas consoante o seu peso em Leves (≤1500g), Médias (1500g-1600g) e Pesadas (>1600g) tendo sido analisados os seguintes parâmetros: peso vivo, taxa de postura, peso médio do ovo, massa de ovo, ingestão de alimento e índice de conversão. No que respeita à qualidade do ovo, foi analisada a espessura da casca, altura da câmara de ar, Unidades Haugh, pH de albúmen e de ovo inteiro, cor da gema, presença de rachas, manchas de carne, manchas de sangue e ainda foram realizadas análises microbiológicas. Pelos resultados obtidos, relativamente aos parâmetros produtivos, verificou-se que as galinhas mais pesadas apresentaram uma taxa de postura, no início da postura, mais elevada do que os restantes grupos e que apresentam maior percentagem de ovos L e XL face ao grupo constituído pelas galinhas mais leves. No que respeita à qualidade do ovo, não foram verificadas diferenças significativas entre grupos com exceção da maior percentagem de ovos com manchas de carne provenientes das galinhas do grupo Pesadas.
ABSTRACT - The effect of body weight of laying hens at 17 weeks of age on their productive performance and egg quality during the laying phase - The current study was conducted at Zêzerovo – Produção Agrícola e Avícola do Zêzere, SA and the goal was to evaluate the effect of body weight of laying hens at 17 weeks of age on their productive performance and egg quality. For this purpose, 360 laying hens were grouped according to their body weight. Birds were classified as light, medium or heavy at 17 weeks of age (≤1500g, 1501-1600g and >1600g respectively) and the following parameters were analyzed: body weight, egg production rate, egg weight, egg mass, feed intake and feed efficiency. In order to evaluate egg quality, eggs were analyzed for shell thickness, air cell height, Haugh units, albumen and whole egg pH, yolk colour, shell cracks, meat spots and blood spots. Microbiological analysis were also performed. The results demonstrated that the heavier group of hens had a higher egg production rate at the beginning of the laying phase and that this group had a higher percentage of large and extra large eggs compared to the lightest group. Regarding egg quality, the results demonstrated that the heavier hens had the highest percentage of eggs with meat spots.

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Kramlich, Gary R. "The effects of posture, body armor, and other equipment on rifleman lethality." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Jun%5FKramlich.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Operations Research)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2005.
Thesis Advisor(s): Thomas W. Lucas, Richard Spainhour. Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-90). Also available online.

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Boulton, Hayley. "The interaction between body posture and the performance of imagined arm movements." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/62114/.

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Jeannerod (2006) proposed that imagined movements are effectively covert simulations of their physical counterparts. Consistent with this idea, imagined movements show adherence to the same behavioural and body constraints as physical movements, activate similar cortical and subcortical regions, and can even excite corticospinal pathways. Although postural control is inherently linked to the performance of all movements, its interaction with imagined movements has received little research attention, with the few studies that have been conducted predominately looking at imagery of the lower limbs that are simultaneously engaged in posture control. The present research is the first to study interactions between posture control and imagined upper limb movements. In a series of experiments, healthy young adults performed imagined reaching movements of the arm to an array of target locations presented either in the mediolateral or anteroposterior direction. Participants’ stability in the mediolateral direction was manipulated through varying stance. The effects of different arm movement parameters (e.g., load and precision) were also considered, as was the congruency between physical and imagined stance. Cumulatively, the present experimental results suggest that the current postural state does influence trajectory planning during imagined arm movements and furthermore, there are observable changes in posture control in response to imagined upper limb movements. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the processes involved in inhibiting overt movement during motor imagery. They also contribute to the development of motor-imagery based schemes of motor training and rehabilitation.

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DeShaw, Jonathan. "Effect of head-neck posture on human discomfort during whole-body vibration." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/487.

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It is well known that sitting posture is associated with discomfort and a number of musculoskeletal disorders. Seat manufacturers have made great strides toward developing seats for equipment which helped in alleviating the vibration transferring to the lower area of the spine; however, increased neck and head motion resulting from these seat designs may have been overlooked. Many cervical spine studies have been developed to estimate the response of the head and neck; however, these current studies do not take head and neck posture into account. The objective of this work was to study and demonstrate the difference in human biomechanical response to WBV when they use different neck postures. Four head and neck postures: up, down, to the side, and normal (straight forward) were investigated. Ten male subjects with ages ranging from 19 to 28 years were used to test each of the four postures, using the discrete sinusoidal frequencies of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 Hz at constant amplitudes of 0.8 m/s^2 RMS and 1.15 m/s^2 RMS in the x-direction (fore-and-aft). Subjects were seated in a rigid seat rigidly mounted to a vibration platform and vibration was generated using a six-degree-of-freedom man-rated shaker table. Subjects were tightly coupled to the seat back, using a neoprene vest and 5 straps, in an effort to reduce any relative motion between the seat and the subject. Subjects reported their head and neck discomfort using the Borg CR-10 scale with each of the postures, and then gave a second discomfort rating for the normal posture for each combination. Motion capture and accelerometer data were used to acquire the motion of the seat, C7 vertebrae, and center-of-head motion. The 3D motion of selected points on the heads and necks of the subjects were acquired using a twelve-camera Vicon motion capture system. Accelerometer data at the head, C7, and seat was used to verify the motion capture data. For the head-down posture, the magnitude of the discomfort function was higher than the normal posture. The head-to-side and head-up postures have shown less discomfort have shown less discomfort in the critical resonance area; however, these postures show roughly the same discomfort as the normal posture in other frequency ranges. In these postures, the subjects are using major neck-back muscles which create a stiffer system and may explain why there is a shift in the second peak in the head-to-side and head-up postures. Interestingly, the head-to-side and head-up postures show a similar trend as the normal posture, however, the peak transmissibility is attenuated. In addition, the subject's average discomfort was lower in this range compared to the normal posture. The head-down posture had the highest transmissibility and discomfort overall and suggests that workers in vibration environments should reduce any head-down postures to avoid unwanted head accelerations and discomfort. This work has demonstrated the importance of considering the head-neck posture in future seat-design studies.

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Crawford, Emily Anne. "The relevance of the Goldsmith Index of Body Symmetry to functional seated posture." University of Western Australia. School of Human Movement and Exercise Science, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0007.

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Whilst literature exists describing prevalence and theories about mechanisms of development of deformity, there is a distinct lack of research that examines how deformity can be measured despite it being an area of identified need. This study established the inter- and intra-rater reliability of the Goldsmith Index of Body Symmetry and examined the relevance of the information it provides within the context of a comprehensive postural assessment for individuals with cerebral palsy in conjunction with a commonly used clinical assessment ... Results demonstrated that high index levels were not exclusively associated with people with windswept deformity. Postural patterns of windsweeping, frog leg (abducting) and scissor (adducting) postures and hip extension were found to occur in all categories, suggesting that asymmetry is not confined to one particular postural pattern. Clinically observable changes were identified through comparison of the supine evaluation and index scores. The flexibility of postural components (or the ability to correct asymmetry) in a supine position for the SD categories demonstrated wide variation. However, subjects in the 3+SD groupings had fixed scoliosis and the majority (83%) also had fixed pelvic obliquity and rotation. All other subjects up to the 3SD category had flexible pelvic obliquity and rotation. No definitive differences in postural components between groups were identified in sitting positions, which was attributed to the influence of gravity on the body in an upright posture. Examination of sitting ability and index level did not demonstrate any relationship, suggesting that greater independence in sitting is not necessarily associated with a lower Goldsmith Index. The study highlighted that assessment of posture is complex, and that no single tool provides the answers required to manage a person’s posture. It demonstrates the need for clinicians to be aware that subjective clinical assessment may not be sufficient to adequately assess and detect changes in posture, and that the Goldsmith Index of Body Symmetry provides objective data that can be used as a powerful adjunct in interpreting clinical assessment and supporting the evaluation of clinical interventions.

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Crawford, Emily Anne. "The relevance of the Goldsmith Index of Body Symmetry to functional seated posture /." Connect to this title, 2004. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0007.

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Plunkett, Castilla Brittany M. "Upper Body Posture and Pain in Division I Female Volleyball and Softball Athletes." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2536.

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Participation in athletics is a popular pastime and form of entertainment. Children often begin to specialize in one sport at a young age in an effort to excel, which increases physical stress and the potential for injuries. Athletes participating in overhead sports are at increased risk of upper body chronic injuries, in part because the shoulder is an unstable hypermobile joint. Posture may also be affected in these athletes because of the demands placed on the upper body. The purpose of this study was to measure the upper body posture in a sample of Division I collegiate volleyball and softball athletes to investigate the prevalence of postural abnormalities and their relationship to pain or injury. Twenty-one Division I collegiate female athletes (seven volleyball; fourteen softball) who participated in their sport during the fall 2014 to spring 2015 seasons were studied. Athletes completed a pain and injury questionnaire, after which individual upper body posture measurements were made. Measurements included resting bilateral scapula position, head position, and shoulder position. An iPad mini camera was used with a commercial application (PostureCo, Inc.) to perform a photographic plumb line posture assessment with photographs taken in anterior, posterior, and lateral views. Posture analysis revealed a high prevalence (85.7 %) of forward head posture in this sample. Forward shoulder was noted in 42.9 % of the athletes and abnormal horizontal scapula position appeared to occur more frequently in the dominant arm (71.4 %) than in the non-dominant arm (47.6 %). Chi square tests determined that there was no statistically significant relationship between posture abnormalities and self-reported pain in this group of athletes. Results of this study -- although preliminary -- should be used to inform future research to investigate potential relationships between posture and pain/injury in overhead athletes.

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Miller, Amanda M. "Development of a Lower Body Sensor Harness for Posture Tracking for Nursing Personnel." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1562672463147447.

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Birn-Jeffrey, Aleksandra Victoria. "Scaling of running stability and limb posture with body size in galliform birds." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.572447.

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Hamilton, Lucas John. "Does posture impact affective word processing? Examining the role of posture across adulthood in an incidental encoding task." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1536232405273313.

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23

Skelton, Sarah Anne. "Combined and additive effects of assembly tasks and constrained body postures." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005185.

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Despite extensive research into musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) they continue to plague workers. Manual materials handling (MMH), in particular the concurrence of load manipulation and awkward body posture, has been identified as a key factor in the onset of MSDs. Only a few studies have looked at the interaction between manipulation tasks and working posture during assembly tasks and as a result their relationship has not been widely explored. Assessing the stresses resulting from individual task factors and body posture in isolation and adding them together may be too simplified to estimate an overall risk profile, since this does not take into account that there may be a non-linear interaction in strain responses when manipulation task and body posture interact. Therefore, the present study investigated biophysical, physiological and psychophysical responses to combined tasks, rather than individual tasks of body posture and manipulative tasks. The objective of the research was to establish the interactive effects of constrained body postures and manipulative tasks and to identify whether a cumulative or compensatory reaction occurs during this interaction. Nine conditions were assessed in a laboratory setting, which included combinations of three working postures (standing, sitting and stooping) and three assembly tasks (torque wrenching, precision and no task). Thirty-six subjects were required to complete all nine conditions, with each condition lasting ninety seconds. Muscle activity was recorded for seven muscles from the upper extremity, trunk and lower extremity regions and was complemented by physiological (heart rate, tidal volume, minute ventilation, oxygen consumption, energy expenditure and breathing frequency) and psychophysical (body discomfort) data. At the completion of all nine conditions subjects completed a retrospective psychophysical rating questionnaire pertaining to discomfort felt during the conditions. Responses obtained for the different task and posture combinations revealed compensatory reactions (additive > combined) for most of the conditions assessed for the biomechanical and physiological responses. In the majority of cases for muscle activity, no significant differences were found between the combined and the additive effects (p < 0.05), while for the physiological responses there were mostly significant differences observed. Psychophysical responses indicated that there was a significant difference overall between the additive and combined effects. The results of this study demonstrate that in order to identify risk areas, manipulation tasks and constrained working postures may be considered either in isolation and added together (additive) or as a combined task, since there were very few significant differences observed between these two effects. Further studies are required, however, to provide conclusive evidence.

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Pavlova, Elena. "Vestibular control of body orientation in lamprey /." Stockholm, 2004. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2004/91-7349-861-0/.

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Ngcamu, Nokubonga Slindele (Sma). "Awkward working postures and precision performance as an example of the relationship between ergonomics and production quality." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/1561/.

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Hopkins, Breanna Cristine Berry. "Validity of PostureScreen Mobile® in the Measurement of Standing Posture." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4119.

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Background: PostureScreen Mobile® is an app created to quickly screen posture using front and side-view photographs. There is currently a lack of evidence that establishes PostureScreen Mobile® (PSM) as a valid measure of posture. Therefore, the purpose of this preliminary study was to document the validity and reliability of PostureScreen Mobile® in assessing static standing posture. Methods: This study was an experimental trial in which the posture of 50 male participants was assessed a total of six times using two different methods: PostureScreen Mobile® and Vicon 3D motion analysis system (VIC). Postural deviations, as measured during six trials of PSM assessments (3 trials with and 3 trials without anatomical markers), were compared to the postural deviations as measured using the VIC as the criterion measure. Measurement of lateral displacement on the x-axis (shift) and rotation on the y-axis (tilt) were made of the head, shoulders, and hips in the frontal plane. Measurement of forward/rearward displacement on the Z-axis (shift) of the head, shoulders, hips, and knees were made in the sagittal plane. Validity was evaluated by comparing the PSM measurements of shift and tilt of each body part to that of the VIC. Reliability was evaluated by comparing the variance of PSM measurements to the variance of VIC measurements. The statistical model employed the Bayesian framework and consisted of the scaled product of the likelihood of the data given the parameters and prior probability densities for each of the parameters. Results: PSM tended to overestimate VIC postural tilt and shift measurements in the frontal plane and underestimate VIC postural shift measurements in the sagittal plane. Use of anatomical markers did not universally improve postural measurements with PSM, and in most cases, the variance of postural measurements using PSM exceeded that of VIC. The patterns in the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) suggest high trial-to-trial variation in posture. Conclusions: We conclude that until research further establishes the validity and reliability of the PSM app, it should not be used in research or clinical applications when accurate postural assessments are necessary or when serial measurements of posture will be performed. We suggest that the PSM be used by health and fitness professionals as a screening tool, as described by the manufacturer. Due to the suspected trial-to-trial variation in posture, we question the usefulness of a single postural assessment.

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Petersson, Johan. "Effect of body posture on regional ventilation and perfusion at normal and increased gravity /." Stockholm, 2006. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2006/91-7140-920-3/.

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Rotholz, Elizabeth Bruch 1958. "A preliminary inquiry into the interaction of postural set and body image." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276683.

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Postural set and body image are described as two interactive components of a dancer's expressive skills as a performing artist. The ways in which these components interact are influenced by numerous factors, including the dancer's physique, the environment in which movement is learned and practiced, the aesthetic requirements of particular dance techniques, and the kinds of body images the dancer has created or is in the process of creating. Postural set refers to a habitual, bipedal position of the body that is recognized by the central nervous system as an established motor response. Body image is defined as the summary notion, at any given moment, of one's body proportions and properties. Postural set and body image are functionally interrelated on psychological and physical levels, and both contribute to the experience of the body as a sensing, moving, and emotional entity.

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Kokotas, Vassilis. "The effects of yoked prisms on body posture and egocentric perception in a normal population." Thesis, Aston University, 2016. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/28744/.

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The principal theme of this thesis is the effect of yoked prisms on body posture and egocentric perception. Yoked prisms have been clinically used in the management of a variety of visual and neuro-motor dysfunctions. Most studies have been conducted in pathological populations by studying the effects of prismatic adaptation, without distinguishing short and long term effects. In this study, postural and perceptual prismatic effects have been studied by preventing prism adaptation. A healthy population was selected in order to investigate the immediate prismatic effects, when there is no obvious benefit from their use for the individual. Posturography was used to assess changes in weight distribution and shifts in centre of pressure (barycentre). In addition, photographic analyses were used to assess effects on posture on the x and z axis. Experiments with space board and visual midline shift were used for the evaluation of spatial perception and egocentric localisation. One pair of 8 Δ yoked prisms base left (BL) and one pair of 8 Δ yoked prisms base up (BU) were applied randomly and compared to a pair of plano lenses. Results suggest that immediate prismatic effects take place on a perceptual level and are reflected on an altered body posture respectively without significant changes in weight distribution. Yoked prisms BL showed a rightward rotational effect on spatial perception by expanding space on the z axis when viewing through the base of the prism and constricting space through the apex of the prism. Body posture responded respectively to what was visually perceived by altering posture. A rightward shift and tilt of the head was recorded along with the hips shift and shoulders tilt in the dame direction. Additionally, right shoulder shifted backwards and an angular midline shift to the right was recorded. The egocentric localisation was affected by shifting the midline perception to the left. Yoked prisms BU resulted on a head shift forward and a reduction of the head-neck angle by bringing the chin closer to the chest. The egocentric localisation was altered on the vertical axis providing subjects the perception that their eye level was higher during the experiment. In conclusion, yoked prisms seemed to induce changes in body posture, mainly in the upper body and head, without any significant changes in weight distribution. These changes are partially reflected in spatial perception tests and egocentric localisation before any prismatic adaptation takes place.

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Edmundson, Christopher James. "Effect of workload, upper body posture, and saddle set-back on full body angular joint kinematics, muscle activity, and lower limb haemodynamics." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2008. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/21823/.

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'Cycling is one of the toughest sports and one of the most complex to analyse in scientific terms.' - Mr Hein Verbruggen,P residentU nion Cycliste International 1991-2005. Despite extensive research into sagittal plane lower limb cycling kinematics there is little scientific literature available investigating the three-dimensional joint kinematics of the cyclist, and especially so regarding the kinematics of the pelvis, trunk, and arms, and how these are affected by workload, upper body posture, and saddle setback. This Thesis developed a comprehensive full-body three dimensional kinematic model and then determined the effects of workload, Upper Body Posture, and Saddle Setback on the leg, trunk, and arm kinematics of the cyclist. Competitive cycling has an extremely high aerobic component, and yet ironically there have been few studies investigating how workload or riding position affect lower limb blood flow haemodynamics. By using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy a cycling specific technique was developed to enable tissue oxygenation status of the lower limbs to be determined during cycling, which was then used to assess the effects of workload, trunk and hip angle, and saddle set-back on lower limb blood flow haemodynamics. It is unclear to what extent saddle setback affects lower limb and trunk muscle activity and cycling performance, and yet the sub-disciplines of cycling use markedly different bicycle set-ups. By using a custom cycle ergometer developed by the author this Thesis systematically assessed the effects of saddle setback on muscle recruitment and activation magnitude. When investigating the effects of bicycle set-up on cycling performance it is important to consider all the physiological and biomechanical determinants of success in unison, and how they inter-relate. To date there are no studies that have comprehensively studied the kinematic, haemodynamic, electromyographic, and associated crank kinetics simultaneously. As such this Thesis developed a methodology to evaluate the effects of changing workload, upper body posture, and saddle setback on fullbody three-dimensionalk inematics, lower limb blood flow haemodynamicsl,e g and trunk electromyography, and crank torque profiles, in order to arrive at the optimum riding position and highlight the compromises required when aiming to maximise cycling performance. The effects of workload were assessed by undertaking a 25W. min" graded maximal exercise test to exhaustion. In order to assess the kinematic, haemodynamic, and electromyographic effects of altering riding position a custom independently adjustable cycle ergometer was developed to permit precise accurate adjustment of the four main macro settings (saddle height and setback, and saddle to handlebar reach and drop) while maintaining the spatial coordinates of the other parameters. Three Upper Body Postures (Hoods,D rops and a Time Trial position), and six SaddleS etbacksw ere used (100,50, and Omm behind the bottom bracket, and 50,100, and 150mm in front of the bottom bracket). For all three studies three-dimensional full body kinematics were recorded using a stereophotogrammetricin fra-red motion capture system. Leg and trunk muscle activity were recorded using an 8-lead surface electromyographic system, and tissue oxygenation levels were recorded using Near Infrared Spectroscopy on the Vastus Lateralis. Corresponding crank torque profiles were measured simultaneously using a crank dynamometer. Increasesi n workload produced progressived ecreasesin Oxyhaemoglobina nd pedalling smoothnessin dex, and continual increasesin total haemoglobinc ontenta nd muscle activity in the majority of muscle groups, but produced little change in full-body kinematics until 80% maximal aerobic power was surpassedC. hanging from the Hoods to the Drops and into a Time Trial position had little effect on lower and upper limb kinematics, but produced significant increases in all lower limb muscle activity except the gluteus maximus, as well as considerable reductions in tissue oxygenation status, and resulted in cyclists pedalling with greater peak torque values. Moving the saddle forwards significantly affected joint kinematics, muscle activity, tissue oxygenation status, and the crank torques profiles. A saddle positioned with the nose directly over the bottom bracket minimised angular rotations of the ankle, knee, hip, and trunk as well as global muscle activation. Tissue oxygenation status was also significantly higher using this setting, suggesting that although an aerodynamic cycling position must take priority, setting the saddle with the nose directly over the bottom bracket and maintaining the operating range of motion at the hip and knee appears to maximise cycling performance, and that the spinal kinematics appear to act as a torque-induced engine by means of increases in axial rotation magnitude in the lumbar, mid-thoracic and thoracic spinal segments.

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Knight, Elizabeth Johnson. "The Effect of Head Flexion/extension on Acoustic Measures of Singing Voice Quality." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500127/.

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A study was undertaken to identify the effect of head flexion/extension on singing voice quality. The amplitude of the fundamental frequency (F0), and the singing power ratio (SPR), an indirect measure of singer’s formant activity, were measured. F0 and SPR scores at four experimental head positions were compared with the subjects’ scores at their habitual positions. Three vowels and three pitch levels were tested. F0 amplitudes and low frequency partials in general were greater with more extended head positions, while SPR increased with neck flexion. No effect of pitch or vowel was found. Gains in SPR appear to be the result of damping low frequency partials rather than amplifying those in the singer’s formant region. Raising the amplitude of F0 is an important resonance tool for female voices in the high range, and may be of benefit to other voice types in resonance, loudness, and laryngeal function.

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Gellatly, Andrew William. "Effects of seated posture on static strength, lower-body isometric muscle contractions, and manual tracking performance." Thesis, This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05022009-040815/.

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33

Ray, Thomas J. "The acute metabolic and hemodynamic effects of body inversion during rest and exercise." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53158.

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Suspension of the body in the head-down posture (90° below the horizontal) for traction and added resistance to exercise has generated considerable interest in recent years. However, recent investigators of inversion have cautioned individuals not to participate in such activities until further research could be performed on the effects of exercise in the head-down position. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the acute metabolic and hemodynamic responses of men at rest and during exercise in the inverted posture (90° head-down tilt) versus the supine and standing postures. The parameters investigated were oxygen consumption(V̇O₂), heart rate(HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure(DBP). Eleven male recreational athletes underwent 6 sessions of postural change. The baseline posture was sitting and the critical positions were supine, standing, and inverted. The subjects were asked to remain in each of these postures for three minutes. In the first 2 sessions, oxygen consumption(V̇O₂), was measured at rest and during 45° hip-f1exion respectively, The V̇O₂ in the inverted posture at rest was found to be 1.7% greater than the V̇O₂ in the standing and the supine postures. V̇O₂ in the inverted posture during exercise was 7% and 36.5% greater than in the supine and standing postures, respective1y. A statistical significance in HR at rest in the standing posture versus the inverted and supine postures was observed. During 45° hip-flexion activity, the HR in the standing posture was found to be significantly faster than the supine posture. The HR in the inverted posture was significantly faster than the supine posture as well. At rest, there was no significant increase in SBP as re1ated to posture. During exercise, the SBP was significant1y greater; at rest in each of the postures. Both postural and exercise factors significantly affected the DBP. The post-hoc analyses showed supine resting DBP was significantly lower than in the other two resting postures. During exercise, the standing BP was significantly greater than the supine and inverted DBP. These data demonstrate: A) V̇O₂ in the supine and inverted postures is significantly greater than in the standing postures. B) a statistically significant increase in HR occurs in the standing posture as compared to the supine and inverted postures; however, it does not appear to be clinically significant, C) with the arms maintained in the anatomical position for all postural changes, the SBP was not significantly affected by the change of posture, but was significantly increased with exercise. D) and DBP in the standing posture was statistically greater than in the other two postures and DBP in the inverted posture was significantly elevated above that found in the supine posture.
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34

Tiljander, Cristina. "Social gender norms in body language : The construction of stereotyped gender differences in body language in the American sitcom Friends." Thesis, Karlstad University, Karlstad University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-1599.

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Nonverbal communication such as body language is a vital component of our communication, and since scholars agree that there are some notable differences in the way men and women use body language, the study of gendered nonverbal communication as a social construction is vital to our understanding of how we create gendered identities. The aim of this paper is to investigate how social gender norms concerning body language appear in constructed communication. By studying the body language of the characters in the American sitcom Friends, and with focus on leg postures, I examine how the show Friends enacts and represents stereotyped sex differences in body language. The study encompasses both the distribution of leg positions between the genders, and what these postures seem to accomplish in interaction. As for the relationship between gender and leg postures, I observed the sitting positions of the characters Chandler, Ross, Joey, Monica and Rachel in six episodes from the 1999/2000 season of Friends for the first study. For the analysis of leg postures in relation to the communicative situation, the entire corpus of ten episode recordings was used. Based on repeated inspection of scenes where leg positions could be studied in relation to gender and communication, systematic patterns were identified.

The results of the study are consistent with the findings of scholars like Vrugt and Luyerink (2000); women tend to sit in closed postures or with their legs crossed, which is regarded feminine, while men sit in wide positions with their legs spread, which is regarded masculine. Furthermore, the characters/actors in Friends seem to perform their gender roles partly by using different leg positions and wideness of postures. However, leg positions alone were not found to be decisive in the messages communicated, and emotions and stance were communicated using verbal and other non-verbal channels and cues. Instead, leg positions remained gender-stereotypical regardless of the message communicated, and men and women seem to communicate the same message using different leg positions. It is therefore concluded that leg positions are an inherent part of “doing gender”, but that leg positions as such are not necessarily related to the type of message or emotional stance that is communicated.

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Akyildiz, Ayca. "Quality Of Working Life, Posture Analysis Of Upper Extremity Musculoskeletal Complaints Among Office Workers." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615514/index.pdf.

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This thesis analyzes the relationship between upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders and longtime computer usage. Firstly
maastricht upper extremity questionnaire is applied to Financial Control and Information Technology Departments of Turk Telekom. Results are analyzed by using spss 16.0 tool by conduction of ordinal logistic regression analysis to determine the significance between work environment and postural information and upper extremity musculoskeletal complaints. Then
development of a new tool, namely PACU (postural analysis of computer users), takes place aiming to determine the factors of disorders, by mainly focusing on work-related neck and upper limb disorders, for long time computer users of Financial Control and Information Technology Departments of Turk Telekom. Results of the PACU are analyzed by using the methods of correlation, chi square goodness of fit test, factor analysis, and ordinal logistic regression.

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Zamagni, Elisa. "Développement, bases neural et pathologie du Soi corporel." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10047.

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Dans la partie introductive de cette thèse sont illustrés le cadre théorique dans lequel se situent les études sur la reconnaissance du soi corporel. En outre, ce chapitre traite de la façon dont la reconnaissance visuelle des visages et des corps, et de la spécificité de la reconnaissance de son propre visage et de son propre corps, s’effectuent. Le deuxième chapitre décrit une étude menée chez des sujets sains, qui examine l'excitabilité du cortex moteur primaire dans le processus de reconnaissance de soi et de l’autre. Le troisième chapitre illustre l'expérience réalisé pour étudier la contribution du mouvement dans la reconnaissance du soi corporel chez des sujets neurologiquement sains et chez les patients avec lésion cérébrale de l’hémisphère droit. Le quatrième chapitre porte sur le développement du soi corporel chez les enfants avec un développement atypique, souffrant de troubles du spectre autistique à haut fonctionnement, avec une attention particulière au rôle des émotions dans la reconnaissance de postures émotionnels, propres et autrui. Enfin, le cinquième chapitre est consacré au rôle du geste dans la reconnaissance du propre corps et celui des autres
The first chapter describes the theoretical framework of self-body recognition and the processing that allow us to distinguish one’s own body and face from body and face of someone else. The second chapter will investigate motor cortex excitability during self/other recognition processing in healthy subjects. The results show an increment of motor corticospinal excitability in the right hemisphere following the presentation of self stimuli (hand and phone), at 600 and 900 ms after stimulus presentation, providing evidences about neural substrates and temporal processes underlying self-body recognition. The third chapter will describe the role of the movement in self bodily recognition in healthy subjects and in patients with right brain damage. The evidence show that patients, who did not show the advantage in the implicit recognition of self static body parts, present this advantage in the implicit recognition of self dynamic body parts. The fourth chapter focuses on the development of the bodily self in children with typical development and in children with autism, with respect to the recognition of self/other emotional body postures. First, this study shows that the advantage in bodily self processing is preserved in children with autism. Second, emotional body postures modulated self and others body processing in typically developing children, as well as in children with autism. The fifth chapter deals with the role of hand gestures in self/other bodily recognition processing, showing that the meaning of a gesture modulates the self/other processing. The processing of others’ hand is facilitated with meaningful compared to meaningless gestures

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Ljungberg, Jenny, and Johanna Sönnerstam. "Estimation of human height from surveillance camera footage - a reliability study." Thesis, Jönköping University, Jönköping University, School of Health Science, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-6579.

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Abstract

Aim: The aim was to evaluate height measurements made with the single view metrology method and to investigate the influence of standing position and different phases of gait and running on vertical height.

Method: Ten healthy men were recorded simultaneously by a 2D web camera and a 3D motion analysis system. They performed six trials, three standing and three during gait and running. The vertical height was measured with the single view metrology method and in Qualisys Track Manager. The results were compared for evaluation. The vertical height in the different postures was compared to the actual height.

Results: The measurements made with the single view metrology method were significantly higher than the measurements made with Qualisys Track Manager (p<0.001). The vertical height in the two standing positions was significantly lower than the actual height (p<0.05). The vertical height in midstance was significantly lower than actual height in the walking trials (p<0.05). No significant difference was found between maximum vertical height and actual height during running (p>0.05).

Conclusion: The single view metrology method measured vertical heights with a mean error of +2.30 cm. Posture influence vertical body height. Midstance in walking is the position where vertical height corresponds best with actual height, in running it is the non-support phase.

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Canales, Janette Zamudio. "Fisioterapia em transtorno depressivo maior: avaliação da postura e imagem corporal." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5142/tde-15042009-170034/.

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Introdução: O Transtorno Depressivo Maior (TDM) caracteriza-se por humor polarizado para depressão, diminuição de energia e atividade geral, assim como uma visão distorcida de si, do mundo e do futuro. Os pacientes podem apresentar postura corporal recurvada sem movimentos espontâneos e olhar abatido. Fatores intrínsecos e extrínsecos influenciam a postura corporal do indivíduo, tais como condições físicas do ambiente, estado sócio-cultural e emocional, atividade física e/ou obesidade. A imagem corporal, a qual é a imagem internalizada do próprio corpo, está intimamente ligada à postura. Objetivos: Avaliar a postura e a imagem corporal em pacientes com TDM no episódio depressivo (semana 1) e na remissão total ou parcial (semana 8 a 10), e comparar ao grupo controle. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo casocontrole observacional com 34 pacientes, com idades entre 37,62 (±8,20), sendo 26(76,5%) do sexo feminino e 8 (23,5%) do sexo masculino, portadores de TDM de acordo com os critérios do DSM IV-TR. O grupo controle é composto de 37 sujeitos sadios do ponto de vista físico e mental, com idade entre 34,78(± 6,21), sendo 29 (78,4%) do sexo feminino e8 (21,6%) do sexo masculino.A avaliação postural foi realizada através da técnica de fotogrametria utilizando um simetrógrafo, com um tripé posicionado a uma altura de 1m e a uma distância de 2,70 m do simetrógrafo, e uma base de apoio posicionada em frente a este, todos nivelados com bolha. Os pontos anatômicos foram identificados e assinalados a partir de palpação dos limites externos dos ossos e foram marcados com adesivos e bolas de isopor de 15 mm, para serem visualizados em vista lateral. O paciente estava vestido em trajes de banho, conforme a técnica de Penha et al. (2005). Foram realizadas fotografias em quatro poses na posição ortostática: frontal(anterior e posterior), sagital (esquerda e direita). Os ângulos e as distâncias entre as referências ósseas foram quantificados em graus e centímetros, respectivamente, e foram calculados com auxílio das linhas traçadas através do software Coreldraw v.12.0, com base nas linhas de referência do simetrógrafo e nos pontos ósseos marcados. Para a avaliação da imagem corporal foi utilizado o questionário Body Shape Questionnaire. Resultados: Houve diferença da postura no grupo depressivo entre a semana 1 (episódio depressivo) e a semanas 8 a 10 (remissão), onde no episódio ocorre, flexão de cabeça sagital direita e esquerda (p<0,001; p<0,001), aumento da cifose torácica direita e esquerda (p<0,001), tendência a abdução da escápula (p=0,046) e tendência a retroversão pélvica( p=0,012). Na comparação entre o grupo controle e o grupo depressivo semana 8-10 houve diferença entre apenas para a variável postura do ombro(p=0,009). Com relação à imagem corporal, houve diferença estatisticamente significativa no grupo de depressivo entre semana 1 e 8-10 (p= 0,007), a pontuação foi de 90,03 (±38,46) na semana 1 e 75,82 (± 35,30) nas semanas 8-10. O grupo controle não apresenta insatisfação com a imagem corporal assim como os pacientes depressivos na remissão. Conclusão: Os resultados mostraram que o paciente depressivo no episódio apresentou alteração da postura com: aumento da cifose, aumento da inclinação anterior da cabeça, tendência a retroversão pélvica e abdução da escápula. Na remissão há melhora desta postura sendo similar ao grupo controle. Com relação à imagem corporal os pacientes depressivos apresentaram insatisfação leve no episódio. Na remissão não há insatisfação com a imagem corporal assim como o grupo controle. Portanto o paciente depressivo apresenta alteração da postura e da imagem corporal devido aos sinais e sintomas do TDM
Introduction: The Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is characterized by mood polarized for depression, decreased energy and general activity, as well as a distorted vision of itself, the world and the future. Patients may present curved body posture and without spontaneous movements and looking shot. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing the body posture of the individual, such as physical conditions of the environment, state sociocultural and emotional, physical activity and/or obesity. The body image, which is the image of internalised own body, is closely linked to posture. Objectives: To assess the posture and body image in patients with MDD in depressive episode (week 1), and remission (week 8 a 10) in, and compared to control group. Methods: This was an observational case-control study with 34 patients, aged 37.62 (± 8.20), and 26 (76.5%) female and 8 (23.5%) of sex men, diagnostic of TDM according to the criteria of the DSM-IV TR. The control group is composed of 37 healthy subjects from a physical and mental, aged 34.78 (± 6.21), 29 (78.4%) females and 8 (21.6%) of mens. A posture assessment was performed by using a technique of photogrammetry simetrógrafo, with a tripod positioned at a height of 1m and a distance of 2.70 meters from the simetrógrafo, and a base of support positioned in front of him. The anatomical points were identified and marked from palpation of the external limits of the bones and were marked with adhesive dots and small balls to be viewed in side view. The patient was dressed in swim wear, as the technique of Penha et al. (2005). Photographs were taken in four poses in the standing position: front (anterior and posterior), sagittal (left and right). The angles and distances between references bone were measured in degrees and centimeters, respectively, and were calculated with the help of lines drawn through software CorelDraw v.12.0, based on the lines of reference of simetrógrafo and points marked bone. For the evaluation of body image was used questionnaire Body Shape Questionnaire. Results: There was a difference of attitude between the depressive group in week 1 (depressive episode) and 8 to 10 weeks (remission), with : head inclination right and left (p <0001, p <0001), increased of thoracic kyphosis (p <0001), the abduction of the scapula (p=0,046) and tendency to retroversion pelvic (p= 0,012). In the comparison between the control group and the depressed group there was a difference between 8-10 weeks only to the variable position of the shoulder (p = 0009). With regard to body image, there was a statistically significant difference in the group of depression between week 1 and 8-10 (p = 0007), the score was 90.03 (± 38.46) in week 1 and 75.82 (± 35.30) in 8-10 weeks. The control group does not show dissatisfaction with body image and depressive patients in remission. Conclusion: The results showed that patients with depressive episode showed change in the posture with: increased kyphosis, increased head anterior inclination, tendency to retroversion of pelvis abduction and abduction of scapula. In remission there is improvement this attitude is similar to the control group. With regard to body image, patients with mild depressive episode showed dissatisfaction. In remission there is dissatisfaction with body image and the control group. Therefore the patient presents depressing change of posture and body image because of the signs and symptoms of TMD

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Wang, Yang. "Passive and muscle-based predictive computer models of seated and supine humans in whole-body vibration." Diss., University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3549.

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Studies of human response to whole-body vibration, such those encountered in heavy machinery and ground and aerial transportation, have highlighted the critical role of the head-neck posture of seated human occupants and the role of the transport system of a supine human on the severity of the transmitted vibration to the human body. Novel passive and muscle-based models are introduced in this work to predict the biodynamical response of the human under whole-body vibration in seated and supine postures. Planar and three-dimensional models representing the human head-neck system under different seated postures and fore-aft and multiple-axis whole-body vibration are first introduced. In these models, the head-neck system is represented by rigid links connected via spring-damper components representing the soft-tissue and connecting elements between the bones. Additional muscle components are added to some models. The muscle components comprise additional mass, spring, and damper elements arranged in a special order to capture the effect of changes in the displacement, velocity, acceleration, and jerk. The results show that the proposed models are able to predict the displacement and acceleration of the head under different vibration files, with the muscle-based models showing better performance than the passive models. The second set of models is introduced in this work to investigate the effect of the underlying transport system conditions on the response of supine humans under vertical and multiple-axis whole-body vibration. In these models, the supine human body is represented by three rigid links representing the head, torso/arms, and legs. The links are connected via rotational and translational joints, and therefore, it is expected that the models can capture the coupling effects between adjacent segments. The joints comprise translational and rotational spring-damper components that represent the soft tissue and the connecting elements between the segments. The contact surfaces between the supine human and the underlying transport system were modeled using spring-damper elements. Two underlying transport systems were considered, including a rigid support and a long spinal board attached to a military litter. The results showed that the proposed models were able to predict the effect of the transport systems on the human response under different vibration conditions.

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Hobson, Douglas A. "Contributions of posture and deformity to the body-seat interface conditions of a person with spinal cord injuries." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1988. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21695.

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Over the last two decades research emphasis has been placed on studying the effects of pressure on the buttock tissues of individuals with spinal cord injury. It is evident that the prolonged application of pressures above certain threshold levels will initiate a pathological process in the tissues that can lead to necrosis and ulceration. The exact mechanics of the process is not clearly understood. There is also evidence which suggests that a number of additional factors could be involved in the formation of pressure sores. For example, shear stresses and tissue distortion, repeated loadings, impact stress, temperature and humidity, metabolic stress, nutritional status, age, body stature, and psychological factors have all been implicated as possible contributing factors. In spite of this extensive research effort very few clear quantitative measures and guideline have been developed that can be used for clinical decision-making. That is, there are still missing pieces to the pressure sore problem. This study investigates the possible contributions of pelvic and spinal deformity and body posture to the variables occurring at body-seat interface. Four variables were investigated involving two study groups; a normal control group and a group of individuals with spinal cord injury. The variables are: spinal/pelvic alignment, pressures across the buttock support area, tangential shear at the support surface, and locations of centre of gravity. The latter three variables where measured for both groups in nine standardized postures commonly assumed while sitting in a wheelchair. Spinal/pelvic alignment involved a radiographic series taken in three of the nine sitting postures. The results indicate that pressure distribution and tangentially-induced shear forces are highly influenced by body posture. The results also indicate differences between the study groups in pelvic alignment and movement of the ischial tuberosities during changes of body posture. It is proposed that these findings have important implications relative to the design of future seating devices and in the clinical practice of pressure sore management.

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NAGA, SOUMYA. "AN EFFICIENT ALGORITHM FOR CLINICAL MASS CENTER LOCATION OF HUMAN BODY." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1131323551.

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Yang, Mingming. "Effects of sitting posture and seat backrest on the biodynamic response of the human body and the prediction of spinal forces during vertical whole-body vibration." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2016. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/413851/.

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Biodynamic models have been developed to predict the dynamic spinal forces induced by whole-body vibration but the effects of sitting posture and backrest conditions on these forces are unclear. The main objectives of the research reported in thesis were to advance understanding of: (i) how sitting posture and contact with a backrest affect the biodynamic responses of the human body, and (ii) the effects of sitting posture and backrests on spinal forces during exposure to vertical whole-body vibration. Experimental measurements found that the apparent mass of the body and transmissibilities to the spine (to the pelvis, L5, L3, and T5) are affected by the presence of a vertical backrest or an inclined backrest (inclined by 10º, 20º, and 30º). An inclined backrest induced a broad peak, or even two peaks, around 4 to 8 Hz in the vertical apparent mass at the seat pan, probably because the backrest separated the body modes contributing to the principal resonance around 5 Hz evident when sitting with no backrest. Sitting with either vertical or inclined backrests increased vertical motions of the pelvis and the spine. Leaning forward in an ‘anterior leaning’ sitting posture increased the frequency of the principal resonance in the vertical apparent mass at the seat, possibly due to increased tension in back muscles. Leaning forward in ‘anterior leaning’ or ‘kyphotic leaning’ postures induced a resonance around 2.5 Hz in the vertical apparent mass at the seat pan, due to excitation of body modes at frequencies less than 5 Hz associated with fore-and-aft motions of the pelvis and the spine. Changing sitting posture changes muscle activity. Tensing muscles in the lower body (including the lower lumbar spine, pelvis, and thighs), or tensing muscles in the whole body (the lower and upper torso), produces similar increases in the frequency of the principal resonance in the vertical apparent mass at the seat around 5 Hz. This suggests tensing muscles in the lower body causes a greater increase in the frequency of the principal resonance than tensing muscles in upper body. Biodynamic models of the seated human body that included forces from muscles were developed to fit the measured responses of the body (apparent mass and transmissibilities) in the various sitting conditions (normal and leaning forward, vertical and inclined backrests). The spinal forces in the vertical and fore-and-aft directions at the L5/S1 intervertebral disc were estimated from the sum of the predicted static and dynamic forces in both directions. In each sitting condition, a linear model was used to predict the frequency-dependent transfer function between the vertical seat acceleration and the dynamic forces in the spine. For the sitting conditions studied in this research, the contributions from the muscles to static spinal forces were comparable to the forces from gravity of the body mass supported on the intervertebral disc. Dynamic muscle forces were predicted to contribute significant dynamic spinal forces in the vertical and fore-and-aft directions during vertical whole-body vibration. Varying the sitting conditions varied the spinal forces predicted by the models, both with and without exposure to vibration. Transfer functions between vertical seat acceleration and dynamic spinal forces showed one or two resonances around 4 to 8 Hz. The resonance frequency in the transfer function between vertical seat acceleration and dynamic vertical spinal force increased with increasing inclination of a backrest, similar to the effect of backrest inclination on the vertical apparent mass at the seat pan. Compared to a normal sitting posture, sitting with 20º-inclined backrest increased the predicted static and dynamic spinal forces in the spine in the vertical and fore-and-aft directions, due to increased forces at the backrest and increased motion of the spine in both directions. Forward leaning sitting postures increased the fore-and-aft motions of the spine and increased the fore-and-aft dynamic spinal forces predicted by the model. It is concluded that sitting posture and contact with vertical or inclined backrests alter the biodynamic responses of the seated human body. The changes arise from several mechanisms including the backrest supporting some of the body mass, changes in static muscle activity, changes in dynamic muscle activity, and changes in the modes of vibration in the body. These mechanisms are also responsible for predicted changes in the forces in the spine during vertical whole-body vibration.

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Baker, William David Richard. "The influence of whole-body vibration and postural support on activity interference in standing rail passengers." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12487.

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Travel time has generally been regarded as an unproductive period, representing a means-to-an-end in order to engage in activities at specific destinations. Rapid developments in mobile technology have provided people with innovative ways to multi-task and engage in meaningful activities while travelling. Rail transportation specifically, offers passengers advantages over other means of transportation as there is no need to focus on driving tasks. Due to the increase in passenger numbers and limited seating availability in train carriages, over one third of rail passengers are required to stand while travelling (DfT, 2013). The vibration to which rail passengers are exposed has been shown to interfere with the performance of activities and for standing passengers, it is often necessary to use postural supports such as holding on to grab rails or leaning on walls in order to maintain stability. The overall aim of the research is to evaluate the influence of whole-body vibration (WBV) exposure and standing posture on the performance of manual control tasks and the associated subjective workloads experienced by rail passengers. The use of supports, such as a backrest in seated postures, has been found to influence the response of the human body to WBV exposure, yet no reported studies have investigated the effects of postural supports on the response of the body in standing postures. Understanding how the body is affected in these conditions would increase the current state of knowledge on the biomechanical responses of the human body to vibration exposure and provide improved representation of standing postures within vibration standards (for example, ISO2631-4 (2001)) and guidelines for device interface design. A field study, using direct observation, was conducted to assess the behaviour of standing rail passengers and determine the characteristics of typical vibration exposures. This information provided the basis for the design of four subsequent laboratory studies. The main investigations of the laboratory studies were the influence of WBV exposure on objective performance measures, such as task completion time and error rate, and subjective workloads (for example, NASA TLX) for a range of manual control tasks. One of these laboratory studies evaluated the influence of various postural supports (for example, backrests) on the biomechanical responses of standing individuals. Measurements obtained during the field investigation indicated that the vibration exposures did not exceed the EU Physical Agents Exposure Action Value (EAV) and therefore posed little risk of injury. Vibration magnitudes in the horizontal directions (x- and y-axes) were higher than in the vertical direction (z-axis) and it was necessary for standing passengers to alter behaviours and use supports in order to maintain stability while travelling. The results of the laboratory studies indicated that in conditions where decrements in task performance occurred, the extent to which performance was degraded increased progressively with increases in vibration magnitude. There were conditions (for example, in the continuous control task and the Overhead Handle supported posture in the serial control task) where vibration exposure showed no significant influence on performance measures. This suggested that individuals were able to adapt and compensate for the added stress of vibration exposure in order to maintain performance levels however, this occurred at the expense of mental workload. The workload experienced by the participants increased with corresponding increases in magnitude. Vibration frequency-dependent effects in performance and workload were found to match the biomechanical responses (apparent mass and transmissibility) of the human body and resemble the frequency weightings described in the standards (ISO2631-1 (1997)). During the serial control task, the postures which demonstrated the greatest decrements to performance (for example, Lean Shoulder and Lean Back ) corresponded to the same postures that showed the greatest influence on the biomechanical responses of the body. It was concluded therefore, that measurements of the biomechanical responses to WBV could be used to offer predictions for the likelihood of activity interference. Consideration should however, be given to the applicability of this research before these results can be generalised to wider contexts. Further validation is recommended for future work to include different conditions in order to substantiate the findings of this research.

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Zhang, Qing. "HIGH QUALITY HUMAN 3D BODY MODELING, TRACKING AND APPLICATION." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/cs_etds/39.

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Geometric reconstruction of dynamic objects is a fundamental task of computer vision and graphics, and modeling human body of high fidelity is considered to be a core of this problem. Traditional human shape and motion capture techniques require an array of surrounding cameras or subjects wear reflective markers, resulting in a limitation of working space and portability. In this dissertation, a complete process is designed from geometric modeling detailed 3D human full body and capturing shape dynamics over time using a flexible setup to guiding clothes/person re-targeting with such data-driven models. As the mechanical movement of human body can be considered as an articulate motion, which is easy to guide the skin animation but has difficulties in the reverse process to find parameters from images without manual intervention, we present a novel parametric model, GMM-BlendSCAPE, jointly taking both linear skinning model and the prior art of BlendSCAPE (Blend Shape Completion and Animation for PEople) into consideration and develop a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) to infer both body shape and pose from incomplete observations. We show the increased accuracy of joints and skin surface estimation using our model compared to the skeleton based motion tracking. To model the detailed body, we start with capturing high-quality partial 3D scans by using a single-view commercial depth camera. Based on GMM-BlendSCAPE, we can then reconstruct multiple complete static models of large pose difference via our novel non-rigid registration algorithm. With vertex correspondences established, these models can be further converted into a personalized drivable template and used for robust pose tracking in a similar GMM framework. Moreover, we design a general purpose real-time non-rigid deformation algorithm to accelerate this registration. Last but not least, we demonstrate a novel virtual clothes try-on application based on our personalized model utilizing both image and depth cues to synthesize and re-target clothes for single-view videos of different people.

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Barlaam, Fanny. "Maturation et apprentissage du contrôle postural anticipé au cours de l'adolescence : expressions motrice et cérébrale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4778.

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La fonction d’anticipation programmant l'action et ses conséquences sur la posture s’appuie sur les représentations sensorimotrice. L’adolescence étant caractérisée par des modifications du corps et du cerveau, cette thése évalue les liens qui unissent anticipation, représentations sensorimotrices et maturation cérébrale. La tâche bimanuelle de délestage met en jeu l’utilisation d’un bras postural, supportant le poids, et d’un bras manipulateur, qui le déleste. Dans cette tâche, l'anticipation s'exprime par les ajustements posturaux anticipés (APA), annulant la déstabilisation posturale causée par l'action. Des enregistrements cinématiques, EMG et EEG ont été utilisés. Bien qu’une stabilisation posturale stable soit reportée, les APAs à l’adolescence se caractérisent par une amélioration de la latence de l’inhibition des fléchisseurs. Chez l’adulte, les APA s’expriment par une désynchronisation du rythme mu et une onde positive au dessus de M1 impliqué dans la posture. Les caractéristiques temporelles de ces signatures varient à l’adolescence. L’apprentissage d’un nouveau contrôle postural est caractérisé par une amélioration rapide puis plus lente de la stabilisation posturale. Plus tardive à l'adolescence, cette acquisition repose sur la maitrise du réglage temporel de l’inhibition des fléchisseurs. Une intégration des retours proprioceptifs issus de l’action permettrait la construction d’une représentation sensorimotrice. Exprimée par la maitrise des paramètres temporels, la réactualisation des représentations sensorimotrice à l’adolescence passerait par une meilleure intégration des retours proprioceptifs. La maturation des régions cérébrales serait aussi capitale
Voluntary action requires an anticipation, which predicts the consequence of action on posture. Anticipation rests on action and body representations. Adolescence is characterized by body modifications and cerebral maturation. This thesis explored the link between the anticipatory function, action and body representations, and the cerebral maturation. The bimanual load-lifting task engages a postural arm, supporting the load, and a motor arm, lifting the load. In this task, the anticipation, expressed by anticipatory postural adjustments (APA) cancelled the destabilizing effect of movement on the posture. Kinematics, EMG and EEG were recorded. Although performances of postural stabilization were stable, APAs at the adolescence were characterized by an earlier latency of inhibition on the postural flexors. In adults, APA are expressed by a mu rhythm desynchronization and a positive wave over M1involved in posture, which presented different temporal characteristics in adolescents. Thus, the improvement of APA would be underlain by a maturation of these EEG activities. Learning a new postural control was characterized by a rapid followed by a slow improvement of the postural stabilisation. This acquisition rested on the mastering of the temporal parameters of the flexors inhibition, which took more time at the adolescence. Integration of proprioceptive feedback coming from action allowed an update of sensorimotor representation. Expressed by the mastering of the temporal parameters, the update of body and action representations at adolescence would imply an enhancement of the integration of proprioceptive information. Maturation of the cerebral areas would be a key element

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McDade, Theodore Pashley. "An investigation of adjustable microgravity workstation anthropometrics through analyses of neutral body posture and lower leg muscular fatigue characteristics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/40551.

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Earthman, Carrie Penland, and Carrie Penland Earthman. "Body composition and quality of life changes in HIV infection." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284493.

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As the efficacy of clinical management of HIV infection continues to improve, there is a growing need for outcomes research to focus on finding ways to improve physical well-being and quality of life. Weight loss and body cell mass (BCM) depletion are two clinical issues that have received ongoing attention from researchers, given that both are potent predictors of morbidity in HIV-infected individuals. In this series of studies, three primary issues were addressed. First, the relationship between pharmacological (oxandrolone) and nutritional therapies and changes in BCM and body weight was examined over a 4-mo descriptive clinical trial. Second, the impact of these changes was considered in terms of quality of life change. Third, these analyses provided an opportunity to compare single-frequency bioelectrical impedance with multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance methods for measuring BCM change. There were a number of compelling findings in this research. First, HIV-infected individuals receiving oxandrolone and nutritional intervention were observed to gain both body weight and BCM. Significant relationships were observed between weight gain and improved quality of life, physical well-being, and appetite. In addition to these results, the use of bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) was demonstrated to have several advantages over the more commonly used single-frequency bioelectrical impedance method for measuring BCM in the field, including the ability to provide valid measures of BCM in HIV infection. Based on these findings, it appears that early identification by a valid field method, BIS, and a multi-faceted therapeutic approach may be most effective in the treatment of weight loss and BCM depletion in HIV-infected individuals.

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Hammon, Sarah A. "Body Dissatisfaction, Disordered Eating Behaviors and Body Image Quality of Life in African American Women with Hiv." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc177208/.

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The purpose of the current study was to further our understanding of the subjective experience of middle-age African American women who are HIV+ and on highly active antiretroviral therapy, particularly how self-reported lipodystrophy (LD), levels of body dissatisfaction, body image quality of life, and engagement in disordered eating behaviors are related. Multiple regression, MANOVA, MANCOVA, ANOVA, and chi-square were utilized to test hypotheses. Results revealed that HIV+ and HIV- women did not differ significantly on their levels of body dissatisfaction or drive for thinness. When HIV+ women were examined in more detail a pattern emerged: women who self-reported fat hypertrophy had significantly higher levels of body dissatisfaction, bingeing, but not purging, and dietary restriction and fear of weight gain compared to women who did not self-report LD. About 75% of the sample was overweight or obese, and when BMI was controlled for, these differences persisted for body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors for fat hypertrophy, but not fat atrophy. Overall, the findings indicate that the type of LD, specifically hypertrophy, is more related to body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors, than LD in general. Clinical implications and limitations of these findings are discussed.

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Larson, Robert Eugene. "Saving Our Backs: Reducing Low Back Forces, Investigating Pain, and Observing Multifidus." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2020. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8608.

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BACKGROUND: Healthcare workers are among the most injured workers in the United States. This is due to the high rate of patient handling. The low back is the most injured in this population. This study observed biomechanical factors and how these factors affect low back and ground reaction forces. This study further investigated pain and its relationship to low back force, multifidus cross-sectional area, and multifidus activation in healthcare workers. METHODS: The 45 participants included 10 healthy subjects in the preliminary study and 35 active healthcare workers in the main study. Subjects filled out the VAS to determine current pain level. Ultrasound images of the multifidus muscles were taken. The participants were fitted with reflective markers and surface EMG sensors. A series of patient transfers at various bed heights using three different transfer devices was undertaken. The transfer devices included a Cotton sheet, a Skil-Care™ Transfer Sling, and an AirPal® device. RESULTS: There was a downward trend in resultant low back force when comparing lower bed heights to higher. Therefore, the highest bed position was determined to be optimal. There were significant differences in low back force between self-chosen and optimal bed heights among healthcare workers. There was no significant difference between peak low back or ground reaction forces between pain and nonpain groups. There was a significant difference in multifidus cross-sectional area between these groups at S1, a trend toward significance at L5, and no difference at L4. There was a trend toward significance when comparing multifidus activation between these groups as recorded by surface EMG. CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare workers should choose higher bed heights and appropriate equipment to reduce low back force and those who have smaller multifidus have more pain.

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Bosch, Amanda J. "The use of the Alexander Technique in the improvement of flute tone." Diss., 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/22844.

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The use of the Alexander Technique in teaching, performing and practicing the flute is investigated, in order to determine how to apply the Technique to the art of producing a good flute tone. The author's application of the Alexander Technique to teaching and playing the flute is described. Knowledge was acquired both through doing case studies on two flute pupils, and through the integration of personal experience, gained through taking Alexander Technique lessons, into flute lessons. This is set out in detail. The decision to work intensively on the technique of sound production on the flute, made the author aware of the fact that we. as teachers and performers, encounter a large number of different problems in teaching and playing. Matters are complicated by a pupil's eagerness and "wanting to do things right". This can cause a certain amount of apprehension and even anxiety. Often the habits which inhibit progress prove very difficult for the teacher to correct. This study is aimed at detecting and solving these problems by using the Alexander Technique; hopefully leading to a better understanding of how the Technique can be applied to flute teaching and playing. Posture, breathing and embouchure control are specifically addressed. For the teacher or performer who has little understanding of his/her own problems in playing the flute - e.g. in coping with the loss of a good tone caused by stage fright and other anxieties - the use of the Alexander Technique can mean the creation a new sense of physical freedom and mental flexibility. A knowledge of how to work on changing faulty habits and the creating of new and better means of body use, can be gained through the taking of Alexander IV Technique lessons. The general principles and various applications of the Technique are described. The problems musicians face - e.g. postural problems from sitting or standing for hours while practicing the instrument, instrument-specific problems such as pain in the arms or shoulders, or physical tension caused by anxiety - are all habitual difficulties which can be detected, weakened and, hopefully, even erased through the use of the Alexander Technique. This study aims to show that mind-body awareness work is fundamental for the teacher, the pupil and the performer. Very often, what appear to be simple problems in musical performance are bound to deeply-felt and long-standing emotions and experiences. Therefore, the seemingly simple problems associated with producing a good flute tone cannot be addressed without dealing with the person as a whole. It is thus crucial for us as musicians to attend to the whole person - as we practice, perform and teach. This study attempts to lead musicians to a better understanding of all facets of themselves and others, through the application of the Alexander Technique.
Dissertation (MMus (Performing Arts))--University of Pretoria, 2006.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Quality of body posture'

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