Relevant bibliographies by topics / Quality of oil and gas products

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Quality of oil and gas products'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 23 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Quality of oil and gas products"

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Guseinova, E. A., and A. A. Gasanov. "THE IMPACT OF FRACTIONAL COMPOSITION OF GAS OIL ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF CATALYTIC CRACKING PRODUCTS." Chemical Problems 23, no. 1 (2025): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/2221-8688-2025-1-95-100.

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The impact of the depth of selection of narrow gas oil fractions of Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli oils on the yield and quality of catalytic cracking products was studied. The impact of fractional and group hydrocarbon composition on the main directions of cracking is analyzed. 5 types of gas oil fractions selected in the range of 200-360, 200-410, 200-440, 200-460, and 200-500°C were used as feedstock for catalytic cracking. The results of catalytic cracking of narrow gas oil fractions of Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli oils indicate a nonlinear nature of the dependences on the boiling point limits. The highest total yield of light oil products was obtained by cracking gas oil fractions boiling in the range of 200-410 and 200-440°C, reaching 60.5 and 60.8%, respectively. At the same time, the main contribution to this indicator was made by the gasoline fraction (31.5-33.2%). It was based on paraffin-naphthenic hydrocarbons. The yield of the diesel fraction changed symbiotically with the increasing weight of the fractional composition of the raw material, reaching maximum values of 9.9% during the cracking of the gas oil fraction, boiling in the range of 200-500°C. Based on a comparison of the ratio of iso-butane to iso-butylene, it was concluded that the cracking of gas oil at 200-440°C was accompanied by a significant contribution of bimolecular hydrogen transfer reactions.
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Nasution, A. S., and E. Jasjfi. "Gas Oil Components And The Effects Of The Changing Gas Oil Quality Requirement." Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas 21, no. 1 (1998): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.29017/scog.21.1.949.

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The survey of gas oil production and impact of more stringent specification on the catalyst performance of ASEAN refineries conducted in 1996 revealed that a total feedstock of 5,673 MBPSD are processed into 1,131 MBPSD gas oil. This consist of the following product distribution: straight-run gas oil 85.44%, thermal cracked gas oil 2.52% cat. Cracked gas oil 3.50% and hydrocracked gas oil 8.54% on total gas oil products. About 50% of this total gas oil is processed in hydrotreating processes to improve the performanceof diesel oil.This paper reviews the production of gas oil components in ASEAN and the effect of the changing gas oil quality requirement on hydrotreating catalyst performance.
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Miharja, Dedi Setiadi, and Iwan Sidharta. "Pengaruh Pengelolaan Kelancaran Proses Produksi terhadap Kualitas Produk Migas yang dimoderasi Peran Laboratorium." Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Kontigensi 6, no. 1 (2018): 29–34. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3375151.

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<em>The oil and gas industry is a driver of the country&#39;s economy. The availability of oil and gas products is related to the quality of the product. This study aims to examine the role of laboratories in moderating the influence of the continuous production process on the quality of oil and gas products. Positivism approach is carried out by surveying supervisor level employees with stratified random sampling technique. Hypothesis testing is done by structuring equation modeling approach. The results of the study prove there is a moderating influence of the role of the laboratory in improving the quality of oil and gas products through a continuous production process.</em>
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Yin, Guang Hong. "The Review of the Development of Oil&Gas Steels in Baosteel." Advanced Materials Research 51 (June 2008): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.51.21.

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The development of oil&amp;gas steel products in Baosteel in the past two decades is reviewed. After years of R&amp;D works of steel products used in energy industry such as drilling, exploitation, collection, transportation, and storage of oil and gas, the alloy system and manufacturing processes of oil&amp;gas steel products have been established in Baosteel. The oil&amp;gas steel products of Baosteel consist of two major categories, i.e. the Oil Country Tubular Goods used in underground service, and the pipes used for pipeline construction on the ground. Currently, the product quality has been maintained stable, and the involved products have been extensively used in worldwide oil&amp;gas exploration and transportation industry.
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Lyutikova, M. N., S. M. Korobeynikov, and A. V. Ridel. "QUALITY CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER OIL BY GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 300 (June 2023): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2023.06.pp.030-035.

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In oil-filled high-voltage equipment (power transformers, reactors, current and voltage transformers, switches and bushings), transformer oil performs a number of important functions (heat-removing, insulating, arcing, protective, information and diagnostic). With prolonged use in equipment, the oil undergoes oxidation, which leads to a deterioration in its dielectric properties. In order to slow down the process of oil oxidation and extend the life of liquid insulation, an antioxidant additive ionol (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol) is added to it. Using the method of chromato-mass spectrometry, it was found that ionol decomposes during its consumption with the formation of other phenolic-type compounds, which also exhibit antioxidant activity. In addition, the identified degradation products of ionol can serve as indicators of the state of the liquid insulation as a whole. However, the method of chromatomass spectrometry, for certain reasons, is not used in power grid laboratories. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a method for determining the decomposition products of ionol in their joint presence in operating oil, based on the method of gasliquid chromatography with a flame ionization detector. The implementation of this technique does not require significant investments. In addition, new boundary values of ionol have been established, which should be taken into account when planning the addition of ionol to operating oil in order to prevent a sharp deterioration in its insulating properties.
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Toishimanov, Maxat, Meruyet Nurgaliyeva, Yurii Baranov, and Assiya Serikbayeva. "Assessment of fat-and-oil products quality conformity (safflower oil)." Scientific Horizons 27, no. 6 (2024): 86–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.48077/scihor6.2024.86.

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The study aims to analyse the qualitative characteristics of safflower oil, including its fatty acid profile, and determine the acid and peroxide numbers. The study also investigated the levels of heavy metals in the oil and assessed its potential as an inhibitor of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymatic activity. In this study, standardised methods were used to analyse the fatty acid composition of safflower oil using a standard mixture of 37 fatty acid methyl esters (Supelco™ 37 Component FAME Mix), which ensured high accuracy in determining the fatty acid composition. The physical properties of safflower oil, such as density (0.94) and specific gravity (0.917), depend on the fatty acid composition and temperature. The refractive index, determined at 1.469, was used to estimate changes in the oil’s unsaturation and viscosity (45.6 cP). Colour parameters (lightness 45.24, red-green scale -2.87, yellowblue scale 21.04) confirm the authenticity of the oil. The results of gas chromatographic analysis confirmed that the composition of the samples did not meet the requirements of the standard. The study also included the evaluation of the inhibitory activity of safflower oil against the enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase, where one of the samples showed significant inhibition of α-amylase activity and the other α-glucosidase activity, indicating their potential use as natural inhibitors. The safety control of heavy metal content showed that the levels of lead, cadmium and other toxic elements in the oil are well below the permissible limits, confirming its safety for consumption. These data indicate that, although some safflower oil samples do not meet the standards for fatty acid composition, its potential as a natural enzyme inhibitor and safety in terms of heavy metal content opens up prospects for further research and possible optimisation of production processes
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Nasution, A. S., Chairil Anwar, and E. Jasjfi. "CURRENT USES AND FUTURE CHALLENGES FOR ZEOLITE IN THE INDONESIAN OIL AND GAS PROCESSING INDUSTRY." Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas 22, no. 2 (2022): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.29017/scog.22.2.1091.

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Oil and gas industry uses zeolite as an adsorbent to reduce moisture content of natural gas in LNG Plant, and as catalyst to convert the heavy petroleum fractions feeds into light clean fuels in refinery.Low quality crude oil, low residual fuel demand, and an increased demands and spesifications for light products (gasoline, kerosene, and diesel oil) and petrochemical products, future challenges for utilization zeolite as cracking catalyst in refinery are encouraging.
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MITROFANOV, N. S., and A. V. VOROTYNTSEV. "MODELING OF FLARE GAS UTILIZATION TECHNOLOGY AT OIL AND GAS REFINERIES USING RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES." Herald of Technological University 28, no. 2 (2025): 79–87. https://doi.org/10.55421/1998-7072_2025_28_2_79.

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Each hydrocarbon fraction obtained from crude oil and produced at an oil and gas refinery is further transformed into other hydrocarbon components to produce marketable products. However, as the market demand is satisfied and the consumption/use of hydrocarbon fuels is growing, the environmental damage caused by flaring of substandard hydrocarbons with the formation of various combustion products (including greenhouse gases) is also increasing. Due to the anthropogenic impact on the environment, greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere are increasing every year, despite the tightening of environmental requirements, regulations and legislation, since by-products are produced at any production facilities, even if they are fully debugged in operation. Any technological processes used at oil and gas refineries in the world are not initially adapted to work with substandard flare gases, as they are designed to use a specific composition and volume of the required hydrocarbon feedstock, and the main tasks of all existing plants today are to produce products with the highest possible quality and low production of by-products. A new plant has been modeled that is capable of using substandard hydrocarbon gases from an oil and gas refinery as feedstock and returning the resulting products to the production cycle. The plant is powered by renewable energy sources, namely wind turbines, which allows the plant to achieve full carbon neutrality. Rational allocation of resources at oil and gas refineries provides environmental and economic benefits, the new unit allows to completely eliminate the use of flares for burning substandard hydrocarbon gases. Oil and gas refineries can sell products with high added value due to the complete processing of oil and gas raw materials, making a significant contribution to environmental conservation, reducing greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere.
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Bekmurotov, CH. "CERTIFICATION OF VEGETABLE OILS AND QUALITY CONTROL IN THE TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS OF PRODUCTION." Technical science and innovation 2019, no. 4 (2019): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51346/tstu-01.19.4.-77-0038.

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The article reviewed the certification and quality control of the technological process for the production of vegetable oil. There is a procedure for packaging, quality control of products, determination of quality indicators and quality control of finished products. The procedure for using refined cottonseed oil and its varieties, the requirements for placement and storage of vegetable oils, as specified in the regulatory documents, the quality control of vegetable oils and other solutions for cottonseed oil are provided. The gas analyzer shows a solution for measuring the amount of solution by painting the tubes of a mixture of gas and air in oil. Detailed information on the production of vegetable oils, the cost of raw materials, the level of fat content of cotton seeds and the methods used to produce oil from cotton seeds. Methods for certification of vegetable oils, types of quality control, methods of testing and quality determination are presented. It was shown that the procedure for refined production of cottonseed oils and their types, as well as the state of the product classification of products based on the method of producing vegetable oils for consumer purposes, analysis of the sequence of refined oils and refining processes.
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Zhang, Mou, Han-Ping Chen, Ying Gao, et al. "Experimental study on bio-oil pyrolysis/gasification." BioResources 5, no. 1 (2009): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.5.1.135-146.

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This study aims to understand the mechanism of bio-oil gasification and the influence of operating parameters on the properties of the gas products. Firstly, the pyrolysis/gasification of bio-oil was performed using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The evaporation of gas products from bio-oil were measured on-line with coupled Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The main gas products were CO, CO2, CH4, H2O, and light hydrocarbons, etc. Organics mainly evolved out at lower temperature (100-200°C), while the cracking of heavy hydrocarbon components took place at higher temperature (&gt;200°C). Simultaneously, the gasification behavior of bio-oil was investigated in a fixed bed gasification reactor under different temperature and residence time. The gas product evolving was checked using micro-gas chromatography. It was observed that the yield of CO and H2 increased with increasing gasification temperature above 600°C, and the maximum value was obtained at 800°C. Prolonging the residence time was not favorable for the upgrading of syngas quality.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Quality of oil and gas products"

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Innawong, Bhundit. "Improving Fried Product and Frying Oil Quality Using Nitrogen Gas in A Pressure Frying System." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28650.

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The commercial pressure frying has been limited to frying huge amount of products due to its dependence on the amount of moisture released from the food for generating the desired pressure. This study investigated the feasibility of using nitrogen gas as a substitute for steam in the pressure frying system. The effects of various process conditions (source of pressure, frying temperature and pressure) on fried product and frying oil qualities were evaluated. Frying experiments were performed on breaded/battered poultry products including chicken nuggets (homogenous) and chicken fillets (marinated, intact muscle). Efforts were also made to develop rapid methods to determine frying oil quality and discriminate among fresh, marginal and discarded oils using a chemosensory (also known as electronic nose) or Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR). Frying temperature and pressure affected fried food quality. An increase in frying pressure resulted in tender, juicier products with less oil uptake due to high moisture retention. An increase in frying oil temperature resulted in an increased moisture loss, oil uptake resulting in less tender and juicier products. Compared with frying using steam released from food, using nitrogen provided similar or better quality fried products in terms of moisture retention, juiciness and texture. The reused oils from the fryer using nitrogen gas was better in quality than the system using steam as evidenced from the physical, chemical and chemosensory measurements.<br>Ph. D.
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Xu, He Kensinger John W. "Crude oil and crude oil derivatives transactions by oil and gas producers." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-5106.

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Xu, He. "Crude Oil and Crude Oil Derivatives Transactions by Oil and Gas Producers." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5106/.

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This study attempts to resolve two important issues. First, it investigates the diversification benefit of crude oil for equities. Second, it examines whether or not crude oil derivatives transactions by oil and gas producers can change shareholders' wealth. With these two major goals in mind, I study the risk and return profile of crude oil, the value effect of crude oil derivatives transactions, and the systematic risk exposure effect of crude oil derivatives transactions. In contrast with previous studies, this study applies the Goldman Sachs Commodity Index (GSCI) methodology to measure the risk and return profile of crude oil. The results show that crude oil is negatively correlated with stocks so adding crude oil into a portfolio with equities can provide significant diversification benefits for the portfolio. Given the diversification benefit of crude oil mixed with equities, this study then examines the value effect of crude oil derivatives transactions by oil and gas producers. Differing from traditional corporate risk management literature, this study examines corporate derivatives transactions from the shareholders' portfolio perspective. The results show that crude oil derivatives transactions by oil and gas producers do impact value. If oil and gas producing companies stop shorting crude oil derivatives contracts, company stock prices increase significantly. In contrast, if oil and gas producing companies start shorting crude oil derivatives contracts, stock prices drop marginally significantly. Thus, hedging by producers is not necessarily good. This paper, however, finds that changes in policy regarding crude oil derivatives transactions cannot significantly affect the beta of shareholders' portfolios. The value effect, therefore, cannot be attributed to any systematic risk exposure change of shareholders' portfolios. Market completeness, transaction costs, and economies of scale are identified as possible sources of value effect. The following conclusions have been obtained in this study. Crude oil provides significant diversification benefits for equities. In the presence of market imperfections, crude oil derivatives transactions by oil and gas producers may change shareholders' wealth, even though crude oil derivatives transactions by oil and gas producers do not have significant effect on the systematic risk exposures of companies.
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Sawalim, Khalil M. H. "Appraising project performance and Total Quality Management (TQM) practices in the Libyan oil and gas sector." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2015. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/4379/.

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The aim of this study was to appraise project performance and Total Quality Management (TQM) in the Libyan oil and gas sector. In achieving this aim , the study developed five objectives which are: to review current definitions and models of Project Performance in relation to theory and practices, to examine current definitions and models of TQM in a project context, to identify methodological norms in this research domain and propose a way forward , to analyse the interrelationship between TQM principles and project performance practices for oil and gas industry related projects and, finally, to model and propose the predictive value of TQM principles that could be used to enhance project management performance in the Libyan oil and gas industry. The research adopted a mixed methods approach. An extensive literature review was conducted on the history of the oil and gas industry, review of the energy sector in Libya, socio-economic development in Libya, social context and human development in Libya, the current practice in the Libyan energy sector, the importance of TQM, leaders in the Quality Management movement, TQM and performance, project and PM performance and TQM and PM performance. A conceptual framework was developed from the literature. Subsequently, twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted with project managers and professionals from three oil and gas companies from different categories of the oil and gas industry. The conceptual framework was improved after the analysis of interview findings, and then a questionnaire was used to launch the next stage of the study. One hundred and thirty-one questionnaires were analysed by SPSS V16 in order to examine the relationship between TQM practices and project performance in the Libyan oil and gas industry related projects, and to predict the model of TQM practices to project performance in the Libyan oil and gas related projects. Key findings of this research were that there was a positive significant relationship between TQM practices and project performance in oil and gas-related projects, and the interesting finding was that the hard TQM practices have more impact on Project Management Performance (PM performance) than the soft practices. Additionally, the predictive models were developed and the highest had a value of (R2=0.776). . Consequently, this research has made an important contribution to PM performance in the oil and gas industry by developing a framework of TQM practices that positively impact on PM performance. The practical applications of this research mean that managers can focus on those practices to achieve maximum PM performance in the oil and gas industry. The study highlights opportunities for future research including more in-depth exploration of the TQM practices in other oil and gas industry categories as well as the impact of the interrelationships of the practices on insights into PM performance.
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Sanusi, Oluwaseun A. "Supply Chain Strategies to Ensure Delivery of Undamaged Goods." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6111.

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Supply chain leaders in the oil and gas industry face significant logistical challenges regarding the efficient and safe delivery of undamaged products to their customers. Within the conceptual framework of business process orientation theory, the purpose of this multiple case study was to explore the strategies that supply chain leaders used to ensure delivery of undamaged goods to their customers. Four supply chain leaders in the oil and gas industry in Texas were purposefully selected as participants because they had successfully implemented strategies to ensure the delivery of undamaged goods. Data were collected through semistructured interviews and review of publicly published documents from 4 companies. Data were analyzed using Yin's 5-step data analysis process of compiling, disassembling, reassembling, data interpretation, and conclusion. Four themes emerged from the analyzed data: process strategy, inspection strategy, information technology strategy, and employee training strategy. The findings of this study may provide knowledge to business leaders on how to reduce the cost of product delivery and increase profitability. The study's implications for positive social change include the potential for supply chain leaders to reduce material wastage and environmental pollution through the safe delivery of undamaged oil and gas products to customers.
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Saleh, Musbah Salem Muftah. "Exploring the application of total quality management in the Libyan oil and gas companies : potential, obstacles and solutions." Thesis, Durham University, 2013. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7375/.

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Currently, there is worldwide interest in and focus on the implementation and effectiveness of quality management initiatives in industrial organisations with the objective of enhancing effectiveness and efficiency. Total Quality Management (TQM) is a quality management model, which, as the literature over the years has shown, can have a transforming impact on an industry that is in a state of substantial structural change and facing increased competition by raising performance. Therefore, there is no doubt that TQM has received a great deal of attention from practitioners, academics and researchers over the last two decades across the world especially in developing countries, including Libya. The petro-chemical companies constitute the main industrial structure in Libya as oil and gas is the main source of income in the country. However, they are facing a number of challenges including increasing competition and quality level. In order to remain competitive, Libyan petro-chemical companies need to successfully and effectively employ quality management initiatives such as TQM, which can enable and empower the entire workforce, improve competitive position and raise performance. This study, hence, aims to explore and analyse the implementation level of TQM within Libyan oil and gas organisations by exploring the causes of failure in the effective implementation of TQM in order to identify the barriers that exist and act to hinder the effective adoption and implementation of TQM. In addition, this study aims to highlight factors that will assist the Libyan petro-chemical organisations to continue to effectively implement TQM successfully and to explain the proper method of TQM application. To achieve these aims, quantitative and qualitative methods in triangulation form were adopted: an extensive questionnaire was utilized to elicit the opinions, attitudes and perceptions of 120 participants (managerial categories) from fully-owned Libyan petroleum companies regarding TQM-related issues. In addition, 20 one-to-one semi-structured interviews within the participating Libyan petroleum organisations were used to identify top managers’ opinions and perceptions concerning the issues related to quality initiatives with particular attention being paid to TQM. The findings of this study suggest that the actual implementation levels of TQM practices were found to be in the early stages in the Libyan petro-chemical organisations. In addition, the analysis identified 15 pertinent factors, which act as barriers that are most frequently faced by the surveyed companies including Arabian Gulf Oil Company (AGOCO), Ras Lanuf Oil and Gas Processing Company (RASCO) and Sirte Oil Company (SOC). These identified obstacles through empirical analysis of the primary data are: ‘lack of awareness and understanding of TQM’, ‘lack of information and communication’, ‘the problem of employee resistance to change’, ‘insufficient management style’, ‘the absence of real teamwork’, ‘lack of internal and external customer satisfaction, unsatisfactory measurement and evaluation’, ‘insufficient organisational culture’, ‘the absence of continuous improvement and innovation culture’, ‘lack of resources and requirements of TQM’, ‘inadequacy of top management and leadership commitment’, ‘insufficient employee training, development and education’, ‘the absence of quality strategic planning, lack of employee involvement and empowerment, and lastly lack of government support. As the findings indicate, this study concludes that the implementation of TQM is still an underdeveloped area in Libya
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Aquino, Froilan Ludana. "Elucidating the solid, liquid and gaseous products from batch pyrolysis of cotton-gin trash." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2425.

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Rajabzadeh, Morteza, V. A. Zaloga, and N. A. Efimenko. "Methodology of creating a universal integrated quality control system at machine-building enterprises of the oil and gas industry." Thesis, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2021. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/19382.

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Angulo, Shadia. "Emissions of terpenes from the use of essential-oil-based household products under realisatic condition : impact on indoor air quality." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MTLD0023.

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Les huiles essentielles, en tant que parfums naturels, sont fréquemment utilisées dans les produits ménagers et les désodorisants commercialisés comme verts. Cependant, elles contiennent des espèces chimiques volatiles et réactives. Ce travail de synthèse vise à renseigner les émissions de produits ménagers à base d’huiles essentielles à travers des protocoles de mise en œuvre et d’usages réels afin d’évaluer leurs impacts sur la qualité de l’air intérieur. L’approche expérimentale a permis l’étude des émissions en terpènes de 10 produits à base des huiles essentielles au sein des chambres expérimentales de différents volumes : depuis les micro-chambres d’émission jusqu’à une pièce expérimentale de 40 m3.Concernant les produits de nettoyage à base d’huiles essentielles, des niveaux de concentration contrastés sont mis en évidence pour les terpènes émis en fonction du protocole d’application et de l’usage du produit. Par ailleurs, une augmentation des niveaux de formaldéhyde peut être observée après l’application de certains produits, suggérant des sources secondaires pour ce COV. Concernant la diffusion d’huile essentielle d’arbre à thé, des niveaux de concentrations et de cinétiques d’émissions contrastés ont été mis en évidence en fonction du mécanisme de diffusion utilisé. Les concentrations en terpènes peuvent dépasser de plus d’un ordre de grandeur les niveaux critiques d’exposition recommandés. Il est montré que les contributions individuelles des terpènes émis varient tout au long du processus de diffusion quel que soit le mode de diffusion. Les produits ménagers à base d’huiles essentielles doivent donc être envisagés comme des sources significatives et variables de COV puisqu’ils peuvent induire des concentrations en terpènes en air intérieur dépassant les limites d’exposition établies par les Etats-Unis et l’Union Européenne<br>Essential oils, as natural fragances, are frequently used in green marketed housecleaning products and air fresheners. Nonetheless, they contain volatile and reactive chemical species. This thesis investigates the emissions of essential-oil-based household products under real consumer use patterns to assess their impacts on indoor air quality. The experimental approach allows an integrated assessment of the estimation of the terpene emissions from 10 selected essential-oil-based household products in experimental chambers at different scales ; from micro-chamber to the 40m3 experimental room. Regarding essential-oil-based cleaning products, contrasted concentration levels are evidenced for terpenes species related to the application process and use purpose of these products. Morover, long-term increase of formaldehyde concentrations are noticed after the application of these products that might be related to secondary sources. Concerning the indoor diffusion of tea tree oil, contrasted concentration levels and kinetics are evidenced depending on the mechanism of diffusion used. Concentrations can exceed by more than one order of magnitude the recommanded Critical Exposure Level (CEL). It is noticed that the relative contribtions of individual terpenes is the gas phase vary all along the diffusion process, for any investigated diffusion device. Finally, essential-oil-based household products have to be seriously envisaged as versatile anfdsignificant sources of VOCs since they might induce indoor concentrations of terpenes exceeding exposure limits established by the European Union and the United States
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Deighton, Jacob. "Methane and Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions from Marginally Producing “Stripper”Oil and Natural Gas Wells in Appalachian Ohio." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1554120171141725.

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Books on the topic "Quality of oil and gas products"

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Biazar, A. Pour. Evaluation of NASA Aura's data products for use in air quality studies over the Gulf of Mexico. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, 2010.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, ed. Energy-water nexus: Information on the quantity, quality, and management of water produced during oil and gas production : report to the Ranking Member, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives. U.S. Govt. Accountability Office, 2012.

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Rumane, Abdul Razzak. Quality Management in Oil and Gas Projects. CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003145059.

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Krichene, Noureddine. An oil and gas model. International Monetary Fund, African Dept., 2007.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Transportation and Air Quality. EPA evaluation of aftermarket gas-saving products. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, 2001.

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H, Rogerson J., ed. Quality assurance in the offshore oil and gas industry. Graham & Trotman, 1988.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, and SAE International Congress & Exposition (1992 : Detroit, MI), eds. Auto/oil air quality improvement research program. Society of Automotive Engineers, 1992.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, and International Fuels and Lubricants Meeting and Exposition (1995 : Toronto, Ont.), eds. Auto/oil air quality improvement research program. Society of Automotive Engineers, 1995.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, and International Fuels and Lubricants Meeting and Exposition. (1993 : Philadelphia, Pa.), eds. Auto/oil air quality improvement research program. Society of Automotive Engineers, 1993.

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Serebryakov, Andrey, Lyubov' Ushivceva, Viktor Pyhalov, and Zhanetta Kalashnik. Calculation of geological reserves and resources of oil, gas, condensate and commercial products. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1225035.

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The modern methods of assessing geological reserves and resources of oil, gas and condensate, concepts and criteria for allocating categories of reserves and resources in accordance with the properties of oils, gases and condensates, which are scientifically based on the international market, are described. For the first time, the calculation of the stocks of commercial products contained in the composition of oil, gas and condensate is given. The categories of reserves and resources according to Russian and foreign classifications are compared. The state of hydrocarbon reserves by countries and continents is described. The interrelationships of the stages of geological exploration with the calculation technologies and categories of reserves and resources are clarified. The ecological tasks of exploration and development of hydrocarbons are highlighted. The main directions and technologies of oil, gas and condensate refining, which are an integral stage of calculating and developing reserves, are given.&#x0D; At the end of each chapter, control questions and tasks are given to assess the level of knowledge and the volume of assimilation of materials.&#x0D; Meets the requirements of the federal state standards of higher education of the latest generation.&#x0D; It is intended for undergraduates of the "Geology" direction, graduate students of the "Earth Sciences" direction, students and teachers of universities, specialists in the exploration and processing of oil, gas and condensate, employees of the fuel and energy complex.
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Book chapters on the topic "Quality of oil and gas products"

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Pacini, Francesco, Daniele Marroccella, Antonio Lagudi, et al. "Innovative Solutions for Maritime Infrastructures Monitoring and Protection." In Intelligent Secure Trustable Things. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54049-3_20.

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AbstractThe global economy heavily relies on maritime commerce, commonly known as the “Blue Economy,” which involves the transportation of raw materials and products via maritime traffic and the utilization of marine resources, including oil, gas, and underwater mines. The importance of various infrastructures linked to the sea, such as fish farms, pipelines, underwater power and data cables, cannot be overstated as they have significant impacts on both local and global economies. Therefore, safeguarding these infrastructures against both symmetric and asymmetric threats is crucial to prevent disruptions to vital services and avoid negative impacts on the economy and quality of life. This book chapter presents an underwater access control system designed to monitor and prevent unauthorized access to port areas from the seaside to safeguard maritime infrastructures. The system consists of acoustic and magnetic barriers connected to a wireless communication network that can collect and transmit data to the infrastructure control centre. The system provides robust, dependable, and secure solutions for near real-time data transfer, enabling continuous monitoring and prompt response to potential threats. This chapter provides a detailed description of the system architecture and its primary components, focusing on the technological aspects and innovative solutions used to meet the proposed requirements.
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Carpenter, Angela, and Amanda Reichelt-Brushett. "Oil and Gas." In Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10127-4_6.

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AbstractOil is a generic term that can cover a very wide range of natural hydrocarbon-based substances and also refined petrochemical products. Crude oiland petroleum products can have a range of physical properties on the basis of which their behaviour in the marine environment can differ widely. These properties range from viscosity (the rate at which liquid flows), density, and specific gravity (density relative to water).
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Rumane, Abdul Razzak. "Overview of Quality." In Quality Management in Oil and Gas Projects. CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003145059-2.

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Rumane, Abdul Razzak. "Quality Management System." In Quality Management in Oil and Gas Projects. CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003145059-3.

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Rumane, Abdul Razzak. "Overview of Oil and Gas Projects." In Quality Management in Oil and Gas Projects. CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003145059-4.

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Rumane, Abdul Razzak. "HSE in Oil and Gas Projects." In Quality Management in Oil and Gas Projects. CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003145059-6.

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Rumane, Abdul Razzak. "Quality Tools for Oil and Gas Industry." In Quality Management in Oil and Gas Projects. CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003145059-5.

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Rumane, Abdul Razzak. "Quality Management during Oil and Gas Project Phases." In Quality Management in Oil and Gas Projects. CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003145059-10.

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Rumane, Abdul Razzak. "Overview of Quality in Oil and Gas Projects." In Quality Management in Oil and Gas Projects. CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003145059-8.

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Comotti, P., S. Marengo, S. Martinengo, and L. Zanderighi. "Conversion of Synthesis Gas to Liquid Oxygenated Products Over Promoted Rhodium-Based Catalysts." In The European Oil and Gas Conference. Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9844-1_83.

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Conference papers on the topic "Quality of oil and gas products"

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Chiu, Allen S., and Robert J. Franco. "FRP Linepipe for Oil and Gas Production." In CORROSION 1989. NACE International, 1989. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1989-89232.

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Abstract In the past decade, fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) has emerged as a significant linepipe material and we are beginning to harness the technology and "know-how" for its successful use. FRP can be the answer to our need for low cost corrosion resistant linepipe materials due to the increasing corrosivity of produced fluids from existing fields, and newly developed aggressive reservoirs. The experience of Exxon Co. U.S.A. and Esso Resources Canada Limited with FRP linepipe has been good in mild to moderate service environments by derating manufacturers' claimed performance; however, failures have been encountered mostly due to mechanical damage and product inconsistencies. Emerging API specifications(a) should provide realistic pressure ratings, facilitate purchasing and enhance the quality of products. In more aggressive environments, significant improvement in engineering and design may be required. Additional opportunities for FRP linepipe are described.
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Kharshan, Margarita, and Alla Furman. "Incorporating Vapor Corrosion Inhibitors (VCIS) in Oil and Gas Pipeline Additive Formulations." In CORROSION 1998. NACE International, 1998. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1998-98236.

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Abstract Two new oil and gas pipeline additives were formulated utilizing volatile corrosion inhibitors (VCIs). These products provide a very high level of protection for steel subjected to different types of corrosive petrochemicals due to surface adsorption and vapor phase action environments. The formulation work was based on fatty acid imidazoline chemistry combined with different organic acids. Different surfactants were used to provide maximum wetting properties to the inhibitor and faster transport of inhibitor from the oil or gas phase to the water. Vapor corrosion inhibitors were introduced in the formulation. A Windows-compatible software was used to identify the vital factors that affect the quality of the product. The protective properties of newly developed inhibitors were evaluated in various types of corrosive mediums.
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Zaidi, Syed Rehan, and Husin Sitepu. "Characterization of Corrosion Products in Oil and Gas Facilities Using X-ray Powder Diffraction Method." In CORROSION 2011. NACE International, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2011-11393.

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Abstract The failures of boiler tubes have consistently occurred in the Refinery (Ras Tanura, Jiddah and Riyadh) and gas plants (Ju’aymah and Shedgum). The Research and Development Center (R&amp;DC) has helped the plant engineers to overcome the problems by identifying the nature and source of compounds (e.g., corrosion products, formation materials and scale deposits). The boiler consists of a furnace, boiler tubes, steam drum, mud drum and boiler. The furnace usually provides heat to the boiler and then changes water into steam. Here are the problems on why boiler tubes failed. The presence of vanadium and sodium compounds in the sample indicates the quality of burning fuels is poor. Also, if the large quantities of hematite-Fe2O3 (&amp;gt;15%) appears in the deposits, it indicates the presence of dissolved oxygen in boiler feed water. Additionally, if iron carbonate appears in the samples, it indicates the presence of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) in the system. Moreover, if the metallic copper is presence in the deposits, it indicates erosion in the boiler. Then, a special precaution to prevent the plating out of copper during cleaning operations is required. The identification procedures of the corrosion products, formation materials and scale deposit materials will be described.
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Hoshowski, Jody, André L. Saraceno Meliande, Davi Alves, and Rolando Perez Pineiro. "H2S Scavenger Laboratory Methodology, Performance Data, and the Development of Combination Products." In LatinCORR 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/lac23-20299.

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Offshore sour gas can be highly toxic and contain sulfur-containing impurities that reduce natural gas quality. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is generally the constituent that is the main cause of these issues along with leading to fouling due to corrosion. The reduction or elimination of H2S via chemical scavengers has long been a relatively low-capital means of effectively treating oil and gas production. Laboratory tests were designed to incorporate the major influences and allow the screening of scavenger products for field implementation. A test method was used to compare the performance of standard commercial products with the goal of developing a stand-alone product and then a combination of products varying in functionality.
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Hibner, E. L., and C. S. Tassen. "Corrosion Resistant OCTG’S and Matching Age-Hardenable Bar Products for a Range of Sour Gas Service Conditions." In CORROSION 2001. NACE International, 2001. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2001-01102.

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Abstract In selecting materials for corrosive sour oil field environments, the materials of choice must be reliable and cost-effective. Materials have to meet criteria for corrosion resistance and mechanical properties in service environments for the required service life. Both age-hardened nickel-base alloys and cold-worked solid solution nickel-base alloys offer many advantages such as high-strength, toughness and excellent corrosion resistance. Alloy 028 (UNS N08028), alloy 825 (UNS N08825), alloy G-3 (UNS N06985), alloy 050 (UNS N06950) and alloy C-276 (UNS N10276) are among the primary solid solution high nickel Corrosion Resistant Alloys (CRA's) currently used in the cold worked condition for Oil Country Tubular Goods (OCTG's) in sour gas wells. The primary CRA machining quality age-hardened bar products used with alloys 028 and 825 OCTG's for wellhead and subsurface completions of gas wells are alloy 925 (UNS N09925) and alloy 718 (UNS N07718). The primary CRA machining quality age-hardened bar product used with alloys G-3, 050 and C-276 OCTG's for wellhead and subsurface completions of gas wells is alloy 725 (UNS N07725), the 120 ksi (827 MPa) minimum yield strength grade, and alloy 725HS, the 140 ksi (965 MPa) minimum yield strength grade. This paper presents guideline tables and graphs for cold-worked nickel alloys 028, 825, G-3, 050 and C-276 and age-hardened alloys 718, 925 and 725. The primary CRA machining quality age-hardened bar products used with OCTG’s are ranked for a range of sour service conditions. Based on an extensive literature review of laboratory test and field data, the alloys have demonstrated corrosion resistance up to 230°C (450°F) depending on the chloride concentration, and H2S content. Data are also included for alloy 686 (UNS N06686) and alloys 725 weld overlays and for alloy 25-6MO (UNS N08926) wire lines.
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Saithala, Janardhan Rao, Gurram Bhaskar Rao, Manoj Suryanarayana, et al. "Quality & Operational Performance Review of Duplex Stainless Steel Products – An End Users Perspective." In CORROSION 2018. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-10568.

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Abstract Duplex stainless steel (DSS) and super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) are extensively used in various product forms for critical applications such as pipelines, flow lines, process piping, valves, heat exchanger tubes, fittings etc. across onshore Oil &amp; Gas production facilities. DSS materials are selected where carbon steel (CS) and austenitic stainless steel (ASS) materials are not able to provide required corrosion resistance to meet the design life cycle. Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) has over two decades of experience in procurement and use of DSS materials in their production facilities (most of them successful in operation / design life). This paper reflects two objectives: first the end user perspective on quality assurance and procurement &amp; construction challenges associated with DSS materials and second this paper highlights the operational best practices to ensure technical integrity and meet intended design life cycle of DSS components.
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Ramachandran, Sunder, Vladimir Jovancicevic, Gerard Williams, Kevyn Smith, and Clyde McAfee. "Development of a New High Shear Corrosion Inhibitor with Beneficial Water Quality Attributes." In CORROSION 2010. NACE International, 2010. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2010-10375.

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Abstract There are several systems made of mild steel where the flow rates of gas, water and oil are high and the systems experience high velocity corrosion. For these systems a high shear corrosion inhibitor is needed to prevent corrosion. Often such corrosion inhibitors have a negative impact on produced water quality. In this paper, the development and field trial of a new high shear corrosion inhibitor is described. The new product demonstrates vastly reduced impact on water quality relative to traditional corrosion inhibitors that work under high shear conditions. Test results are presented that demonstrate the high shear corrosion inhibitive properties of the new product and its compatibility with different metals and elastomers. The product is currently being tested in a field trial that compares its performance with other high shear corrosion inhibitors. Operators are under increasing demands to limit the oil content in discharged produced water. This new corrosion inhibitor allows an operator to protect his system against high shear corrosion while maintaining low amounts of oil in the discharged water.
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Al-Shamari, Abdul Razzaq, Saleh Al-Sulaiman, Abdul Wahab Al-Mithin, Jaragh Amer, and Surya Prakash. "Pipeline Integrity Management through Internal Corrosion Monitoring." In CORROSION 2014. NACE International, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2014-3834.

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Abstract Pipelines are very important for the upstream oil and gas industries. The end products are transported to the clients through these essential installations. Two main aspects need to be met, which are the quality standards of the product as set by the client and secondly the mechanical integrity of the pipelines to prevent any failure. The quality of the product is maintained by proper processing of the raw material crude or gas. The external protection of the pipeline is carried out by suitable coating and cathodic protection methods. The internal corrosion is quite complex due to the presence of different corrosion species that may cause different forms of corrosion. Therefore, as part of the pipeline integrity management, an internal corrosion monitoring plan has been developed. This paper deals with different internal corrosion protocols adopted for a high pressure gas pipeline to assess the mechanical integrity of the pipeline. Also attempts to correlate the findings of these different internal corrosion protocols to get an insight into the different corrosion mechanisms taking place inside the pipelines.
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Place, Trevor, Amanda Prefontaine, Jasmine Zhang, and Matthew McEachern. "Assessment of Corrosion Inhibitors for Very Light Hydrocarbon and Finished Product Pipelines." In CORROSION 2019. NACE International, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2019-13028.

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Abstract Over the past 15 years, increasing production of bitumen from oil sands operations has led to increased need for long distance transport of very light liquid hydrocarbons used as diluents. Over the same time frame, multistage fracking has led to dramatic increases in production of very light shale oils ("tight oil") having comparable physical properties to hydrocarbons used as diluents. These products typically contain very little water or dissolved gases - and hence are markedly similar to finished products such as motor fuels. Although these products are quite clean, the trace water dissolved in the hydrocarbon can come out of solution as minute droplets. Owing to the weak hydrocarbon filming properties of very light hydrocarbons, these minute water droplets can wet the interior surface of the pipe and lead to superficial rusting over the full circumference of the pipe.1 In the presence of dissolved oxygen - which may be present due to storage of these liquids in atmospherically vented tanks, the resulting production of iron oxide particulate can present challenges to product quality, line cleanliness, and equipment maintenance. In late 2017, Enbridge invited a number of inhibitor suppliers/manufacturers to recommend chemistries to "prevent oxygen driven corrosion in very light hydrocarbon pipelines carrying very little water". The resulting suite of recommended chemicals included both finished product inhibitors (such as those typically used in motor fuels) as well as chemical blends commonly used in to prevent corrosion in upstream oil and gas production facilities. This paper presents the test method used by the company to evaluate the inhibitor effectiveness, some of the challenges and solutions developed through the execution of the testing program, and anonymized results showing a very wide spectrum of efficacy under the tested conditions. Additionally, a number of suggestions are provided for the benefit of others interested in using the NACE TM0172 test methodology for light hydrocarbon inhibitor testing.
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Mitryakova, O. L., I. V. Nagornova, P. S. Belyaev, and L. G. Varepo. "Quality and life circle management tools of the polymer products in the context of the digital transformation conditions." In OIL AND GAS ENGINEERING (OGE-2021). AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0075147.

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Reports on the topic "Quality of oil and gas products"

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George and Hawley. PR-015-10602-R01 Effects of Liquid Contamination on Ultrasonic Flow Meter Performance. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010787.

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A known cause of error in in-line ultrasonic meters is the presence of liquid contamination on transducer faces. These liquids can come from unconventional or poor-quality gas supplies, but compressor oil or glycol can also enter the natural gas stream due to problems with upstream equipment. It has been suspected that liquid contamination produces a fundamental measurement error in ultrasonic pulse transit time, which leads to biases in the measured sound speed of the gas and, ultimately, flow measurement errors. Operators presently observe such differences in measured sound speeds, but often do not understand that they may be linked to the presence of liquids. Having such an understanding could lead to solutions to manage the problem, such as diagnostics to identify the cause of the liquid contamination and prompt maintenance on the equipment producing the liquids. Such diagnostics could reduce the resulting measurement errors and related lost-and-unaccounted-for (LAUF) gas amounts. This report documents a research project to characterize ultrasonic meter response to liquid contaminants produced by pipeline operations, particularly compressor oil and glycol. Tests were performed using multiple brands of ultrasonic meters and multiple types of transducers, with flow data and diagnostics collected from each meter. The data were analyzed to answer three questions: (1) how the diagnostic ability of the meter depends upon the meter and transducer designs, (2) whether ultrasonic meter diagnostics can identify liquid contaminant types, and (3) how various liquid contaminants affect measurement accuracy.
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Martha Cather, Robert Lee, Ibrahim Gundiler, and Andrew Sung. NM WAIDS: A PRODUCED WATER QUALITY AND INFRASTRUCTURE GIS DATABASE FOR NEW MEXICO OIL PRODUCERS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/823003.

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Martha Cather, Robert Lee, Ibrahim Gundiler, et al. NM WAIDS: A PRODUCED WATER QUALITY AND INFRASTRUCTURE GIS DATABASE FOR NEW MEXICO OIL PRODUCERS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/824389.

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Martha Cather, Robert Lee, Ibrahim Gundiler, et al. NM WAIDS: A Produced Water Quality and Infrastructure GIS Database for New Mexico Oil Producers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/850064.

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Pope and Pope. L51653 Fracture Behavior of Girth Welds Containing Natural Defects Comparison with Existing Standards. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010132.

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The first use of radiographic standards for inspection and acceptance of finished girth welds was adopted by API in 1953. This standard was largely based on the Unfired Pressure Vessel Code� which was adopted by ASME in 1931. At that time and to this day, weld defect acceptance standards are based on workmanship principles. In other words, the so called "Workmanship defect acceptance standards"� reflect the weld quality levels produced by. a trained welder using satisfactory materials, equipment and procedures. For many years exclusive use was made of the API 1104 workmanship defect acceptance levels for all field pipeline and related facilities welds. This, and very similar defect acceptance standards (e.g. BS 4515, CSA 2184, AS 1697, etc.) are used in many countries throughout the world. Though the specified acceptance levels have no scientific basis, the use of workmanship standards has provided an adequate level of quality control for many years. Particularly worthy of attention in this context is the fact that the currently stipulated levels have been developed for welds in lower strength pipe grades. Unfortunately, the developments in acceptance levels have not kept pace with those occurring in-pipeline technology. Furthermore, pipe size, strength and toughness, weld metal properties or pipeline operating conditions are not considered in the present-day defect acceptance standards. Problems of this kind have led companies involved in gas/oil transporting activities to develop their own standard requirements or at least to produce a supplement to the general standards. This report describes the results of an investigation into the engineering significance of girth weld defect acceptance criteria based upon weld quality (or workmanship) considerations. To this end, research efforts were divided into a theoretical and an experimental part. The theoretical study involved a comparison of internationally used weld quality standards and codes for pipeline welding in order to identify the general features common to them and to obtain a clear view of the different acceptability criteria. The experimental part was designed to provide factual information on the failure behaviour of defective girth welds in large pipe diameter pipe lines. The focal point of the experimental examinations was to compare, on the basis of wide plate test specimen behaviour, the performance levels of girth welds containing planar weld defects which were grossly out of tolerance with respect to most present-day weld quality (workmanship standards) specifications.
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Mykhailenko, Olha. Adulteration of rose (Rosa × damascena) essential oil. ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program, 2024. https://doi.org/10.59520/bapp.bapb/yphq8430.

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The main aim of the current bulletin is to provide modern and up-to-date information on the possible falsification/adulteration of the essential oil (EO) of damask rose (Rosa × damascena Mill.) flowers by synthetic and natural components. The EO, rose water (hydrosol), concrete (produced by extracting fresh rose blossoms with hexane), and absolute (the ethanol extract of rose concrete) are the main products of the damask rose. This bulletin may serve as a guide for quality control personnel, the international herbal products, cosmetic, perfumery, food, and EO industries, and the extended natural products community in general. It is also intended to present a summary of the scientific data and methods on the occurrence of species substitution, adulteration, the market situation, and economic and safety consequences for the consumer and the industry.
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Bos, Harriëtte L., Daan S. van Es, Paulien Harmsen, and Natasha Sena. The renewable future of materials : How to produce our everyday products once we phased out fossil oil and gas. Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/583970.

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Ameri, Samuel, and Patrick Szary. PB2006105744 Needs for Oil and Gas Pipeline Safety and Security. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012127.

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Pipelines are by far the most important mode of petroleum transportation in the United States because of their remarkable efficiency and low transportation cost. Pipelines carry two-thirds of the energy consumed by our nation and are recognized as the safest and most economical way to distribute vast quantities of oil and gas from production fields to refineries to consumers for a foreseeable future. This sophisticated network of gathering and distribution systems comprises 2.3 million miles of pipelines-varying in size from 2 inches to 60 inches in diameter. Pipelines are vital to a nation's economy and are a significant part of national critical infrastructure. The pipeline infrastructure and the volume of products transported have continued to grow as demand for energy has increased. Over the next two decades, the demand for energy is projected to reach record levels. This increased demand for energy combined with the expansion of the cities and suburban areas will require the pipeline infrastructure not only to expand but to reliably and safely deliver energy services in support of the nation's economy. The United States has a well-developed system for the protection of the public and the environment from the dangers of oil and gas pipeline failures. However, there is always a chance that a pipeline can leak. Pipeline leaks can be dangerous to people, to the natural environment, to public land, and to private property. Furthermore, the tragic events of the September 11 t terrorist attacks have focused the attention on the security of the nation's energy sources and the critical energy and transportation infrastructure systems. Therefore, pipeline security and safety has become a high-profile, national concern.
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Orhan, Nilüfer. Adulteration of Nigella (Nigella sativa) Seed and Seed Oil. ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59520/bapp.bapb/vpnm5432.

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This bulletin aims to provide general information on the seed and seed oil of nigella (Nigella sativa) and summarizes the available information on adulteration, mislabeling, counterfeiting, and fraud in nigella raw material and its products. It also provides information on trade and market dynamics, laboratory methods for detecting adulteration, and economic and safety implications for the consumer and industry. It may be used as guidance for quality control personnel and members of the international phytomedicine and botanical supplement industries and the extended natural products community in general.
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Bejar, Ezra. Adulteration of English Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) Essential Oil. ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program, 2020. https://doi.org/10.59520/bapp.bapb/nqnh6768.

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The main goal of this bulletin is to provide timely information and/or updates on issues of adulteration and mislabeling of essential oil (EO) of English lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill) in particular with lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loisel, syn. Lavandula angustifolia Mill. × Lavandula latifolia Medik.), spike lavender (Lavandula latifolia Medik.), linalool and linalyl acetate- rich EOs, terpenes, and synthetic chemicals. This bulletin may serve as a guide for quality control personnel, the international herbal products, cosmetic, and essential oil industries, and the extended natural products community in general. It is also intended to present a summary of the scientific data and methods on the occurrence of species substitution, adulteration, the market situation, and economic and safety consequences for the consumer and the industry.
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