Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Quantification du carbone forestier'
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Fortin, Claude. "Approche de quantification et de récompense des bénéfices climatiques associés à un projet de séquestration de carbone en milieu forestier : implications pour le marché du carbone québécois." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35415.
Full textThis study is part of the international movement to develop and implement effective market mechanisms to fight climate change. In Québec, this is mainly reflected in the establishment of a cap-and-trade system for greenhouse gas emission allowances and an offset credit component. Unlike a GHG reduction project, a forest carbon sequestration project is inherently non-permanent. This feature limits the real potential to cancel or offset all the negative effects resulting from a GHG emission into the atmosphere behind the used of an offset credit (OCr). It is mainly for this reason that the forestry sector is currently excluded from the Quebec OCr component. Currently, regardless of the type of market (voluntary, regulatory), the OCr issuance approach adopted for carbon sequestration projects anticipates a climate benefit, forcing project proponents and OCr to put in place binding and long-term follow-up measures to ensure the environmental integrity. The main objective of the research project is to propose a new approach for quantifying and delivering OCr for carbon sequestration projects. Like the current approach, the proposed approach must not only quantify and reward a quantity of carbon sequestered, but also and above all, quantify and reward the temporal dimension implicit in the creation of climate benefits associated with the maintenance of an amount of carbon out of the atmospheric atmosphere for a given period of time. Using radiative forcing as an indicator of an effect on the climate system, the approach demonstrates that it is possible to integrate these two variables into the determination of the number of OCrs to be delivered to a project promoter. As a result, the constraints associated with the permanence test become obsolete.
Viard-Crétat, Aurore. "La déforestation évitée : socio-anthropologie d'un nouvel « or vert » : entre lutte contre le changement climatique et aide au développement, du laboratoire guyanais à l'expertise forestière au Cameroun." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0148.
Full textRedd+ scheme is based on the idea to reduce deforestation through financial compensation originating from the carbon markets. It has entailed numerous readiness initiatives, renewing the international forest agenda. This thesis combines social studies of sciences and anthropology of development to address the dynamics that underpin this diplomatic success. A genealogical approach to the structuration of forest as a global problem describes the political and technical roots of the current institutional landscape and of the framing that the Redd+ scheme promotes. A multisite study then analyses present-day stakes in relation with transnational networks of expertise and metrologies, material devices, administrative standards, social technologies and discursive registers they rely on. Forest carbon quantifying practices in French Guiana are investigated to highlight the complex material, social and political links existing between the scientific research and international cooperation issues. Cameroon's intricate process to access World Bank funding emphasizes the discrepancy between the rhetoric of innovation promoting Redd+ and the constraints and incentives that make diverse actors engage with this scheme. Eventually, we show how knowledge practices are embedded in political issues pertaining to development, while also depoliticising those issues. More than an innovative tool to fight deforestation and climate change, Redd+ can be seen as a promise, the success of which relies on its capacity to renew the global development apparatus, while entrenching the green economy as the main political project to reconcile development and environment
Nkoue-ndondo, Gustave-Raoul. "Le cycle du carbone en domaine tropical humide : exemple du bassin versant forestier du Nyong au sud Cameroun." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/476/.
Full textSpatial and temporal follow ups of carbon contents and its isotopic signature d13C in the Nyong river basin allow on one hand, at a local scale (small experimental catchment of Mengong), to identify the carbon sources, and on the other hand, at a regional scale (Nyong river basin), to understand the biogeochemical processes which control the carbon transformations and exchanges between the different reservoirs during the transfer from upstream to downstream. In these wet tropical ecosystems, the swampy soils of bottom valley low marshes present in surface a thick organic carbon rich horizon (12 to16 %), with isotopic signatures d13C of -29 ‰ in equilibrium with C3 plants (-32 ‰ to -28 ‰). During the rainy season, the mineralization of organic matter and the leaching of swampy areas are responsible of hight DOC contents (until 38 mg / L) in streamwaters, strong pCO2 and impoverished d13CDIC isotopic signatures (-20 ‰ on average). During the dry season, the shrinkage of the swampy zones facilitates the supply of streams by low DOC content (< 1mg / L) and enriched d13CDIC (d13CDIC until 7 ‰%) grounwaters. The carbon flux into the ocean is estimated to 1. 2*106 t C / year, i. E. 6. 24 t C/km2. Year, of which 80 % of DOC, 8 % of POC and 12 % of DIC. During the transfer from upstream to downstream, a DOC decrease of 33 % is observed in relation with oxidation processes. The resulting strong pCO2 facilitate the CO2 degassing towards the atmosphere, estimated for the Nyong river system at 2. 3* 105 t C / year. This CO2 degassing is accompanied by an isotopic enrichment of about 4 ‰. The weathering of silicate minerals by organic acids leads to a surplus of Ca+Mg (0. 5 < Ca+Mg / HCO3- < 2. 2) with regard to a natural weathering pathway by the carbonic acid (Ca+Mg / HCO3- = 0. 5). .
CARRARA, ARNAUD. "Quantification et parametrisation des flux d'ozone a l'interface vegetation atmosphere. Application a un couvert forestier de resineux." Toulouse 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOU30248.
Full textSalon, Christophe. "Quantification des flux de carbone respiratoire dans les embryons de laitue en germination." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37618422x.
Full textParadis, Laurence. "Comparaison du bilan de carbone et du potentiel d'atténuation des changements climatiques de stratégies d'aménagement forestier dans la sapinière boréale du Québec (Canada)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30685.
Full textManagement of the world’s forests can play a role for climate change mitigation by increasing CO2 storage in vegetation biomass and harvested wood products, and by displacing CO2-intensive materials such as steel or concrete. This study aimed to determine how management of boreal forest stands can contribute to climate change mitigation in the context of ecosystem-based management. The study was based on the comparison of different strategies applied to a balsam fir-white birch stand in the Eastern boreal forest of Quebec (Canada). We simulated five scenarios over a 199- year period at the stand level: a reference scenario involving clearcut at 50-year intervals, and four 12 alternative scenarios clearcut with longer rotation length (70 and 80 years), partial cut, and a no harvest scenario. Overall, scenarios with longer clearcut rotations and, to a lesser extent, partial cut resulted in a higher potential to mitigate climate change. The substitution effect of wood products was revealed as a key aspect, suggesting that wood product manufacturing and utilisation on the markets, and not only forest management, need to be carefully considered.
Derrien, Delphine. "Dynamique des sucres neutres dans la rhizosphère et les sols : quantification par approche isotopique et modélisation." Aix-Marseille 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX30077.
Full textUntil now, only few studies on soil organic matter have coupled dynamic and chemical approaches. Our objective was to achieve this kind of coupled approaches, studying a particular macromolecular class : the soil neutral saccharides. We performed 13C labelling and developed a methodology to quantify 13C in monosaccharides, using GC-C-IRMS. Thus, we were able to quantify the nature, the fluxes and kinetics of rhizodeposition and microbial biosyntheses of neutral sugars. On the long term, we also quantified, in situ, the turn-over of sugars in soils. We synthesized these results, building an innovative model of dynamics of neutral sugar carbon insoils, on time scales ranging from the month to the century
Aït-Ameur, Nadira. "Contribution à la quantification du CO2 anthropique en mer Méditerranée et en mer de Ross." Perpignan, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PERP0777.
Full textIn order to improve our understanding of the role of the ocean in the uptake of excess CO2, we estimate the anthropogenic CO2 concentrations in the Ross Sea and in the Mediterranean Sea. In the Ross Sea the different water masses are invaded by anthropogenic CO2 with a mean concentration of 28 ± 2 µmol/kg in the shelf waters (500-800m) and 7 ± 2 µmol/kg in the deep waters (1500-1800m). Since the beginning of the industrialisation the waters stored 8. 57 10-4 ± 3 10-4 GtC/year which represent approximately 4% of the Austral ocean uptake. The shelf water circulation on the shelf break provides approximately 38% the anthropogenic CO2 to the deep water contributing to its long term storage. In the Western Mediterranean Sea, the intermediate (400-800m) and deep waters (2000m) are characterized by high anthropogenic carbon concentrations with a mean of 64. 4 ± 4 µmol/kg in the intermediate waters and 72. 6 ± 5 µmol/kg in the deep waters. The modification of the circulation that affected the eastern basin (EMT, Eastern Mediterranean Transient) seems to affect also the anthropogenic CO2 storage in the western basin leading to a decrease of 8 µmol/kg in the intermediate water over the last decade. In the gulf of Lion the distribution of fCO2 and the air-sea CO2 exchange are influenced by riverine (Rhone) input. During our investigation this area appears to be a slight source of CO2 for the atmosphere with a mean net flux of +17. 7 mmol/m2/day. In the Mediterranean Sea as in the Ross Sea, the formation of deep water and water circulation are the main processes involved in sequestration of anthropogenic CO2: the Ross Sea shelf water spreading to the deep ocean and the Mediterranean water residence time with its exchange with the Atlantic Ocean. The anthropogenic CO2 exported from the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean represents up to 4. 8% (0. 03 to 0. 06 GtC/year) of the total CO2 exported. The Mediterranean Sea is thus a significant source of anthropogenic CO2 to the Atlantic Ocean. It seems to be a concentration basin where, as a consequence of their long residence time, the deep waters are enriched in anthropogenic CO2
Louanchi, Ferial. "Etude des variabilites spatiotemporelles de la fugacite du dioxyde de carbone a la surface de l'ocean indien. Processus et quantification." Paris 6, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA066147.
Full textPrügel, Bärbel. "Contribution à l'étude des modifications chimiques des cires cuticulaires de picea abies (L. ) Karst et de picea sitchensis (Bong. ) carr. En relation avec le dépérissement forestier et l'augmentation du taux de CO2 dans l'atmosphère." Nancy 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NAN10141.
Full textValé, Mathieu Grieu Philippe Justes Éric. "Quantification et prédiction de la minéralisation nette de l'azote du sol in situ, sous divers pédoclimats et systèmes de culture français." Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2006. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000301.
Full textBen, Brahim Mohammed. "Effets de la nutrition phosphatée sur la croissance et le bilan de carbone des jeunes plants de pin maritime." Nancy 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NAN10101.
Full textJouvensal, Laurence. "Spectroscopie RMN du lactate dans le muscle squelettique : visibilite, quantification et mesure de l'enrichissement au carbone 13 par édition a double quantum." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ECAP0551.
Full textRibeiro, Thierry. "Développement d'un appareil de quantification de croissance et/ou d'activité microbienne par impédancemétrie indirecte." Compiègne, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001COMP1369.
Full textCréon, Bocquet Laura. "Effets thermodynamiques de l'extension de la lithosphère sur les roches du manteau : modélisation et quantification des flux de carbone mantelliques vers la croûte." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066528/document.
Full textThis work presents a quantitative investigation of the CO2 in the lithospheric mantle by the study of peridotite xenoliths brought up to the surface by alkaline volcanism in the Pannonian Basin (Central Europe). Textural and geochemical studies of mantle xenoliths highlight a polyphased metasomatism of the lithospheric mantle. The last metasomatic event is related to the percolation of silicate melts of adakite-like compositions, originated from slab melting. During metasomatism, primary fluids reacted with metasomatic amphiboles to form parental melts of the calc-alkaline series observed at the surface of the Pannonian Basin. The CO2 budget of adakite-like magmas and of the mantle below the Pannonian Basin was then constrained by an innovative approach on mantle xenoliths using (1) synchrotron X-ray microtomography, (2) NanoSIMS, Raman spectroscopy and microthermometry, and (3) thermodynamic models. The CO2 concentrations in adakite-like melts were estimated between 9.0 and 25.4 wt. %, in agreement with a fluid-rich source. CO2 concentrations of ~2000 ppm were determined as representative of the Pannonian lithospheric mantle. This significant CO2 lithospheric reservoir is probably tapped by the major shear zone of the Mid Hungarian Zone, resulting in the omnipresence of mantle CO2 in the Pannonian basin
Bernoux, Martial. "Stocks de carbone des sols de l’Amazonie occidentale et leur dynamique lors de la conversion de la foret en pâturage." Orléans, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ORLE2004.
Full textAmmoura, Lamia. "Vers une quantification des secteurs d’émission de CO2 de l’agglomération parisienne." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLV035/document.
Full textIn response to changing air quality and climate, there is a growing interest in quantifying emissions ofatmospheric pollutants and greenhouse gases from urban areas. Currently emission inventories provide the most detailed description of anthropogenic emissions. However, their estimates rely on the combination of activity proxies and emission factors for individual source sectors calibrated for benchmarck situations that may significantly differ from real conditions. Paris, the third largest megacity in Europe, can be considered in this context. We used methods based on in situ measurements in this region to characterise the urban signal and independently assess the latest estimates from the regional inventory. The methods we developed rely on the joint analysis of atmospheric tracers (CO, NOx, VOCs) which are co-emitted with CO2 during incomplete combustion processes in ratios that are characteristic of each emission sector. These ratios between co-emitted species are thus an appropriate tool to study the urban signal. During this PhD, we developed several methods to evaluate the ratios using measurements for a major CO2 emission source in Paris (road traffic) or for measurements acquired in the urban atmosphere. We revealed spatial and seasonal variabilities in these ratios and the main conclusions were not necessarily in complete accordance with the ones from inventories or previous studies. We also compared our results to the estimates provided by the latest regional inventory, which appears to overestimate them in most cases. Finally, we combined the results obtained with the multi-species analysis to the ones provided by isotopic analyses (which are often used as a reference to study anthropogenic emissions). According to the analyses of these measurements, CO2 emissions in Paris came mostly from combustion of fossil fuels (81 %) and the use of each fossil fuel is almost equally distributed. Finally, the satisfactory agreement found between the two approaches (multi-species and isotopic one) confirmed their relevancefor the analysis of mean urban signals
Rosset, Thomas. "Transfert de carbone organique des tourbières vers les eaux de surfaces : quantification, identification des mécanismes de contrôles et détermination de l'influence des activités anthropiques locales." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0103.
Full textPeatlands are a type of wetlands covering 3% of the continental areas. They store approximately 20% of the global soil organic carbon and therefore they are considered as a major source of organic carbon for inland waters. In mountainous areas, peatlands are relatively small, scattered and they may be under the influence of local anthropogenic activities. Until now, harsh mountainous climatic conditions have limited biogeochemical investigations in these remote areas but recent improvements in optical technologies make high frequency monitoring of stream organic concentration possible. This thesis aimed at quantifying the exports of organic matter and identifying the parameters that control these exports at the outlet of peatlands in mountainous watersheds influenced by local anthropogenic activities. To investigate these parameters, two peatlands in the French Pyrenees were monitored on several hydrological cycles at a high frequency (30 min). Quantification work showed that floods controls the export of organic carbon from peatlands and that dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was the main form exported. Depending on annual discharge, peatland DOC specific fluxes varied drastically [16.1 ; 35.9] g.m².yr-1 but they remained consistent with the fluxes measured in Northern lowland peatlands. Moreover, peatlands appeared as the main source of DOC (>63%) of these headwaters. In contrast with the exports, DOC concentration variability was not driven by discharge. Peaks in the times series revealed that peat soil temperature and water table fluctuations were the main drivers of the DOC concentration variability. Water recession times were calculated from water table time series and helped to improve stream DOC concentration models. In addition, the water recession times seemed to be a useful quantitative parameter to describe the hydrological heterogeneity of peatland complexes. Anthropogenic influence (prescribed burning and forest clearing) was difficult to disentangle from climatic influence driving stream organic exports from peatlands at the two Pyrenean experimental sites. However, these observations were completed by a global literature review reporting that DOC specific fluxes were 30% stronger in peatlands impacted by anthropogenic activities. This thesis has underlined the need to monitor more peatlands at a high frequency in order to determine more accurately their role in the global carbon cycle. All of the results confirmed that organic carbon exports are a crucial parameter in the carbon balance of peatlands. They also confirmed the influence of peatlands on the chemistry of inland waters, especially in areas subject to local anthropogenic disturbances
Autret, Bénédicte. "Quantification and modelling of carbon and nitrogen fate in alternative cropping systems experiments on the long term." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IAVF0023/document.
Full textAgricultural activities can lead to imbalanced carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics compared to natural terrestrial eco-systems, causing potential damages for soil, water and air quality. Among these prejudices, decreased soil C and N stocks, increased nitrate leaching in waters and gaseous N emissions towards the atmosphere are of a major concern. To reduce these environmental impacts, innovative and sustainable farming systems are promoted, such as low inputs cropping systems, “conservation” agriculture or organic farming. The objectives of this work were i) to quantify the long term impact of different alternative cropping systems on the fate of C and N in the soil-plantatmosphere system and ii) to simulate C and N dynamics with the agro-environmental model STICS. For this purpose, we studied three long-term field trials: the experiment of La Cage (France) established in 1998, the DOK (Switzerland) started in 1978 and the Foulum Organic (Denmark) established in 1998. The methodological approach combined experimentation and modelling. While La Cage trial enabled an in situ quantification of soil organic C and N storage, N leaching, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and greenhouse gas (GHG) balance in alternative cropping systems compared to conventional, the Swiss and Danish experiments were used for in silico estimation of the C and N fates in organic cropping systems, after adaptation of the STICS model, followed by calibration and evaluation of the model. Significant annual SOC and SON accumulation was found under conservation agriculture and organic farming at La Cage, whereas no significant change was observed in the low input and the conventional systems. No difference of specific SOC and SON mineralization rates was found between systems in vitro or in silico : we conclude that the higher C and N storage in soil observed in the conservation and organic systems was mainly driven by increased crop residues, rather than by the effect of no tillage practiced in conservation agriculture. The N surplus, i.e. the difference between N inputs and N exports at the field scale, varied widely between treatments. The fate of this N surplus also varied between systems with wide variations in SON storage and gaseous losses but no differences in N leaching. The cumulative N2O emissions measured continuously for three years were highly correlated with the calculated gaseous N losses (volatilization and denitrification), with higher losses in the conservation system. These calculations allowed establishing a full GHG balance. Therefore the four agricultural systems dissimilarly impacted the N fate, which could not be predicted by the N surplus alone. The GHG balance is a much better indicator of the environmental impact of cropping systems relative to C and N fluxes. In the Danish and Swiss experiments, the soil-crop model STICS was used to mimic crop production, N uptake and N surplus. The model was first adapted and evaluated to simulate organic farming systems. The model could satisfactorily simulate crop production, N uptake, N surplus and SON storage in the organic and conventional systems of these two longterm experiments. Model outputs suggested that the N fate could be contrasted according to fertilization and crop management, and that N losses were not systematically reduced in organic compared to conventional cropping systems. This study challenges the frequent belief that alternative cropping systems systematically improve the global C and N environmental impacts of agriculture
Bélanger, Simon. "Impacts des changements climatiques sur les flux de carbone stimulés par la lumière dans l'Océan Arctique : quantification et suivi de la photo-oxydation de la matière organique dissoute dans la Mer de Beaufort par télédection spatiale." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066520.
Full textPhotochemical oxidation of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and the resulting production of CO2, is now known to be a significant process in the cycling of carbon in the ocean-atmosphere system. One environment where that process may play a major role in the context of climate change is the Arctic ocean because of: 1) the increasing amount of terrestrial CDOM released by the melting permafrost and brought to coastal ocean by rivers, 2) the decreasing summer ice cover that allows more solar radiation to penetrate the water column, and 3) the continuing increase in UV radiation over that region. A coupled optical-photochemical model was used to assess the role of photooxidation in the carbon cycle of the Arctic Ocean. To calculate the photoproduction of CO2 (PDIC), the incoming spectral irradiance, including UV, was modeled with a radiative transfer model that uses satellite observations of sea ice, ozone, aerosols and cloud cover covering the 1979 to 2004 period. In situ determinations of the apparent quantum yield for the photoproduction of CO2 made in the Beaufort Sea were used for the calculations. A key parameter in the model was the contribution of CDOM to the total absorption coefficient. It was either obtained from in situ measurements or derived from Ocean Color imagery using a new empirical algorithm. Unlike most semi-analytical approaches found in the literature, the proposed empirical algorithm provides a mean to separate CDOM absorption coefficient from nonalgal particles absorption coefficient at the regional scale. The use of Ocean Color remote sensing at high latitude is, however, compromised by the presence of sea ice that contaminates the data. This problem was addressed in the present study, and a method was proposed to detect and eliminate contaminated pixels. Finally, it was shown that the level of PDIC is similar to the level of sequestered rates of organic carbon in the ocean sediments, which was produced through marine photosynthesis; and that the increase in UV and decrease in summer sea ice over the last 26 years have led to an increased in PDIC by about 15%. These results indicate that the predicted trend of ongoing contraction of sea ice cover will greatly accelerate the photomineralization of CDOM in Arctic surface waters
Valé, Mathieu. "Quantification et prédiction de la minéralisation nette de l'azote du sol in situ, sous divers pédoclimats et systèmes de culture français." Toulouse, INPT, 2006. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000301/.
Full textAboussou, Anabel. "New Rock-Eval method for Pyritic and Organic Sulphur quantification : Application to study Organic Matter preservation in Jurassic sediments." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2018SORUS529.pdf.
Full textThis study was focused on development of the new Rock-Eval 7S which presents the same functionalities as the current version (Rock-Eval 6), complemented by a system of sulphur detection during the two phases of the analysis: pyrolysis phase and oxidation phase. The main goal of this PhD project was to provide and highlight different carbon and sulphur Rock-Eval 7S parameters which can be used to describe OM preservation in marine sediments. To reach this goal, a new Rock-Eval method for sulphur speciation and quantification was developed, and validated on a set of marine sediments and on sedimentary mixtures. This new method was then used to help the description of organic matter preservation in three marine sedimentary sections: (i) Kimmeridge Clay Formation; Grey Shale Member; (iii) Blue Lias Formation. This PhD project aims to lay the scientific foundation to apply Rock-Eval 7S carbon and sulphur parameters as routine descriptors in basin models
Jagercikova, Marianna. "Kinetic quantification of vertical solid matter transfers in soils by a multi-isotopic approach." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4307/document.
Full textClay translocation is one of the major soil forming processes, howeverit is poorly quantified and modeled. We propose to quantify it togetherwith bioturbation by combining different isotopic systems (137Cs , 210Pb (xs),meteoric 10Be, 206/207Pb, δ13C, 14C) with numerical modeling based on a nonlineardiffusion-convection equation with depth dependent parameters. Thisnovel method has been applied on Luvisol anthroposequences developed onloess, differing by their land use (cropping versus grassland or forest) andtheir agricultural practices (reduced tillage, no tillage and manure input).Our results show that as much as 91 ± 9 % and 80 ± 9 % of 137Cs and10Be, respectively, are associated to the clay size fraction (0-2 µm) and canthus effectively trace vertical solid matter transfers in soils with pH > 5 andlow organic carbon. Lead partitioning between different solid phases is morecomplex. Considering two spatial distributions of isotopes (macropores or soilmatrix), we built up a multi-isotopic modelling approach that simulates theexperimental data with the common set of transfer parameters and allowedus to quantify the relative contributions of vertical solid matter transfers topresent-day 0-2 µm vertical distributions. Clay translocation is responsiblefor 9 to 66 % of the clay accumulations in the Bt-horizon. The diffusion coefficientalso quantifies the rate of soil mixing by bioturbation. Modeling of thekinetics of solid matter transfer at multiple spatio-temporal scales should becomea method of predilection in modern pedogenic and critical zone studies
Kara, Sami. "Quantification des fractionnements physiques affectant le gaz naturel lors de sa migration dans les systèmes pétroliers : la modélisation du transport du méthane et du dioxyde de carbone par solubilisation/diffusion dans les milieux poreux." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066465.
Full textLuquot, Linda. "Quantification expérimentale à l'échelle mésoscopique des processus réactionnels dans le cadre de l'injection de CO2 dans des roches carbonatées et silicatées." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00416408.
Full textNouara, Amel. "Développement d'outils analytiques pour la quantification et l'étude isotopique des composés organiques issus des feux de biomasse dans l'environnement." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0329.
Full textBiomass burning (BB) pollution is a major concern for public health and climate change. In order to improve our understanding on the origin and fate of compounds related to BB in the environment, we have developed new analytical methods (isotopic and chromatographic methods) allowing the detection of anhydrosugars as well as a broader panel of sugars in natural ecosystems. The first developed method allowed to perform for the first time compound specific isotopic measurements of individual sugars by EA-IRMS (δ13C) and/or EA-AixMICADAS (∆14C) after purification by HPLC-RI. Our results showed the presence of anhydrosugars in the marine particulate organic matter (POM) sample with a terrestrial isotopic signature (δ13C <26.2‰), indicating an external terrestrial input to marine environment. In addition, the radiocarbon signature of levoglucosan (∆14C = 33‰) from total suspended atmospheric particles (TSP) sample indicates a modern age, suggesting its recent synthesis in the environment. The HPAEC-PAD chromatography is the second method developed in the frame of this study and provided a full analysis of 17-simple sugars. This method allowed for the first time the quantification of anhydrosucres in the marine POM and high molecular weight dissolved organic matter (HMWDOM), that represent 2% and 3% of total sugars detected, respectively. In a complementary study, the emissions from BB have been also studied in aerosols from the Mediterranean Sea by monitoring the annual variations of anhydrosugars. The results of this study highlight the important contribution of BB emissions (up to 13%) to organic carbon pool in the PM10 particles arriving in the Mediterranean basin
Rhino, Kévins. "Caractérisation, quantification et modélisation des processus de transfert et des interactions CO₂-eau-roche en milieu poreux non saturé en contexte de forage lors d'un stockage géologique." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BOR30040/document.
Full textCarbon storage is one of the most encouraging methods to decrease CO₂ concentration into the atmosphere. Carbon storage provides the longevity and the capacity needed to decrease CO₂ emissions toward the atmosphere. When dealing with storage on an industrial scale, carbonated reservoirs can be among the most suitable storage sites. However, these high depth injections are subject to leakage risks from the geologic trap itself or from the framework created by the establishment of the site. Two main types of leakage exist: brutal and diffusive leakage. In both cases, they are likely to endanger the environment and the population. Therefore, it is essential to develop tools that are able to anticipate any types of CO₂ leakage. Furthermore, it is also necessary to understand the reactive transport mechanism that take place when the leakage arrives in the shallow subsurface (vadose zone)and to see how the leakage can be buffered. This work deals with the characterization, the quantification and the modelling of transfer processes and CO₂-H₂O-CaCO₃ interactions into the vadose zone in a context of a leakage from a drilling well. This issue was first dealt through field experiment on the site of Saint Emilion. Then, the CO₂-H₂O-CaCO₃ interactions were studied through an experimental approach in laboratory. Two leakage experiments were performed on the site: a diffusive leakage and an ultra-diffusive leakage. They were performed as a sequel of former experiments carried on the pilot site. A comparison of all the leakage experiments revealed the necessity to use noble gases as precursor of the CO₂ arrival at the surface. Depending of the type of the leakage, helium can be a temporal precursor while krypton can anticipate the spread of the CO₂ gas plume. The higher the injection pressure, the more the gas migrates through advective flux. Moreover, a high injection pressure favors the existence of preferential paths in the vadose zone. The use of helium and carbon isotopes makes it possible to reveal the presence of a local aqueous phase within the porous media and to identify the origin of CO₂. The core scale experiments lead to the estimation of the buffering power of Oligocene limestone according to the rock facies. The permeability and the porosity influence the dissolution of the limestone. The reactivity of carbonates during a leakage depends on the pH of the aqueous phase, the flow rate that goes through the porous media, the water saturation and petrophysical characteristics of the carbonates
Cohen, Grégory. "Caractérisation, quantification et modélisation du transport et des interactions du CO₂ dans une zone vadose carbonatée : application à une fuite diffuse de CO₂ en contexte de séquestration géologique." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR30022/document.
Full textGlobal warming is related to atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration increase and especially anthropogenic CO₂ emissions. Geologic sequestration has the potential capacity and the longevity to significantly diminish anthropogenic CO₂ emissions. This sequestration in deep geological formation induces leakage risks from the geological reservoir. Several leakage scenarios have been imagined. Since it could continue for a long period, inducing environmental issues and risks for human, the scenario of a diffusive leakage is the most worrying. Thus, monitoring tools and protocols are needed to set up a near-surface monitoring plan. The present thesis deals with this problematic. The aims are the characterisation, the quantification and the modelling of transport and interactions of CO₂ in a carbonate unsaturated zone. This was achieved following an experimental approach on a natural pilot site in Saint-Emilion (Gironde, France), where diffusive gas leakage experiments were set up in a carbonate unsaturated zone. Different aspects were investigated during the study: natural pilot site description and instrumentation; the physical and chemical characterisation of carbonate reservoir heterogeneity; the natural functioning of the carbonate unsaturated zone and especially the set-up of a CO₂ concentrations baseline; the characterisation of gas plume extension following induced diffusive leakage in the carbonate unsaturated zone and the study of gas-water-rock interactions during a CO₂ diffusive leakage in a carbonate unsaturated zone through numerical simulations. The results show the importance of the carbonate reservoir heterogeneity characterisation as well as the sampling and analysing methods for the different phases. The baseline set-up is of main interest since it allows discrimination between the induced and the natural CO₂ concentrations variations. The transfer of CO₂ in a carbonate unsaturated zone is varying in function of physical and chemical properties. This transfer is done by diffusion and/or advection. Because the detection of the noble gases allows the prediction of CO₂ plume arrival, the use of tracers in the sequestration site is of main importance. The chemical interactions have to be taken under account in transport models in order to predict delay factors and the impact of a CO₂ leakage in a carbonate unsaturated zone
Ploton, Pierre. "Amélioration des estimations de biomasse en forêt tropicale : apport de la structure et de l’organisation spatiale des arbres de canopée." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AGPT0005.
Full textTropical forests store more than half of the world’s forest carbon and are particularly threatened by deforestation and degradation processes, which together represent the second largest source of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Consequently, tropical forests are the focus of international climate policies (i.e. Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, REDD) aiming at reducing forestrelated CO2 emissions. The REDD initiative lies on our ability to map forest carbon stocks (i.e. spatial dynamics) and to detect deforestation and degradations (i.e. temporal dynamics) at large spatial scales (e.g. national, forested basin), with accuracy and precision. Remote-sensing is as a key tool for this purpose, but numerous sources of error along the carbon mapping chain makes meeting REDD criteria an outstanding challenge. In the present thesis, we assessed carbon (quantified through aboveground biomass, AGB) estimation error at the tree- and plot-level using a widely used pantropical AGB model, and at the landscape-level using a remote sensing method based on canopy texture features from very high resolution (VHR) optical data. Our objective was to better understand and reduce AGB estimation error at each level using information on large canopy tree structure, distribution and spatial organization.Although large trees disproportionally contributed to forest carbon stock, they are under-represented in destructive datasets and subject to an under-estimation bias with the pantropical AGB model. We destructively sampled 77 very large tropical trees and assembled a large (pantropical) dataset to study how variation in tree form (through crown sizes and crown mass ratio) contributed to this error pattern. We showed that the source of bias in the pantropical model was a systematic increase in the proportion of tree mass allocated to the crown in canopy trees. An alternative AGB model accounting for this phenomenon was proposed. We also propagated the AGB model bias at the plot-level and showed that the interaction between forest structure and model bias, although often overlooked, might in fact be substantial. We further analyzed the structural properties of crown branching networks in light of the assumptions and predictions of the Metabolic Theory of Ecology, which supports the power-form of the pantropical AGB model. Important deviations were observed, notably from Leonardo’s rule (i.e. the principle of area conservation), which, all else being equal, could support the higher proportion of mass in large tree crowns.A second part of the thesis dealt with the extrapolation of field-plot AGB via canopy texture features of VHR optical data. A major barrier for the development of a broad-scale forest carbon monitoring method based on canopy texture is that relationships between canopy texture and stand structure parameters (including AGB) vary among forest types and regions of the world. We investigated this discrepancy using a simulation approach: virtual canopy scenes were generated for 279 1-ha plots distributed on contrasted forest types across the tropics. We showed that complementing FOTO texture with additional descriptors of forest structure, notably on canopy openness (from a lacunarity analysis) and tree slenderness (from a bioclimatic proxy) allows developing a stable inversion frame for forest AGB at large scale. Although the approach we proposed requires further empirical validation, a first case study on a forests mosaic in the Congo basin gave promising results.Overall, this work increased our understanding of mechanisms behind AGB estimation errors at the tree-, plot- and landscape-level. It stresses the need to better account for variation patterns in tree structure (e.g. ontogenetic pattern of carbon allocation) and forest structural organization (across forest types, under different environmental conditions) to improve general AGB models, and in fine our ability to accurately map forest AGB at large scale
Kaushal, Parvinder. "Analyse écophysiologique des effets de stress liés aux transplantations des arbres forestiers." Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10299.
Full textLaganière, Jérôme. "Influence de la composition forestière sur la séquestration du carbone dans les sols du Bouclier boréal." Thèse, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4372/1/D2224.pdf.
Full textSun, Jian Feng. "Carbon dynamics and management in Canadian boreal forests : triplex-flux model development, validation, and applications." Thèse, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/3970/1/D2117.pdf.
Full textDessureault, Pierre-Luc. "Évaluation du bilan carbone forestier lié au territoire mis en eau par Hydro-Québec dans le bassin versant de la rivière Eastmain." Thèse, 2012. http://constellation.uqac.ca/2492/1/030327789.pdf.
Full textWang, Weifeng. "Modeling the effects of forest management and climate change on carbon dynamics in Canada's boreal forests." Thèse, 2012. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5227/1/D2374.pdf.
Full textLagacé, Banville Jessica. "Caractérisation des stocks de carbone de 5 types de formations végétales dans un secteur du bassin versant de la rivière Eastmain, Baie James." Mémoire, 2009. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/2264/1/M10921.pdf.
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