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1
Horie, Sachiko, Kazuo Suzuki, and Masayuki Maki. "Quantitative morphological analysis of populations in a hybrid zone of Epimedium diphyllum and E. sempervirens var. rugosum (Berberidaceae)." Plant Ecology and Evolution 145, no. (1) (2012): 88–95. https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2012.637.
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<b>Background and aims</b> – The populations of <i>Epimedium</i> in the western part of Chugoku district on the Japanese island of Honshu are morphologically diverse: most consist of individuals showing wide variation in morphological characteristics, and the character composition varies with population. We explored the morphological variations between <i>Epimedium</i> populations in Chugoku district to test the hypothesis that these variations are the result of natural hybridization between <i>E. diphyllum</i> and <i>E. sempervirens</i> var. <i>rugosum</i>, and to elucidate to what extent natural hybridization between these two species has occurred in this region. <b>Methods</b> – We measured the length of three flower parts using a digital caliper and counted the number of teeth per leaflet. The leaf architecture was also categorized. In addition, we quantified flower colour and leaflet apex shape using a spectrophotometer and principal component analyses of elliptic Fourier descriptions, respectively. From these measurements, we calculated Anderson's hybrid index for each individual. <b>Key results</b> – The populations in Chugoku district showed wide variation in the morphological characters examined. In particular, the populations located near the center of the hybrid zone tended to show greater variation than those located at the periphery. The variation observed across the populations showed similar patterns among the morphological characters examined. No correlations were found among the examined characters. <b>Conclusions</b> – The wide variation in morphological characters likely resulted from natural hybridization between <i>E. diphyllum</i> and <i>E. sempervirens</i> var. <i>rugosum.</i> Hybridization between the two species occurred intensively where the distributions of the species overlap, and bi-directional introgressions of these species are advancing throughout the region. To clarify the factors that produced the hybrid zone, it will be necessary to compare fitness between hybrids and their parental species throughout the parental species' distribution areas and the hybrid zone.
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Talebi, Seyed Mehdi. "Infra-specific morphological diversity in Phlomis olivieri (Labiatae)." Journal of Bio-Science 22 (October 21, 2016): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v22i0.30010.
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Context: Compare the effect of different ecological conditions on phenotypical traits of Phlomis olivieri.Objective: To observe morphological variation between and within different populations of Phlomis olivieri Benth.Materials and Methods: Morphological characters of eleven populations of Phlomis olivieri were investigated in the both levels: between and within populations. Samples were collected from different parts of Iran and from each population, 3 to 4 samples were elected randomly and sixteen quantitative and qualitative morphological traits from the both vegetative and reproductive organs were examined.Results: Analysis of variance test as well as one-sample test confirmed significant variations for quantitative morphological traits. Morphological features varied between populations, consequently populations were separated from each other in the UPGMA tree and also PCO and PCA plots, among these, populations K, A, D and B placed far from others. Some degrees of polymorphism in morphological traits occurred within populations and individuals of each stand separated from others.Conclusion: This study showed that ecological factors had strong effect on morphological features of different populations of same plant species. This phenomenon was called phenotypic plasticity which created infraspecific variations at both levels interpopulation and intrapopulation or morphological polymorphism among populations.J. bio-sci. 22: 59-67, 2014
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Malambane, Goitseone, and P. Jaisil. "Morphological variability for qualitative and quantitative traits in finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn)." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 5, no. 1 (2015): 528–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v5i1.4263.
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Information on genetic variation is very important for finger millet breeding program. The objective of this study was to evaluate the extent of genetic variation in finger millet accessions. Eighty two accessions were evaluated in the dry season 2010/11 and the rainy season 2011 at Khon Kaen University, Thailand, and also evaluated in Botswana College of Agriculture in Botswana in rainy season in 2013. The results of combined analysis of variance for mean data of traits studied revealed highly significant variation for most of the traits studied. High variations were observed for yield per plant with a range of 15 g-144 g per plant while low variations were observed for fingers per panicle with a range of 5-11 fingers per panicle. Qualitative traits like seed colors showed high variation with six different colors observed during the study 2,2,4, 49, 8 and 17 accessions had white, light brown, brown, ragi brown, red and purple seed colors, respectively. A dendrogram constructed using the qualitative traits revealed high variation, separated the wild accessions (IE 4709) from the cultivated accessions, then grouped the cultivated accessions into 5 main groups at 86% similarity level. Genetic variation evaluation based on morphological characters has proved to be very informative and can also be manipulated into selecting superior accessions to be utilized as parents for a breeding program.
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Talebi, S. "Infraspecific morphological variations in Acinos graveolens (M.B.) Link." Modern Phytomorphology 7 (May 20, 2015): 21–37. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.160358.
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This study compares the effect of ecological factors on phenotype plasticity in the natural populations of Acinos graveolens in Iran. In total, twenty six quantitative and qualitative morphological traits were examined in the sixteen populations at two sections: inter- and intrapopulation. In the interpopulation section, averages amounts of morphological characteristics of populations were examined, while in the intrapopulation, morphological features of the seventy six plant samples of the populations were investigated. The obtained data showed that these characteristics differed between and within the populations and the analysis of variance test and one-sample test have shown significant differences of all quantitative characteristics. The biplot Principal Correspondence Analysis (PCA-biplot) of traits showed some populations had indicator morphological characteristic(s) which were useful in detecting of these populations. Significant correlations were found between some quantitative characteristics with ecological factors. The studied populations were separated from each other in the PCA and Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCO) plots and the Unweighted Paired Group using Average method (UPGMA) tree. The PCA plot of morphological features showed that some characteristics separated from others and the rest ones were together and had overlapping. The individuals of the studied populations were separated from others in the PCA and PCO plots and the UPGMA tree of the morphological characteristics. Individuals of some populations arranged separately and placed far from others, but this condition was reverse in the rest populations and most of individuals placed near each other. The obtained data confirmed high variations within some populations.
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Kim, Ji-Young, Jong-Kuk Na, and Jong-Hwa Kim. "Morphological Variations between Korean and Southwestern Japanese Lilium leichtlinii Hook. f." Plants 11, no. 15 (2022): 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11152016.
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This study aimed to examine detailed morphological variations within Lilium leichtlinii Hook. f. For investigation, two groups, Korean L. leichtlinii (KR group) and southwestern Japanese broad-leaved L. leichtlinii (JSW group), were compared. In total, 52 morphological characteristics (45 quantitative and 7 qualitative traits) were examined in 59 lily accessions (30 KR and 29 JSW). Forty quantitative traits showed significant heterogeneity (p < 0.05) between JSW and KR accessions, and all seven color-related qualitative traits also exhibited differences. Student’s t-tests and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that major quantitative morphological differences between the two groups included plant height, internode length, upper leaf size, and number of new bulbs. Cluster analysis of 36 morphological traits showed that the KR and JSW accessions belonged to two distinct groups. All together, these results indicate that KR and JSW groups are distal within L. leichtlinii, suggesting that the two groups could be considered different varieties.
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TUNGMUNNITHUM, DUANGJAI, THAWEESAKDI BOONKERD, SIRIPORN ZUNGSONTIPORN, and NORIO TANAKA. "Morphological variations among populations of Monochoria vaginalis s.l. (Pontederiaceae) in Thailand." Phytotaxa 268, no. 1 (2016): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.268.1.4.
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Monochoria vaginalis s.l. is an annual aquatic herb belonging to the family Pontederiaceae and having an extensive distribution in tropical and subtropical Asia, Africa, and Australia. The taxon is extremely variable and morphologically complicated. In Thailand, it is recognized as a monotypic species but displays great variations not only in vegetative but also in reproductive structures. Because of these variations, its taxonomic status and species boundary remain uncertain. Morphological investigation was conducted on 244 living specimens of M. vaginalis s.l. covering the current distribution in Thailand together with a detailed observation of 80 herbarium specimens. The holotype of M. vaginalis var. angustifolia and its related specimens were also re-examined. The present study points out that M. vaginalis can be separated into 2 morphological forms: based on leaf shapes, leaf base, number of flowers/raceme, flower arrangements, seed shapes and its longitudinal ridges. Furthermore, the living specimens were used for two cluster and one canonical discriminant analyses in a phenetic study to collect additional data for new taxonomic insights. A total of 22 quantitative and 12 qualitative characters were employed. The first cluster analysis using only quantitative characters and the second cluster analysis using both quantitative and qualitative characters displayed the same trends. The specimens separated into two distinct groups. Likewise, canonical discriminant analysis also indicated that there were two groups. The two groups can be distinguished by the petiole length of floral-leaf and peduncle length. In conclusion, the results from morphological and phenetic studies support the segregation of M. vaginalis s.l. in Thailand into two taxa.
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Dani, Julia Gabriele, Camila Dellanhese Inácio, and Tatiana T. Souza-Chies. "On the Trail of Morphological Traits: Morphometry Helps to Clarify Morphological Variation in Section Viperella (Sisyrinchium)." Plants 13, no. 16 (2024): 2183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13162183.
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Sisyrinchium, a large genus of the Iridaceae family, is divided into ten sections and defined by genetic, morphological and phylogenetic traits. The section Viperella, though monophyletic, encounters taxonomic hurdles, particularly within the Sisyrinchium palmifolium L. and Sisyrinchium vaginatum Spreng complexes, resulting in numerous misidentifications. The taxonomic confusion in the group may stem from various factors, emphasizing extensive morphological variations, leading to overlapping characteristics. We used morphometric approaches to better characterize the species belonging to two complexes, assess their variation and identify diagnostic traits for taxonomy enhancement. We assessed 16 quantitative traits for the S. palmifolium complex and 15 for the S. vaginatum complex, totaling 652 specimens recorded across 15 herbaria covering the entire species’ distribution area. In the S. vaginatum complex, 66.5% of the variations were accounted for in the first two axes, while in the S. palmifolium complex, the first two axes explained 55.3%. Our findings revealed that both complexes exhibited many morphological variations, leading to a characteristic overlap. These characteristics may have arisen due to recent diversifications of the group and niche overlaps. Additionally, we identified some morphological characteristics that are useful for distinguishing species. Finally, we compiled a section gathering all useful characteristics for species delimitation within the group, aiming to facilitate non-experts in deciphering this species complex.
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Trinh, Ai Ngoc, Thanh Tan Nguyen, Hieu Chi Phan, et al. "EVALUATION OF GENETIC DIVERSITY OF THE BLACK GLUTINOUS RICE BASED ON AGRO-MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS." TRA VINH UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE; ISSN: 2815-6072; E-ISSN: 2815-6099 1, no. 46 (2022): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35382/tvujs.1.46.2022.868.
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The study assessed the variations in nine agro-morphological characters among and within the black glutinous rice (Oryza sativa) population from Chau Thanh District, Tra Vinh Province. The nine quantitative agromorphological characters that were measured include culm length, leaf length, leaf width, number of panicles, panicle length, grain length, grain width, number of firm grain, and number of grain per panicle. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean method and principal coordinate analysis by the NTSYS program were applied in this study to classify the nine agro-morphological characters. In addition, tocompare the variations in quantitative characters between O. sativa populations, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. The results showed significant differences between the black glutinous rice populations for all quantitative agro-morphological characters. Moreover, some agro-morphological characters showed positive correlations to each other. The dendrogram generated from the analysis process of the agromorphological data divided the O. sativa populations into two groups with unfamiliar features. However, the O. sativa populations assessed exhibited a wide range of variations in morphological characteristics, both within the same population and among other populations with the same strains.
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Okello, Jaspher, John Bosco Lamoris Okullo, Gerald Eilu, Philip Nyeko, and Joseph Obua. "Morphological Variations inTamarindus indicaLINN. Fruits and Seed Traits in the Different Agroecological Zones of Uganda." International Journal of Ecology 2018 (December 11, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8469156.
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An investigation was carried out on variations in the morphological traits ofTamarindus indicaLINN. fruits (length, breadth, mass, and pulp mass) and seeds (number and mass) from the different agroecological zones and land use types of Uganda. Fruits were collected from the two land use types in the three agroecological zones and measured for various morphological traits. The study sites were located between 593 and 1,096 meters above sea level. ANOVA was used to test the differences in morphological traits of fruits and seeds between agroecological zones and land use types. The morphological traits relationship was determined using Pearson Correlation Coefficient (R). There were significant (P≤0.05) variations among theT. indicafruits and seed morphological traits within the agroecological zones and land use types. Lake Victoria Crescent agroecological zone recorded higher fruits morphological traits values. Wild and on-farm land use types were superior in fruits and seed traits, respectively. Many seeds per fruit (17) were recorded in Uganda (Eastern agroecological zone) than those recorded elsewhere. Significant uphill positive linear correlations between all morphological traits (P≤0.05) were observed, with the strongest relationships being between seed mass and seed number (R=0.79), fruit mass and fruit length (R=0.75), pulp mass and fruit mass (R=0.73), and seed mass and fruit mass (R=0.73). However, fruit breadth presented slightly weaker positive linear correlations with all other morphological traits. This is the first quantitative evaluation ofT. indicamorphological traits variation in Uganda. Dispersion/variation and correlation relationships suggest that all the studied morphological traits can be used for selection of plus trees for tree breeding improvement such as yield per tree. The observed variations are probably attributed to influence of agroecological zones’ factors, environmental factors, climate, land use types, and farming systems, a reflection ofT. indicaadaptation to different conditions showing high genetic and phenotypic differences to be exploited.
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Wu, Hui-ting, G. R. Shi, and Wei-hong He. "A quantitative taxonomic review of Fusichonetes and Tethyochonetes (Chonetidina, Brachiopoda)." Journal of Paleontology 91, no. 6 (2017): 1296–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2017.80.
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AbstractTwo middle Permian (Capitanian) to Early Triassic (Griesbachian) rugosochonetidae brachiopod genera, Fusichonetes Liao in Zhao et al., 1981 and Tethyochonetes Chen et al., 2000, have been regarded as two distinct taxa and used as such for a wide range of discussions including biostratigraphy, paleoecology, paleobiogeography, and the Permian-Triassic boundary mass extinction. However, the supposed morphological distinctions between the two taxa are subtle at best and appear to represent two end members of a continuum of morphological variations. In this study, we applied a range of quantitative and analytical procedures (bivariate plots, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, categorical principle component analysis, and cladistic analysis) to a dataset of 15 quantified morphological variables, integrating both key external and internal characters, measured from 141 specimens of all well-known Fusichonetes and Tethyochonetes in order to test whether or not these two genera could be distinguished in view of the chosen characters. The results indicate that these two genera are morphologically indistinguishable and that the species classification previously applied to these two genera appears to represent polyphyletic groupings within the genus Fusichonetes. Consequently, Tethyochonetes is concluded to be a junior synonym of Fusichonetes. The diagnosis and key characteristics of Fusichonetes are clarified and refined based on a new suite of well-preserved specimens from the Permian−Triassic Xinmin section in South China.
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Chitra, R., K. Rajamani, and M. Jawaharlal. "Variability for Qualitative and Quantitative Traits in Glory Lily (Gloriosa superba L.)." Journal of Horticultural Sciences 5, no. 1 (2010): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v5i1.493.
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Glory lily (Gloriosa superba L.) is one of the major medicinal plants of India cultivated for its seeds which are exported to developed countries for pharmaceutical use. Identifying germplasm is an important component for efficient and effective management of plant genetic resources. Variability for qualitative and quantitative traits was investigated in 18 genotypes of G. superba collected from different regions of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. For qualitative traits, these genotypes were subjected to diversity analysis based on NBPGR descriptors. Fourteen qualitative and twenty quantitative traits of G. superba were evaluated to assess morphological variations among the genotypes collected. In qualitative traits, a large number of genotypes of the 18 clustered together, at 77% similarity in two clusters. Dendrogram constructed on the basis of twenty quantitative traits for the same set of genotypes did not reveal any clear pattern in grouping, and the genotypes were grouped into seven different clusters. Cluster analysis based on qualitative and quantitative traits revealed a different group of genotypes for each of the data-set. This clearly indicated that less variation existed between genotypes with respect to morphological traits. These easily observable morphological traits are useful tools for preliminary evaluation, because, they offer a fast and reliable approach for assessing extent of diversity in G. superba genotypes.
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Arumingtyas, E. L., and A. N. Ahyar. "Genetic diversity of chili pepper mutant (Capsicum frutescens L.) resulted from gamma-ray radiation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1097, no. 1 (2022): 012059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1097/1/012059.
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Abstract Genetic variation is an important source for plant breeding activities. Efforts to develop genetic variation are among others carried out by mutation techniques including mutation induction with gamma-ray radiation. The purpose of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity of chili pepper as a result of mutation induced by gamma-ray radiation based on morphological characters, capsaicin content, and RAPD profile. Chili pepper seeds genotype G1 were irradiated with two doses of gamma-ray 200 and 400 Gy. Analysis of morphological characters refers to the descriptor Capsicum spp. The capsaicin content of the fruit was measured using a spectrophotometric method. Genetic diversity was analyzed through profiling and scoring of RAPD DNA bands represented in the form of a UPGMA dendrogram using the NTSYS 2.10e program. Statistical analysis of quantitative morphological characters and capsaicin content were conducted using SPSS 24.0 program. Gamma-ray radiation can induce variations in morphological characters. The radiation dose of 400 Gy was more effective in producing mutant variants with the highest characters of plant height, canopy width, stem diameter, fruit length, and number of fruits. Gamma-ray radiation did not significantly increase the capsaicin content of the fruit (P 0.05). Mutant G1 chili pepper showed morphological and molecular variations. The mutant group separated from the control showed that the mutants experienced a significant change in several characters.
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Ikot, M. U., E. O. Mbong, K. E. Akpabio, and V. Uyoh. "Morpho-statistical variation and taxonomic characterization of <i>Andrographis paniculata</i> (Burm. F.) Nees population obtained from selected locations within Southern Nigeria." Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 10, no. 4c (2025): 14–23. https://doi.org/10.4314/dujopas.v10i4c.2.
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Study of variations in plants has been identified as one successful strategy for obtaining cultivars with superior features for breeding, improvement and conservation purposes. In situ analysis of morphological variation of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Nees found in three states of Southern Nigeria was carried out using qualitative and quantitative morphological markers. Morphological traits studied included features of the stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit and seed. Qualitatively, accessions from Rivers State differed from those in Akwa Ibom and Cross River States in that the former had green stems, dark green leaves and light green unripe fruits. Of the fourteen quantitative morphological features studied, significant differences (p < 0.05) were recorded for five features (stem height, number of leaves per plant, number of fruits per plant, day to first flower and harvest age). Cluster analysis based on the quantitative morphological attributes produced a dendrogram which regrouped the twenty one accessions into three distinct cluster groupings indicating strong species intersections with higher similarities between Cross River and Akwa Ibom States compared to those obtained from Rivers State. Generally, this technique imprinted more or less overlapping semblances in species assortment to discrete cluster groups unrelated to locations thus implicating a continuum in persistent genetic components trivially swayed by location-based environmental influences. This observation lends credence to the fields of genetics, plant breeding and taxonomy.
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Talebi, S.M., S. Behzadpour, and A.V. Matsyura. "Morphological and essential oil variations among Iranian populations of Salvia chloroleuca (Lamiaceae)." Biosystems Diversity 27, no. 3 (2019): 233–37. https://doi.org/10.15421/011932.
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Salvia chloroleuca Rech. f. & Aell. is one of the perennial species of the Lamiaceae family in Iran, which has antimicrobial and antitumoural properties. In the current research, the morphological variables and hydrodistilled essential oils of two populations, from Polor and Neyshabur, of this species were evaluated. We studied 10 and 40 individuals for morphometrics and essential oils, respectively. Morphological data were analyzed using SPSS. Furthermore, the extracted oils were analysed using GC and GC/MS. The qualitative morphological characteristics were stable between the populations, while the quantitative ones highly varied. The one-sample variance test revealed significant differences for most of the studied features. The yielded oil highly differed between these populations. The first and second main groups of compounds were the same for both populations, but with different percentages. However, the third and fourth main groups of compounds were not similar. Furthermore, the main compounds of essential oil differed between the studied populations. The major compounds of the Polor population were: β-pinene (22.7%), α-pinene (18.3%), germacrene D (7.7%) and sabinene (6.6%). However, spathulenol (19.8%), bicyclogermacrene (11.4%), p-cymene (10.8%) and β-pinene (10.4%) constituted the major compounds of the Nyshabur population. In total, the Neyshabur population had higher amounts of sesquiterpene and oxygenated compounds than the other population. The results indicated that in this species the quantitative morphological characters and essential oils were strongly affected by environmental factors.
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Tara, Koku K., Harshawardhan Choudhary, Ramesh K. Yadav, Jyoti Kumari, Dwijesh Chandra Mishra, and Kripa Shankar. "Deciphering genetic variability in melon (Cucumis melo L.) using morphological characters." Vegetable Science 50, no. 01 (2023): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.61180/vegsci.2023.v50.i1.15.
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Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance were investigated in 96 melon (Cucumis melo L.) genotypes from 4 horticultural or 6 varietal groups using 10 quantitative traits. The results of the analysis of variance showed that there was enough variation among the genotypes for all the attributes. The highest phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variations (PCV and GCV) were observed for node to first male flower (40.98 and 31.3%), average fruit weight (36.23 and 30.8%) and total soluble solids (28.01 and 26.67%), while days to first male flower anthesis (10.49 and 8.85%) and days to first female flower anthesis (8.86 and 7.4%) had the least coefficients of variations. The high difference between PCV and GCV estimates exhibited that environmental factors had more influence on trait expression. High heritability coupled with high-moderate GAM was observed for TSS and flesh thickness, indicating that additive genes govern these traits and that these traits could be effectively breed through selective improvement. Nine promising genotypes were identified for further breeding for earliness and lateness in order to extend melon supply in the market.
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López-Borja, Edgar Noel, Rosa De Lourdes Romo-Campos, Hilda Julieta Arreola-Nava, Alejandro Muñoz Urias, and Sofía Loza-Cornejo. "Morphological variation in Opuntia jaliscana (Cactaceae)." Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 74, no. 1 (2017): 058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/ajbm.2431.
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The aim of this study was to describe morphological variations of Opuntia jaliscana in 5 wild populations in the state of Jalisco (Mexico). Populations were selected along an environmental aridity gradient, and 61 vegetative and reproductive characters from 25 individuals were measured per population. Quantitative characters were analyzed independently by a one-way ANOVA test using the site as variation factor. Subsequently, a discriminant analysis was performed. The discriminant analysis results showed that the 46% of the total variation was explained by the first four discriminant functions. The analysis of overall membership between populations indicated that individuals were correctly classified in 87% of cases. Pearson linear correlation between the most significant variables and the aridity index, showed a positive relationship to cladode thickness and diameter of the trunk. The population from Tierra Blanca shows an outlier behavior because of variation in cladode thickness and fruit size, which might be related to plasticity of individuals to have a greater availability of water, while in Los Vallejo the separation might be due to selection by management and use. The remaining populations exhibited some morphological variability without separation.
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Iftikhar, Muhammad, Madiha Rashid, Zubaida Yousaf, et al. "Taxonomic Evaluation of Spinacia oleracea L. Accessions by Morphological and Anatomical Markers." Journal of Plant and Environment 5, no. 2 (2023): 135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/jpe.005.02.4571.
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Spinacia oleracea L. is an edible crop and considered as super food due to high nutrient values. Due to these properties the pot-based project was designed to explore the most diverse accession of this species, 31 local S. oleracea accessions were evaluated taxonomically on the basis of morphological and anatomical markers. Seeds were sown in clay pots to evaluate different morphological characters. The germination period varied from 6 to 15 days while variation in number of leaves was observed to be from 12 to 68 leaves per plant. Moreover, abaxial and adaxial epidermal leaf analysis was examined under light microscope to study the existing anatomical variations. Substantial variations were observed among quantitative characters including number of subsidiary cells (3-5 on both abaxial and adaxial sides), stomata number per unit area (6-21 on abaxial side; 8-18 on adaxial side) and stomatal index (13.9-28.6 on abaxial side; 14.8-25.5 on adaxial side). The shape of epidermal cells varied from tetragonal to pentagonal, hexagonal and irregular. The results concluded that leaf epidermal anatomical markers could be applied considerably in delimiting the species to solve the existing taxonomic problems among them. However, for more authentic results it would be preferred to use more taxonomic tools in integration with anatomy to study intraspecific variations.
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Talebi, S. M., S. Behzadpour, and A. Matsyura. "Morphological and essential oil variations among Iranian populations of Salvia chloroleuca (Lamiaceae)." Biosystems Diversity 27, no. 3 (2019): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/011932.
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Salvia chloroleuca Rech. f. & Aell. is one of the perennial species of the Lamiaceae family in Iran, which has antimicrobial and antitumoural properties. In the current research, the morphological variables and hydrodistilled essential oils of two populations, from Polor and Neyshabur, of this species were evaluated. We studied 10 and 40 individuals for morphometrics and essential oils, respectively. Morphological data were analyzed using SPSS. Furthermore, the extracted oils were analysed using GC and GC/MS. The qualitative morphological characteristics were stable between the populations, while the quantitative ones highly varied. The one-sample variance test revealed significant differences for most of the studied features. The yielded oil highly differed between these populations. The first and second main groups of compounds were the same for both populations, but with different percentages. However, the third and fourth main groups of compounds were not similar. Furthermore, the main compounds of essential oil differed between the studied populations. The major compounds of the Polor population were: β-pinene (22.7%), α-pinene (18.3%), germacrene D (7.7%) and sabinene (6.6%). However, spathulenol (19.8%), bicyclogermacrene (11.4%), p-cymene (10.8%) and β-pinene (10.4%) constituted the major compounds of the Nyshabur population. In total, the Neyshabur population had higher amounts of sesquiterpene and oxygenated compounds than the other population. The results indicated that in this species the quantitative morphological characters and essential oils were strongly affected by environmental factors.
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Patterson, Brian M., Kevin Henderson, Robert D. Gilbertson, et al. "Morphological and Performance Measures of Polyurethane Foams Using X-Ray CT and Mechanical Testing." Microscopy and Microanalysis 20, no. 4 (2014): 1284–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927614000993.
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AbstractMeso-scale structure in polymeric foams determines the mechanical properties of the material. Density variations, even more than variations in the anisotropic void structure, can greatly vary the compressive and tensile response of the material. With their diverse use as both a structural material and space filler, polyurethane (PU) foams are widely studied. In this manuscript, quantitative measures of the density and anisotropic structure are provided by using micro X-ray computed tomography (microCT) to better understand the results of mechanical testing. MicroCT illustrates the variation in the density, cell morphology, size, shape, and orientation in different regions in blown foam due to the velocity profile near the casting surface. “Interrupted” in situ imaging of the material during compression of these sub-regions indicates the pathways of the structural response to the mechanical load and the changes in cell morphology as a result. It is found that molded PU foam has a 6 mm thick “skin” of higher density and highly eccentric morphological structure that leads to wide variations in mechanical performance depending upon sampling location. This comparison is necessary to understand the mechanical performance of the anisotropic structure.
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Talebi, Seyed Mehdi, Majid Ghorbani Nahooji, and Mahbobeh Yarmoohammadi. "Infra-generic morphological variations in some Nepeta L. taxa of Iran." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 7, no. 3 (2017): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2017_69.
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<p><em>Nepeta</em> L. is one of the most important genera of the <em>Lamiaceae</em> family, which widely distributed all over the word. The members of this genus are use of traditional and modern medicine. <em>Nepeta </em>species growth naturally in various parts of Iran and recent years the number of its species is increasing. In the study, morphological characteristics of twenty four populations of seventeen <em>Nepeta</em> taxa were used for infra-generic classifications, because there were many discussions about infra-generic classification of this genus. For this, forty qualitative as well as quantitative morphological features of both vegetative and reproductive organs were examined. Data were analyses with MVSP and SPSS softwares. ANOVA test showed significant variations for all the studied quantitative traits, with the exception of flower number per cycle. Furthermore, most of qualitative characters such as basal and floral leaf shape and petal color differed between taxa. PCA-biplot and CA joint plot showed that some morphological characters had taxonomic value and were useful in identifications of species. In many cases, clustering of species in the UPGMA tree, PCA and PCO plots did not confirm species placements in groups/ sections according to modern classifications. Furthermore, populations of same species did not cluster closely. It seems that ecological conditions had strong effect on different features of this study and high infra-specific variations were found among the studied species. </p>
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Larsson, Hans-Olof, Ronny Lorentzon, and Lennart Boquist. "Quantitative morphological assessment of parathyroid activity in response to variations in calcium concentrationin vitro." Virchows Archiv B Cell Pathology Including Molecular Pathology 48, no. 1 (1985): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02890119.
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Sakariah, Noria Merin, and Gaibriyal M. Lal. "Studies on Genetic Variability and Morphological Variations of Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] Germplasm." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 36, no. 8 (2024): 701–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2024/v36i84900.
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Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] belongs to the family of Leguminosae (Fabaceae) and it is an important annual legume crop widely cultivated in semi-arid tropics. In the present investigation, a total of 20 lines of greengram including one check variety were evaluated during Zaid, 2023 in Randomized Block Design with three replications for genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance by using 13 quantitative traits and to study morphological variation for these 13 quantitative characters by metroglyph and index score method. Analysis of variance for various quantitative characters revealed that the mean sum of squares due to genotypes showed high significant differences for all characters under study at 1% level and 5% level of significance. High GCV, PCV, heritability, and genetic advance were recorded by number of pods per plant. Based on metroglyph analysis and scatter diagram, 20 genotypes were grouped into 5 complexes, and the maximum number of genotypes (15) were found in group I. The two most variable characters, number of pods per plant and plant height (cm) were selected for the X and Y axes, respectively. The germplasm lines VIRAT (31), CO-7 (31), LGG-407 (30), AMULYA (29) and IPM-2-3 (29) recorded high index scores and fell into different clusters do well for morphological variations for a greater number of traits. Thus, the use of these genotypes in future breeding programs for crossing to obtain maximum variability of good combinations is suggested.
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Dandsena, Neeta, and Sharad Nema. "Morphological Diversity of an Underutilized and Wild Edible Fruit (Cordia) Species in Three Districts of Bastar Region of Chhattisgarh, India." Journal of Plant Science Research 39, no. 2 (2023): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32381/jpsr.2023.39.02.12.
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The multipurpose deciduous tree Cordia dichotoma belongs to the family Boraginaceae and it is variously called as Glueberry, Goonda, Lasora and locally as ‘Bohaar’ in Bastar (Chhattisgarh). The diversity in morphological traits in Cordia species were marked and identified at different locations of three districts of Bastar region to assess phenotypic morphological variation and to estimate genotypic and phenotypic variability for various morphological traits of fruits for future use. The quantitative traits like fruit weight, length, and diameter are important quality traits in many horticultural crops are used in genetic diversity studies. The underutilized fruits are advantageous crops being hardy in nature and tolerate extreme climatic conditions and possess high potential to provide nutritional and social benefits. The present investigation is performed for the identification, morphological analysis and diversity exploration with respect to food value of underutilized and wild edible fruit Cordia dichotoma found in the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh. A Total of ten numbers of representative trees of Cordia species from each district were selected for morphological and silvicultural studies. It is found that genotype of Cordia has morphological variations in the region. Two species of Cordia i.e., Cordia obliqua and Cordia dichotoma were taken for the study. This study revealed that source/provenance Jagdalpur and Dantewada had Cordia species with better fruit size than district Kondagaon source, also morphological variations of Cordia species in different sources or provenance with respect to fruit fresh weight, pulp weight, peel weight, pulp and peel ratio revealed that Cordia dichotoma G. Forst has better fruit size and pulp percentage.
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Temegne, Nono Carine, Boris Igwacho Mouafor, and Ajebesone Francis Ngome. "Agro-morphological Characterization of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Collected in the Humid Forest and Guinea Savannah Agro-ecological Zones of Cameroon." Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences 6, no. 7 (2016): 209–25. https://doi.org/10.15580/GJAS.2016.8.062716107.
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Background: Cassava (<em>Manihot esculenta</em> Crantz) is an important crop in Cameroon where leaves and tubers are eaten. However, its genetic variability remains unexplored in Cameroon. Local varieties are precious genetic resources because of their diversity. Mastery of this diversity is an important basis for crop improvement through plant breeding programs. Methods: Local cassava accessions (89) were collected mainly in four regions belonging to the Humid Forest and Guinea Savannah agro-ecological zones. These accessions have been planted with the objective to characterize them, based on qualitative and quantitative agro-morphological traits. The experiment was carried out in experimental station of IRAD Nkolbisson, Cameroon. Results: Significant differences (p<0.05) were observed for all the 14 analysed quantitative traits. Coefficients of variation of quantitative traits range from 11.85% (number of leaf lobes) to 55.75% (weight of shoot). Of the 14 quantitative traits studied, 7 had high coefficients of variation (CV>20%). The remaining 7 traits exhibit low variations. Root yields of 10 to 13 t/ha was observed with some of the accessions. The Principal Component Analysis for quantitative traits and Multiple Correspondence Analysis for qualitative traits revealed high dispersion of the accessions. On the cluster analysis for qualitative traits the accessions were classified in three groups. The dendrogram with the quantitative traits produced three main cluster groups of the cassava accessions evaluated. Conclusion<em>:</em> This work showed the variation in agronomic traits existing among cassava accessions in the forest and savannah agro-ecological zones of Cameroon that could be exploited to enhance cassava breeding programs.
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Acal, Dale Ann, Anna Sulikowska-Drozd, and Radomir Jaskuła. "Filling the gaps in ecology of tropical tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae): first quantitative data of sexual dimorphism in semi-arboreal Therates from the Philippine biodiversity hotspot." PeerJ 12 (March 13, 2024): e16956. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16956.
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Background Sexual dimorphism, driven by sexual selection, leads to varied morphological distinctions in male and female insects, providing insights into selection pressures across species. However, research on the morphometric variability within specific taxa of tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae), particularly arboreal and semi-arboreal species, remains very limited. Methods We investigate sexual dimorphism in six semi-arboreal Therates tiger beetle taxa from the Philippines, focusing on morphological traits. We employed morphometric measurements and multivariate analyses to reveal patterns of sexual dimorphism between sexes within the taxa. Results Our results indicate significant sexual dimorphism in elytra width, with females consistently displaying broader elytra, potentially enhancing fecundity. Notable sexual size dimorphism was observed in Therates fulvipennis bidentatus and T. coracinus coracinus, suggesting heightened sexual selection pressures on male body size. Ecological factors, mating behavior, and female mate choice might contribute to the observed morphological variation. These findings emphasize the need for further studies to comprehend mating dynamics, mate choice, and ecological influences on morphological variations in semi-arboreal and arboreal tiger beetles.
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Khatun, Mst Fatima, Mahammad Shariful Islam, Istiak Ahmed, et al. "Assessing Genetic Variability of Snake Gourd (Trichasanthes Cucumerina Var. Anguina L.) Germplasm Through Morphological Characterization and Multivariate Analysis." International Journal of Smart Agriculture 1, no. 1 (2023): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/ijsa.v1i1.2271.
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Genetic divergence analysis is important for selecting genetically varied parents from existing germplasm for a successful breeding program. An investigation with thirty-three snake gourd germplasm was evaluated to assess their diversity using several qualitative and quantitative characters. Of the qualitative characters maximum variations were observed in fruit shape, fruit curvature, fruit skin color, and fruit skin lustre. The highest quantitative variation was observed in yield per plot (CV-49.44%), which was influenced by the higher number of fruit yields per plant (CV-49.22%). The first principal component (PC1) explained 30.6% while the second PC showed 18.3% of the total variability among the evaluated snake gourd germplasm. The clustering study classified them into five groupings based on twelve quantitative charac-ters where the most accessions (11) were under cluster V followed by cluster II (10). The max-imum cluster mean value was observed in cluster IV for the characters of fruit length (36.44 cm), number of fruits per plant (11.60), fruit yield per plant (2.34 kg), and yield per plot (9.37 kg). The snake gourd germplasm such as N-170, LAH-68, AHI-99, R-1, KI-36, AC-423 and AC-187 performed as wide variations according to biplot analysis while AC-118, and AR-39, AHI-104, AHI-99, AC-187, AC-357 superior through cluster analysis. Finally, the identified desirable traits from the prominent germplasm can be used for advancing the high-yielding va-rieties.
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Sahetapy, Lepinus, and Ritha L. Karuwal. "VARIASI KARAKTER MORFOLOGIS LIMA JENIS SAGU (Metroxylon sp) DI PULAU SAPARUA." BIOPENDIX: Jurnal Biologi, Pendidikan dan Terapan 1, no. 2 (2015): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/biopendixvol1issue2page105-111.
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Background: Sago (Metroxylon sp) is one of food commodities that contains many carbohydrates, so it serves as a staple food for some regions in Indonesia such as Maluku, Papua and Sulawesi. Sago can also be used as raw material for food industry such as bagea, sago pearl, pastry, wet cake, noodle, biscuit, cracker and vermicelli. Various uses of sago cause attention in terms of development and conservation. Saparua Island is one of the areas in the Maluku archipelago with sago potential that is wide enough. There are 5 types of sago in the area such as sago tuni, sagu molat, sago eataru, sagu ihur, and sago thorn rattan.Methods: This research took place in February-March 2014 by conducting exploration on location and samples selected by proposive sampling. For each quantitative parameter such as height, length, width, using a measuring instrument of ruler, roll meter while qualitative parameters such as shape, color can be observed visually.Results: Exploration was conducted on February-March 2014 with morphological character parameters on vegetative and generative organs of 70 characters. The results of the study showed a varied morphological appearance in each variety. Visually, variations of morphological characters in the vegetative organ seen in the trunk character are height, surface, circumference, color. Leaf character has variation in leaf sponge, leaf bone flexibility, midst of base of midrib, midrib, midrib, midrib, midlet, child length, upper surface. Morphological characters in generative organs appear to vary in flower, ie, the length and width of the stem, the diameter of the flower. Variations in fruits such as shape, amount, and color while on the seeds are the color and weight.Conclusion: There are variations of morphological characters in the five varieties of sago on Saparua Island in shape, size, and color, appearance of each organ either on stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds.
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Rawat, Rajni, K. Negi, Puran Mehta, Vandana Tiwari, S. Verma, and Ishwari Bisht. "Study of Six Varieties of Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and their Morphological Variations." Journal of Non Timber Forest Products 23, no. 1 (2016): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2016-7t1z9z.
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Sweet basil is an incredible herb, used both as a classic culinary and ornamental herb of Home Gardens. The genus Ocimum contains approximately 65 species of herbs and shrubs originated in tropical Asia. It has a strong medicinal use and it is very high in vitamins and minerals. The present study holds 6 varieties of Ocimum basilicum L. consisting of 29 accessions were procured from National Gene Bank, New Delhi. These accessions were grown in the Kharif seasons of 2014-15 at ICAR-NBPGR Regional Station, Bhowali, Nainital Uttarakhand for analysing of their quantitative and qualitative or phenotypic characters for identification of superior genotypes. The comparative study of Ocimum spp. was examined to assess the variability of qualitative and quantitative morphological characters using standardized description present among 30 accessions of 6 varieties of Ocimum basilicum L. (Sweet Basil).
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Grozeva, Neli H., and Yanka G. Cvetanova. "Karyological and morphological variations within the genus Dysphania (Chenopodiaceae) in Bulgaria." Acta Botanica Croatica 72, no. 1 (2013): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10184-012-0017-5.
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AbstractThe karyological and morphological variability of species from the genus Dysphania were studied. The results demonstrated that genus Dysphania is represented in Bulgaria by five species: Dysphania ambrosioides, D. multifida, D. botrys, D. schraderiana and D. pumilio. The first two species are tetraploids with chromosome number 2n = 32 for D. ambrosioides and 2n = 36 for D. multifida. The remaining three species are diploids with 2n = 18. The results from statistical analysis demonstrated that the main source of phenotype variation in the species is the interpopulation variation. The specific characters which allowed their recognition are themorphological characteristics of the perianth lobes, the upper leaves and the seeds. The distinction between D. multifida, D. ambrosioides and D. schraderiana is based on differences in the quantitative traits, while in D. botrys and D. pumilio qualitative traits are also important. The basic evolutionary mechanisms are polyploidy and diploidy.Atendency towards reduction in the size of generative organs and the number of perianth lobes was found.
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L.M., Kolisnyk, and Klymenko S.V. "Quantitative morphological signs and variability of the vegetative and generative organs of elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine." Plant Introduction 52 (December 1, 2011): 19–24. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2544324.
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Quantitative morphological signs of vegetative and generative organs of an elderberry (<em>Sambucus nigra</em> L.) forms, selected in natural populations in Ukraine, are investigated. Variability is shown, the range of variations of signs for an estimation of selection value perspective forms is defined.
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Mahdi, Shatha, A., Hussein, M. Prism, and Ashwak, T. Humadi. "A Study of The Biological Effect of Egy Pride on The Quantitative Genetic Variation of The Cucurbit Fruit Fly, Dacus Ciliatus (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Nabatia 11, no. 2 (2023): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/nabatia.v11i2.1633.
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This study investigates the influence of the insecticide Egy Pride on the quantitative genetic variation and wing morphology of the Cucurbita fruit fly, Dacus ciliatus, a pest of agricultural significance. Geometric morphometrics were applied to analyze the shape and size of right wings from 30 specimens, half of which were treated with Egy Pride. The analysis revealed a 67% match rate in landmark coordinates between treated and untreated specimens, with notable deviations at landmarks 2, 6, 8, 9, and 15. Treated specimens exhibited variations in wing shape and size, with a central size measurement of 868.6 microns compared to 850.8 microns in the control group. Statistical analysis showed a Mahalanobis distance of 9.49, indicating differentiation between the groups. Classification rates based on wing morphology were 74% for treated and 53% for untreated specimens, with an 83% rate when based on the Mahalanobis distance. The study suggests that Egy Pride induces quantitative genetic variation and morphological changes in D. ciliatus, potentially affecting their flight and mobility. These findings highlight the unique properties of Egy Pride in pest control and its impact on the genetic and morphological aspects of targeted species.
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Kumar, Gunjeet, B. L. Meena, Ranjan Kar, et al. "Morphological diversity in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) germplasm accessions." Plant Genetic Resources 6, no. 3 (2008): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262108994211.
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Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is an important solanaceous vegetable in many countries of Asia and Africa. It is a good source of minerals and vitamins in the tropical diets. Assessment of genetic resources is the starting point of any crop improvement programme. In India, the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources is the nodal institute for management of germplasm resources of crop plants and holds more than 2500 accessions of brinjal in its genebank. In the present study, morphological diversity in a set of 622 accessions, comprising 543 accessions from indigenous sources and 79 accessions of exotic origin, was assessed. Wide range of variations for 31 descriptors, 13 quantitative and 18 qualitative, were recorded. The wide regional variations for plant, flower and fruit descriptors revealed enough scope for improvement of yield characters by selection. The genetic differences among the landraces are potentially relevant to breeding programmes in that the variability created through hybridization of the contrasting forms could be exploited.
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Suliman, Yara, Frank Becker, Armin Tuchscherer, and Klaus Wimmers. "Seasonal variations in quantitative and qualitative sperm characteristics in fertile and subfertile stallions." Archives Animal Breeding 63, no. 1 (2020): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-63-145-2020.
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Abstract. Horses are seasonal breeders with a natural breeding season beginning in spring and extending through midsummer. In this study, quantitative and qualitative parameters of chilled stallion semen were compared between fertile and subfertile stallions and between the breeding and the non-breeding season. Semen quality parameters compared included ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, total sperm number, sperm morphology, and computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA)-derived sperm movement characteristics obtained from two groups of warmblood stallions (n=8; four fertile stallions and four subfertile stallions), which differ in the seasonal pregnancy rate 80 %–90 % (fertile) vs. 40 %–60 % (subfertile). A total of 64 ejaculates were collected from the stallions (n=8; four in the breeding season and four in the non-breeding season of each stallion). No significant differences in the semen quality parameters between the fertile and the subfertile stallions in the non-breeding season were observed. However, in the breeding season the proportion of morphologically normal sperm, total motility, progressive motility, average path velocity (VAP), and curvilinear velocity (VCL) were significantly higher in the fertile group (P<0.05) when compared with the subfertile group. In addition, a significant seasonal variation in the proportion of morphological normal sperm was found in the fertile group between the breeding and the non-breeding season (P<0.05). Moreover, significant seasonal variations (P<0.05) in CASA parameters of mean VAP, straight line velocity (VSL), and beat-cross frequency (BCF) were observed in the fertile and the subfertile stallions, which tended to be lower in the non-breeding season. In conclusion, differences between the fertile and the subfertile stallions were observed only in the breeding season, and a few of CASA-derived parameters seemed to be significantly lower during the non-breeding season in both the fertile and the subfertile stallions.
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MARTANTI, D., Y. S. POERBA, WITJAKSONO, HERLINA, and F. AHMAD. "MALE FLOWER CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUCED TETRAPLOID, MIXOPLOID, AND DIPLOID BANANA MUSA ACUMINATA (AA) CV. “PISANG REJANG”." SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics 54, no. 3 (2022): 617–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.3.14.
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The banana cultivar “Pisang Rejang” (Musa AA “Pisang Rejang”) is Fusarium wilt resistant and therefore important for banana breeding. Tetraploid (4x) and mixoploid (2x+4x) plants of this cultivar have been induced with oryzalin, and crosses of these two ploidy levels resulted in a triploid hybrid (3x) plant. The availability of these various ploidy levels needs to be accompanied by data on their reproductive biology for their efficient utilization for breeding. This study characterized male flowers concerning qualitative and quantitative morphology, pollen viability, pollen size, nectar volume, nectar Brix index, and acidity level of those different ploidy levels. Observations indicated no differences in qualitative morphological traits, such as, shape and color, but for quantitative morphological traits, such as, size, distinction existed among the different ploidy levels. The triploid plant has huge flower parts in all the quantitative morphological traits, except compound tepal width, followed by the tetraploid, diploid, and mixoploid. Variations also occurred in pollen viability, pollen size, and nectar characters from each level of ploidy. Pollen viability is the highest for the diploid plant, while the tetraploid plant produces bigger pollen than the diploid. The triploid plant produced a low percentage of viable pollen. The study findings indicate that ploidy level affects the flower's quantitative morphological characteristics, pollen viability, and pollen size, but not the flower's qualitative morphological characteristics.
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Kavitha, C., E. Vadivel, K. Rajamani, and C. Thangamani. "Analysis of Variability for Qualitative and Quantitative Traits in Coleus forskohlii Briq." Journal of Horticultural Sciences 2, no. 1 (2007): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v2i1.636.
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Thirty seven Coleus forskohlii genotypes collected from different regions of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka were subjected to diversity analysis based on NBPGR descriptors. Eleven qualitative and fourteen quantitative traits of C. forskohlii were evaluated to assess the morphological variations available among the collected genotypes. For qualitative traits, a large number of genotypes out of 37 clustered together at 74 % similarity in four different groups. The dendrogram contract based on fourteen quantitative traits for the same set of genotypes did not reveal a clear pattern in grouping and the genotypes were grouped into ten different clusters. Cluster analysis of various sets of data revealed different groups of genotypes for each of the data set. A poor congruence observed among data sets of qualitative and quantitative traits in the comparison indicated that the morphological traits are not suitable for precise discrimination of closely related genotypes in C. forskohlii.
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., Parveen, Chetna ., Om Prakash Jitarwal, Deepak Sangwan, and Satpal Baloda. "Morphological and Physiological Characterization of Different Guava Cultivar’s under Semi-arid Zone of Haryana." Environment and Ecology 41, no. 3C (2023): 1941–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.60151/envec/fzgj1225.
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Guava varieties for different morpho-physiological traits were evaluated at Guava Demonstration Center, Bhuna (Fatehabad) and in Postgraduate Laboratory of the Department of Horticulture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during the year 2018-19 for both the season i.e., rainy and winter. Quantitative and qualitative characters of fifteen guava varieties with distinct variation was observed. Among these characters flowering and fruit were critical observed and a wide variation in flowering parameters has been recorded. The time of flower initiation period varied from 20th April to 1st May. The duration of flowering of different guava varieties during rainy season showed variations from 27 to 35 days. Pant Parbhat, Banarsi Surkha showed ovate shape of fruit, while, Barf Khana had globose type of fruit shape. KG Guava had maximum fruit length of 10.05 cm and diameter (width) of 8.16 cm during rainy season. Highest fruit weight of 362.0 g and 412.3 g was noticed in KG Guava during both the season i.e., rainy and winter.
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Zhang, Chi, Arun S. Pratap, S. Natarajan, et al. "Evaluation of Morphological and Molecular Diversity among South Asian Germplasms of Cucumis sativus and Cucumis melo." ISRN Agronomy 2012 (October 14, 2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/134134.
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Cucumber, Cucumis sativus (), and melon, Cucumis melo (), are two common vegetable crops worldwide. The present study evaluated eighteen Cucumis accessions (nine C. sativus and nine C. melo) that were collected from three South Asian countries that have the most diversity of Cucumis. Nine quantitative and twenty-three qualitative characteristics were measured. The values of fruit weight displayed the biggest divergence among the nine quantitative traits and much variation was displayed in twenty-three qualitative traits among eighteen accessions. For eight morphological quantitative traits other than fruit weight, eighteen accessions were divided into three groups by using Principle Component Analysis and K-means cluster analysis. Also, two chloroplast genes rbcL and matK of eighteen accessions were sequenced. Combined sequences were subjected to construct phylogenetic trees by Neighbor-Joining and Maximum Likelihood methods. Topologies of nine melon accessions were same in these two methods and nine cucumber accessions showed difference. The genetic distances among each of C. sativus and C. melo accessions were not high. We conclude that the genetic relationship among the eighteen accessions used in this study is not distant although they display significant morphological variations. The information on novel Cucumis germplasms provided here would contribute to breeding program as well as evolutional study in Cucumis.
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Younas, Zohaib, Samar Naseer, Abeer Kazmi, et al. "Assessment of Diversity among Important Brinjal (Solanum melongena) Cultivars Using Morphological Markers." Journal of Food Quality 2022 (October 18, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4255554.
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Background. Solanum melongena is a medicinally important vegetable crop that belongs to the family Solanaceae, which is cultivated worldwide. Methodology. In the present study, 22 eggplant varieties from the different ecogeographical regions were evaluated for nine quantitative and twenty-two qualitative morphological characters. A significant divergence was observed in all characters and wide regional variations for plant characteristics, flower, and fruit characteristics. Principle component analysis (PCA) was performed using PAST3 software to determine the relationship among eggplant accessions. Results. The principal component analysis showed that the first two principal component axes explained 97.17% of the total multivariate variation. Cluster analysis using the Unweighted Pair Group Method of Arithmetic Means (UPGMA) grouped the 22 eggplant accessions into two main clusters based on similarities in morphological characteristics. The study showed that the Solanum melongena accessions belonging to Pakistan and other geographical regions of the world possess marked variation in fruit weight, fruit shape, fruit color, leaf spine, number of locules in fruit, plant height, and flower color. Conclusion. Based on morphological diversity, the best cultivars of eggplant that show better yield can be selected for farmers.
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Kim, Jeongho, Jaehyun Kim, Wonchoel Lee, and Ivana Karanovic. "The First Insight into the Patterns of Size and Shape Variation of a Microcerberid Isopod." Water 13, no. 4 (2021): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040515.
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Cryptic species are a biological phenomenon only recently recognized due to progress in molecular studies. They pose a significant challenge to conventional taxonomic work since these species manifest low morphological differences, but considerable genetic disparity. New taxonomic methods are in development but have yet to be tested for many animal groups. Isopods belonging to the suborder Microcerberidea are one such group. The Asian microcerberid isopod, Coxicerberus fukudai (Ito, 1974), is a major component of marine interstitial fauna with suspected cryptic species inhabiting Japan and Korea. We chose six Korean populations with high molecular interpopulations divergence and applied 2D landmark-based geometric morphometrics to cephalic sensilla, pleonal points, and male pleopod II. This quantitative approach allowed us to study interpopulation size and shape variations, morphospace structure, and whether the morphological pattern mirrored the genetic species. We determined that a high degree of interpopulation size variation significantly influences shape changes. Once we removed the allometric effect, the size-corrected male pleopod II shape variations yielded a new species, C. jangsaensis sp. nov. At the same time, we were able to resolve the C. fukadai species complex.
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KAWUMA, CAROL, MARY NAMAGANDA, ESTHER KATUURA, et al. "Morphological variation within Solanum campylacanthum (Solanaceae) in Uganda and its relationship with S. cerasiferum." Phytotaxa 661, no. 1 (2024): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.661.1.4.
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This is a morphological study of 108 accessions of Solanum campylacanthum and 10 accessions of Solanum cerasiferum. The aim was to assess the morphological variations that occur within the S. campylacanthum species in Uganda and evaluate the morphological differences between S. campylacanthum and S. cerasiferum. Fourteen quantitative and eleven qualitative vegetative characters were measured and analysis done by phenetics method. Cluster (UPGMA) and box plot analyses were done in PAST program version 4.03. Prickle density and leaf tip angles are reported for the first time as being useful in the intraspecific delimitation of S. campylacanthum. The distinction between S. cerasiferum and S. campylacanthum can only be based on leaf base shapes, which is, attenuate and oblique respectively.
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Keustermans, William, Toon Huysmans, Femke Danckaers, et al. "High quality statistical shape modelling of the human nasal cavity and applications." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 12 (2018): 181558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181558.
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The human nose is a complex organ that shows large morphological variations and has many important functions. However, the relation between shape and function is not yet fully understood. In this work, we present a high quality statistical shape model of the human nose based on clinical CT data of 46 patients. A technique based on cylindrical parametrization was used to create a correspondence between the nasal shapes of the population. Applying principal component analysis on these corresponded nasal cavities resulted in an average nasal geometry and geometrical variations, known as principal components, present in the population with a high precision. The analysis led to 46 principal components, which account for 95% of the total geometrical variation captured. These variations are first discussed qualitatively, and the effect on the average nasal shape of the first five principal components is visualized. Hereafter, by using this statistical shape model, two application examples that lead to quantitative data are shown: nasal shape in function of age and gender, and a morphometric analysis of different anatomical regions. Shape models, as the one presented here, can help to get a better understanding of nasal shape and variation, and their relationship with demographic data.
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Ramlah, Ramlah, Indrastuti Indrastuti, Mufti Hatur Rahmah, and Marcia Bunga Pabendon. "Genetic Variation of Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.) Germplasm From Polewali Mandar West Sulawesi Based On Morphological Characters." JURNAL BIOS LOGOS 14, no. 1 (2024): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/jbl.v14i1.54702.
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Foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.) is a cereal crop that has long been domesticated worldwide and has been adopted as a model crop to provide a deeper understanding of plant biology. This plant has long been a mainstay of indigenous Indonesian people, especially in Polewali Mandar, West Sulawesi Province. This study aims to evaluate the genetic variation of foxtail millet germplasm from Polewali Mandar, West Sulawesi based on morphological characters. Three germplasm populations were collected from Polewali Mandar to assess genetic variation in millet germplasm. The observations of morphological traits were carried out based on the IBPGR of Setaria italica. Genetic variation in foxtail millet populations was measured using 28 morphological traits with nine qualitative and 19 quantitative characters. The research showed that seed color, stem diameter, plant height, panicle stalk length, and panicle stalk diameter had diverse variations. Cluster analysis of morphological characters using the UPGMA method shows a similarity coefficient ranging from 0.15-0.2. At a genetic similarity coefficient of 0.2, the three populations were divided into Cluster A and Cluster B. Cluster A consists of two populations (Minna' and Lasse'). In contrast, Cluster B consists of one population (Bulawang). The millet population SLB.C.3-SLB.A.1 has the highest genetic distance and is a potential candidate to be selected as a parent cross to produce higher het-erosis. Intensification of millet plant breeding programs is expected to increase the genetic basis for determining specific characteristics.
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Ashok Priyadarshan, A. M., Shyamalamma, S., Nagesha, S. N., Veena S. Anil, Nirmala, K. S., and Shravya K. J. "Evaluation of Local Types of Bird’s Eye Chilli (Capsicum frutescens L.) of Plant and Fruit Morphological Characters." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 36, no. 5 (2024): 339–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2024/v36i54532.
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Chilli is an important commercial crop grown for its pungency. Capsicum frutescens L. is one of the five cultivated species in the genus Capsicum. These are widely used as spice throughout the world due to characteristic pungency and also have applications in pharmaceutical industry. Capsicum frutescens L. exhibits large variation in plant and fruit characters. The present study was conducted to evaluate bird’s eye chilli genotypes and identify the variation for some plant physical characters and fruit morphological traits (qualitative and quantitative). A total of thirty-three genotypes including a check variety viz., Vellayani Samruddhi (C. frutescens L.) were used in the study. Field evaluation was carried out and observations such as leaf shape, leaf pubescence, flowers per axil, fruit orientation (plant physical traits) and fruit shape, fruit curvature, fruit colour, fruit glossiness and seed colour (fruit morphological characters) were recorded. The results on morphological evaluation revealed that most of the genotypes (26) possess ovate shaped leaves with pubescence. Flowers were erect being one to three per axil. All the genotypes had moderately triangular fruit shape with no curvature. The colour of seeds varied among the genotypes including light yellow (UASBCF-19, UASBCF-29 and Vellayani Samruddhi) and rest of the genotypes being orange yellow. The average values for quantitative traits such as fruit length, width, number of locules, pericarp thickness and fruit stalk length were observed to be 1.99 cm, 0.66 cm, 2.00, 0.29 mm and 2.23 cm respectively. This variations in qualitative characters of the fruit can be utilized in crop improvement programme.
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Ko, Kwang-Chool. "TAXONOMIC STUDIES ON CULTIVATED AND KOREAN NATIVE GENUS PYRUS PLANTS BY MULTIVARIATE AND ISOZYME ANALYSIS." HortScience 27, no. 6 (1992): 646g—647. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.646g.
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Fifty nine morphological characters and isozyme band patterns of glutamate oxaloacetate transminase, peroxidase, glucose phosphate isomerase from fully expanded leaves were used for taxonomic study on 51 taxa consisted of Korean native and principal cultivars of the genus Pyrus. Taxonomic relationships were analyzed by complete cluster analysis method based on Euclidean taxonomic distance of IBM PC SPSS/PC+(ver. 3.0). Among the 39 qualitative morphological characters, a great deal of variations among 51 taxa were observed in immature fruit shape, skin lusterness, hair density on pedicel, anther color, shape of leaf apex and base, hair density on leaf surface, and leaf margin. Considerable variations were found in most tested quantitative characters except in the number of petals and styles. More reliable taxonomic results could be obtained by comparing morphological characters rather than examining isozyme band patterns. Even though there were considerable differences depending upon the methods of investigation, classification of the genus Pyrus by using isozyme band patterns was proved to be a good tool for rapid taxonomic studies.
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Hohl, Leandro dos Santos Lima, Mariana Fiuza de Castro Loguercio, Fernando Lencastre Sicuro, José Duarte de Barros-Filho, and Oscar Rocha-Barbosa. "Body and skull morphometric variations between two shovel-headed species of Amphisbaenia (Reptilia: Squamata) with morphofunctional inferences on burrowing." PeerJ 5 (July 18, 2017): e3581. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3581.
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Background Morphological descriptions comparing Leposternon microcephalum and L. scutigerum have been made previously. However, these taxa lack a formal quantitative morphological characterization, and comparative studies suggest that morphology and burrowing performance are be related. The excavatory movements of L. microcephalum have been described in detail. However, there is a lack of studies comparing locomotor patterns and/or performance among different amphisbaenids sharing the same skull shape. This paper presents the first study of comparative morphometric variations between two closely related amphisbaenid species, L. microcephalum and L. scutigerum, with functional inferences on fossorial locomotion efficiency. Methods Inter-specific morphometric variations were verified through statistical analyses of body and cranial measures of L. microcephalum and L. scutigerum specimens. Their burrowing activity was assessed through X-ray videofluoroscopy and then compared. The influence of morphological variation on the speed of digging was tested among Leposternon individuals. Results Leposternon microcephalum and L. scutigerum are morphometrically distinct species. The first is shorter and robust with a wider head while the other is more elongated and slim with a narrower head. They share the same excavatory movements. The animals analyzed reached relatively high speeds, but individuals with narrower skulls dug faster. A negative correlation between the speed and the width of skull was determined, but not with total length or diameter of the body. Discussion The morphometric differences between L. microcephalum and L. scutigerum are in accord with morphological variations previously described. Since these species performed the same excavation pattern, we may infer that closely related amphisbaenids with the same skull type would exhibit the same excavatory pattern. The negative correlation between head width and excavation speed is also observed in others fossorial squamates. The robustness of the skull is also related to compression force in L. microcephalum. Individuals with wider heads are stronger. Thus, we suggest trade-offs between excavation speed and compression force during burrowing in this species.
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Arya, Jagdish Singh, Narendra Singh, Preeti Singh Arya, and Anil Kant. "Morphological variations and relationship among onion germplasm for quantitative and qualitative traits at trans-Himalaya Ladakh, India." Australian Journal of Crop Science 11, no. 03 (2017): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.17.11.03.pne369.
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Prastowo, Erwin, and Rina Arimarsetiowati. "Morphological Variations of Robusta Coffee As a Response to Different Altitude in Lampung." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 35, no. 2 (2019): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v35i2.378.
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The coffee growth is considered to depend, partly, on the environmental condition at which they develop to accomplish both vegetative and generative stages. An exploratory survey in Lampung aimed at investigating the morphological characteristics of 13 Robusta coffee accessions growing on different altitudes.Local superior coffee clones were selected from eight farms, and subjected to identifications. Three key issues were concerned for both quantitatively, i.e. plant components of leaves, branches, and fruits, and qualitatively such as leaves and fruit characteristics, i.e. colour and shape. The analysis shows a similarity of about 60% of total qualitative variable identified among different accessions. The remaining characters are suggested to be more varying such as flush colour, leaf surface, ripe fruit colour, and stipule shape. Furthermore, a quantitative analysis showed a higher level of similarity for fruit characters, i.e. fruit length, -width, and -thickness, and to a slightly lower level for leaf characteristics, i.e. leaf length and -width, and number of productive branches. It was revealed that some variables, i.e. fruit weight; leaf and seed; and canopy characteristics, explaining the morphological variation of coffee throughout the accessions. Furthermore, cluster analysis may indicated a possible similarity of coffee morphologies either from area with different or the same environmental conditions. A high heterogeneity related to environmental conditions, genotypic variations, plant nutritional status, and agronomic practices, which unable to confirm in the present study, may limit the specific conclusions.
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Gerotto, Amanda, Hongrui Zhang, Renata Hanae Nagai, et al. "Fossil coccolith morphological attributes as a new proxy for deep ocean carbonate chemistry." Biogeosciences 20, no. 9 (2023): 1725–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1725-2023.
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Abstract. Understanding the variations in past ocean carbonate chemistry is critical to elucidating the role of the oceans in balancing the global carbon cycle. The fossil shells from marine calcifiers present in the sedimentary record are widely applied as past ocean carbon cycle proxies. However, the interpretation of these records can be challenging due to the complex physiological and ecological response to the carbonate system during an organisms' life cycle and the potential for preservation at the seafloor. Here we present a new dissolution proxy based on the morphological attributes of coccolithophores from the Noëlaerhabdaceae family (Emiliania huxleyi > 2 µm, and small Gephyrocapsa spp.). To evaluate the influences of coccolithophore calcification and coccolith preservation on fossil morphology, we measured morphological attributes, mass, length, thickness, and shape factor (ks) of coccoliths in a laboratory dissolution experiment and surface sediment samples from the South China Sea. The coccolith morphological data in surface sediments were also analyzed with environment settings, namely surface temperature, nutrients, pH, chlorophyll a concentration, and carbonate saturation of bottom water by a redundancy analysis. Statistical analysis indicates that carbonate saturation of the deep ocean explains the highest proportion of variation in the morphological data instead of the environmental variables of the surface ocean. Moreover, the dissolution trajectory in the ks vs. length of coccoliths is comparable between natural samples and laboratory dissolution experiments, emphasizing the importance of carbonate saturation on fossil coccolith morphology. However, the mean ks alone cannot fully explain the main variations observed in our work. We propose that the normalized ks variation (σ/ks), which is the ratio between the standard deviation of ks (σ) and the mean ks, could reflect different degrees of dissolution and size-selective dissolution, influenced by the assemblage composition. Applied together with the σ/ks ratio, the ks factor of fossil coccoliths in deep ocean sediments could be a potential proxy for a quantitative reconstruction of past carbonate dissolution dynamics.
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Pareno, Ma. Theresa, and Cesar G. Demayo. "Heuristic, parsimony and molecular analysis of variations between selected orb-weaver spiders from Mindanao, Philippines." Arthropods 9, no. 2 (2020): 38–62. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8251906.
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Morphological structures and phenotypic characteristics define the status of organisms. It serves as their landmark for easy identification. Samples of orb-weaving spiders were surveyed in selected areas in Mindanao, Philippines, to describe the extent of morphological variations in body structures. Aside from their colorful and spiny abdomen, characters other than generally used to describe species were explored to be able to find specific landmarks to determine these spiders’ identity. These characters were also used in comparing the described variations between species using a heuristic method and parsimony analysis. DNA barcoding analysis using mitochondrial DNACOI sequences was also used to strengthen species delineation. Qualitative and quantitative morphological descriptions of body parts of the collected orb-weaver spiders showed a total of 7 species: 2 species under the genus Thelacantha, one species is under the genus Cyrtarachne, and four species were under the Gasteracantha genus. Thelacantha brevispina originally described as G. mammosa has shown features that are remarkably different from two other species G. janopol, and G. diadesmia based on the number and color of sigilla, including the sternum and color of the abdomen. Parsimony analysis of the morphological characters shows two separate groups of spiders showing homologous and analogous characters that are present on different species from their nodes. Results of the DNA barcoding revealed that Gasteracantha and Thelacantha orb-weaving spiders are not taxonomically close. The results of this study imply that the classification of organisms must include not only using morphological features but should also use other tools such as DNA barcoding to be able to have a clearer understanding of both phenotypic and molecular differentiation between species.
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Zamha, M. B. F., H. A. P. A. Shyamalee, and A. L. Ranawake. "Evaluation of morphological variations in fifteen traditional yard long bean (<em>Vigna unguiculata</em> L.) accessions in Sri Lanka under organic conditions." Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension 27, no. 4 (2024): 244–74. https://doi.org/10.4038/tare.v27i4.5752.
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The yard long bean, belonging to the family Fabaceae, holds significant popularity as a vegetable crop in Sri Lanka. Several indigenous yard long bean accessions are available in Sri Lanka, and assessing their morphological variability plays a vital role in utilizing the germplasm effectively for future breeding programs. The study focused on characterizing fifteen traditional yard long bean accessions gathered from various locations in Sri Lanka using four qualitative and nine quantitative traits. The study was conducted without using inorganic fertilizer and chemical pesticides. The morphological variation among the accessions was effectively assessed using Principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis, 2D scatter plot, and hierarchical dendrogram. Three principal components derived from the nine traits and scored more than one Eigenvalues cumulatively explained 79.31% of the total variance. Pod weight, pod diameter, and pod length contributed to principal component one (PC1), which explained 38.68% of the variance. Cluster analysis identified five morphologically distinct clusters at cluster distance of five. Cluster II comprised the accessions TJ-Rathu and TJ-150 that had the highest mean number of pods per plant, and pod yield (7.84 g and 283.37 g, respectively) at the first three consecutive harvests. TJ-150 recorded the highest pod yield per plant (289.8 g). Pearson's correlation analysis indicated that the number of pods per plant, correlated with the pod yield at 0.05 significance level. The qualitative and quantitative characteristics are expected to be valuable for future breeding programs, facilitating the improvement of yard long beans.