Academic literature on the topic 'Quantitative online survey'
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Journal articles on the topic "Quantitative online survey"
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Bramley, Ian, Alastair Goode, Laura Anderson, and Elisabeth Mary. "Researching in-store, at home: Using virtual reality within quantitative surveys." International Journal of Market Research 60, no. 4 (May 1, 2018): 344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470785318767287.
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This article reviews the experience, steps taken, and lessons learnt from including a virtual reality film within a mobile online survey. The survey was designed to test point-of-sale displays within a retail store environment, with respondents exposed to the store using virtual reality within the survey, rather than being a shown a static image or a standard film of the store’s interior. The results show how incorporating a virtual reality film within a survey can significantly add to the survey enjoyment compared to traditional approaches. The findings show how the uniqueness of the virtual reality experience can help engage respondents, offering a modern and relevant way to provide a more realistic survey experience that respondents are receptive to. The study also demonstrates that it is technically feasible to incorporate a virtual reality experience into an online survey among typical panelists, without high failure rates or the need to over-incentivise to participate. This article discusses the use of virtual reality within surveys and the practical steps taken to incorporate the virtual reality film, as well as the key learnings generated from the experience. The future potential for the application of virtual reality technology within research is also explored.
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Vu, Phuong H., and Jonas Hoffman. "Using Online Surveys in Vietnam." International Journal of Market Research 53, no. 1 (January 2011): 41–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2501/ijmr-53-1-041-062.
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Although online surveys have become an important quantitative research method throughout the world, thanks to their relative low cost and high speed, their application in marketing research in emerging countries is still limited due to infrastructure and sociocultural barriers. This exploratory study assesses the potential for the deployment and use in the South-East Asian emerging country of Vietnam. Results suggest that the potential use of online surveys for marketing research in Vietnam is at the moment limited to companies, and to young and high-income social classes. All things being equal, the conditions necessary for online surveys to be successfully used in a country such as Vietnam are still five to seven years in the future. The paper discusses the difficulties in applying this survey method, and gives recommendations on how to adapt the online surveys method for use in present-day Vietnam.
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Kamis, Fatin Farhana, and Wan Farha Wan Zulkiffli. "ONLINE TRUST DEVELOPMENT IN ONLINE SHOPPING." Journal of Information System and Technology Management 5, no. 18 (September 15, 2020): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/jistm.518003.
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Emerging technologies have helped everyone get through their daily tasks and become easier. however, it is still a concern for many people to use technology because they do not know how to trust someone in helping to solve something. In many previous types of research, the focus has been found in the relationship between consumer trust and its antecedents. This article examines the factor that can develop trust among consumers in online shopping. There are 6 factors that are used to test online trust development: reputation, risk, website quality, service quality, business size, and the reference group. The methodology for the study is quantitative and the questionnaire will be distributed through an online survey in line with the ongoing research related to the online. This will be more targeted to online users especially the younger generation who are more likely to use technology.
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Furness, Penny J., Katharina Vogt, Simon Ashe, Sophie Taylor, Sarah Haywood-Small, and Kim Lawson. "What causes fibromyalgia? An online survey of patient perspectives." Health Psychology Open 5, no. 2 (July 2018): 205510291880268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2055102918802683.
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Fibromyalgia is a severe chronic pain condition that affects every aspect of life. Causes of the condition remain unclear, and quantitative research cannot account for patients’ personal illness narratives and perceptions. This online survey gathered qualitative accounts of the perceived causes of their condition from 596 people with fibromyalgia, which were analyzed thematically. Themes were “Bodily assault, ill-health, and change”; “Emotional trauma and distress”; “Stress and vulnerability”; and “Explaining and authenticating fibromyalgia.” Discussion focuses on the complexity of causation, the importance of understanding and having symptoms validated, and the potential for benefiting from patient expertise in building better practitioner–client relationships.
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Chien, Chih-Feng, and Ching-Jung Liao. "From Learning Literature to Online Holistic Education." International Journal of Web-Based Learning and Teaching Technologies 16, no. 6 (November 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijwltt.20211101.oa4.
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This study utilizes the literature education section of an online holistic environment to: (1) develop a literature education survey based on Miller’s (2007) theory of holistic education, (2) explore the effect of students’ holistic learning through online literature immersion, and (3) inquire about students’ holistic development through literature appreciation. Eight hundred twenty two college students were involved in the online literature-related activities. With qualitative and quantitative data collection, the study analyzes online literature and poetry, interactive feedback and reflection, and a survey questionnaire. The study’s content analysis discovers how students’ literature works are distributed into Miller’s three principles of holistic education and their extensive subthemes. Confirmatory factor analysis results suggest the survey instrument captured e-HO’s literature education module’s holistic impact. The discussion and limitations for online literature education from a holistic education perspective are also provided to guide future research
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Campbell, Paul T., and Ehtisham Mahmud. "TCT- 84 Prospective, Online, Interactive Survey Comparing Visual Lesion Estimation To Quantitative Coronary Angiography." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 64, no. 11 (September 2014): B25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.07.112.
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Dogan, Huseyin, Helmi Norman, Amen Alrobai, Nan Jiang, Norazah Nordin, and Anita Adnan. "A Web-Based Intervention for Social Media Addiction Disorder Management in Higher Education: Quantitative Survey Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 21, no. 10 (October 2, 2019): e14834. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/14834.
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Background Social media addiction disorder has recently become a major concern and has been reported to have negative impacts on postgraduate studies, particularly addiction to Facebook. Although previous studies have investigated the effects of Facebook addiction disorder in learning settings, there still has been a lack of studies investigating the relationship between online intervention features for Facebook addiction focusing on postgraduate studies. Objective In an attempt to understand this relationship, this study aimed to carry out an investigation on online intervention features for effective management of Facebook addiction in higher education. Methods This study was conducted quantitatively using surveys and partial least square-structural equational modeling. The study involved 200 postgraduates in a Facebook support group for postgraduates. The Bergen Facebook Addiction test was used to assess postgraduates’ Facebook addiction level, whereas online intervention features were used to assess postgraduates’ perceptions of online intervention features for Facebook addiction, which are as follows: (1) self-monitoring features, (2) manual control features, (3) notification features, (4) automatic control features, and (5) reward features. Results The study discovered six Facebook addiction factors (relapse, conflict, salience, tolerance, withdrawal, and mood modification) and five intervention features (notification, auto-control, reward, manual control, and self-monitoring) that could be used in the management of Facebook addiction in postgraduate education. The study also revealed that relapse is the most important factor and mood modification is the least important factor. Furthermore, findings indicated that notification was the most important intervention feature, whereas self-monitoring was the least important feature. Conclusions The study’s findings (addiction factors and intervention features) could assist future developers and educators in the development of online intervention tools for Facebook addiction management in postgraduate education.
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Ranjan, Ranjeeva, Juan Luis López, Kanhaiya Lal, Suraj Saxena, and Sanjeev Ranjan. "Adopting A New Hybrid Force Model: A Survey During Covid-19 In Indian Higher Education." International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 16, no. 16 (August 23, 2021): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v16i16.23371.
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This quantitative study proposes and validates the Hybrid force model by analysing the challenges and opportunities in online education during COVID-19 through an online survey from students and teachers of Indian higher education institutions. The proposed model considers the learner as a system of study and talks about the amalgamation of knowledge, human force (teacher), and techno-logical force for better online learning opportunities and experience. The results show Google Meet, Zoom, and Microsoft Team as the main online platforms for imparting the classes while almost 80% of the students prefer a non-traditional teaching method (online and hybrid). The results highlight that more than 88% of the students prefer to have a personal teaching assistant in their learning trajectory.
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Utari, Prahastiwi, Annisaa Fitri, Eko Setyanto, and Chatarina Henny. "Belanja on-line mahasiswa di era pandemi covid-19: modifikasi perilaku konsumen." Islamic Communication Journal 5, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/icj.2020.5.2.6450.
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<p>The Covid-19 pandemic has changed students consumer behavior from offline to online. The problem in this research is how students’ consumer behavior in online shopping in the era of the Covid-19 pandemic, and the modification of consumer behavior due to regulations and procedures for shopping and buying the products they need. This research is a quantitative study using a survey method. This study is a quantitative research using a survey method. Sampling was done by stratified random sampling, the number of those students FISIP UNS involved as many as 80 people. The results and conclusions of research show that in online shopping, there is a modification of consumer behavior related student needs product, information search, evaluation prior to purchase or an alternative choice, and in the decision to buy or use the product.</p>
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Jafre Zainol Abidin, Mohamad, Majid Pour-Mohammadi, and Anita Jesmin. "A Survey of Online Reading Habits of Rural Secondary School Students in Malaysia." International Journal of Linguistics 3, no. 1 (November 17, 2011): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v3i1.1045.
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<p><br />This study intends to determine if online reading has an impact on Malaysian rural secondary school students’ reading habits. It employed a quantitative approach and the survey method was used. The sample consisted of 200 secondary school students. The respondents’ gender, preferred language, access to the internet, place of access, frequency, duration, interests as well as websites accessed were investigated. They were also interviewed to verify the findings. The findings revealed that online reading is a highly potent strategy in enhancing reading habits among these students. Concerning gender and hours spent on online reading males appeared to read more hours than females. The gathered data provided interesting insights into online reading habits. The results are discussed and recommendations are finally provided.</p>
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Quantitative online survey"
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Bradford, George. "A Relationship Study of Student Satisfaction With Learning Online and Cognitive Load." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2069.
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This study sought to explore if a relationship exists between cognitive load and student satisfaction with learning online. The study separates academic performance (a.k.a., 'learning') from cognitive load and satisfaction to better distinguish influences on cognition (from cognitive load) and motivation (from satisfaction). Considerations that remain critical to the field of instructional design, as they apply to learning online, were described and used to guide a review of the literature to find directions to fulfill the goal of this study. A survey was conducted and 1,401 students responded to an instrument that contained 24 items. Multiple analysis techniques found a positive, moderate, and significant (p < .01) correlation between cognitive load and satisfaction. Most importantly, the results found that approximately 25% of the variance in student satisfaction with learning online can be explained by cognitive load. New constructs emerged from a Principal Components Analysis that suggest a refined view of student perspectives and potential improvement to guide instructional design. Further, a correlation, even a moderate one, has not previously been found between cognitive load and satisfaction. The significance of this finding presents new opportunities to study and improve online instruction. Multiple opportunities for future research are briefly discussed and guidelines for developing online course designs using interpretations of the emerged factors are made.Ph.D.
Department of Educational Research, Technology and Leadership
Education
Education PhD
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AL, Yousufi Yousuf Humiad. "The Role of Social Media Journalists in TV News:Their Effects on the Profession and Identity of TV Journalism, the Quality of News, and theAudience Engagement." Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7723.
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Spurred by the rapid influence of social media in the news industry, an increased number of TV news stations have started assigning dedicated social media journalists (SMJ) in newsrooms to monitor, gather, verify, share news, and engage with audiences on the streams of social media. Consequently, drawing on the diffusion of innovation theory, the present study probes into TV journalists’ perceptions of the implications of the role of this new type of TV professionals in the identity and profession of journalism, the quality of news pertaining to the verification of misinformation, and the news audiences’ attractions and viewership by capitalizing on audience engagement affordances.
Moreover, based on an online survey delivered primarily via LinkedIn to a broad spectrum of TV journalists consisting of broadcast, website, and social media journalists in three varied regions of the world—the U.S, Western Europe, and the Middle East—the study demonstrates some concerns about the effects on the code of ethics of journalism. However, most of the surveyed journalists believed that the role of social media journalists SMJ is consistent with the general principles tethered to the professional identity of journalists. Additionally, the study underlines the weight of this role to verify information gleaned from social media before being used in TV news and asserts the significance of engaging with TV audiences to increase the news viewership and enhance their attractions. Accordingly, the study argues that espousing the role of SMJ has become an inevitable fashion in social media-embedded newsrooms. However, the research documents that many TV news channels have broadcast misinformation spread on social media. Furthermore, it unfolds that far less attention has been paid in many TV newsrooms to the potentially positive and beneficial utility of the role of SMJ concerning audience engagement. It signals that a lack of time, tools, strategy, and
training causes the dilution of the role quality of SMJ, thereby suggesting that news channels can aggressively tap into this role if these obstacles are conquered.
Finally, since research on this concern is still scant at its initial stage, the study shows some venues for future studies in this direction.
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Johansson, Agnes, and Aleksandra Voronenko. "Creating a sense of normality : A quantitative study examining how a digital collaborative tool impacts students’ experiences in online synchronous group discussions." Thesis, Jönköping University, Tekniska Högskolan, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-53312.
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Purpose – The unexpected yet drastic influence of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a rapid transition of education to be conducted in digital environments. Replacing face-to-face classrooms with synchronous online learning requires a number of appropriate adjustments which were heavily restricted by the urgency of this global change taking place. With theobserved issues of student participation and involvement in online learning, the purpose ofthis research was to investigate the potential that digital collaborative tools have and if theycan improve the quality of online group discussions among students aged 12 to 16 years old. Method – This study employs a quantitative data collection approach and makes use of the Community of Inquiry framework. A close-ended questionnaire based on the Community of Inquiry survey tool was used to collect students’ impressions and attitudes after they hadparticipated in the experimental study. The experiment consisted of control and experimental groups that partook in online group discussions as part of a regularly scheduled lesson. Findings – Digital collaborative tools were found to change the way in which students experience online group discussions. The attained rates of the Community of Inquiry were overall higher among students in the experimental group. Our findings tested to be statistically significant together with the effect size falling between medium to large extent. This further supports the notion that digital collaborative tools bring in a positive difference into online group discussions and have a potential to increase the quality of online learning when implemented carefully and thoughtfully. Implications – This study emphasizes the importance of developing a clear strategy of how to implement suitable digital collaborative tools into online learning in the most optimal manner that would increase the quality of online learning. This paper can be considered as a startingpoint for future research that could construct further knowledge within the field and extend our findings by investigating other aspects that have an influence on and can have beneficial effects for younger students in online education.
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Hirsch, Christopher. "Online News Habits: Related Motives, Context, and Behavior." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1512289680289342.
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Skelton, David J. E. "An investigation into the learning environments of blended delivery (e-learning and classroom) in a tertiary environment." Curtin University of Technology, Science and Mathematics Education Centre, 2007. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18577.
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This thesis describes research investigating the learning environment of tertiary students undertaking their studies through a mixture of online learning management systems and traditional tertiary classroom delivery. A review of the literature examined traditional learning environments, pure online virtual environments and more recent literature pertaining to a blended environment. The examination of student and staff perceptions of learning environments in different contexts served to generate recommendations to help tertiary teachers optimise online and traditional teaching practices within a mixed-mode environment. Students' experiences of their learning environment were discovered through quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative data on students' experiences were gathered by using an adapted version of the Web-based Learning Environment Instrument (WEBLEI). Qualitative data on students' experiences were collected by discussion questions added to the WEBLEI survey. Qualitative data on the use of online and blended learning environment experiences by tertiary staff were gathered by email and supplementary interviews. The study synthesised results from these multiple sources within a tertiary institute environment and made recommendations and gave insight into optimal blended learning environments within the tertiary sector. Overall, the study provided a perspective on the psychology and strategic view of the learning environment for the future tertiary institute.
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Leijonklo, Lovisa. "Lägg märke till varumärket : En kvantitativ undersökning kring hur varumärket Hollister jobbar med kommunikation för att stärka sitt varumärke." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för kultur- och medievetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-85118.
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The purpose of the case study is to research whether the brand Hollister can establish themselves to their target audience working with communication. To achieve the goal with the study, the following theories has been applied: brand building, visual communication, two-way symmetrical communication and communication channels. The study was conducted by a quantitative online questionnaire survey. The online survey was aimed at teenagers aged 15-18 years old living in Täby or Umeå where one question was "What difference can be discerned between Täby, where there is a shop, and Umeå where there is no shop". The material was collected during a period of eight days between december 11th to december 19th 2013. The online survey was answered by 90 units which means a response rate of 90 percent. The results of the study showed that it differed somewhat between the cities and above all it showed that the units from Täby had more knowledge about the brand's visual identity, and visited the store to a larger extent. The analysis also showed that branding is an important part to reach out and influence Hollister’s target audience where the work of visual communication is vital.Syftet med studien är att undersöka om varumärket Hollister kan etablera sig hos sin målgrupp med hjälp av kommunikation. För att uppnå syftet har följande teorier tillämpats: varumärkesbyggande, visuell kommunikation, tvåvägs-symmetrisk kommunikation samt kommunikationskanaler. Studien har genomförts genom en kvantitativ enkätundersökning på webben. Webbenkäten riktade sig till tonåringar i åldern 15-18 år som bor i Täby eller Umeå då bland annat en frågeställning har varit ”Vilken skillnad går att utläsa mellan Täby, där det finns en butik, respektive Umeå där det inte finns någon butik”. Materialet samlades in under en period på åtta dagar mellan 11-19 december 2013. Webbenkäten svarades av 90 enheter vilket innebär en svarsfrekvens på 90 procent. Resultatet av studien visade att det skiljde en del mellan städerna framförallt går det att utläsa att enheterna från Täby hade mer kännedom kring varumärkets visuella identitet samt besökt butiken i större utsträckning. Analysen visade även att varumärkesbyggande är en viktig del för att nå ut och påverka sin målgrupp och bland annat att arbetet med den visuella kommunikationen är betydelsefull.
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Badre, Lara. "Les déterminants de la migration des compétences au Liban." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB172.
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Cette thèse porte sur les déterminants de la migration des compétences au Liban, dont l'objet principal est l'identification des facteurs et des risques associés à la migration chez les individus hautement qualifiés. La problématique se résume par la question suivante : À formation universitaire égale, quel diplômé devient-il migrant ? Afin de combler le manque de données sur le sujet, nous avons réalisé une enquête (en ligne) auprès des diplômés de la Lebanese American University et de l'Université Saint-Esprit de Kaslik, au Liban. Ces diplômés forment une pluralité et une mixité culturelle, linguistique et socio-économique représentatives des étudiants du Liban. L'objectif de l'enquête était de comparer les similarités et de contraster les différences entre des diplômés migrants et non-migrants, afin de comprendre les logiques différenciées de leurs comportements migratoires. Au début, nous avons effectué une segmentation des diplômés pour les répartir en sous-groupes en fonction de leur statut migratoire, ce qui nous a permis d'identifier et de comprendre les logiques différenciées de leurs comportements migratoires. L'analyse descriptive des résultats de l'enquête révèle des différences en termes de caractéristiques démographiques, économiques et familiales entre diplômés migrants et non-migrants, mais un peu moins de divergences en ce qui concerne leurs parcours universitaires et le domaine des études. À partir de la modélisation, nous avons démontré comment le risque de migrer à l'étranger peut être déterminé par certains facteurs individuels et familiaux, mais surtout en fonction du temps, c'est-à-dire en fonction de la durée depuis l'obtention du diplôme universitaire le plus élevé. Nous démontrons ainsi que, même à formation universitaire égale, le capital humain et le capital social peuvent engendrer des migrations internationales parmi des diplômés ayant effectué un même parcours universitaire et ayant vécu les mêmes conditions socio-économiques au Liban. Nous examinons également des obstacles qui freinent la migration des compétences, pour finalement analyser brièvement les facteurs qui déterminent la migration de retour au Liban. Sur la base de ces conclusions, nous confirmons que nous avons vérifié nos hypothèses par les faits qui se basent sur les résultats de notre enquête. Malgré la difficulté relative à l'étude des migrations internationales en générale et à l'utilisation de la technique de l'enquête en ligne, nous avons réussi à obtenir des résultats très intéressants, que nous avons comparés à des données disponibles sur la migration des compétences au Liban et à l'échelle globaleThis thesis focuses on the determinants of the highly skilled migration in Lebanon whose main purpose is to identify factors and risks associated with migration among highly skilled graduates. The research problem is summarized in the following main question: Given equal level of education, which graduate becomes a migrant? To address the lack of data on this particular topic, we conducted a (online) survey on graduates from the Lebanese American University and the Holy Spirit University of Kaslik in Lebanon. Graduates from both universities form diverse cultural, linguistic and socioeconomic characteristics that are representative of Lebanese graduates in general. The aim of the survey was to compare similarities and contrast differences between migrant and non-migrant graduates in order to understand their diverse behavior with regard to migration. Based on survey results, we carried out a segmentation of graduates and divided them into sub-groups based on their migration status allowing us to understand their behavior with regard to migration. The descriptive analysis of the survey results reveals differences in demographic, economic and family characteristics between migrant and non-migrant graduates, but little divergence were found regarding their university studies and the field of education. We also modeled a number of risks associated with migration and we demonstrated that the risk of migrating could be determined by a number of individual and family factors, but mainly over time, i.e. the time since graduation with the highest university degree. We also demonstrate that even at equal level of education, human capital and social capital can determine international migration among graduates who have obtained the same level of education and experienced the same socio-economic conditions in Lebanon. We have also explored barriers that hinder migration among skilled graduates and briefly analyzed the main factors determining their return migration to Lebanon. Based on these findings we confirm that we have validated our assumptions by facts based on survey results. Despite the relative difficulty in the study of international migration in general and the implementation of online surveys, we managed to obtain very interesting results which we also compared to available data on skilled migration in Lebanon and at the global level
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Pawlowski, Ilona Paulina. "Sex in Women's Magazine Advertising An analysis of the degree of sexuality in women's magazine advertising across age demographics and women's responses." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Political Science and Communication, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1002.
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On opening women's magazine the reader is bombarded with page after page of advertisements featuring highly sexualised images of women. This thesis explores the use of sexuality in contemporary women's magazine advertising and how women respond to this. A year-long analysis of twelve different monthly magazines, spanning three different age demographics was undertaken. A comprehensive coding schedule was developed, and over 5000 advertisements were analysed in a quantitative manner to determine the level of sexuality. Nearly 500 women took part in an online survey. It was designed to gauge their responses to the use of sex in advertising, as well as the influence of advertising overall. This analysis found that sex is a tool used by advertisers in almost every advertisement that appears in women's magazines, particularly those targeted at the youngest age demographics. Some products, such as fragrances, rely more heavily on the use of sex in their advertising campaigns than others. The women surveyed believed that average and older women are under-represented in advertising. Women tend to recollect advertisements that promote a 'promise' or an idealised lifestyle set in a sexual context. Recollection is, of course, the aim of advertising, so it would appear that the use of sex is here to stay.
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Paradis, Janet Patricia. "Effect of WebCT tool usage on maintenance of treatment standards by denturist practicum students." 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10170/452.
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This study explored the extent to which using online communication tools helped NAIT
(the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology) denturist students on third-year practica maintain
laboratory and clinical standards of treatment. The inquiry was framed by the Community of
Inquiry (CoI) framework, and was conducted from a collaborative constructivist approach with
quantitative data used to enhance and support a mainly qualitative design. Results showed that
all elements of a CoI were present in the online environment and that participants voluntarily
used WebCT communications tools for academic and social interaction. Standards of treatment
on practical projects completed by the study group were no different than those of cohorts that
did not use communications tools. Modifications to instructional practices made comparison of
standards achieved on patient cases unfeasible. Study results informed immediate changes
made to the online practicum site, and suggestions for long-term pedagogical changes to
denturist practica were made.
Books on the topic "Quantitative online survey"
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East, Harry. A huge leap forward: A quantitative and qualitative examination of the development of access to database services by British universities, 1988-1994. [S.l: British Library Board], 1995.
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Ortega, Jose Luis. Social Network Sites for Scientists: A Quantitative Survey. Elsevier Science & Technology, 2016.
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Joinson, Adam N., Katelyn Y. A. McKenna, Tom Postmes, and Ulf-Dietrich Reips, eds. Oxford Handbook of Internet Psychology. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561803.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook of Internet Psychology brings together many researchers in what can be termed Internet Psychology. Though a very new area of research, Internet Psychology is a fast-growing one. In addition to well-studied areas of investigation, such as social identity theory, computer-mediated communication, and virtual communities, the book also includes articles on topics as diverse as deception and misrepresentation, attitude change and persuasion online, Internet addiction, online relationships, privacy and trust, health and leisure use of the Internet, and the nature of interactivity. With over thirty articles written by experts in the field, it serves to define this emerging area of research. This content is supported by a section covering the use of the Internet as a research tool, including qualitative and quantitative methods, online survey design, personality testing, ethics, and technological and design issues. While it is likely to be a popular research resource to be ‘dipped into’, as a whole book it is coherent enough to act as a single textbook.
Book chapters on the topic "Quantitative online survey"
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Nedon, Verena. "Findings from Quantitative Study (Online Survey)." In Open Innovation in R&D Departments, 101–35. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-09585-7_6.
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Davino, Cristina, Marco Gherghi, and Domenico Vistocco. "A quantitative study to measure the family impact of e-learning." In Proceedings e report, 103–7. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-304-8.21.
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The Covid emergency has forced universities around the world to transfer teaching activities online. Even if online teaching has made it possible to carry out the planned teaching activities, it is necessary, in retrospect, to evaluate the impact that this teaching method has had on the different types of students, in terms of preparation, characteristics and social background. In this framework, the presents paper aims to evaluate if distance learning can be considered socially less useful because it increases the divide between the advantaged and disadvantaged students. The study is based on the analysis of data collected at the University of Naples Federico II in June 2020. More than 19 thousand students took part in the survey, carried out to monitor distance learning activities. The aim of this work is to analyse whether and how much the distance learning activities has had an impact on the students' families both in terms of the organisation of the spaces and daily rhythms and from an economic point of view, having required additional expenses. This objective will be achieved through the use of a factorial method that will provide a composite indicator measuring the family impact of distance learning. We will then try to explain if the family impact takes different forms and intensity depending on the students' characteristics, the availability of computer equipment and the type of teaching used. Quantile regression will allow to differentiate the study of effects for different levels of family impact. Finally, it will also be evaluated whether the experience lived in terms of the family impact of the distance learning, conditions the judgement on the preferred teaching method for the future, totally online, oriented towards a complete return to face-to-face teaching or a mixed solution that takes advantage of the experience lived.
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Verma, Nitin, Kristina Shiroma, Kate Rich, Kenneth R. Fleischmann, Bo Xie, and Min Kyung Lee. "Conducting Quantitative Research with Hard-To-Reach-Online Populations: Using Prime Panels to Rapidly Survey Older Adults During a Pandemic." In Diversity, Divergence, Dialogue, 384–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71305-8_32.
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"Online Quantitative Survey Research." In The Handbook of Online and Social Media Research, 1–2. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119206118.part1.
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Schlicht, Christian. "3 Quantitative research – Online survey." In Methods of Measuring the Added Value of Facility Management for Generating Competitive Advantages, 61–78. Tectum – ein Verlag in der Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783828876576-61.
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Gilchrist, Eletra S., and Pavica Sheldon. "Exploring Organizational Cultures through Virtual Survey Research." In Virtual Work and Human Interaction Research, 176–91. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0963-1.ch011.
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The survey is regarded as the most commonly used methodological tool in gathering information. There are many types of surveys, but this chapter discusses how to conduct and analyze quantitative and qualitative survey research in virtual environments via online or computer-administered surveys. Corporations are increasingly relying on virtual surveys to acquire knowledge about their employees’ morale, satisfaction, and productivity. Hence, this chapter is intended as a tutorial guide for exploring organizational cultures through virtual survey research. This chapter explains in detail how to design survey questionnaires, sample subjects, analyze data both quantitatively and qualitatively, and finally how to interpret survey results. Strengths and limitations associated with using virtual surveys are highlighted. The chapter also considers future directions for understanding employees’ needs through virtual survey research.
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Hodges, Charles B., Raleigh Way, and Sonya S. Gaither Shepherd. "Online Teaching." In Advances in Library and Information Science, 16–26. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-3688-0.ch002.
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This chapter includes a report of a study conducted to investigate the perceptions of faculty teaching online at a doctoral research university in the southeast United States. Research literature regarding faculty satisfaction with online learning is summarized. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to analyze the results of an online survey administered in the Spring of 2010. Major findings are that faculty enjoy the convenience and flexible scheduling that teaching online offers them and their students but consider teaching online to more labor-intensive compared to teaching face-to-face courses. Faculty expressed the need for reliable and current technology for online teaching, improved technical support and training, and clear institutional policies regarding online teaching and developing online courses. Methods for improving faculty satisfaction with online teaching are suggested, which include collaborating with academic librarians to enhance the online teaching and learning experience.
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"Setting Up an Online Survey Instrument for Effective Quantitative Cross-Tabulation Analysis." In Advances in Data Mining and Database Management, 17–29. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8563-3.ch002.
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The building of an online survey instrument involves sophisticated understandings of the research context, research design, research questions, and other elements. A lesser observed need is to consider what types of data analytics will be applied to the findings. With beginning-to-end online survey research suites, it becomes all the more necessary to think through the process from beginning to end in order to create an instrument that achieves all the necessary aims of the research. After all, improper online survey instrument designs will result in makework when it comes time to analyze data and will foreclose on particular data analytics opportunities. (Such instruments also will not have second or third uses after the first one-off.) This chapter explores how to build an effective online survey instrument to enable a quantitative cross tabulation analysis with the built-in analysis Qualtrics.
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Tasker, Twyla J., and Crystal M. Kreitler. "Online Faculty Community." In Shifting to Online Learning Through Faculty Collaborative Support, 103–21. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6944-3.ch006.
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The chapter provides a thorough account of a developed online resource: a learning management system organization named online faculty community. The resource supports faculty in the cognitive, social, and teaching areas. The authors provide a description of the resource, its areas of strengths, and the lessons learned from implementation. The authors also assessed the resource's efficacy via a survey, and they highlight quantitative and qualitative results in the chapter. This chapter is particularly innovative as the authors describe a project that was created shortly after the shutdown of universities due to a pandemic across the world in efforts to stay connected. Learning about unique ways to engage faculty in a pandemic is important, and the project was a collaborative effort of faculty leaders seeking to serve other faculty in a difficult time.
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Lin, Lijia. "Student Learning and Engagement in a Blended Environment." In Learner Experience and Usability in Online Education, 256–69. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-4206-3.ch010.
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The chapter investigated students' behavioral, emotional, and cognitive engagement, as well as their learning in a blended environment. A convergent mixed methods research design was used in which quantitative data (face-to-face attendance, online system login, and survey) were collected from 71 undergraduate students, and qualitative data (focus group interview) were collected from six of these students. These data were further analyzed and integrated. The quantitative results showed that students' online login, the behavioral engagement indicator, had a positive impact on their learning, which was supported by qualitative findings. Further analysis revealed the mixture of students' engagement, such as confusion vs. interesting feelings to online discussions and frustration vs. not much effort using the online system.
Conference papers on the topic "Quantitative online survey"
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Berman, Ronald, and Cathy Ames. "Private Online Workspaces for Doctoral Learners - Enhanced Communication and Reduced Isolation." In InSITE 2015: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: USA. Informing Science Institute, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2182.
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This quantitative exploratory study, a continuation of the university’s four year research initiative that addresses the high national rate of doctoral student attrition, investigates whether a private online workspace for doctoral students and their dissertation committee will enhance communication and reduce learner’s feelings of isolation during the dissertation phase. Private doctoral workspaces provide a virtual platform for learner and committee collaboration, manuscript review, and milestone planning. The purpose of this study is to offer preliminary feedback to guide in the further development of the virtual workspace. To assess effectiveness of the private doctoral workspace, a seven question online survey was created to address usage, communication, and isolation. Two surveys were distributed to 803 doctoral candidates at a private southwestern university in the United States, resulting in 328 respondents for the first survey, and 190 respondents for the second survey. Doctoral learners completed the survey at the onset of the private doctoral workspace implementation, and again four months later. The results indicate that doctoral learners regularly access their private dissertation workspace, communicate more frequently with their dissertation committee, and have reduced feelings of isolation. These results may provide similar benefits to other academic groups working together on long-term projects in other disciplines.
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"Personality and Online Shopping Outcomes: A Study of Young Adult Chinese Consumers [Abstract]." In InSITE 2018: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: La Verne California. Informing Science Institute, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4050.
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Aim/Purpose: This study focuses on the role of personality in online shopping through analyzing its relationship with customer reported shopping outcomes and their satisfaction. Background: Customer satisfaction and outcomes in online shopping have been well-documented. From different perspectives, past research has analysed factors related to customer satisfaction, and to outcomes to a lesser extent. Personality has also been found to be a factor relevant to the intention of online shopping. However, research has seldom investigated the role of personality in customer reported outcomes and their satisfaction with online shopping. Methodology: Quantitative data were obtained through an online questionnaire survey. The survey included questions about respondents’ satisfaction with their general online shopping experience. It also asked respondents to report the perceived outcomes of online shopping in terms of enjoyment, quality, savings, etc. Shoppers reported their personality using questions around Big Five Personality Traits. 384 Chinese living in China completely responded to the survey and were included in this study. Contribution: A research model is established that includes the respondents’ five personality traits, online shopping satisfaction, and outcomes of online shopping. Findings: Structural equation modelling analysis of the model shows that personality has direct relationship with customer satisfaction and their reported outcomes of online shopping, which in term influence shoppers’ future intention to shop online. Specifically, personality of agreement, extraversity, and neurotics are significantly related to online shopping outcomes, while only extraversity is significantly related to their satisfaction. Recommendations for Practitioners: For practitioners who work in online shopping, this study may help them understand how customers satisfaction is predetermined by their personality traits. Recommendation for Researchers: Researchers may find ways to help individuals understand and control consumers' personal behavior in online shopping. Impact on Society: This study may bring awareness of the importance of understanding personality traits for business and consumers in online shopping. Future Research: Future research may find ways to have influence on both business through their online consumer interface and on consumers through their behavior control.
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Bao, Qifang, Mian Mobeen Shaukat, Asmaa Elantary, and Maria C. Yang. "Eco-Feedback Designs: A Balance Between the Quantitative and the Emotional." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-59376.
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Eco-feedback design is a strategy for encouraging sustainable behavior by making users aware of the resources they consume. Reminding users of their resource usage can help them understand the environmental impacts of their actions and evoke feelings such as sympathy or responsibility for the environment. This study investigated two aspects of presenting resource usage information in eco-feedback designs: the quantitative clarity of the information, and the strength of emotion evoked by the designs. This paper examines how these two aspects of eco-feedback influence users’ perception and preference for the designs. Four design prompts with different levels of quantitative clarity and emotion were used to generate 16 designs. An online survey with these designs was distributed among students at four universities in two countries. Results from 216 valid responses showed evidence that both the quantitative and emotional aspects are important to the eco-feedback designs. The survey also gathered data about respondents’ knowledge about resource consumption. Results suggested that students in technical majors were generally better at estimating resource consumption, and tended to prefer designs with more quantitative data. In contrast, students in non-technical majors generally made less accurate estimates and tended to prefer designs that evoke stronger emotions. These findings could inform designers on how to make more effective eco-feedback designs to promote sustainable behaviors.
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Harefa, Senida, and Grace Lamudur Arta Sihombing. "Students’ Perception Of Online Learning Amidst Pandemic Covid 19: A Study Of Junior-Senior High School And College Student In Remote Area." In International Conference of Education in the New Normal Era. RSF Press & RESEARCH SYNERGY FOUNDATION, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/iceiakn.v1i1.233.
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Online learning during the Covid 19 pandemic has developed very rapidly, but it cannot be separated from various challenges. Online learning that aims to streamline learning does not get a positive response from all students. This article aims to identify and report students' perceptions about the effectiveness of online learning amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic. In this study, data were obtained through a questionnaire consisting of 20 items were distributed to 30 respondents representatives of the three levels of education. The results of the survey were analyzed using descriptive quantitative methods and percentages. The results showed that online learning was considered less effective by students. Thus the teacher is expected to need to evaluate how to teach and re-design models and approaches to be applied in learning by adjusting to the current situation of students to generate interest and willingness to learn online.
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Van Heerden, Leanri. "Online short course for learning management system training in an African university of technology." In Fifth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head19.2019.9367.
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With the use of technology in the classroom growing every year, lecturers are expected to blend facilitations by making use of learning management systems. At the Central University of Technology, Free State this poses a problem for the learning designers in charge of training lecturers in educational technologies as there is limited space and time to not only teach lecturers the skills, but also to apply them in their own contexts. The purpose of this paper is to present participant perspectives of an online short course in which they learned how to use Blackboard and other educational technologies needed for blending teaching and learning. An exploratory design was implemented with descriptive statistics involving quantitative analysis of the collected data to determine the participants’ perspective on their skills gained. An online survey tool was used to collect the data. Eighty-four percent of particpants felt that they were able to communicate via the system’s announcements, 82% felt confident that they would be able to customize the space and 94% felt that they were now able to add content, such as files. When asked if they felt like they learned the skills they expected from the online course, 94% of particpants replied positively. Keywords: e-learning; learning management system; Blackboard; instructional design; online course; educational technology.
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Kushnazarov, Mansurbek, Crystal Jing Luo, and Nicole Kwan Yee Lai. "The effect of an online active learning-based course on approaches to teaching." In Seventh International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head21.2021.13050.
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The quality of teacher training research postgraduate (RPg) students receive is highly likely to determine the quality of teaching and learning they will provide when they are given teaching duties. Designing and developing such a teaching development course is considerably challenging, particularly if it is fully online. Owing to its focus on student learning, we integrated group learning, case-based learning and technology-enhanced learning approaches of active learning into an online Professional Development (PD) course at a university in Hong Kong. The course intended to enhance RPg students’ student-focused teaching approaches which, in turn, would help their students demonstrate high academic performance and achieve learning objectives. We relied on the concept of teaching approaches to build the theoretical foundation of this study and used Approaches to Teaching Inventory (ATI) to test the effectiveness of the PD course in improving the RPg students’ teaching quality. The quantitative analysis of the survey conducted showed that there was a significant increase in both Conceptual Change/Student Focused (CCSF) and Information Transmission/Teacher Focused approaches to teaching among the RPg students. The results provided opportunities to make informed decisions for further enhancement of the course design and start a new potential dialogue in studies of teaching approaches.
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Gatt, Suzanne, Charmaine Bonello, Josephine Deguara, Rosienne Farrugia, Tania Muscat, Josephine Milton, Lara Said, and Jane Spiteri. "Exploring The Influence of COVID-19 on Initial Teacher Education in Malta: Student Participation in Higher Education." In Seventh International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head21.2021.12794.
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The COVID-19 pandemic forced a rapid transition from onsite to online learning spaces for initial teacher education (ITE); with Universities even adopting new modes of pedagogy and assessment. This study explores: (1) how Maltese ITE undergraduate early years and postgraduate primary education students dealt with more remote forms of learning during the pandemic in Malta, and (2) the teaching/lecturing modes used, by lecturers, for remote learning, assessment and concerns that tie-in with broader student wellbeing. The data were gathered through an online quantitative survey designed to collect information about ITE students’ views. Student responses strongly suggest that in the eventuality of an ongoing vaccination ‘post-COVID’ era, ITE within HE programmes should consider revisiting the course content and delivery, supporting and fostering, blended and online approaches. A ‘blind spot’ reflecting the struggle for independence, autonomy, and control during COVID-19 in a postcolonial Maltese Higher Eduction context also emerged. The insights gained highlight how ITE students’ views on their experiences of online pedagogy, assessment, and how these new modes impacted their wellbeing within a Maltese HE context can serve to inform policy and practice. These results emphasize the need to promote participatory research amongst university students as key to inform HE policy and practice. Keywords: Initial Teacher Education; Online learning; Covid-19; student participation; Higher Education
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Subramanian Iyer, Shankar, Arumugam Seetharaman, and Bhanu Ranjan. "Researching Blockchain Technology and its Usefulness in Higher Education." In 2nd International Conference on Machine Learning, IOT and Blockchain (MLIOB 2021). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2021.111203.
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The current paper focuses on the potential of using Blockchain Technology (BCT) in the Higher Education Domain and explores its usefulness in solving Higher Education issues. This research discusses the Blockchain features, challenges and its benefits in education, followed by review of some current Blockchain Higher Education applications. This paper reviews the Blockchain Technology (BCT) and its implementation in Higher Education. This research used a quantitative methodology and stratified clustered simple random sampling approach. Data has been gathered through an online survey instrument and the partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) technique applied to 383 responses. Blockchain technology has its unique features, benefits that can solve Education system requirements, and its successful implementation issues discussed. An effort made to gather enough consensus to build future implementation. The integrated model of Blockchain features matched to the needs of the Education System by agreement of the experts (discussions), and a survey conducted involving the students, teachers, educationists, Blockchain experts, and professionals, is tested and validated by SEM using PLS.
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Henriques, Vaughan, and Maureen Tanner. "Assessing the Association between Agile Maturity Model Levels and Perceived Project Success." In InSITE 2020: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Online. Informing Science Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4519.
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Aim/Purpose: Given the underlying philosophy of the agile manifesto, this study investigates whether an increase in agile maturity is associated with improved perceived project success. Background: The underlying philosophy of the agile manifesto is embodied in principle one which promotes the continuous delivery of software that is deemed valuable by the customer, while principle twelve encourages continual improvement of the delivery process. This constant improvement, or maturity, is not a concept unique to agile methods and is commonly referred to as a maturity model. The most common of maturity model is the Capability Maturity Model Integrated (CMMI). However, research consensus indicates CMMI might not fully be compatible with agile implementation, specifically at higher levels of maturity without sacrificing agility. Agile maturity models (AMM), which are aligned to agile principles encourage continuous improvement while maintaining agility. Methodology: The study employs a conceptual model based on an existing agile maturity model that is related to perceived project success. Using an objectivist perspective, a quantitative method was employed to analyze the results of an online survey of agile practitioners. Contribution: The significant contribution from this research is the validation of the conceptual model relating the activities and maturity levels of the AMM as the independent variables to the dependent variable of perceived project success. Findings: The data analysis found that a significant positive correlation exists between maturity levels and perceived project success. The strongest correlation was found at the highest maturity level, with relatively weaker correlation at the lower levels of maturity. It can thus be concluded that a higher level of maturity in the AMM is positively associated with perceived project success. Recommendations for Practitioners: The study has practical implications in highlighting that performance management, requirements management, regular delivery and customer availability are key areas to focus on to establish and continually improve the success of agile implementations. This study further assists practitioners in systematically identifying the critical agile activities, such as the use of story cards, continuous delivery and the presence of a knowledgeable customer. Recommendation for Researchers: The contributions of this study for academics is the confirmation of the maturity model developed by Patel and Ramachandran (2009a). This study also shows the association between the individual activities within the maturity levels as well as the maturity levels and the perceived project success, addressing a gap in literature relating these concepts. Future Research: It would be useful to replicate this study whilst following a qualitative approach. The study could also be replicated with a sample consisting of agile project customers.
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Tammaro, Rosanna, Iolanda Sara Iannotta, and Concetta Ferrantino. "THE TEACHER TRAINING DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY ABOUT ONLINE LABORATORIES QUALITY." In International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021end111.
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The spread of novel Corona Virus and the resulting Covid-19 Pandemic has had a profound impact in our lives and most of daily activities have been upset. Negative effects crushed education and all around the world schools, universities and tertiary institutions had to shut down moving to Distance Learning. Distance Learning was in fact the global answer to continue educational activities and preserve students’ right to education. The United Nations Organization for Culture and Education (UNESCO) reports that ten months after rising pandemic, more than 331 million students worldwide are affected by the Pandemic and in 28 countries the schools are still closed (updated 09.12.2020). During the months of the first contagion curve, only 15% of teaching activities were delivered remotely, globally, thanks to Distance Learning. More than 1.5 billion students worldwide are or have been touched by the closure of schools and universities due to the Covid-19 Pandemic. Teachers and instructors world-wide had to find the best solution to fix the pedagogical challenge. For this reason, teaching strategies, methods and materials have been adapted to the online learning environment. Distance Learning refers to an electronic learning environment; generally, it is used if time and/or geographic conditions do not allow a direct contact between educators and students (King, Young, Drivere-Richmond & Schrader, 2001). UNESCO (2002) asserts that Distance Learning includes learning process carried out separately in time and space, through artificial electronic or print media; this holds also for a part of the educational process. Distance Learning requires specific evaluation procedures throughout qualitative and quantitative methodologies, focusing the performance assessment and the learning process (Benigno & Trentin, 1999). This article is a part of a wider research that wants to investigate the students’ experience about online Laboratory classes during Pandemic crisis. Based on a quantitative, non- experimental and ex-post-facto research, this article specifically investigates the strategies used during remote Labs students attended during the sanitary emergency. Data was collected through a no-tested research survey administered with an online free app. A voluntary response sample from 749 Single-cycle Primary Teacher Education students, from first year course to the fifth, attending university in one of the most important athenaeums in Southern Italy, at the end of their last second semester. Results from the closed-response questions show the use of a variety of strategies whose effectiveness should be assessed based on empirical evidence.
Reports on the topic "Quantitative online survey"
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McKenna, Patrick, and Mark Evans. Emergency Relief and complex service delivery: Towards better outcomes. Queensland University of Technology, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.211133.
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Emergency Relief (ER) is a Department of Social Services (DSS) funded program, delivered by 197 community organisations (ER Providers) across Australia, to assist people facing a financial crisis with financial/material aid and referrals to other support programs. ER has been playing this important role in Australian communities since 1979. Without ER, more people living in Australia who experience a financial crisis might face further harm such as crippling debt or homelessness. The Emergency Relief National Coordination Group (NCG) was established in April 2020 at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to advise the Minister for Families and Social Services on the implementation of ER. To inform its advice to the Minister, the NCG partnered with the Institute for Governance at the University of Canberra to conduct research to understand the issues and challenges faced by ER Providers and Service Users in local contexts across Australia. The research involved a desktop review of the existing literature on ER service provision, a large survey which all Commonwealth ER Providers were invited to participate in (and 122 responses were received), interviews with a purposive sample of 18 ER Providers, and the development of a program logic and theory of change for the Commonwealth ER program to assess progress. The surveys and interviews focussed on ER Provider perceptions of the strengths, weaknesses, future challenges, and areas of improvement for current ER provision. The trend of increasing case complexity, the effectiveness of ER service delivery models in achieving outcomes for Service Users, and the significance of volunteering in the sector were investigated. Separately, an evaluation of the performance of the NCG was conducted and a summary of the evaluation is provided as an appendix to this report. Several themes emerged from the review of the existing literature such as service delivery shortcomings in dealing with case complexity, the effectiveness of case management, and repeat requests for service. Interviews with ER workers and Service Users found that an uplift in workforce capability was required to deal with increasing case complexity, leading to recommendations for more training and service standards. Several service evaluations found that ER delivered with case management led to high Service User satisfaction, played an integral role in transforming the lives of people with complex needs, and lowered repeat requests for service. A large longitudinal quantitative study revealed that more time spent with participants substantially decreased the number of repeat requests for service; and, given that repeat requests for service can be an indicator of entrenched poverty, not accessing further services is likely to suggest improvement. The interviews identified the main strengths of ER to be the rapid response and flexible use of funds to stabilise crisis situations and connect people to other supports through strong local networks. Service Users trusted the system because of these strengths, and ER was often an access point to holistic support. There were three main weaknesses identified. First, funding contracts were too short and did not cover the full costs of the program—in particular, case management for complex cases. Second, many Service Users were dependent on ER which was inconsistent with the definition and intent of the program. Third, there was inconsistency in the level of service received by Service Users in different geographic locations. These weaknesses can be improved upon with a joined-up approach featuring co-design and collaborative governance, leading to the successful commissioning of social services. The survey confirmed that volunteers were significant for ER, making up 92% of all workers and 51% of all hours worked in respondent ER programs. Of the 122 respondents, volunteers amounted to 554 full-time equivalents, a contribution valued at $39.4 million. In total there were 8,316 volunteers working in the 122 respondent ER programs. The sector can support and upskill these volunteers (and employees in addition) by developing scalable training solutions such as online training modules, updating ER service standards, and engaging in collaborative learning arrangements where large and small ER Providers share resources. More engagement with peak bodies such as Volunteering Australia might also assist the sector to improve the focus on volunteer engagement. Integrated services achieve better outcomes for complex ER cases—97% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. The research identified the dimensions of service integration most relevant to ER Providers to be case management, referrals, the breadth of services offered internally, co-location with interrelated service providers, an established network of support, workforce capability, and Service User engagement. Providers can individually focus on increasing the level of service integration for their ER program to improve their ability to deal with complex cases, which are clearly on the rise. At the system level, a more joined-up approach can also improve service integration across Australia. The key dimensions of this finding are discussed next in more detail. Case management is key for achieving Service User outcomes for complex cases—89% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. Interviewees most frequently said they would provide more case management if they could change their service model. Case management allows for more time spent with the Service User, follow up with referral partners, and a higher level of expertise in service delivery to support complex cases. Of course, it is a costly model and not currently funded for all Service Users through ER. Where case management is not available as part of ER, it might be available through a related service that is part of a network of support. Where possible, ER Providers should facilitate access to case management for Service Users who would benefit. At a system level, ER models with a greater component of case management could be implemented as test cases. Referral systems are also key for achieving Service User outcomes, which is reflected in the ER Program Logic presented on page 31. The survey and interview data show that referrals within an integrated service (internal) or in a service hub (co-located) are most effective. Where this is not possible, warm referrals within a trusted network of support are more effective than cold referrals leading to higher take-up and beneficial Service User outcomes. However, cold referrals are most common, pointing to a weakness in ER referral systems. This is because ER Providers do not operate or co-locate with interrelated services in many cases, nor do they have the case management capacity to provide warm referrals in many other cases. For mental illness support, which interviewees identified as one of the most difficult issues to deal with, ER Providers offer an integrated service only 23% of the time, warm referrals 34% of the time, and cold referrals 43% of the time. A focus on referral systems at the individual ER Provider level, and system level through a joined-up approach, might lead to better outcomes for Service Users. The program logic and theory of change for ER have been documented with input from the research findings and included in Section 4.3 on page 31. These show that ER helps people facing a financial crisis to meet their immediate needs, avoid further harm, and access a path to recovery. The research demonstrates that ER is fundamental to supporting vulnerable people in Australia and should therefore continue to be funded by government.