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Journal articles on the topic 'Quantitative Trade Restrictions'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Zhao, Laixum. "Quantitative Trade Restrictions in Unionized Economies." International Economy 1999, no. 50 (1999): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5652/kokusaikeizai.1999.79.

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2

Zhao, Laixun. "Quantitative Trade Restrictions in Unionized Economies." Review of International Economics 9, no. 1 (2001): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00265.

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3

Dewi, Yetty, and Mikaila Jessy Azzahra. "Re-examining Indonesia’s Nickel Export Ban: Does it Violate the Prohibition to Quantitative Restriction?" Padjadjaran Journal of International Law 6, no. 2 (2022): 180–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.23920/pjil.v6i2.797.

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The fundamental principles adopted by the WTO are free trade and trade liberalization, realized through the reduction of trade barriers like quantitative restrictions. This paper examines the parameters of a measure that can be construed as a quantitative restriction in violation of WTO law. It also examines whether Indonesia’s measures in prohibiting the export of nickel ores and imposing domestic processing requirements violate WTO law. The statutory and case study approaches were used to determine and analyze Indonesia’s measures. The parameter for quantitative restriction is imposed in Art

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4

Siahaan, Doan Mauli Tua, Ibrahim Sagio, and Evi Purwanti. "Export Restrictions of Indonesian Nickel Ore Based on the Perspective of Quantitative Restriction Principles in General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade." Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure 21, no. 3 (2021): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.30641/dejure.2021.v21.409-418.

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This study aims to determine whether Indonesia’s nickel ore export restriction policy is in accordance with the principles of international economic law. It is because Indonesia’s actions in implementing quantitative restrictions on the export of nickel ore are deemed to have violated one of the principles in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, namely the principle of prohibiting quantitative restrictions. This principle is contained in Article XI: 1 GATT. Data was collected through library research techniques. Namely by collecting and analyzing writings and literatures that are closel

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5

Kaempfer, William H., Stephen V. Marks, and Thomas D. Willett. "Why Do Large Countries Prefer Quantitative Trade Restrictions?" Kyklos 41, no. 4 (1988): 625–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.1988.tb02733.x.

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6

Lahiri, Sajal, and Pascalis Raimondos. "Welfare effects of aid under quantitative trade restrictions." Journal of International Economics 39, no. 3-4 (1995): 297–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1996(95)01374-2.

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7

Richards, Timothy J., Ignacio Molina, and Osman Hussein. "Welfare Impacts of the Mexico Potato Quarantine." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 41, no. 3 (2009): 761–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800003205.

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Under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) tariffs on U.S. potato imports to Mexico were phased out by 1993. Citing phytosanitary issues, in 1996, the Mexican government placed quantitative restrictions on U.S. potato imports and restricted their import only to designated border areas. This article estimates the welfare cost of restricting U.S. potato imports into Mexico. We find that removing trade restrictions may lead to over 1.8 million tons of new imports into Mexico, a gain of consumer surplus of 4.0 billion pesos per year, and a loss of 2.9 billion pesos of producer surplus.

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Zhiryaeva, Elena V., Veronika I. Murina, and Ilona L. Shandakova. "Wartime Trade Policy Measures in Comparison of the Historical Periods of the First World War and the Special Military Operation." Administrative Consulting, no. 1 (181) (June 7, 2024): 109–28. https://doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2024-1-109-128.

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With the beginning of the special military operation (SMO), a new type of foreign trade policy is forming, based on restrictions. History shows that the practice of restrictions on trade operations is not new. The article compares Russia’s trade policy measures introduced during the First World War of 2014–2018 and the SMO, which began in 2022. The goal is to identify tools that are not currently used. Restrictions on exports and imports, measures to stimulate imports, and measures to build new trade routes are considered. Even before the start of the SMO, from the moment of politi

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9

Winters, L. Alan, and Paul A. Brenton. "Modelling quantitative trade restrictions: Rationing in the Rotterdam model." De Economist 141, no. 1 (1993): 112–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01144780.

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10

Dellas, Harris, Ana Fernandes, and Klaus Neusser. "On the equivalence of quantitative trade restrictions and tariffs." Economics Letters 96, no. 3 (2007): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2007.02.003.

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11

Zhang, Weiwei. "Tracing GATT-Minus Provisions on Export Restrictions in Regional Trade Agreements." Global Trade and Customs Journal 11, Issue 3 (2016): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2016013.

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Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) have been applauded for advancing new disciplines on export restrictions beyond those provided under the World Trade Organization (WTO), especially with regard to export duties. Nevertheless, RTA provisions that fall short of the WTO’s general prohibition on quantitative restrictions on exports are largely unnoticed. It is important to explore the frequency of these GATT-minus RTA provisions on quantitative export restrictions, their economic importance and the implications for the WTO. WTO Members should be alerted by the prevalence of such provisions and thei

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12

Zhiryaeva, E. V., V. I. Murina, and I. L. Shandakova. "Wartime Trade Policy Measures in Comparison of the Historical Periods of the First World War and the Special Military Operation." Administrative Consulting, no. 1 (February 28, 2024): 109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2024-1-109-128.

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With the beginning of the special military operation (SMO), a new type of foreign trade policy is forming, based on restrictions. History shows that the practice of restrictions on trade operations is not new. The article compares Russia’s trade policy measures introduced during the First World War of 2014–2018 and the SMO, which began in 2022. The goal is to identify tools that are not currently used. Restrictions on exports and imports, measures to stimulate imports, and measures to build new trade routes are considered. Even before the start of the SMO, from the moment of political aggravat

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13

SARGENT, J. R. "THE FREE TRADE PROPOSALS A SYMPOSIUM: STOCKS AND QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS." Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economics & Statistics 19, no. 1 (2009): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1957.mp19001006.x.

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14

Faber, Gerrit, and Ton van Rietbergen. "EU Member States’ National Quotas: a Political Economy Approach." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 7, no. 2 (1996): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x9600700204.

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Up to 1993, EC member states could ask permission from the Commission of the EC to apply quantitative restrictions at their national borders, on the basis of art. 115 of the Treaty establishing the EC. The completion of the internal market in the EC abolished the internal borders, as a result of which the national quantitative restrictions became obsolete. We assume that the pressure on member states’ governments to apply these trade restrictions has not disappeared with the abolishment of the internal borders. For that reason we analyze the factors that may explain the member states’ wish to

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15

Akintola, Abdallah, Houcine Boughanmi, Alessandro Antimiani, Lokman Zaibet, and Hemesiri Kotagama. "Estimating the Impacts of Non-Tariff Measures in the Indian Ocean Rim Association." Sustainability 14, no. 1 (2021): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010068.

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In recent years, the Indian Ocean Rim Association has witnessed an increasing trend in the use of non-tariff measures (NTMs). This study evaluated the impact of NTMs in the Indian Ocean Rim Association through estimations of their ad valorem equivalents at the HS chapter and country levels. A gravity model using NTM count data (intensity) was specified and estimated to derive the importer-specific ad valorem equivalents for the four (4) most used NTMs in the region. The results showed the presence of both import-impeding and import-promoting effects of NTMs; however, the import-impeding effect

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16

Acharyya, Rajat. "A note on quantitative trade restrictions, income effects and wage inequality." Economic Modelling 28, no. 6 (2011): 2628–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2011.07.020.

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17

Huang, Chieh. "Exempting and Justifying Covid-19 Related Export Restrictions Under WTO Law." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 48, Issue 2 (2021): 201–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2021016.

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WTO Members have adopted various trade-related measures under their domestic laws in response to the outbreak of Covid-19. The article discusses ways to exempt or justify quantitative export restrictions or bans which are in principle prohibited by Article XI:1 GATT.To this end, it sheds a light on the different scopes and requirements of Article XI:2 (a), Article XX (b) and ( j) GATT, as well as of Article XXI (b) (iii) GATT. The article finds that the GATT provides a solid legal framework for both the exemption and justification for Covid-19 related trade measures; additionally, it raises th

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18

Dashwood, Alan. "NON-DISCRIMINATORY TRADE RESTRICTIONS AFTER KECK." Cambridge Law Journal 61, no. 1 (2002): 1–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197302331507.

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IN its Keck judgment—famous or notorious according to taste—the Court of Justice drew a distinction, for the purposes of the application of the prohibition in Article 28 EC against measures having equivalent effect to quantitative restrictions (“MEEQRs”), between two categories of national measures. On the one hand were “product requirements”: measures specifying requirements to be met, in order to obtain access to the market of a Member State, by products coming from other Member States where they are lawfully manufactured and marketed, like the minimum alcohol requirement for fruit liqueurs

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19

Nabijonov, Otabek Ganiyevich, Shokhzod Otabek ugli Abdurazzokov, and Sanjarbek Zokhidjon ugli Yuldashaliyev. "DO WE WANT TO LIBERALIZE TRADE OR VICE VERSA." ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 220–22. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5942555.

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There are several specific ways to restrict sales. Trade restrictions can be conditionally divided into: duty-free, non-duty-free and covert methods (in some cases they are applied simultaneously). Well-known customs restrictions are the setting of customs duties on goods imported into this country, and non-duty methods are examples of quantitative restrictions (quotas) (I will not dwell on them now because the hidden methods are not relevant).                         &n

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20

Kumar, Chandan, and Nalin Bharti. "Post-SAFTA NTMs for Agricultural Trade: Revelations from the India–South Asia Approach." Foreign Trade Review 56, no. 1 (2020): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732520961309.

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Commitment of South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) from South Asian Preferential Trading Agreement (SAPTA) for trade liberalisation was one of the hopes in South Asia. This article highlights untapped trade potential in agro-trade between India and its trading partners in South Asia through Trade Potential Index (TPI). This article evaluates post-SAFTA effects of non-tariff measures (NTMs) on agro-products (HS 6-digit level) over the period 2004–2016. After 2004, many agro-products of South Asia have suffered trade restrictions which create challenges over SAFTA implementation. This articl

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21

Tian, Guiliang, Zaki Zakirullah, and Haihua Ying. "Strategic alliance: The contribution of the “Belt and Road Initiative” to easing trade restrictions for Afghanistan." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 13, no. 7 (2024): 326–42. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v13i7.3658.

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Afghanistan and most developing, landlocked countries must prioritize regional diplomacy and make strategic alliances to eliminate economic difficulties and create opportunities for trade, partnerships, and markets that will encourage further integration. This research aims to identify workable value chains for integration under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and evaluate their suitability by considering their potential volume. This research investigates how BRI is decreasing trade restrictions and increasing connectivity through the use of quantitative techniques and a survey research app

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22

Bagaynikov, Mikhail, and Yulia Vinogradova. "Quantitative Indicators of Foreign Trade of the Irkutsk Region in the Context of International Restrictions." System Analysis & Mathematical Modeling 4, no. 3 (2022): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2713-1734.2022.4(3).175-186.

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The use of international sanctions as a tool to achieve the set political and economic goals requires study, including from the point of view of their impact on the quantitative indicators of the development of the economy of the country and regions. The purpose of the study is to examine the change in the volume of foreign trade activity of the region, which is achieved through the use of a set of indicators according to official statistics. The object of study is the external trade turnover, export and import of the Irkutsk region and their change after the introduction of international sanc

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23

Arrowsmith, Sue. "Towards a Multilateral Agreement on Transparency in Government Procurement." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47, no. 4 (1998): 793–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300062539.

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Governments have traditionally tended to place procurement contracts with domestic industry and this may distort the natural patterns of international trade, creating inefficiencies in the global economy. As global, regional and bilateral initiatives have met with increasing success in reducing trade barriers such as quantitative restrictions and tariffs, greater attention is now being focused on the remaining barriers, including closed government procurement.

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24

Creason, Jared, Michael Fisher, Svetlana Semenova, and Susan F. Stone. "The Environmental Impacts of Trade Liberalization: A Quantitative Analysis for the United States Using TEAM." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 34, no. 1 (2005): 90–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500001593.

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A highly disaggregated emissions factor model is presented. The model generates changes in emissions and resource use by state and 6-digit NAICS sector. Removal of all U.S. import restrictions is examined. Results for agriculture show that composition effects explain highly varied regional patterns of emission changes. Scale effects are also important for expanding sectors. Quantitative assessments such as this may prove useful in conducting full environmental reviews of U.S. trade agreements consistent with Executive Order 13141 and the Free Trade Act of 2002.

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Poladashvili, Tamari, and Iakob Makharadze. "THE IMPACT OF THE PANAMA CANAL DISRUPTIONS ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE." Innovative economics and management 11, no. 3 (2024): 120–38. https://doi.org/10.46361/2449-2604.11.3.2024.120-138.

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Tamari Poladashvili E-mail: tamari.poladashvili@bsu.edu.ge Assistant Professor, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University Batumi, Georgia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7597-7997 Iakob Makharadze E-mail: Iakob.makharadze0104@gmail.com Master of Economics, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University Batumi, Georgia Abstract: Maritime transport hubs are vital for the development of international trade. Their disruptions can have far-reaching effects on global trade. The Panama Canal is one of the most important ports in the world. Due to the drought caused by the El Niño phenomenon in 2023, due to the re

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Oxman, Bernard H., and Gregory Shaffer. "International trade—WTO—quantitative restrictions—environmental protection—endangered species—U.S. import ban on shrimp." American Journal of International Law 93, no. 2 (1999): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2998005.

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United States—Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products.World Trade Organization, Appellate Body, October 12, 1998.In May 1996, the United States effectively prohibited imports of shrimp and shrimp products from all countries that do not require commercial shrimp trawlers to use turtle-excluder devices (TEDs) to permit endangered species of sea turtles to escape from trawling nets to avoid drowning. In January 1997, India, Malaysia, Pakistan and Thailand requested that the WTO Dispute Settlement Body establish a panel to determine whether this import ban, among other things, vio

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Privitera, Donatella, and Bernardo Rognetta. "Caratteristiche e mutamenti del commercio agro-alimentare: un confronto fra Italia ed India." ECONOMIA AGRO-ALIMENTARE, no. 2 (October 2009): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ecag2009-002008.

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- This paper examines the product specialisation of Italian trade over the period 2000-2006 to identify the roots of Italy's sluggish trade performance with respect to India. In particular, the analysis focuses on the role of product specialisation in relation to world trade growth and competition from emerging countries. We used trade indicators to describe and asses the state of trade flows and trade patterns of a particular country like India and also to monitor these flows over time and across countries. Till the early 1990s, India was a closed economy: average tariffs exceeded 200 percent

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Lusi Puspita Sari and Ariawan. "REVIEW OF PRINCIPLES OF QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS ON DISPUTE SETTLEMENT“EU AND US LAWSUIT FOR THE INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT'S NICKEL EXPORT BAN POLICY BY THE WTO DISPUTE SETTLEMENT BODY." International Journal of Educational Review, Law And Social Sciences (IJERLAS) 3, no. 5 (2023): 1376–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.54443/ijerlas.v3i5.997.

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The Government of Indonesia through Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number 11 of 2019 concerning the second Amendment to Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number 25 of 2018 concerning Coal Mining and Mineral Exploitation (Permen ESDM 11/2019) decided to stop exporting nickel ore from from 1 January 2020. This regulation is considered to violate the Quantitative Restriction Principle in Article XI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and is being demanded by the European Union against the Dispute Settlement Body of the World Tr

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Lashkaripour, Ahmad, and Volodymyr Lugovskyy. "Profits, Scale Economies, and the Gains from Trade and Industrial Policy." American Economic Review 113, no. 10 (2023): 2759–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20210419.

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This paper examines the efficacy of second-best trade restrictions at correcting sectoral misallocation due to scale economies or profit-generating markups. To this end, we characterize optimal trade and industrial policies in an important class of quantitative trade models with scale effects and profits, estimating the structural parameters that govern policy outcomes. Our estimates reveal that standalone trade policy measures are remarkably ineffective at correcting mis-allocation, even when designed optimally. Unilateral adoption of corrective industrial policies is also ineffective due to

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Chilangazi, Eliah, and Chacha Magasi. "Emerging challenges in implementing the common market protocol for free movement of goods in the East African community." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 12, no. 4 (2023): 530–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v12i4.2642.

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This paper delves into the intricate challenges encountered by Tanzania in effectively implementing the East African Community (EAC) Common Market Protocol (CMP) pertaining to the seamless movement of goods to Kenya. The research adopts a case study design, employing qualitative and in-depth methods to gather data. The data collection process utilizes a purposeful sampling technique involving 30 participants, and thematic analysis is employed for data analysis. The findings highlight several tariff barriers that hinder the effective implementation of the EAC CMP, including customs duties, quan

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Normasyhuri, Khavid, Ahmad Habibi, and Erike Anggraeni. "Fenomena gejolak ekonomi pada sektor perdagangan dan sektor pariwisata: studi perbandingan sebelum dan selama Covid-19." Jurnal Paradigma Ekonomika 17, no. 1 (2022): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jpe.v17i1.15102.

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This study compares the turmoil that occurred in the trade sector and the Indonesian tourism sector before and during the COVID-19 outbreak. The research method used is quantitative with a comparative approach. The data used is secondary data sourced from the Ministry of Trade of the Republic of Indonesia and the Ministry of Tourism of the Creative Economy of the Republic of Indonesia. This study uses a statistical test tool in the form of SPSS Version 21 with Paired Sample T-Test. The results showed significant differences in the trade sector before the onset of covid-19 and during the occurr

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Pugachevska, Kateryna, Лариса Медвідь, Nadiіа Goblyk-Markovych, Oksana Feier, and Anzhela Lyzanets. "PROTECTIONISM IN CONDITIONS OF WORLD TRADE MULTIPOLARITY." Financial and credit activity problems of theory and practice 2, no. 49 (2023): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.55643/fcaptp.2.49.2023.3987.

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In terms of the formation of the world trade multipolar system, the issues concerning the implementation of a protectionist trade policy appear especially acute and are the primary focus of both theorists and practitioners. This paper primarily aims to explore trade protectionism in the global economy in conditions of multipolarity, to identify the vectors of the war in Ukraine's influence on policy in the sphere of food trade, to determine the origins of the WTO crisis in the system of multilateral regulation of international trade and to assess the prospects of further ensuring free trade do

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Simbolon, Putu George Matthew, and Angel Damayanti. "Indonesian Trade Policy in Adjusting the 2020 WTO’s Trade Policy Review." Jurnal Hubungan Internasional 12, no. 1 (2023): 76–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/jhi.v12i1.18038.

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This article analyzes the Trade Policy Review Body (TPRB) review of Indonesia in 2020, mainly in the agricultural sector, and how Indonesian compliance with the WTO Agreement is helpful for the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM). This study uses the normative method by gathering primary and secondary legal sources. The 2020 TPRB review perceives that Indonesia has applied untransparent safeguard measures related to its agricultural products, prohibited subsidies, and quantitative restrictions on other WTO member states. However, the Job Creation Law, launched in 2020, can be viewed as a prop

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Pain, Nigel, and Melanie Lansbury. "Regional Economic Integration and Foreign Direct Investment: The Case of German Investment in Europe." National Institute Economic Review 160 (April 1997): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795019716000107.

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The European Economic Community originally came into existence following the Treaty of Rome in 1957. Member states planned to harmonise their tariffs, pursue a common trade policy and liberalise intra-Community trade. All internal customs duties and quantitative restrictions on trade were successfully removed by 1968. However it subsequently became clear that this had not resulted in the full integration of product markets in Europe, with capital movements and trade continuing to be restricted by capital controls and non-tariff barriers. In the mid-1980s the European Commission identified arou

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Chen, Yi-Fan, Wen-Tai Hsu, and Shin-Kun Peng. "Innovation, firm size distribution, and gains from trade." Theoretical Economics 18, no. 1 (2023): 341–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/te4152.

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Power laws in productivity and firm size are well documented empirical regularities. As they are upper right‐tail phenomena, this paper shows that assuming asymptotic power functions for various model primitives (such as demand and firm heterogeneity) are sufficient for matching these regularities. This greatly relaxes the functional‐form restrictions in economic modeling and can be beneficial in certain contexts. We demonstrate this in a modified Melitz (2003) model, which embeds an innovation mechanism so as to endogenize the productivity distribution and generate both of the above‐mentioned

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Willis, Allan, and Michael G. Woods. "The NAFTA Panel Decision on Supply Management: Gamble or Bargain?" Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 35 (1998): 81–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0069005800006603.

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SummaryIn July 1995, the United States requested the establishment of the first Panel under Chapter 20 procedures of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and challenged Canada's duties on its “supply-managed” dairy, poultry, egg, barley, and margarine products. These industries had grown and prospered under supply management – a system intended to establish stability in a domestic market afflicted by unpredictable production cycles. The import restrictions were designed in conformity with the international trade rules as set out in the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT).

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Agrawal, Aditi, and Archana Gandhi. "Liberalization of Textiles and Clothing Trade and Evolving Global and Indian Trade Scenario." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 2, no. 4 (2014): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.241409.

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Before the liberalization of Textiles and Clothing trade, export from developing countries to developed countries was subject to selective quantitative restrictions to protect the industry of the importing country. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade over a period of 47 years facilitated world trade with a view to bind tariffs and foster liberalization. But as world trade grew complex the General Agreement was found wanting and the Multifibre Arrangement was drafted to carry forward liberalization of textiles and clothing trade more effectively. In 1994 the Multifibre Arrangement gave w

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Bharadwaj, Prakhar, and James J. Nedumpara. "Trade Disputes and the Agriculture Policies in the Developing World: Time to Clawback the Development Space under the WTO." Global Trade and Customs Journal 14, Issue 7/8 (2019): 343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2019038.

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Certain rulings relating to the Agreement on Agriculture have limited the development space available to developing countries, including India. At least two out of three ‘pillars’ of the Agreement which comprise of disciplines related to tariffication, agricultural market support and agricultural exports have been interpreted in a manner which would prohibit traditionally used measures such as quantitative restrictions at the border and minimum support price to farmers. This article will focus on disciplines on quantitative restrictions and the interpretation of the Panel and AB in Indonesia –

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YU, WUSHENG, and HANS G. JENSEN. "Trade policy responses to food price crisis and implications for existing domestic support measures: the case of China in 2008." World Trade Review 13, no. 4 (2013): 651–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745613000335.

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AbstractMany national governments around the world applied export restrictions in order to achieve domestic market stabilization during the 2007/8 world food price crisis. However, current literature says little about how these export restrictions interact with existing domestic support measures in jointly determining domestic market outcomes. This paper analyzes this interaction by providing a quantitative assessment on how increased spending on agricultural domestic support in China offset the negative effects on grain production caused by the country's export restrictions and how these two

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40

Russi, Luigi. "Economic Analysis of Article 28 EC after theKeckJudgment." German Law Journal 7, no. 5 (2006): 479–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200004806.

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European Union (EU) regulation of the free circulation of goods may be considered an eminent jurisprudential achievement; in fact, it has emerged from and been strengthened by the judgments of the European Court of Justice (hereinafter “the Court”).In particular, the Court's engagement with the prohibition on quantitative import restrictions and other measures having an equivalent effect established by Article 28 European Convention (EC), has paved the road towards integration. This was especially true of the Court's “milestone” decisions inDassonvilleandCassis de Dijon.The judicial parameter

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Gao, Henry. "Taking Justice into Your Own Hand: The TBI Mechanism in China." Journal of World Trade 44, Issue 3 (2010): 633–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2010023.

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To protect the trade interests of their firms in foreign markets, several countries have established various institutional arrangements. For example, the United States has the section 301 procedure, while the EU has the Trade Barrier Regulation (TBR). Learning from their experiences, China also established its own Foreign Trade Barrier Investigation (TBI) mechanism in 2002. This article starts with a discussion on the background for its establishment as well as the substantive and procedural requirements for investigations under TBI. In the next part, the article discusses how TBI has worked i

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Shiv, Kumar, and Kashif Ansari Md. "AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON THE EXPORT PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY INDUSTRY IN INDIA." International Journal of Research – Granthaalayah 4, no. 1 (2017): 153–57. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.848517.

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With the rise of factory farming, milk is now almost an unnatural operation. The modern dairy farm can have hundreds, even thousands of cows. Today’s average dairy cow produces six to seven times as much milk as she did a century ago. Currently, the United States is the largest producer of milk in the world, followed by India and China. India being one of the largest milk producer around the world, has to import a part of Milk products and its exports are negligible in the World Export Share. This paper tries to examine the issues regarding ‘Export Performance of Dairy Industry of India’: Tren

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Wang, Ruoxuan, and Liudmila Popova. "International trade disputes related to fish products and Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies: Key regulatory issues and litigation outlook." St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies 39, no. 3 (2023): 307–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2023.302.

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Fish-related trade disputes dealt with by the World Trade Organization (WTO) arise from the complexity of the fisheries industry, and the transboundary nature of fish, combined with differing national policies and interests. The Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies (AFS) aims to strengthen the role of the WTO in regulating the fish trade and curbing unsustainable fishing practices such as illegal fishing, overcapacity, and overfishing by limiting excessive fisheries subsidies. This article reveals the legal framework of the WTO to regulate the fish trade and resolve trade disputes and outlines the

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Gabriel, Aremo Adeleke. "Trade Liberalisation, Economic Growth and Human Resource Development in Nigeria: Causal Implications (1980-2009)." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 5, no. 10 (2013): 696–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v5i10.443.

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The study examined the causal links among trade liberalisation, economic growth and human resource development in Nigeria with a view to identifying the nexus connecting these three variables. Inferences of causality were drawn within the framework of Vector Auto-regression model employing techniques of analysis involving unit root test, cointegration and Granger causality tests. The findings that emerged from the analysis show that economic growth granger-caused both poverty level and trade liberalization in Nigeria. Besides, trade liberalization equally predicted poverty level. The study the

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Sarna, Kadek, Nurhasan Ismail, and Harry Supriyono. "After the Trade Dispute: Is Indonesian Food Sovereignty Threatened?" Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 4, no. 2 (2020): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ujlc.2020.v04.i02.p03.

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The winning of New Zealand and the United States in a trade dispute with Indonesia regarding quantitative restrictions on the import of horticultural products, animals and animal products at the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute panel assembly with case number DS (Dispute Settlement) 477 and 478, forces Indonesia to adjust its national policies with the existing rules in the 1994 GATT. This obviously becomes a concern for Indonesia's goal of realizing national food security and food sovereignty. This article aims to discuss how Indonesia's position in the case of DS 477 and DS 478 and how

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Aneja, Ranjan, and Ummed Singh. "Trade Liberalization and its Environmental Impact in India: An Empirical Analysis." Asian Review of Social Sciences 7, no. 1 (2018): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2018.7.1.1376.

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The debate on the impact of trade on environment is pertinent considering the increasing volume of trade among world nations and the changes in environmental quality. In India, this increase was higher because of the gradual lifting of the quantitative restrictions and reduction in tariffs after trade liberalization in 1991. The pollution haven effect occurs when trade liberalization, coupled with lax environmental regulations results in increasing economic activities in pollution intensive industries. Using industry level data for the period 1998-2008, for fifty eight manufacturing industries

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Martinelli, Imelda, Vito Jonathan Octavo, and Aristoteles G. F. Siregar. "WTO Dispute Settlement Body Ruling on Export Ban of Indonesian Raw Nickel Ore: Private International Law Review." AURELIA: Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat Indonesia 2, no. 2 (2023): 1254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.57235/aurelia.v2i2.747.

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The decision of the WTO Dispute Settlement Organs regarding the ban on the export of crude nickel by Indonesia has significant implications for international trade law. This ban was opposed by the European Union because it could hamper the development of their electric-powered automotive industry which requires nickel ore as a raw material for electric vehicle batteries. Provisions in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) allow export restrictions in certain situations, such as for the protection of health, safety, sanitation, or the preservation of natural resources. However, impo

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Kessides, Ioannis N. "Regionalising Infrastructure for Deepening Market Integration: The Case of East Africa." Journal of Infrastructure Development 4, no. 2 (2012): 115–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974930612465224.

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The East African Community has long recognised that regional economic integration can yield significant welfare gains to its member states. To that end, the community has been making steady progress towards the removal of tariffs and quantitative restrictions to trade. Moreover, in recent years, there has been an increasing recognition that (a) even greater welfare gains could be realised through deeper forms of regional integration which entail harmonisation of legal, regulatory and institutional frameworks; and (b) reforms that reduce cross-border transaction costs and improve the performanc

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Budiman, Jumardi, Emelia Lestari, Irfansius Roni Darmawan, and Sigit Hardiyanto. "DAMPAK PANDEMI COVID-19 TERHADAP KONTRIBUSI NILAI PERDAGANGAN INDONESIA-CHINA (CATRUWULAN I TAHUN 2020)." Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi (JURKAMI) 7, no. 1 (2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31932/jpe.v7i1.1495.

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The background of this research is the decline the value of exports from China to countries in Asia including Indonesia due to the Covid-19 pandemic since December 2019. Indonesia has imposed import restrictions on certain products from China to minimizing the spread of the Covid-19 virus. The purpose of this study is to analyze the value of Indonesia-China trade in the first quarter of 2020. The research method used was a descrptif quantitative with the main data being the value of exports and imports between Indonesia and China obtained from data from the Indonesian Central Statistics Agency

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Sporczyk-Popielarczyk, Anna. "The mail-order sales of medicinal products in the light of the EU principle of the free movement of goods." Kwartalnik Prawa Międzynarodowego I, no. I (2023): 252–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.3296.

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The provisions on EU freedoms contained in article 28-66 of the Treaty on the Functioningof the European Union are of key importance from the point of view of achieving the Unionsobjectives related to the proper functioning of the internal market. At the same time, thereare areas of shared competence between Member States and EU bodies. One of them ishealth policy, aimed at protecting and improving public health. The lack of full harmonizationof regulations concerning the activity of pharmacies that are public health facilities results innon-uniformity of national systems. There is a problem a

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