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Journal articles on the topic 'Quantum confinement'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 May 2024

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1

PETER, A. JOHN. "THE EFFECTS OF QUANTUM CONFINEMENT ON THE BINDING ENERGY OF HYDROGENIC IMPURITIES IN A SPHERICAL QUANTUM DOT." Modern Physics Letters B 20, no. 18 (August 10, 2006): 1127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984906011487.

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The binding energy of a shallow hydrogenic impurity of a spherical quantum dot confined by harmonic oscillator-like and by rectangular well-like potentials, using a variational procedure within the effective mass approximation, has been determined. The calculations of the binding energy of the donor impurity as a function of the system geometry, and the donor impurity position have been investigated. The binding energy of shallow donor impurity depends not only on the quantum confinements but also on the impurity position. Our results reveal that (i) the donor binding energy decreases as the dot size increases irrespective of the impurity position, and (ii) the binding energy values of rectangular confinement are larger than the values of parabolic confinement and (iii) the rectangular confinement is better than the parabolic confinement in a spherical quantum dot.

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2

Stemmer, Susanne, and Andrew J. Millis. "Quantum confinement in oxide quantum wells." MRS Bulletin 38, no. 12 (December 2013): 1032–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2013.265.

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3

Huang, Zhongkai, Jinfeng Qu, Xiangyang Peng, Wenliang Liu, Kaiwang Zhang, Xiaolin Wei, and Jianxin Zhong. "Quantum confinement in graphene quantum dots." physica status solidi (RRL) - Rapid Research Letters 8, no. 5 (March 31, 2014): 436–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssr.201409064.

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4

Goñi, Alejandro R. "Echoes from quantum confinement." Nature Materials 19, no. 11 (August 24, 2020): 1138–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41563-020-0796-3.

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5

Tsujino, S., S. J. Allen, M. Thomas, T. Eckhause, E. Gwinn, M. Rüfenacht, J. P. Zhang, J. Speck, and H. Sakaki. "Quantum confinement without walls." Superlattices and Microstructures 27, no. 5-6 (May 2000): 469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/spmi.2000.0872.

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6

Peter, A. J., and J. Ebenezar. "Diamagnetic Susceptibility of a Confined Donor in a Quantum Dot with Different Confinements." Journal of Scientific Research 1, no. 2 (April 21, 2009): 200–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v1i2.1184.

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The binding energies of shallow hydrogenic impurity in a GaAs/GaAlAs quantum dot with spherical confinement, harmonic oscillator-like and rectangular well-like potentials are calculated as a function of dot radius using a variational procedure within the effective mass approximation. The calculations of the binding energy of the donor impurity as a function of the system geometry have been investigated. A comparison of the eigenstates of a hydrogenic impurity in all the confinements of dots is discussed in detail. Â We have computed and compared the susceptibility for a hydrogenic donor in a spherical confinement, harmonic oscillator-like and rectangular well-like potentials for a finite QD and observe a strong influence of the shape of confining potential and geometry of the dot on the susceptibility.Â Keywords: Quantum dot; Quantum well wire; Quantum well; Diamagnetic susceptibility; Donor impurity.Â Â© 2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.Â DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i2.1184Â Â Â

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7

Sahu, Anupam, and Dharmendra Kumar. "Effect of Confinement Strength on the Conversion Efficiency of Strained Core-Shell Quantum Dot Solar Cell-=SUP=-*-=/SUP=-." Журнал технической физики 128, no. 10 (2020): 1534. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/os.2020.10.50027.1026-20.

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In this paper, the conversion efficiency (CE) of core-shell quantum dot (CSQD) solar cell is investigated within weak and strong confinements strength, using detailed balance model. The weak and strong confinement strength in solar cell structure is modeled using ZnTe/ZnSe and PbS/CdS CSQD, respectively. Considering size-dependent strain results of CE of CSQD solar cell for varying core radius is plotted with and without considering multiple exciton generation (MEG), and the results show the improvement in CE with MEG, thus indicating its importance in the low-dimensional system. The numerical results demonstrate that for the same CSQD size, the solar cell with a stronger confinement strength achieves the higher CE in comparison to the weaker confinement. Also, the MEG significantly increases the CE of stronger confined CSQD solar cell. The results plotted are in good agreement with the literature. Keywords: conversion efficiency, quantum dot, core-shell, solar cell, multiple exciton generation.

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8

Asal, A. H. H., and S. N. T. Al-Rashid. "Study of the impact of quantum confinement energy on the energy gap and activation energy of indium phosphide (InP) and indium arsenide (InAs)." Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 18, no. 2 (July 2, 2023): 703–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/djnb.2023.182.703.

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This study examines how quantum confinement energy affects the electrical characteristics represented by the energy gap. and the activation energy of indium arsenide (InAs) and indium phosphide (Inp) was studied using a computer program (MATLAB) version (R2012a), which is based on the characteristic matrix theory and Bruce's model, we found that the energy gap increases with the quantum confinement energy at small nanoscales, as well as the activation energy due to the quantum confinement effect, but these electrical properties decrease with the quantum confinement energy at large nanoscales.

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9

Ren, Shang Yuan. "Quantum confinement in semiconductor Ge quantum dots." Solid State Communications 102, no. 6 (May 1997): 479–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-1098(97)00001-x.

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10

Zorman, B., M. V. Ramakrishna, and R. A. Friesner. "Quantum Confinement Effects in CdSe Quantum Dots." Journal of Physical Chemistry 99, no. 19 (May 1995): 7649–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100019a052.

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11

Xia, Jian-Bai, and K. W. Cheah. "Quantum confinement effect in thin quantum wires." Physical Review B 55, no. 23 (June 15, 1997): 15688–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.55.15688.

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12

Abbasov, I. I., Kh A. Hasanov, and J. I. Huseynov. "Phonon Drag Thermopower in Quantum Wire with Parabolic Confinement Potential." METALLOFIZIKA I NOVEISHIE TEKHNOLOGII 39, no. 9 (December 7, 2017): 1165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mfint.39.09.1165.

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13

Salman, E. M. T., M. R. Jobayr, and H. K. Hassun. "Confinement factor and carrier recombination of InGaAsP/InP quantum well lasers." Journal of Ovonic Research 18, no. 4 (September 9, 2022): 617–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/jor.2022.184.617.

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Low-dimensional materials have attracted significant attention in developing and enhancing the performance of quantum well lasers due to their extraordinary unique properties. The optical confinement factor is one of the most effective parameters for evaluating the optimal performance of a semiconductor laser diode when used to measure the optical gain and current threshold. The optical confinement factor and the radiative recombination of single quantum wells (SQW) and multi-quantum wells (MQW) for InGaAsP/InP have been theoretically studied using both radiative and Auger coefficients. Quantum well width, barrier width, and number of quantum wells were all looked at to see how these things changed the optical confinement factor and radiative and non-radiative recombination coefficients for multi-quantum well structures. It was found that the optical confinement factor increases with an increase in the number of wells. The largest value of the optical confinement factor was determined when the number of wells was five at any width. The optical confinement coefficient was 0.23, 0.216, and 0.203 for the number of wells (3, 4, and 5) and well width (27, 19.5, and 15) nm, respectively. In addition, the radiative recombination coefficient increases with the width of the quantum well after 5 nm, and it is much bigger than that of its bulk counterparts.

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14

HUSAIN, VIQAR, and DAWOOD KOTHAWALA. "HOLOGRAPHY, QUANTUM GRAVITY AND CONFINEMENT." International Journal of Modern Physics D 21, no. 11 (October 2012): 1242005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271812420059.

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In the holographic dictionary between gauge theory in four dimensions and gravity in five dimensions, there is an encoding in the bulk geometry of the phases of the gauge theory. If the correspondence holds at all scales, it is natural to expect that gauge theory contains information about quantum gravity in one higher dimension. We argue that the confining phase of gauge theory has a correspondence with singularity avoidance in quantum gravity. This comes from the observation that confinement appears to be generically associated with repulsion deep in the bulk on the gravity side, which in turn is a consequence of the violation of energy conditions in quantum gravity that lead to singularity avoidance.

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15

Ferry, David K., Josef Weinbub, Mihail Nedjalkov, and Siegfried Selberherr. "A review of quantum transport in field-effect transistors." Semiconductor Science and Technology 37, no. 4 (February 23, 2022): 043001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6641/ac4405.

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Abstract Confinement in small structures has required quantum mechanics, which has been known for a great many years. This leads to quantum transport. The field-effect transistor has had no need to be described by quantum transport over most of the century for which it has existed. But, this has changed in the past few decades, as modern versions tend to be absolutely controlled by quantum confinement and the resulting modifications to the normal classical descriptions. In addition, correlation and confinement lead to a need for describing the transport by quantum methods as well. In this review, we describe the quantum effects and the methods of treament through various approaches to quantum transport.

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16

ZHOU, H. S., I. HONMA, K. H. KIM, H. KOMIYAMA, H. SASABE, and J. W. HAUS. "QUANTUM CONFINEMENT IN COATED NANOPARTICLES." Surface Review and Letters 03, no. 01 (February 1996): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x96000279.

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We synthesize CdS/PbS -coated nanoparticles and investigate the spectra of their optical absorption and photoluminescence (PL). The experimental results can be explained by the quantum-confinement model in coated semiconductor nanoparticles. We also prepare gold-coated nanoparticles with a nonmetallic core Au 2 S by a two-step colloidal method, and observe the extraordinary optical absorption spectra of the coated samples. The results are consistent with a theoretical approach that includes electromagnetic resonance effects and the quantum confinement of the carriers in the thin gold shell layer.

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17

KRISHNA, PHANI MURALI, SOMA MUKHOPADHYAY, and ASHOK CHATTERJEE. "OPTICAL ABSORPTION IN QUANTUM DOTS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 16, no. 10 (April 20, 2002): 1489–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979202010270.

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The optical absorption behaviour of polar semiconductor quantum dots has been investigated in the strong confinement regime using the adiabatic approximation of Landau and Pekar. It has been shown that optical absorption coefficient becomes strongly size dependent below a certain value of the confinement length and also exhibits interesting crossing behaviour when studied as a function of the electron–phonon coupling constant for different values of the confinement length. It has furthermore been shown that the ratio of the one-phonon part of the oscillator strength to the zero-phonon contribution can be significantly large in a small quantum dot and can also exhibit an interesting minimum structure at certain value of the confinement length for intermediate electron–phonon coupling.

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18

NICULESCU, ECATERINA C. "ENERGY LEVELS IN A SPHERICAL QUANTUM DOT WITH PARABOLIC CONFINEMENT UNDER APPLIED ELECTRIC FIELDS." Modern Physics Letters B 15, no. 16 (July 10, 2001): 545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984901001999.

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Using a variational procedure, we have studied the electric field effect on the electronic states in a spherical GaAs – Ga 1-x Al x As quantum dot with parabolic confinement in the case of both finite and infinite barrier heights. For single-particle states of electrons and heavy holes a relative weak Stark shift at weak fields and a transition to a stronger shift at higher fields is found. Compared with a spherical quantum dot with a rectangular confinement potential, the parabolic quantum dot presents a greater restriction to the carriers. As a result, the confinement energy is larger, while the electric field effects on the energy levels are weaker. We conclude that a spherical quantum dot with a parabolic confinement may be significant for practical application.

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19

Hedin, Eric R. "Extradimensional confinement of quantum particles." Physics Essays 25, no. 2 (June 2012): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-25.2.177.

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20

Gupta, Suraj N., and Stanley F. Radford. "Quark confinement in quantum chromodynamics." Physical Review D 32, no. 3 (August 1, 1985): 781–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.32.781.

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21

Li, Xin Jian, and Yu Heng Zhang. "Quantum confinement in porous silicon." Physical Review B 61, no. 19 (May 15, 2000): 12605–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.61.12605.

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22

Prinz, Günther M., Timm Gerber, Axel Lorke, and Martina Müller. "Quantum confinement in EuO heterostructures." Applied Physics Letters 109, no. 20 (November 14, 2016): 202401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4966223.

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23

Delley, B., and E. F. Steigmeier. "Quantum confinement in Si nanocrystals." Physical Review B 47, no. 3 (January 15, 1993): 1397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.47.1397.

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24

Chakravorty, D., S. Banerjee, and T. K. Kundu. "Quantum confinement effect in nanocomposites." Applied Surface Science 182, no. 3-4 (October 2001): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-4332(01)00441-x.

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25

Dhawan, Tanuj, A. G. Vedeshwar, V. N. Singh, B. R. Mehta, and R. P. Tandon. "Quantum confinement in amorphous InSb." Scripta Materialia 63, no. 1 (July 2010): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2010.03.029.

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26

Greiter, Martin. "Confinement in a quantum magnet." Nature Physics 6, no. 1 (January 2010): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys1493.

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27

Andersen, K. E., C. Y. Fong, and W. E. Pickett. "Quantum confinement in CdSe nanocrystallites." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 299-302 (April 2002): 1105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3093(01)01132-2.

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28

Bürger, Walter, Manfried Faber, Wilhelm Feilmair, Harald Markum, and Manfred Müller. "Confinement in quantum field theories." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 20 (May 1991): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5632(91)90909-x.

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29

Gu, Y., Igor L. Kuskovsky, M. Yin, S. O’Brien, and G. F. Neumark. "Quantum confinement in ZnO nanorods." Applied Physics Letters 85, no. 17 (October 25, 2004): 3833–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1811797.

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30

Niquet, Y. M., G. Allan, C. Delerue, and M. Lannoo. "Quantum confinement in germanium nanocrystals." Applied Physics Letters 77, no. 8 (August 21, 2000): 1182–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1289659.

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31

dos Santos, Carlos da Silva, Elso Drigo Filho, and Regina Maria Ricotta. "Quantum confinement in hydrogen bond." International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 115, no. 12 (March 6, 2015): 765–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.24894.

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32

Asal, Ali Hussein Hammad, and Saeed Naif Turki Al-Rashid. "Effects of Quantum Confinement Energy on the Transmittance of Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Within the Near Infrared Region (700-2500nm)." East European Journal of Physics, no. 3 (September 4, 2023): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2312-4334-2023-3-33.

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This study investigates how the energy of quantum confinement affects the transmittance of cadmium telluride, because of the importance of this substance, as it crystallizes in the form of cubes as thin films that are used in solar cells and liquid crystal imaging devices, as well as in infrared optics [1]. The MATLAB computer program version (2012a) was used, which is based on the characteristic matrix theory and Brus model, in addition to the quantum confinement energy equation. We found that the transmittance value of the nano CdTe thin film at normal incidence reaches 96.4% at a quantum confinement energy Eco = 2.7eV and at a particle size PS =2.6nm, while the value reaches 73.6% at a quantum confinement energy Eco = 0.01eV and at a particle size of PS=50nm.

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33

Choi, Miri, Chungwei Lin, Matthew Butcher, Cesar Rodriguez, Qian He, Agham B. Posadas, Albina Y. Borisevich, Stefan Zollner, and Alexander A. Demkov. "Quantum confinement in transition metal oxide quantum wells." Applied Physics Letters 106, no. 19 (May 11, 2015): 192902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4921013.

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34

Xia, Jian-Bai, and K. W. Cheah. "Quantum confinement effect in silicon quantum-well layers." Physical Review B 56, no. 23 (December 15, 1997): 14925–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.56.14925.

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35

Diebold, A. C., and J. Price. "Observation of quantum confinement and quantum size effects." physica status solidi (a) 205, no. 4 (April 2008): 896–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.200777891.

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36

JALALZADEH, S., and H. R. SEPANGI. "BRANE GRAVITY AND CONFINEMENT OF TEST PARTICLES." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 11 (April 30, 2005): 2275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05024493.

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The confinement of classical and quantum test particles moving on a brane is studied by employing the notion of a returning force. It is shown that for classical test particles, the effects of extra dimensions are feeble whereas for quantum particles, these effects are pronounced. We also show that confinement causes the mass of a quantum particle to be quantized. Another consequence of the confinement is that it strongly restricts the choice of the bulk geometry even in the presence of the returning force.

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37

Prevenslik, Thomas. "Quantum Dots by QED." Advanced Materials Research 31 (November 2007): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.31.1.

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High quantum dot (QD) efficiency may be explained by excitons generated in the quantum electrodynamics (QED) confinement of electromagnetic (EM) radiation during the absorption of the laser radiation. There is general agreement that by the Mie theory laser photons are fully absorbed by QDs smaller than the laser wavelength. But how the absorbed laser photons are conserved by a QD is another matter. Classically, absorbed laser radiation is treated as heat that in a body having specific heat is conserved by an increase in temperature. However, the specific heats of QDs vanish at frequencies in the near infrared (NIR) and higher, and therefore an increase in temperature cannot conserve the absorbed laser photons. Instead by QED, the laser photon energy is first suppressed because the photon frequency is lower than the EM confinement frequency imposed by the QD geometry. To conserve the loss of suppressed EM energy, an equivalent gain must occur. But the only EM energy allowed in a QED confinement has a frequency equal to or greater than its EM resonance, and therefore the laser photons are then up-converted to the QD confinement frequency - the process called cavity QED induced EM radiation. High QD efficiency is the consequence of multiple excitons generated in proportion to very high QED induced Planck energy because at the nanoscale the EM confinement frequencies range from the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) to soft x-rays (SXRs). Extensions of QED induced EM radiation are made to surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and light emission from porous silicon (PS).

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38

Hien, Nguyen Dinh. "Influence of phonon confinement on the optically detected electrophonon resonance linewidth in parabolic quantum wells." Hue University Journal of Science: Natural Science 126, no. 1B (May 16, 2017): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.26459/hueuni-jns.v126i1b.3963.

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We investigate the influence of optical phonon confinement described by Huang-Zhu (HZ) model on the optically detected electrophonon resonance (ODEPR) effect and ODEPR linewidth (ODEPRLW) in parabolic quantum wells (PQW) by using the operator projection. The obtained numerical result for the GaAs/AlAs parabolic quantum well shows that the ODEPR linewidths depend on the well's confinement frequency. Besides, in the two cases of confined and bulk phonons, the linewidth (LW) increases with the increase of confinement frequency. Furthermore, in the large range of the confinement frequency, the influence of phonon confinement plays an important role and cannot be neglected in considering the ODEPR linewidth.

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39

Kafel, A., and S. N. Turki Al-Rashid. "Examining the impact of quantum confinement energy on the optical characteristics of zinc sulfide and gallium nitrate in the ultraviolet spectral range." Chalcogenide Letters 20, no. 6 (July 5, 2023): 423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/cl.2023.206.423.

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The study of confined quantum systems exhibit distinct behavior compared to that in bulk solids. This enables the design of materials with tunable chemical, physical, electrical and optical properties. In this paper, the effect of quantum confinement energy on the optical properties (gap energy, refractive index) of semiconductors gallium nitrate (GaN) and zinc sulfide (ZnS) is studied. The study is done using the MATLAB computer program (20a). This software is based on the Brus model and the particle in-a-box model. The results indicate that the optical properties depend on the quantum confinement energy, with an increase in quantum confinement energy corresponding to an increase in the energy gap and a decrease in refractive index.

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40

TIT, NACIR, and IHAB M. OBAIDAT. "TIGHT-BINDING METHOD FOR QUANTUM-CONFINEMENT ENERGY CALCULATIONS IN THE CdSe/ZnSe MULTIPLE QUANTUM WELLS." International Journal of Modern Physics C 19, no. 11 (November 2008): 1635–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183108013175.

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We present an efficient method to calculate the quantum-confinement energy of charge carriers in the ( ZnSe )M( CdSe )N (001) multiple quantum wells (MQW). The method is based on the 3D empirical sp3s* tight-binding models, which include the spin-orbit coupling. The method can handle large systems while it takes account of the band mixing caused by the strain and confinement. In these perspectives, it proves itself more reliable than the traditional effective-mass approach (EMA) by further generating more relevant information about the quantum states localized within the wells; in particular, the number of bound states and their energy levels and their corresponding wavefunctions were obtained based on more realistic physical models. The quantum-confinement energy, bandgap energy, and band structures are studied versus the CdSe well width (N). The results are found to be comparable with those experimentally obtained using photoluminescence.

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41

HU, Y. Z., S. W. KOCH, and D. B. TRAN THOAI. "QUANTUM CONFINEMENT AND COULOMB EFFECTS IN SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM DOTS." Modern Physics Letters B 04, no. 16 (September 10, 1990): 1009–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984990001276.

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Coulomb and quantum confinement effects in small semiconductor microcrystallites are analyzed. Energies and wavefunctions for one- and two-electron-hole-pair states are computed and optical absorption spectra are evaluated.

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42

Pervushin, V. N., and Nguyen Suan Han. "Hadronization and confinement in quantum chromodynamics." Canadian Journal of Physics 69, no. 6 (June 1, 1991): 684–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p91-115.

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We discuss the consistency of the standard ideas of confinement with the recent phenomenological procedure of measurement of colour quantum numbers. We show that the scheme of quantization of gauge fields, most adequate for the covariant description of hadrons, also contains a confinement mechanism as a destructive interference of phase factors of topological degeneration.

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43

BOYACIOGLU, BAHADIR, and ASHOK CHATTERJEE. "MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM DOTS WITH GAUSSIAN CONFINEMENT." International Journal of Modern Physics B 26, no. 04 (February 10, 2012): 1250018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797921250018x.

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The magnetic properties such as magnetization and magnetic susceptibility are calculated for semiconductor quantum dots with Gaussian confinement. It is shown that the magnetization and magnetic susceptibility effects are quite significant for quantum dots with deep confining potential well and the parabolic potential is only a poor approximation of the Gaussian confinement.

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44

Roy, Amlan K. "Quantum confinement in 1D systems through an imaginary-time evolution method." Modern Physics Letters A 30, no. 37 (November 16, 2015): 1550176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773231550176x.

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Quantum confinement is studied by numerically solving time-dependent (TD) Schrödinger equation (SE). An imaginary-time evolution technique is employed in conjunction with the minimization of an expectation value, to reach the global minimum. Excited states are obtained by imposing the orthogonality constraint with all lower states. Applications are made on three important model quantum systems, namely, harmonic, repulsive and quartic oscillators; enclosed inside an impenetrable box. The resulting diffusion equation is solved using finite-difference method. Both symmetric and asymmetric confinement are considered for attractive potential; for others only symmetrical confinement. Accurate eigenvalue, eigenfunction and position expectation values are obtained, which show excellent agreement with existing literature results. Variation of energies with respect to box length is followed for small, intermediate and large sizes. In essence, a simple accurate and reliable method is proposed for confinement in quantum systems.

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45

Bryant, Garnett W. "Excitons in quantum boxes: Correlation effects and quantum confinement." Physical Review B 37, no. 15 (May 15, 1988): 8763–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.37.8763.

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46

Marchetti, M. C. "Quantum confinement and hot-phonon effects in quantum wells." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 6, no. 4 (July 1988): 1341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.584261.

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47

Sarkar, Shaibal K., Nirmala Chandrasekharan, Sasha Gorer, and Gary Hodes. "Reversible adsorption-enhanced quantum confinement in semiconductor quantum dots." Applied Physics Letters 81, no. 26 (December 23, 2002): 5045–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1532109.

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48

Ren, Shang-Fen, Zong-Quan Gu, and Deyu Lu. "Quantum confinement of phonon modes in GaAs quantum dots." Solid State Communications 113, no. 5 (December 1999): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-1098(99)00473-1.

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Je, Koo-Chul, and Chang-Ho Cho. "Quantum Confinement Effect of Thermoelectric Properties." Journal of the Korean Physical Society 54, no. 1 (January 15, 2009): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/jkps.54.105.

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Einevoll, G. T. "Confinement of excitons in quantum dots." Physical Review B 45, no. 7 (February 15, 1992): 3410–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.45.3410.

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