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1

Bogdanski, Jan. "Experimental multiuser secure quantum communications." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Fysikum, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-26498.

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We are currently experiencing a rapid development of quantum information, a new branch of science, being an interdisciplinary of quantum physics, information theory, telecommunications, computer science, and many others. This new science branch was born in the middle of the eighties, developed rapidly during the nineties, and in the current decade has brought a technological breakthrough in creating secure quantum key distribution (QKD), quantum secret sharing, and exciting promises in diverse technological fields. Recent QKD experiments have achieved high rate QKD at 200 km distance in optical fiber. Significant QKD results have also been achieved in free-space. Due to the rapid broadband access deployment in many industrialized countries and the standing increasing transmission security treats, the natural development awaiting quantum communications, being a part of quantum information, is its migration into commercial switched telecom networks. Such a migration concerns both multiuser quantum key distribution and multiparty quantum secret sharing that have been the main goal of my PhD studies. They are also the main concern of the thesis. Our research efforts in multiuser QKD has led to a development of the five-user setup for transmissions over switched fiber networks in a star and in a tree configuration. We have achieved longer secure quantum information distances and implemented more nodes than other multi-user QKD experiments. The measurements have shown feasibility of multiuser QKD over switched fiber networks, using standard fiber telecom components. Since circular architecture networks are important parts of both intranets and the Internet, Sagnac QKD has also been a subject of our research efforts. The published experiments in this area have been very few and results were not encouraging, mainly due to the single mode fiber (SMF) birefringence. Our research has led to a development of a computer controlled birefringence compensation in Sagnac that open the door to both classical and quantum Sagnac applications. On the quantum secret sharing side, we have achieved the first quantum secret sharing experiment over telecom fiber in a five-party implementation using the "plug & play" setup and in a four-party implementation using Sagnac configuration. The setup measurements have shown feasibility and scalability of multiparty quantum communication over commercial telecom fiber networks.
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2

Gerlin, Francesca. "Beam Propagation in Quantum Communication." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424610.

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The aim of my thesis is to demonstrate the feasibility of Quantum Communication in free space and space, pointing out how ESA Galileo constellation could be strengthens into an Optical Quantum Communication Network (OQCN), by the employment of a compact and low cost prototype (SaNe-QKD OPT). Considering table 2 according the guidelines of [70] (2012) for the European Quantum Information Processing and Quantum Communication, three crucial long term goals are fulfilled, (Satellite Quantum Communication, besides 1000 kilometers of spatial Quantum Cryptography, multi-node Quantum Network), with reference to Galileo constellation: the new devised OQCN will perform Quantum Communication between approaching satellites of the constellation in multi-node mode, and Quantum Key Distribution scheme will be employed over large distances, definitely above 1000 kilometers. My thesis summarizes three years of researches at the Luxor Laboratories in Padova. It is dedicated to two core topics, which are twofold aspects of the same issue: beam propagation in Quantum Communication over ground and over space, with the final realization of a Quantum Communication Network in which concretized the acquired knowledges in Quantum field. And Inter-island Canary links have been chosen as representing a worse case scenario for Quantum Communication experiments, an ideal test bed to investigate beam propagation in view of the space applications, where crucial aspects are the huge distances that Communication beams have to cover. The thesis is divided in two complementary parts: Ground beam propagation Beam propagation in free space along horizontal links in Canary Islands, performing long distances (143 kilometers) and aiming to exploit beam propagation through a turbulent medium. The results pointed out optical configurations and specifics in order to obtain an effective and stable communication link. These researches are within of the strategic project Quantum Future of the University of Padova, "the shift in the Quantum paradigm" Space beam propagation. The second part is dedicated to space beam propagation, regarding design and arrangement of the Quantum prototype SaNe-QKD to fuse with the Optical Communication prototype OPT (by Thales Alenia Space). The resulting system, SaNe-QKD OPT, will be positioned on board of Galileo satellites for performing Quantum Optical Inter-satellite links. Simulations about inter-satellite links, network topology features and key length evaluation, have allowed to obtain results and specifications about operative wavelengths and telescope apertures to use for inter-satellite communications. Then, the prototype SaNe-QKD have been arranged and is here shown in each part. This researches are part of the project "Application of Optical Quantum Communication Links for GNSS" by the European space Agency (ESA). My thesis is divided in four chapters, as follows Ground beam propagation Chapter 1 introduces an overview of main concepts of photonics, atmospheric models and turbulence parameters, optics and fiber-optics and telescopes, used throughout the treatment. The Newtonian telescope is investigated in order to analyze the optical path arriving at the prototype SaNe-QKD for space purpose and the Canary Telescope in order to realize an optical system implementing the centroid spot following system. Zemax simulations are presented for both to check aberrations and for collimation issues. For Newtonian off-axis field, coma and field curvature are revealed. For Canary Telescope chromatic aberration is revealed and the arrangement scheme of the experiment of beam propagation in free space in Canary Islands with co-propagating beams control is described. Kolmogorov atmospheric turbulence models with Hughnagel Valley model is then briefly reported too. It will be used in Canary experiments over 143 kilometers and in chapter 3 for up/downlink quantum communication simulations between a ground base transceiver and a satellite. Chapter 2. It is known that an unconfined optical mode propagating in a turbulent medium suffers of distortions. In Quantum Communication the information is encoded and transmitted as a train of single photons with mean average of about one photon for pulse; it follows that the link losses of a beam propagating in atmosphere increase with the distance; in contrast they cannot be reduced by increasing the signal power as in optical communication. Consequently, it is crucial to exploit beam propagation over long ranges, in order to analyze photon statistics, the transformations on the beam due to the ground in order to prevent the unleashing of the beam between transmitter and receiver. The turbulence introduces two contributes according the eddies size [51] [52]respect to the optical beam: • Beam wandering, which occurs when a laser beam is refracted by eddies with size larger than the beam diameter, causing a displacement of the beam center (centroid). • Beam spreading, which is due to the laser beam being refracted by eddies smaller than the beam diameter. The short-term beam spread is an additional spread with respect to the standard spread due to the free space laser beam propagation (without turbulence effects). These effects appears in relation to the exposition time: on short time scales the beam wandering is the dominant effect, while on long time scales the beam spread-ing is the dominant effect. Using turbulence as a resource, the research of beam propagation in free-space communication links opens to test a new equipment, the custom Canary telescope (Chapter1). The team performed two free-space propagation links with the telescope: the former, a ‘short’ local range (about 20 km) test link between Asiago and Monte Grappa (Italy) in order to examine the Canary Tele-scope and check the communication equipment at the transmitting part; the latter, a ‘long’ range (143 km long) link between La Palma and Tenerife (Canary Islands) for free-space propagation experiments with severe turbulence conditions. Developments and data analysis are presented, pointing out methodologies for turbulence characterization in Ground Quantum Optical Links. The results of the propagation of single, double beams along 143 kilometers have demonstrated that it is possible to optimize an optical system in order to reconstruct the beam long-term diameter and by techniques of beam co-propagating technique, the loss link could be reduced. This is promising as link losses are crucial aspect in Quantum Communication, when in a noisy channel the quantum signal (the in-formation encoded in single photons) cannot be improved by increasing the signal power. Besides we observed that the statistic of arrival of single photons over a free-space 143 km optical link confirms that there is a transformation from Poissonian to log-normal distribution: There is still the evidence of consecutive subintervals of low losses allowing us to envisage the exploitation of turbulence as an SNR improvement technique. Space beam propagation Chapter 3 according the requests of the ESA project, a feasibility study for Quantum Communication applications to Galileo constellation is shown. The chapter starts with an overview of the merits of Optical Communication (data rate exchanging, lightness, compactness, low power consumption..) Pointing out that the intrinsically secure is the added value that only the Quantum counterpart could supply. A brief part recalling orbital motion in space in order to check satellite orbital motion. Then we open to up/downlink simulations overview: recalling the simulations in literature of ground to space or space to ground beam propagation through the atmosphere, the feasibility study shows that unfortunately Galileo constellation can realize only inter-satellite communication links, as the atmosphere and the altitude of the satellite constellation prevents any effective and real single photon transmission with the current technologies. However, simulation results of inter-satellite beam propagation show us that the huge distances can be overwhelmed (derived requirements are telescope diameters >20 cm and operating wavelength <532nm), and time interval within perform Quantum Communication can be calculated: respect to a reference satellite of different orbital plane, the time interval in which the intra-satellite distances are within 15000 kilometers are • For satellite called three of about 176 minutes • For satellite called two of about 168 minutes Then exploiting the relative motion of satellites lying in different orbital planes, we show that it is possible to target communication between satellites that are closer in turns, and to achieve appreciable transmission rates: the distance intervals in which we calculated the raw key rate values are 6000, 10000 and 19000 kilometers, and the best values in raw key rates (18M bits/s at 6600 kilometers, related to lower attenuation values) are obtained for a telescope diameter of 50 cm and wavelength of 50nm, while the worse values in raw key rates (2.2 Kbits/s at 6600 kilometers, related to higher attenuation values) are for a telescope diameter of 20 cm and wavelength of 800nm. Finally, today information-based society security is of paramount importance: Galileo Optical Quantum Network will guarantee intrinsically secure key exchanging, free of PSN attack, within a satellite distance signed by decoy scheme approach. After a brief review of a model for a Quantum Communication System, simulations about key rate are shown in the final section, showing that for same wavelengths and within same beam propagation distances, larger apertures present higher values of key rate[bit/s]. At the same time we have observed that shorter operating wave- lengths presents higher values of key rate, assuring that in merit to Galileo OQCN decoy schemes could be applied in order to beat PNS attack over well defined communication links in relation to the link distance covered, the operative wavelength and the telescope aperture. Chapter 4 We present a summary about the results of a feasibility study with reference to the architecture of Optical Quantum Communication links to a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) Galileo: for an inter-satellite Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) network we have derived in the past chapter some specifications about the wavelength selection, by an analysis of the beam propagation outside the atmosphere for telescope radius and wavelength, showing that by decreasing the wavelength and increasing the telescope radius, the beam size at the receiver is reduced, and so is the attenuation, while the SNR increases. Given the GNSS motion, we have presented still some MATLAB simulations evaluating the time intervals in which two spacecraft reach the minimal intra-satellite distances, in order to investigate the feasibility of the OQL system and evaluate its expected performance in terms of achievable key lengths. In this chapter the expected final secret key rate are derived (by taking into account raw key rate, the average number of photons per qubit at the transmitter output, the QKD efficiency, the free-space link attenuation, the attenuation due to devices at the receiver side, the QBER) and the number of required sifted key vs QBER that must be available to Alice and Bob, after the transmission on the quantum layer and the sifting phase, are evaluated too, in order for them to be able to extract a secret key of the desired key length. (Assumed attenuation between -40 dB and -45 dB for the quantum channel.) Then the quantum prototype SaNe-QKD is described in each part, the Quantum Key Distribution protocol used B92, the transmitter and receiver opto-mechanical arrangements with the dedicated interfaces to interface the Quantum module with the Optical one built by Thales Alenia Space. Finally the Proof of Concept Demonstration tests for the quantum part described<br>Parole chiave: Comunicazione Quantistica (QC), propagazione di fasci ottici nello spazio e nello spazio libero, rete di comunicazione ottica quantistica (OQCN), Distribuzione di chiavi quantistiche (QKD), costellazione satellitare Galileo, turbolenza atmosferica, studi di fattibilita’ prototipo quantistico SaNe-QKD Il fine della mia tesi e’ di dimostrare la fattibilita’ della comunicazione quantistica nello spazio libero e nello spazio, evidenziando come la costellazione Galileo di ESA potrebbe essere potenziata in una rete di comunicazione ottica quantistica (OQCN) dall’impiego del prototipo compatto e a basso costo SaNe-QKD. Considerando la tabella 2 secondo le linee guida di [70] (2012) per l’ analisi dell’Informazione Quantistica r della Crittografia Quantistica Europea, tre obbiettivi a lungo termine e cruciali sono realizzati. (Comunicazione Quantistica satellitare, oltre 1000 chilometri di crittografia quantistica spaziale, rete quantistica multi-nodo), con riferimento alla costellazione Galileo: il nuovo OQCN sara’ in grado di realizzare comunicazione quantistica fra satelliti della stessa costellazione in avvicinamento in modalita’ di multi-nodo, e uno schema di Distribuzione di Chiave Quantistiche Quantum Key Distribution sara’ realizzato definitivamente su distanze superiori ai 1000 chilometri. La mia tesi riassume tre anni di ricerca presso i Laboratori Luxor di Padova. E’ dedicata a due argomenti centrali, che sono due aspetti duplici di uno stesso argomento: la Comunicazione Quantistica sia a terra che nello spazio, con la finale realizzazione di un OQCN (network di comunicazione quantistica) in cui concretizzare le conoscenze acquisite nel campo della quantistica. I collegamenti ottici fra la isole Canarie rappresentano il peggiore scenario per gli esperimenti di Comunicazione Quantistica, un banco di prova ideale per investigare le propieta’ del fascio ottico in vista delle applicazioni spaziali, dove aspetti cruciali sono le enormi distanze che i fasci di comunicazione devono coprire. La tesi si divide in due parti complementari: Ground beam propagation (propagazione terrestre di fasci ottici) la propagazione di fasci ottici nello spazio libero lungo link orizzontali alle isole Canarie, realizzando grandi distanze (143 chilometri) e avendo come scopo l 'analisi (della propagazione del fascio) in un mezzo turbolento.I risultati evidenziano configurazioni ottiche e specifiche al fine di realizzare un efficace e stabile link di comunicazione. Queste ricerche sono parte del progetto strategico Quantum Future dell’ Universita’ di Padova, "il salto nel paradigma quantistico" (The shift in the Quantum paradigm) Space beam propagation (propagazione spaziale di fasci (ottici)). La seconda parte e’ dedicata alla propagazione spaziale di fasci ottici, riguardando design e allestimento del prototipo quantistico SaNe-QKD al fine di interfacciarlo con il prototipo di comunicazione ottica (realizzato da Thales Alenia Space). Il sistema risultante, SaNe-QKD OPT, sara’ posizionato a bordo dei satelliti Galileo per realizzare link ottici quantistici inter-satellitari. Simulazioni riguardo i link inter-satellitari, gli aspetti della topologia del network realizzato e la valutazione della chiave utilizzata, hanno permesso di ottenere risultati e specifiche come la lunghezza d’ onda operativa e l’ apertura dei telescopi da usare per le comunicazioni fra satelliti. Ne segue che il prototipo SaNe-QKD e’ stato allestito ed e’ qui mostrato in ogni sua parte. Queste ricerche sono parte del progetto "Applicazione di Link di comunicazione ottica quantistica a GNSS" della Agenzia Spaziale Europea (ESA). La mia tesi e’ divisa in quattro capitoli come segue: Propagazione terrestre di fasci (Ground beam propagation Capitolo 1 introduce una panoramica sui principali concetti di fotonica, modelli atmosferici e parametri di turbolenza, ottica, fibre ottiche e telescopi, concetti richiamati durante l’ esposizione. Il telescopio Newtoniano e’ analizzato al fine di indagare il fascio ottico che giunge al prototipo SaNe-QKD per fini spaziali e il telescopio Canario e’ analizzato per realizzare un sistema ottico capace di implementare un sistema di l’ inseguimento del centroide. Simulazioni con Zemax sono presentate per entrambi i telescopi al fine di controllare le aberrazioni e per motivi di collimazione del sistema ottico. Per il Newtoniano il campo fuori asse, coma e curvatura di campo sono rivelati. Per il telescopio Canario aberrazione cromatica ed inoltre è descritto lo schema dell’ esperimento di propagazione del fascio ottico in spazio ibero nelle isole Canarie con controllo di fasci co-propaganti. I modelli di turbolenza atmosferica e di Hughnagel Valley model sono poi brevemente riportati. Saranno utilizzati negli esperimenti alle isole Canarie su 143 chilometri e nel capitolo 3 saranno richiamati per simulazioni terra-spazio di comunicazione quantistica fra trasmettitore/ricevitore a terra e satellite. Capitolo 2. E’ noto che un modo ottico non confinato che si propaga in un mezzo turbolento e’ soggetto a distorsioni. In Comunicazione Quantistica l’ informazione e’ codificata e trasmessa sotto forma di un treno di singoli impulsi con media di circa un fotone per impulso; segue che le perdite del link di un fascio che si propaga in atmosfera cresce con la distanza; di contro non possono essere ridotte aumentando la potenza del segnale (ottico) come nelle comunicazioni ottiche classiche. Di conseguenza diventa cruciale investigare la propagazione di fasci ottici su grandi distanze, al fine di analizzare la statistica del fotone, le trasformazioni del fascio dovute alla propagazione terrestre al fine di precludere il disaccoppiamento del fascio fra trasmettitore e ricevitore. La turbolenza introduce due contributi rispetto alla dimensione dei vortici di turbolenza ("eddies" [51] [52]) in relazione al fascio ottico: • "Beam wandering" (ballamento del fascio ottico), che ha luogo quando un fascio laser e’ rifratto da vortici di turbolenza con dimensione maggiore del fascio ottico causando lo spostamento del centro del fascio (centroide). • "Beam spreading" (allargamento del fascio), che e’ dovuto al fascio ottico rifratto da vortici di turbolenza di dimensione inferiore al diametro del fascio. L’ allargamento su breve termine ("short-term") e’ un contributo addizionale all’ allargamento tipico della propagazione in spazio libero (in assenza di effetti di turbolenza). Questi effetti sono legati al tempo di esposizione: su scale temporali brevi il balla- mento del fascio e’ l’ effetto dominante mentre su scale temporali lunghe l’ effetto dominante e’ l’ allargamento del fascio. Utilizzando la turbolenza come una risorsa, la ricerca sulla propagazione di fasci ottici in link ottici di comunicazione su spazio libero apre i test del nuovo allestimento, il telescopio "custom" Canario (capitolo 1). Il gruppo di ricerca ha realizzato due esperimenti di link in propagazione in spazio libero. Il primo, un test a corta distanza (circa 20 chilometri) fra Asiago e Monte Grappa (Italia) per testare il telescopio Canario e controllare i sistemi di comunicazione alla parte del trasmettitore; il secondo , un link a lunga distanza (143 chilometri) fra le isole di La Palma e Tenerife (Isole Canarie) per esperimenti di propagazione in spazio libero con severe condizioni di turbolenza. Sviluppo e analisi dei dati sono presentati, evidenziando le metodologie e la caratterizzazione della turbolenza in link terrestri ottici quantistici. I risultati della propagazione di singoli, doppi fasci lungo 143 chilometri hanno di- mostrato che e’ possibile ottimizzare un sistema ottico al fine di ricostruire il diametro del fascio di "lungo termine" ("long term") e da tecniche di co-propagazione dei fasci le perdite dei link possono essere ridotte. Cio’ e’ promettente poiche’ le perdite dei link sono un aspetto cruciale in Comunicazione Quantistica, quando in un canale "noisy"(rumoroso) il segnale quantistico (l’ informazione codificata in singoli fotoni) non puo’ essere migliorata mediante l’ aumento della potenza del segnale. Inoltre abbiamo osservato che la statistica di arrivo dei singoli fotoni nello spazio libero (143 chilometri di link ottico) conferma la trasformazione da Poissoniana a log-normale della distribuzione (statistica della sorgente): c” inoltre evidenza di sub intervalli consecutivi di basse perdite, cosa che permette di aprire uno scenario di ricerca sui fenomeni di turbolenza come miglioramento delle tecniche di ("signal to noise") miglioramento del rapporto segnale-rumore. Propagazione spaziale di fasci (Space beam propagation) . Capitolo 3 secondo le richieste del progetto dell’ Agenzia Spaziale europea (ESA) sono riportati gli studi di fattibilita’ per l’ applicazione della Comunicazione Quantistica nella costellazione Galileo. Il capitolo inizia con una panoramica sui meriti della Comunicazione Ottica (rate di scambio dati, riduzione peso e consumi, compattezza,..) evidenziando che la sicurezza (intrinseca) e’ un valore aggiunto che solo la controparte quantistica puo’ fornire. Il capitolo inizia con una breve parte che richiama la meccanica orbitale dei satelliti, In seguito si continua con simulazioni terra-spazio richiamando le simulazioni presenti in letteratura xi propagazione di fasci ottici terra-spazio e spazio-terra attraverso l’, lo studio di fattibilita’ mostra purtroppo che la costellazione Galileo puo’ relizzare solo link di comunicazione inter satellitare poiche’ atmosfera e quota dei satelliti ne impediscono ogni trasmissione di singolo fotone con la presente tecnologia. Comunque i risultati delle simulazioni di propagazione di fascio ottico fra satelliti mostrano che le enormi distanze spaziali possono essere superate (i requisiti derivati sono di diametro del telescopio <20 cm e di lunghezza d’operativa <532nm) e gli intervalli temporali entro cui realizzare la comunicazione quantistica possono essere calcolati: rispetto ad un satellite di riferimento di differente piano orbitale, l’ inter- vallo temporale in cui le distanze interstellari sono entro 15000 chilometri sono • Per il satellite chiamato tre di circa satellite 176 minuti • Per il satellite chiamato due di circa satellite 168 minuti In seguito i moti relativi dei satelliti che giacciono in differenti piani orbitali mostrano che e’ possibile comunicare fra due satelliti che sono a turno piu’ vicini, ottenendo apprezzabili rate di comunicazione: gli intervalli di distanza in cui calcolare i valori di "raw key rate" sono 6000,10000 e 19000 chilometri, e i migliori valori sono (18M bits/s aa 6600 km, relativamente a bassi valori di attenuazione) sono ottenuti per un telescopio di diametro di 50cm e lunghezza d’ onda di 50nm, mentre i peggiori valori di "raw key rates" (2.2 Kbits/s a 6600 chilometri, in relazione a maggiori valori di attenuazione) si hanno per un telescopio di 20cm e lunghezza d’di 800 nm. Infine, la sicurezza dell’odierna societa’ basata sull’ informazione e’ di fondamentale importanza: il Network Galileo (Optical Quantum Communication Network) garantira’ la sicurezza intrinseca dello scambio di chiavi quantistiche, libero da attacco PN entro una distanza inter-satellitare definita dallo schema di Decoy. Dopo un breve richiamo al modello per un sistema di Comunicazione Quantistica, simulazioni in merito al "key rate" (tasso di scambio di chiavi) sono mostrate nella sezione finale, mostrando che fissate lunghezza d’ onda e distanze interstellari, maggiori sono le aperture dei telescopi maggiori sono i valori di "key rate" ottenuti. Allo stesso tempo abbiamo osservato che piu’ corte lunghezze d’ onda operative presentano maggiori valori di "key rate", assicurando che in merito alla costellazione Galileo OQCN (Optical Quantum Communication Network) gli schemi di decoy possono essere applicati al fine di battere l’ attacco PNS, sui possibili link di comunicazione, in relazione al range di distanza (della comunicazione), alla lunghezza d’ onda coperta e all’ apertura del telescopio. Dopo un breve richiamo al modello per un sistema di Comunicazione Quantistica, simulazioni in merito al "key rate" sono mostrate nella sezione finale, evidenziando che considerando le lunghezze d’ onda e le distanze di propagazione del fascio, grandi aperture presentano elevati valori di "key rate". Allo stesso tempo abbiamo osservato che a corte lunghezza d’ onda operativa presentano maggiori valori di "key rate". Allo stesso tempo abbiamo osservato che corte lunghezze d’ operative presentano maggiori valori di "key rate" assicurando che in merito a Galileo OQCN (Optical Quantum Communication Network) gli schemi di decoy possono essere applicati al fine di battere l’ attacco PNS sui possibili link di comunicazione in relazione alla distanza coperta, la lunghezza d’ onda operativa scelta e l’ apertura del telescopio. Capitolo 4 Presentiamo un riassunto (introduttivo) riguardo ai risultati dello studio di fattibilita’ sull’ applicazione di link di comunicazione Ottici Quantistici in relazione al sistema globale satellitare (GNSS Galileo): per un network basato sulla Distribuzione di Chiavi Quantistiche inter-satellitare abbiamo derivato nel passato capitolo alcune specificazioni riguardo alla selezione della lunghezza d’ onda medi- ante una analisi del fascio che si propaga al di fuori dell’ atmosfera per telescopi di diametro fissato e per lunghezze d’ onda determinate, mostrando che decrescendo la lunghezza d’onda e aumentando il raggio del telescopio la dimensione del fascio al ricevitore si riduce e cosi’ l’ attenuazione, mentre il rapporto segnale rumore SNR aumenta. Considerato il moto del sistema Galileo GNSS, abbiamo anche mostrato alcune simulazioni in MATLAB per valutare gli intervalli temporali in cui due moduli spaziali raggiungono la minima distanza fra di loro, al fine di investigare la fattibilita’ del sistema di Link di Comunicazione Ottico Quantistica (OQL) e valutare le attese performance (rese) in termini di lunghezze delle chiavi (crittografiche) raggiungibili. In questo capitolo la chiave segreta finale attesa e’ derivata (considerando il "raw key rate", il numero medio di fotoni per qubit in uscita dal trasmettitore, l’ efficienza di Distribuzione di Chiavi Quantistiche, l’ attenuazione dei link di spazio libero, l’ attenuazione dovuta ai rivelatori dalla parte del ricevitore , il QBER) e il numero di chiavi "sifted" (esaminate/analizzate) richieste contro il QBER che deve essere a disposizione del trasmettitore e del ricevitore, poi la trasmissione a livello quantistico e la fase di "sifting" (esame/analisi), sono anche valutate, al fine di poter esaminare la chiave segreta di desiderata lunghezza. (Assunti valori di attenuazione fra -40 dB e -45 dB per il canale quantistico). Sono di seguito descritti il prototipo quantistico SaNe-QKD in ogni sua parte, il protocollo di Distribuzione di Chiavi Quantistiche utilizzato B92, il trasmettitore e il ricevitore nel suo arrangiamento opto-meccanico con le dedicate interfacce per mettere in comunicazione il modulo quantistico col modulo ottico costruito da Thales Alenia Space. Infine i test di Proof of Concept Demonstration (Prova della Dimostrazione del Concetto) per la parte quantistica sono descritti
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3

Gariano, John, and Ivan B. Djordjevic. "PPLN-waveguide-based polarization entangled QKD simulator." SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626494.

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We have developed a comprehensive simulator to study the polarization entangled quantum key distribution (QKD) system, which takes various imperfections into account. We assume that a type-II SPDC source using a PPLN-based nonlinear optical waveguide is used to generate entangled photon pairs and implements the BB84 protocol, using two mutually unbiased basis with two orthogonal polarizations in each basis. The entangled photon pairs are then simulated to be transmitted to both parties; Alice and Bob, through the optical channel, imperfect optical elements and onto the imperfect detector. It is assumed that Eve has no control over the detectors, and can only gain information from the public channel and the intercept resend attack. The secure key rate (SKR) is calculated using an upper bound and by using actual code rates of LDPC codes implementable in FPGA hardware. After the verification of the simulation results, such as the pair generation rate and the number of error due to multiple pairs, for the ideal scenario, available in the literature, we then introduce various imperfections. Then, the results are compared to previously reported experimental results where a BBO nonlinear crystal is used, and the improvements in SKRs are determined for when a PPLN-waveguide is used instead.
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4

BARI, INAM. ""Soft Decoding Techniques for Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and Weak Energy Optical Communication"." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2531893.

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The focus of this research activity is to work on pragmatic information reconciliation applied to QKD schemes based on single photon or weak pulse laser (WPL) sources, so as to use feed-forward techniques which minimize the interaction between transmitter and receiver. The core ideas of the thesis are employing Forward Error Correction (FEC) coding as opposed to two-way communication for information reconciliation in QKD schemes, exploiting all the available information for data processing at the receiver including information available from the quantum channel, since optimized use of this information can lead to significant performance improvement, and providing a security versus secret-key rate trade-off to the end-user within the context of QKD systems. Moreover, as shown by accurate experimental studies, the communication channel used for quantum key exchange is not able to reach high levels of reliability (the Quantum Bit Error Rate -QBER may have a high value), both because of the inherent characteristics of the system, and of the presence of a possible attacker. In order to obtain acceptable residual error rates, it is necessary to use a parallel classical and public channel, characterized by high transmission rates and low error rates, on which to transmit only the redundancy bits of systematic channel codes with performance possibly close to the capacity limit. Furthermore, since the more redundancy is added by the channel code, the more the corresponding information can be used to decipher the private message itself, it becomes necessary to design high-rate codes obtained by puncturing a low-rate mother code, possibly achieving a redundancy such that elements of the secret message cannot be uniquely determined from the redundancy itself, so for that purpose we designed high rate LDPC codes. Using high rate codes increases the security with trade-off to performance. Other low photon number applications have also been considered, such as weak-laser pulses (WLP) communication. For that purpose, a low-complexity photon-counting receiver has been considered which may be employed in long-distance amplification-free classical optical communication schemes, and which is typically modeled as an equivalent Binary Symmetric Channel (BSC). We have developed a time varying Binary Input-Multiple Output (BIMO) channel model for this low-complexity photon-counting receiver, and analyzed its performance in presence of soft-metric based capacity approaching iteratively decoded error correcting codes, such as soft-metric based Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes and polar codes. We show that the classical channel capacity of the suggested BIMO model is higher than the capacity of the BSC model, and that the use of the BIMO model allows to feed the channel decoder with soft information, in the form of Log-Likelihood Ratios (LLRs), achieving a significant reduction in Bit Error Rate (BER) and Frame Error Rate (FER) with respect to classical hard-metric-based schemes which should be used in conjunction with a BSC channel model.
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Marulanda, Acosta Valentina. "Quantum Key Distribution through atmospheric turbulence : secure satellite-to-ground links." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS378.

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Les exigences sans cesse croissantes des systèmes de télécommunication modernes en termes de débit, ainsi que la menace imminente que pose l’augmentation de la puissance de calcul des ordinateurs modernes sur les méthodes cryptographiques actuelles, font de la transmission sécurisée des données à la fois une exigence essentielle et un grand défi, et donc un domaine d'étude très actif. La distribution quantique des clés (QKD) permet l'échange de clés cryptographiques dont le niveau de sécurité ne dépend pas de la complexité d'un algorithme mathématique mais repose intrinsèquement sur l'exploitation des propriétés de la mécanique quantique. Cependant, le déploiement des systèmes QKD via des réseaux fibrés terrestres, est fortement limité en distance, et n'atteint que quelques centaines de kilomètres, en raison de l'atténuation exponentielle subie par les signaux transmis par fibre optique. Les méthodes d'amplification des répéteurs de communications optiques classiques ne sont pas compatibles avec un signal quantique, et en raison du manque de maturité technologique concernant les répéteurs quantiques, les relais satellite se présentent comme une alternative intéressante pour l'établissement de liaisons quantiques intercontinentales sécurisées. Nous présentons ici, dans le contexte d’un lien QKD descendant entre un satellite en orbite basse et le sol, un modèle complet du canal atmosphérique satellite-sol prenant conjointement en compte la turbulence, sa correction partielle par optique adaptative (OA) les pertes géométriques et les fluctuations de pointage à bord du satellite. Nous utilisons ce modèle pour évaluer les performances de trois protocoles QKD - à variables continues et à variables discrètes, avec des photons uniques ou intriqués - pour différentes conditions de turbulence, différents degrés de correction par OA, différents scénarios de configuration du lien (diamètre télescope, altitude du satellite…) et en prenant en compte les effets de taille finie. Les résultats obtenus montrent l’intérêt de l’utilisation d’un système d’OA : en effet , la performance en termes de taux de génération de clé de tous les protocoles analysés s’améliore en considérant une correction par OA. Cette augmentation du taux de clé est particulièrement significative pour les scénarios de forte turbulence, d’opération diurne et pour le protocole QKD à variables continues (CV). L’apport de l’OA est de plus démontré et quantifié dans une configuration très prometteuse exploitant l’émission de deux photons intriqués vers deux stations sol depuis un relais satellite qui n’est pas forcément de confiance. Afin de valider nos résultats de simulation, nous avons aussi commencé à implémenter un banc de test expérimental à partir d’une émulation simplifiée du canal atmosphérique et d’un système CV-QKD. Nous expliquons les difficultés rencontrées pendant cette mise en œuvre ainsi que les solutions proposées et des idées sur les perspectives de l’étude<br>The ever-growing demands of modern telecommunication systems in terms of data rates as well as the impending threat of the increasing computing power of modern computers, make the secure transmission of data an essential requirement and thus a very active field of study. Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows for the exchange of cryptographic keys whose security level does not depend on the complexity of a mathematical algorithm but rather relies on exploiting the properties of quantum mechanics cite{scarani2009}. Depending on the protocol, the key bits will be encoded either on the superposition of modes of individual photons, such as polarization modes, as is the case for the discrete variable protocols (DV) or they will be encoded into the quadratures of a very low flux electromagnetic field as it happens in the continuous variable protocols (CV). While offering security levels unattainable by classical means, QKD protocols in their terrestrial implementation are severely limited in distance reaching only several hundred kilometers because of the exponential attenuation suffered by fiber-transmitted signals. Since the amplification methods of classical optical communications repeaters are not compatible with a signal that is quantum in nature, and because of the current lack of technological maturity regarding quantum repeaters, satellite relays present an interesting alternative for the establishment of secure intercontinental quantum links. A study by Dequal et al. upon which a part of the present study is based on, examines the possibility of performing a continuous variable key exchange between a satellite and a ground station by proposing a modeling of the propagation channel accounting for the effects of beam wandering, a fluctuating atmospheric transmission and a fixed loss due to single mode fiber coupling. It is as an in-depth continuation of this analysis that this simulation study was initially developed. Taking into account in particular the effects of propagation through the turbulent atmosphere on the spatial coherence of the optical signal, as well as expanding on the protocols taken into account. Adaptive optics (AO) are able to partially correct some of the aforementioned propagation effects. A typical AO system consists of a feedback loop containing elements capable of measuring and correcting wavefront aberrations in real time and we will focus our efforts in analyzing the effect of such a system in the performance of several protocols of quantum key distribution under different scenarios
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Leifgen, Matthias. "Protocols and components for quantum key distribution." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17473.

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In dieser Doktorarbeit werden zwei Konzepte der Quanteninformationsverarbeitung realisiert. Der Quantenschlüsselaustausch ist revolutionär, weil er perfekte Sicherheit gewährleistet. Zahlreiche Quantenkryptografieprotokolle wurden schon untersucht. Zwei Probleme bestehen. Zum einen ist es sehr schwer, die Bedingungen herzustellen, die in den Annahmen für perfekte Sicherheit impliziert sind. Zum anderen sind die Reichweiten auf momentan etwa 200 km begrenzt, aufgrund des abnehmenden Signals gegenüber des konstanten Rauschens. Ein Experiment dieser Doktorarbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem ersten Problem. Insbesondere der übertragene Quantenzustands ist kritisch für die Sicherheit des Verfahrens. Es werden Einzelphotonen von Stickstoff- Fehlstellen-Zentren und zum ersten Mal von Silizium-Fehlstellen-Zentren für einen Quantenschlüsselaustausch mit Hilfe des BB84-Protokolls benutzt. Die Abweichung von idealen Einzelphotonenzuständen sowie deren Bedeutung für die Sicherheit werden analysiert. Die Übertragung von Quantenzuständen via Satellit könnte das Problem der begrenzten Reichweite lösen. Das neue Frequenz-Zeit- Protokoll eignet sich dafür besonders gut. Es wird während dieser Arbeit zum ersten Mal überhaupt implementiert. Umfangreiche Untersuchungen inklusive der Variation wesentlicher experimenteller Parameter geben Aufschluss über die Leistungsfähigkeit und Sicherheit des Protokolls. Außerdem werden elementare Bestandteile eines vollautomatischen Experiments zum Quantenschlüsselaustausch über Glasfasern in der sogenannten Time-bin-Implementierung mit autonomem Sender und Empfänger realisiert. Ein anderes Konzept der Quanteninformationsverarbeitung ist die Herstellung zufälliger Bitfolgen durch den Quantenzufall. Zufällige Bitfolgen haben zahlreiche Anwendungsgebiete in der Kryptografie und der Informatik. Die Realisierung eines Quantenzufallszahlengenerators mit mathematisch beschreibbarer und getesteter Zufälligkeit und hoher Bitrate wird ebenfalls beschrieben.<br>In this thesis, photonic quantum states are used for experimental realisations of two different concepts of quantum information processing. Quantum key distribution (QKD) is revolutionary because it is the only cryptographic scheme offering unconditional security. Two major problems prevail: Firstly, matching the conditions for unconditional security is challenging, secondly, long distance communication beyond 200 km is very demanding because an increasingly attenuated quantum state starts to fail the competition with constant noise. One experiment accomplished in this thesis is concerned with the first problem. The realisation of the actual quantum state is critical. Single photon states from nitrogen and for the first time also silicon vacancy defect centres are used for a QKD transmission under the BB84 (Bennett and Brassard 1984). The deviation of the used single photon states from the ideal state is thoroughly investigated and the information an eavesdropper obtains due to this deviation is analysed. Transmitting quantum states via satellites is a potential solution to the limited achievable distances in QKD. A novel protocol particularly suited for this is implemented for the first time in this thesis, the frequency-time (FT) protocol. The protocol is thoroughly investigated by varying the experimental parameters over a wide range and by evaluating the impact on the performance and the security. Finally, big steps towards a fully automated fibre-based BB84 QKD experiment in the time-bin implementation with autonomous sender and receiver units are accomplished. Another important concept using quantum mechanical properties as a resource is a quantum random number generator (QRNG). Random numbers are used for various applications in computing and cryptography. A QRNG supplying bits with high and quantifiable randomness at a record-breaking rate is reported and the statistical properties of the random output is thoroughly tested.
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Woodhead, Erik. "Imperfections and self testing in prepare-and-measure quantum key distribution." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209185.

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Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols are intended to allow cryptographic keys to be generated and distributed in way that is provably secure based on inherent limitations, such as the no-cloning principle, imposed by quantum mechanics. This unique advantage compared with classical cryptography comes with an added difficulty: key bits in QKD protocols are encoded in analogue quantum states and their preparation is consequently subject to the usual imprecisions inevitable in any real world experiment. The negative impact of such imprecisions is illustrated for the BB84 QKD protocol. Following this, the main part of this thesis is concerned with the incorporation of such imprecisions in security proofs of the BB84 and two semi-device-independent protocols against the class of collective attacks. On a technical level, by contrast with the vast majority of security proofs developed since the turn of the century, in which recasting the protocol into an equivalent entanglement-based form features heavily in the analysis, the main results obtained here are approached directly from the prepare-and-measure perspective and in particular the connection with the no-cloning theorem and an early security proof by Fuchs et al. against the class of individual attacks is emphasised.<p><p>This thesis also summarises, as an appendix, a separate project which introduces and defines a hierarchy of polytopes intermediate between the local and no-signalling polytopes from the field of Bell nonlocality.<br>Doctorat en Sciences<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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8

Cusini, Gabriele. "Quantum Key Distribution with Continuous Variables for Satellite Systems." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.

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Recenti studi hanno dimostrato come i più avanzati algoritmi per la generazione e scambio di chiavi crittografiche risultino insicuri contro la futura enorme capacità computazionale dei computer quantistici. Come è possibile ottenere una chiave completamente sicura, assumendo che i computer quantistici possano rendere i protocolli attuali insicuri? Una possibile soluzione consiste nell'impiego di protocolli come il Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) il quale usa un sistema di comunicazione quantistica per lo scambio della chiave. Tale sistema garantisce la segretezza della chiave in virtù delle proprietà quantistiche di entanglement e quella di sovrapposizione di stati quantistici. Nelle comunicazioni quantistiche esistono due principali modi per mappare le informazioni, il primo consiste nel considerare stati quantici discreti 'Discrete Variable quantum state' (DV) mentre il secondo li considera continui 'Continuous Variable quantum state' (CV). E' su questa ultima rappresentazione che si basa il protocollo QKD analizzato e in fine simulato in questo elaborato. La trattazione del protocollo CV QKD verrà svolta considerando uno scenario di comunicazione terra-satellite in quanto esso rappresenta un importante passo verso un sistema quantistico globale, non limitato dai problemi di distanze propri delle fibre ottiche o dei canali terrestri.
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9

Tang, Xinke. "Optically switched quantum key distribution network." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/289444.

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Encrypted data transmission is becoming increasingly more important as information security is vital to modern communication networks. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a promising method based on the quantum properties of light to generate and distribute unconditionally secure keys for use in classical data encryption. Significant progress has been achieved in the performance of QKD point-to-point transmission over a fibre link between two users. The transmission distance has exceeded several hundred kilometres of optical fibre in recent years, and the secure bit rate achievable has reached megabits per second, making QKD applicable for metro networks. To realize quantum encrypted data transmission over metro networks, quantum keys need to be regularly distributed and shared between multiple end users. Optical switching has been shown to be a promising technique for cost-effective QKD networking, enabling the dynamic reconfiguration of transmission paths with low insertion loss. In this thesis, the performance of optically switched multi-user QKD systems are studied using a mathematical model in terms of transmission distance and secure key rates. The crosstalk and loss limitations are first investigated theoretically and then experimentally. The experiment and simulation both show that negligible system penalties are observed with crosstalk of -20 dB or below. A practical quantum-safe metro network solution is then reported, integrating optically-switched QKD systems with high speed reconfigurability to protect classical network traffic. Quantum signals are routed by rapid optical switches between any two endpoints or network nodes via reconfigurable connections. Proof-of-concept experiments with commercial QKD systems are conducted. Secure keys are continuously shared between virtualised Alice-Bob pairs over effective transmission distances of 30 km, 31.7 km, 33.1 km and 44.6 km. The quantum bit error rates (QBER) for the four paths are proportional to the channel losses with values between 2.6% and 4.1%. Optimising the reconciliation and clock distribution architecture is predicted to result in an estimated maximum system reconfiguration time of 20 s, far shorter than previously demonstrated. In addition, Continuous Variable (CV) QKD has attracted much research interest in recent years, due to its compatibility with standard telecommunication techniques and relatively low cost in practical implementation. A wide band balanced homodyne detection system built from modified off-the-shelf components is experimentally demonstrated. Practical limits and benefits for high speed CVQKD key transmission are demonstrated based on an analysis of noise performance. The feasibility of an optically switched CV-QKD is also experimentally demonstrated using two virtualised Alice-Bob pairs for the first time. This work represents significant advances towards the deployment of CVQKD in a practical quantum-safe metro network. A method of using the classical equalization technique for Inter-symbol-interference mitigation in CVQKD detection is also presented and investigated. This will encourage further research to explore the applications of classical communication tools in quantum communications.
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Qu, Zhen, and Ivan B. Djordjevic. "High-speed continuous-variable quantum key distribution over atmospheric turbulent channels." SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626486.

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We experimentally demonstrate a RF-assisted four-state continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) system in the presence of turbulence. The atmospheric turbulence channel is emulated by two spatial light modulators (SLMs) on which two randomly generated azimuthal phase patterns are recorded yielding Andrews' azimuthal phase spectrum. Frequency and phase locking are not required in our system thanks to the proposed digital phase noise cancellation (PNC) stage. Besides, the transmittance fluctuation can be monitored accurately by the DC level in this PNC stage, which is free of post-processing noise. The mean excess noise is measured to be 0.014, and the maximum secret key rate of >20Mbit/s can be obtained with the transmittance of 0.85, while employing the commercial PIN photodetectors.
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Gariano, John, and Ivan B. Djordjevic. "Multimode entanglement assisted QKD through a free-space maritime channel." SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626495.

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When using quantum key distribution (QKD), one of the trade-offs for security is that the generation rate of a secret key is typically very low. Recent works have shown that using a weak coherent source allows for higher secret key generation rates compared to an entangled photon source, when a channel with low loss is considered. In most cases, the system that is being studied is over a fiber-optic communication channel. Here a theoretical QKD system using the BB92 protocol and entangled photons over a free-space maritime channel with multiple spatial modes is presented. The entangled photons are generated from a spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) source of type II. To employ multiple spatial modes, the transmit apparatus will contain multiple SPDC sources, all driven by the pump lasers assumed to have the same intensity. The receive apparatuses will contain avalanche photo diodes (APD), modeled based on the NuCrypt CPDS-1000 detector, and located at the focal point of the receive aperture lens. The transmitter is assumed to be located at Alice and Bob will be located 30 km away, implying no channel crosstalk will be introduced in the measurements at Alices side due to turbulence. To help mitigate the effects of atmospheric turbulence, adaptive optics will be considered at the transmitter and the receiver. An eavesdropper, Eve, is located 15 km from Alice and has no control over the devices at Alice or Bob. Eve is performing the intercept resend attack and listening to the communication over the public channel. Additionally, it is assumed that Eve can correct any aberrations caused by the atmospheric turbulence to determine which source the photon was transmitted from. One, four and nine spatial modes are considered with and without applying adaptive optics and compared to one another.
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Rödiger, Jasper. "Time-Frequency Quantum Key Distribution: Numerical Assessment and Implementation over a Free-Space Link." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/21046.

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Die Quantenschlüsselverteilung (QKD), die erste anwendbare Quantentechnologie, verspricht informationstheoretisch sichere Kommunikation. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde das Zeit-Frequenz (TF)-QKD-Protokoll untersucht, das Zeit und Frequenz, nämlich Puls-Positionsmodulation (PPM) im Zeitbereich und Frequenzumtastung (FSK) im Frequenzbereich als die beiden komplementären Basen verwendet. Seine Sicherheit beruht den Quanteneigenschaften von Licht und auf der Zeit-Frequenz-Unschärferelation. TF-QKD kann mit größtenteils Standard-Telekommunikationstechnologie im 1550-nm-Band implementiert werden. Die PPM-Basis kann mit Modulatoren und die FSK-Basis mit Hilfe der Wellenlängenmultiplex-Technologie realisiert werden. Das TF-QKD-Protokoll ist in der Lage, ein beliebig großes Alphabet bereitzustellen, was mehr als 1 bit/Photon ermöglicht. Darüber hinaus ist es robust gegenüber athmosphärischen Störungen und somit für die Übertragung über den Freiraumkanal geeignet. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das TF-QKD-Protokoll theoretisch bewertet, mit Standardkomponenten für 1 bit/Photon implementiert und die Freiraumübertragung mit optischem Tracking über eine 388 m Teststrecke wird bei Tageslicht demonstriert. Unter Verwendung der vorhandenen Komponenten konnte eine sichere Schlüsselrate von 364 kbit/s back-to-back und 9 kbit/s über den Freiraumkanal demonstriert werden.<br>Quantum key distribution (QKD), the first applicable quantum technology, promises information theoretically secure communication. In the presented work the time-frequency (TF)-QKD protocol was examined, which uses time and frequency, namely pulse position modulation (PPM) in the time domain and frequency shift keying (FSK) in the frequency domain as the two complementary bases. Its security relies on the quantum properties of light and the time-frequency uncertainty relation. TF-QKD can be implemented mostly with standard telecom-technology in the 1550 nm band. The PPM basis can be implemented with modulators and the FSK basis with help of wavelength-division multiplexing technology. The TF-QKD protocol is capable of providing an arbitrarily large alphabet enabling more than 1 bit/photon. Moreover, it is robust in the atmosphere making it suitable for transmission over the free-space channel. In the present work the TF-QKD protocol is assessed theoretically, implemented with off-the-shelf components for 1 bit/photon and free-space transmission with optical tracking over a 388 m testbed is demonstrated in daylight. Using components at hand, secret key rates of 364 kbit/s back-to-back and 9 kbit/s over the free-space channel could be demonstrated.
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Djordjevic, Ivan B. "Integrated Optics Modules Based Proposal for Quantum Information Processing, Teleportation, QKD, and Quantum Error Correction Employing Photon Angular Momentum." IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/615122.

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To address key challenges for both quantum communication and quantum computing applications in a simultaneous manner, we propose to employ the photon angular momentum approach by invoking the well-known fact that photons carry both the spin angular momentum (SAM) and the orbital angular momentum (OAM). SAM is associated with polarization, while OAM is associated with azimuthal phase dependence of the complex electric field. Given that OAM eigenstates are mutually orthogonal, in principle, an arbitrary number of bits per single photon can be transmitted. The ability to generate/analyze states with different photon angular momentum, by using either holographic or interferometric methods, allows the realization of quantum states in multidimensional Hilbert space. Because OAM states provide an infinite basis state, while SAM states are 2-D only, the OAM can also be used to increase the security for quantum key distribution (QKD) applications and improve computational power for quantum computing applications. The goal of this paper is to describe photon angular momentum based deterministic universal quantum qudit gates, namely, {generalized-X, generalized-Z, generalized-CNOT} qudit gates, and different quantum modules of importance for various applications, including (fault-tolerant) quantum computing, teleportation, QKD, and quantum error correction. For instance, the basic quantum modules for quantum teleportation applications include the generalized-Bell-state generation module and the QFT-module. The basic quantum module for quantum error correction and fault-tolerant computing is the nonbinary syndrome calculator module. The basic module for entanglement assisted QKD is either the generalized-Bell-state generation module or the Weyl-operator-module. The possibility of implementing all these modules in integrated optics is discussed as well. Finally, we provide security analysis of entanglement assisted multidimensional QKD protocols, employing the proposed qudit modules, by taking into account the imperfect generation of OAM modes.
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Širjov, Jakub. "Testovací polygon pro kvantovou distribuci klíčů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442371.

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The aim of this masters thesis is to explain quantum key distribution (QKD) and principle of signal transmission in the quantum channel. Further this thesis complains commercial distributors of QKD technologies and their individual appliances. Practical part of the thesis is separated to 3 parts. First part handles transmission of quantum keys in QKDNetsim simulator. Second part takes care of design and creation of a test polygon that allows for testing of many optical network configurations with quantum signal and normal data traffic being transmitted in a single fiber. Multiple simulations of use of various filter types to supress the signal noise in the program VPIphotonics and tested by QKDNetsim are shown in the last part of this thesis.
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Aymeric, Raphaël. "Convergence of quantum and classical communications." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2022. https://theses.hal.science/tel-03919212.

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Les protocoles de distribution de clé quantique (QKD) permettent de construire des canaux de communications sensibles à l’espionnage grâce aux propriétés quantiques fondamentales de la lumière. L’un des principaux défis à surpasser pour déployer de tels protocoles à grande échelle est le coût de déploiement de la technologie. Une solution attrayante en ce sens serait d’exploiter l’infrastructure de fibre optique déjà existante pour exécuter mettre en oeuvre de tels protocoles. Cela implique cependant de faire coexister des signaux quantiques avec des signaux telecoms classiques, ce qui peut être un défi de part la sensibilité des états quantiques aux perturbations. Ici, nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement aux protocoles de distribution de clé quantique à variables continues (CV-QKD), car leur proximité avec les communications cohérentes classiques indiquent qu’ils sont de bons candidats pour coexister sur une même fibre. En partant du principe que les protocoles CV-QKD sont destinés, à terme, à être déployés de manière conjointe avec des protocoles de communication classique, la question qui se pose est la suivante. Cette coexistence avec des signaux classiques est-elle forcément un désavantage pour la CV-QKD ? Nous montrons qu’en construisant de façon conjointe des protocoles de communication quantique et classique, alors la coexistence peut présenter des avantages exploitables pour la CV-QKD. Dans un premier travail, nous démontrons expérimentalement que le signal classique peut servir de signal pilote au signal quantique, ce qui permet notamment de s’affranchir de signaux pilotes auxiliaires généralement nécessaires en CV-QKD. Dans un second travail, nous montrons que le bruit généré par des canaux classiques peut servir à dissimuler le signal quantique. La communication quantique peut alors être réalisée de façon indétectable, ou « covert », ce qui, combiné à un échange de clé par QKD permet d’envisager des garanties de sécurité extrêmement élevées. Nous analysons les conditions nécessaires, à la faisabilité du déploiement covert de la CV-QKD<br>Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols harness fundamental quantum properties of the light to construct communication channels sensitive to eavesdropping. In order to develop the technology at large scale, one of the main challenges to overcome is the deployment cost of such systems. A significant step towards reducing deployment costs would be to use the existing optical fiber infrastructure to perform QKD, since this would relax the need to use dark (and expensive !) fiber. However this also means we must insure QKD protocols can coexist with classical communications, which can be challenging as quantum states are very sensitive to perturbations. Here, we focus particularly on continuous-variable (CV) QKD because their natural proximity to classical coherent communication systems indicates that they are good candidates for coexistence over the same fiber. Assuming CV-QKD is destined to be incorporated in classical communication links, an interesting question is whether the coexistence with classical channels will necessarily be detrimental to the CV-QKD protocol. We show that in some cases, coexistence can actually provide an advantage to the CV-QKD protocol. In a first project, we experimentally demonstrate that a classical channel can be used as a pilot signal for the quantum channel. Thus, the need for pilot-tones, mandatory in a typical CV-QKD protocol, can be relaxed. In a second project, we show that the noise generated by classical channels can be used to ”hide” the quantum signal. The quantum communication therefore can become covert thanks to the classical channels. Covert QKD protocols are interesting because they provide extreme security guarantees. We investigate the necessary conditions for covert CV-QKD as well as scenarios for its deployment in a practical setting
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Patel, Ketaki Animesh. "Multiplexing high speed quantum key distribution with conventional data on a single optical fibre." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708533.

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17

Schiavon, Matteo. "Space Quantum Communication." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422779.

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The primary role played by communication in our society gives importance to the problem of securely transmitting sensitive information. Quantum physics can be exploited to solve this problem in a more secure way than it is possible by using classical protocols. The application of quantum physics to communication tasks is the basis of the new quantum communication field, of which quantum cryptography represents the most successful achievement. Quantum communication, however, suffers the presence of losses much more than classical communication. The high level of losses in fiber-based systems, limiting the maximum transmission distance to a few hundred kilometers, makes it necessary to find new ways to go further. A promising solution for extending it to a worldwide scale seems to be the use of satellites. This thesis studies some aspects of quantum communication from an experimental point of view. It presents both the study in the laboratory of quantum communication protocols and the experimental characterization of the satellite-ground channel by using a simulated space source exploiting corner-cube retro-reflectors on geodesic satellites. In addition to this, it also deals with some more technical issues of the problem, such as the construction of a high brilliance polarization-entangled photon source and the improvement of the receiving station for space quantum communication at the Matera Laser Ranging Observatory.<br>Il ruolo predominante svolto dalla comunicazione nella nostra società rende cruciale il problema di trasmettere in modo sicuro informazioni sensibili. La fisica quantistica può essere sfruttata per risolvere questo problema a un livello di sicurezza irraggiungibile dai protocolli classici. L'applicazione della fisica quantistica al problema della comunicazione è la base del nuovo campo della comunicazione quantistica, di cui la crittografia quantistica rappresenta il maggiore successo. Tuttavia, la comunicazione quantistica è molto più sensibile alle perdite nel canale rispetto alla comunicazione classica. L'alto livello di perdite dei sistemi in fibra limita a poche centinaia di chilometri la massima distanza che può essere coperta, rendendo necessaria la ricerca di un nuovi metodi per raggiungere maggiori distanze. Una soluzione promettente per risolvere questo problema ed estendere la comunicazione quantistica su scala mondiale sembra essere l'impiego di satelliti. Questa tesi studia alcuni aspetti della comunicazione quantistica da un punto di vista sperimentale. Presenta sia lo studio in laboratorio di alcuni protocolli di comunicazione quantistica, sia la caratterizzazione sperimentale del canale spaziale simulando una sorgente nello spazio usando il segnale riflesso dai retro-riflettori presenti sui satelliti di geodesia. Inoltre, presenta anche alcuni risultati tecnici come la costruzione di una sorgente di fotoni entangled in polarizzazione caratterizzata da alto tasso di produzione e il lavoro di miglioramento della stazione ricevente per la comunicazione quantistica spaziale presso il Matera Laser Ranging Observatory.
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18

Schröder, Tim. "Integrated photonic systems for single photon generation and quantum applications." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16723.

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Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Dissertation wurden neuartige integrierte Einzelphotonenquellen (EPQ) und ihre Anwendung für die Quanteninformationsverarbeitung entwickelt und untersucht. Die Erzeugung von Einzelphotonen basiert auf einzelnen Defektzentren in nanometergroßen Diamantkristallen mit einzigartigen optischen Eigenschaften: Stabilität bei Zimmertemperatur ohne optisches Blinken. Diamantkristalle mit Größen bis unter 20nm wurden mit neuartigen „pick-and-place“ Techniken (z.B. mit einem Atomkraftmikroskop) in komplexe photonische Strukturen integriert. Zwei unterschiedliche Ansätze für die Realisierung der neuartigen EPQ wurden verfolgt. Beim ersten werden fluoreszierende Diamantkristalle in nano- und mikrometergroße Faser-basierte oder resonante Strukturen in einem „bottom-up“ Ansatz integriert, dadurch werden zusätzliche optische Komponenten überflüssig und das Gesamtsystem ultra-stabil und wartungsfrei. Der zweite Ansatz beruht auf einem Festkörperimmersionsmikroskop (FIM). Seine Festkörperimmersionslinse wirkt wie eine dielektrische Antenne für die Emission der Defektzentren. Es ermöglicht die höchsten bisher erreichten Photonenzählraten von Stickstoff-Fehlstellen von bis zu 2.4Mcts/s und Einsammeleffizienzen von bis zu 4.2%. Durch Anwendung des FIM bei cryogenen Temperaturen wurden neuartige Anwendungen und fundamentale Untersuchungen möglich, weil Photonenraten signifikant erhöht wurden. Die Bestimmung der spektralen Diffusionszeit eines einzelnen Defektzentrums (2.2µs) gab neue Erkenntnisse über die Ursachen von spektraler Diffusion. Spektrale Diffusion ist eine limitierende Eigenschaft für die Realisierung von Quanteninformationsanwendungen. Das Tisch-basierte FIM wurde außerdem als kompakte mobile EPQ mit Ausmaßen von nur 7x19x23cm^3 realisiert. Es wurde für ein Quantenkryptographie-Experiment implementiert, zum ersten Mal mit Siliziumdefektzentren. Des Weiteren wurde ein neues Konzept für die Erzeugung von infraroten EPQ entwickelt und realisiert.<br>The presented thesis covers the development and investigation of novel integrated single photon (SP) sources and their application for quantum information schemes. SP generation was based on single defect centers in diamond nanocrystals. Such defect centers offer unique optical properties as they are room temperature stable, non-blinking, and do not photo-bleach over time. The fluorescent nanocrystals are mechanically stable, their size down to 20nm enabled the development of novel nano-manipulation pick-and-place techniques, e.g., with an atomic force microscope, for integration into photonic structures. Two different approaches were pursued to realize novel SP sources. First, fluorescent diamond nanocrystals were integrated into nano- and micrometer scaled fiber devices and resonators, making them ultra-stable and maintenance free. Secondly, a solid immersion microscope (SIM) was developed. Its solid immersion lens acts as a dielectric antenna for the emission of defect centers, enabling the highest photon rates of up to 2.4Mcts/s and collection efficiencies of up to 4.2% from nitrogen vacancy defect centers achieved to date. Implementation of the SIM at cryogenic temperatures enabled novel applications and fundamental investigations due to increased photon rates. The determination of the spectral diffusion time of a single nitrogen vacancy defect center (2.2µs) gave new insights about the mechanisms causing spectral diffusion. Spectral diffusion is a limiting property for quantum information applications. The table-top SIM was integrated into a compact mobile SP system with dimension of only 7x19x23cm^3 while still maintaining record-high stable SP rates. This makes it interesting for various SP applications. First, a quantum key distribution scheme based on the BB84 protocol was implemented, for the first time also with silicon vacancy defect centers. Secondly, a conceptually novel scheme for the generation of infrared SPs was introduced and realized.
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19

Gigov, Nikolay. "Quantum Key Distribution Data Post-Processing with Limited Resources: Towards Satellite-Based Quantum Communication." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/7244.

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Quantum key distribution (QKD), a novel cryptographic technique for secure distribution of secret keys between two parties, is the first successful quantum technology to emerge from quantum information science. The security of QKD is guaranteed by fundamental properties of quantum mechanical systems, unlike public-key cryptography whose security depends on difficult to solve mathematical problems such as factoring. Current terrestrial quantum links are limited to about 250 km. However, QKD could soon be deployed on a global scale over free-space links to an orbiting satellite used as a trusted node. Envisioning a photonic uplink to a quantum receiver positioned on a low Earth orbit satellite, the Canadian Quantum Encryption and Science Satellite (QEYSSat) is a collaborative project involving Canadian universities, the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and industry partners. This thesis presents some of the research conducted towards feasibility studies of the QEYSSat mission. One of the main goals of this research is to develop technologies for data acquisition and processing required for a satellite-based QKD system. A working testbed system helps to establish firmly grounded estimates of the overall complexity, the computing resources necessary, and the bandwidth requirements of the classical communication channel. It can also serve as a good foundation for the design and development of a future payload computer onboard QEYSSat. This thesis describes the design and implementation of a QKD post-processing system which aims to minimize the computing requirements at one side of the link, unlike most traditional implementations which assume symmetric computing resources at each end. The post-processing software features precise coincidence analysis, error correction based on low-density parity-check codes, privacy amplification employing Toeplitz hash functions, and a procedure for automated polarization alignment. The system's hardware and software components integrate fully with a quantum optical apparatus used to demonstrate the feasibility of QKD with a satellite uplink. Detailed computing resource requirements and QKD results from the operation of the entire system at high-loss regimes are presented here.
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20

Erven, Chris. "On Free Space Quantum Key Distribution and its Implementation with a Polarization-Entangled Parametric Down Conversion Source." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/3021.

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This thesis describes the deployment of a free-space quantum key distribution system across the University of Waterloo campus. The quantum key distribution system has the ability to provide unconditionally secure communication between two parties: Alice and Bob. The system exploits the quantum mechanical property of entanglement in order to generate a key. Security is then guaranteed by the No-Cloning theorem and the laws of quantum mechanics which prevent a quantum system from being measured without disturbing it. Polarization-entangled photon pairs are created using the non-linear optical process of type-II spontaneous parametric down-conversion. A free-space link of approximately $\mathrm{580~m}$ is used to distribute one-half of the pairs to Alice at a distant location, while the other half of the pairs are locally detected by Bob. The details of the detection apparatus necessary to measure the polarization of the photons and the software used to process the measurement data according to the BBM92 protocol are described. An experimental violation of the CHSH inequality (a derivative of the original Bell inequality) is demonstrated to show that polarization-entangled photon pairs are in fact being distributed to the two parties. Finally, the full BBM92 protocol is performed using the entangled photon pairs to generate a secure key and transmit an encrypted message between Alice and Bob. Currently, the system can only be operated at night because background light saturates the detectors during the day; however, future work will focus on making daylight operation feasible.
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21

Meyer-Scott, Evan. "Experimental quantum communication in demanding regimes." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/6052.

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Quantum communication promises to outperform its classical counterparts and enable protocols previously impossible. Specifically, quantum key distribution (QKD) allows a cryptographic key to be shared between distant parties with provable security. Much work has been performed on theoretical and experi- mental aspects of QKD, and the push is on to make it commercially viable and integrable with existing technologies. To this end I have performed simulations and experiments on QKD and other quantum protocols in regimes previously unexplored. The first experiment involves QKD via distributed entanglement through the standard telecommunications optical fibre network. I show that entanglement is preserved, even when the photons used are a shorter wavelength than the design of the optical fibre calls for. This surprising result is then used to demonstrate QKD over installed optical fibre, even with co-propagating classical traffic. Because the quantum and classical signals are sufficiently separated in wavelength, little cross-talk is observed, leading to high compatibility between this type of QKD and existing telecommunications infrastructure. Secondly, I demonstrate the key components of fully-modulated decoy-state QKD over the highest-loss channel to date, using a novel photon source based on weak coherent (laser) pulses. This system has application in a satellite uplink of QKD, which would enable worldwide secure communication. The uplink allows the complex quantum source to be kept on the ground while only simple receivers are in space, but suffers from high link loss due to atmospheric turbulence, necessitating the use of specific photon detectors and highly tailored photon pulses. My results could be applied in a near term satellite mission.
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22

Hosseini, Sara. "Quantum discord, EPR steering and Bell-type correlations for secure CV quantum communications." Phd thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/112650.

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Quantum states can be correlated in ways beyond what is possible for classical states. These correlations are considered as the main resource for quantum computation and communication tasks. In this thesis, I present my studies on the different forms of Quantum Correlations known as "Quantum Discord", "Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen(EPR) Steering" and "Bel-type correlations" in the continuous-variable quantum states and investigate their practical applications for the secure quantum communication. While previously quantum entanglement was considered as the only form of quantum correlation, in the recent years a notion known as quantum discord which captures extra quantum correlations beyond entanglement was introduced by Ollivier and Zurek. This sort of non-classicality that can exist even in separable states, has raised so much aspiration for the potential applications, as they are less fragile than the entangled states. Therefore, of especial interest is to know if a bipartite quantum state is discordant or not. In this thesis I will describe the simple and efficient experimental technique that we have introduced and experimentally implemented to verify quantum discord in unknown Gaussian states and a certain class of non-Gaussian states. According to our method, the peak separation between the marginal distributions of one subsystem conditioned on two different outcomes of homodyne measurement conducted on the other subsystem is an indication of nonzero quantum discord. We implemented this method experimentally by preparing bipartite Gaussian and non-Gaussian states and proved nonzero quantum discord in all the prepared states. Though quantum key distribution has become a mature technology, the possibility of hacking the devices used in the quantum communications has motivated the scientists to develop the schemes where one or non of the devices used by the communicating parties need to be trusted. Quantum correlations are the key to develop these schemes. Particularly, EPR steering is connected to the one-sided-deviceindependent quantum key distribution in which devices of one party are solely trusted and Bell-type correlations to the fully device-independent quantum key distribution where non of the apparatuses of the communicating parties is trusted. Here, I will present the result of our theoretical and experimental research to develop one-sided-device-independent quantum key distribution in continuous variables. We identify all Gaussian protocols that can in principle be one-sided-device independent. This consists of 6 protocols out of 16 possible Gaussian protocols, which surprisingly includes the protocol that applies only coherent states. We experimentally implemented both the entanglement-based and coherent state protocols and manifested their loss tolerance. Our results open the door for the practical secure quantum communications, asserting the link between the EPR-steering andone-sided-device-independence. Due to the maturity of quantum information using continuous variables, it is important to develop a Bell-type inequality in this regime. Despite its fundamental importance, Bell-type correlation is linked to the device-independent quantum key distribution. I developed a computer modelling based on the proposal of ref [1, 2] to demonstrate continuous-variable Bell-type correlation. The results of my computer simulations that are presented in this thesis show the feasibility of these proposals, which makes the real-life implementation of continuous-variable device-independent quantum key distribution possible.
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