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Journal articles on the topic 'Quantum key distribution (QKD) networks'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 16 July 2025

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1

Yao, Jiameng, Yaxing Wang, Qiong Li, Haokun Mao, Ahmed A. Abd El-Latif, and Nan Chen. "An Efficient Routing Protocol for Quantum Key Distribution Networks." Entropy 24, no. 7 (2022): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24070911.

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Quantum key distribution (QKD) can provide point-to-point information-theoretic secure key services for two connected users. In fact, the development of QKD networks needs more focus from the scientific community in order to broaden the service scale of QKD technology to deliver end-to-end secure key services. Of course, some recent efforts have been made to develop secure communication protocols based on QKD. However, due to the limited key generation capability of QKD devices, high quantum secure key utilization is the major concern for QKD networks. Since traditional routing techniques do n

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Jia, Jie, Bowen Dong, Le Kang, Huanwen Xie, and Banghong Guo. "Cost-Optimization-Based Quantum Key Distribution over Quantum Key Pool Optical Networks." Entropy 25, no. 4 (2023): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25040661.

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The Measurement-Device-Independent-Quantum Key Distribution (MDI-QKD) has the advantage of extending the secure transmission distances. The MDI-QKD combined with the Hybrid-Trusted and Untrusted Relay (HTUR) is used to deploy large-scale QKD networks, which effectively saves deployment cost. We propose an improved scheme for the QKD network architecture and cost analysis, which simplifies the number of QKD transmitters and incorporates the quantum key pool (QKP) in the QKD network. We developed a novel Hybrid-QKD-Network-Cost (HQNC) heuristic algorithm to solve the cost optimization problem. S

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3

Sim, Dong-Hi, Jongyoon Shin, and Min Hyung Kim. "Software-Defined Networking Orchestration for Interoperable Key Management of Quantum Key Distribution Networks." Entropy 25, no. 6 (2023): 943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25060943.

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This paper demonstrates the use of software-defined networking (SDN) orchestration to integrate regionally separated networks in which different network parts use incompatible key management systems (KMSs) managed by different SDN controllers to ensure end-to-end QKD service provisioning to deliver the QKD keys between geographically different QKD networks. The study focuses on scenarios in which different parts of the network are managed separately by different SDN controllers, requiring an SDN orchestrator to coordinate and manage these controllers. In practical network deployments, operator

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Nadaf, Akabarsaheb Babulal, Rajeshkumar R Savaliya, Vinay Kumar Nassa, and Qaim Mehdi Rizvi. "QUANTUM KEY DISTRIBUTION IN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION NETWORKS." ICTACT Journal on Communication Technology 15, no. 3 (2024): 3292–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21917/ijct.2024.0489.

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Background: Quantum Key Distribution (QKD( is a promising technology for secure communication, leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics to provide theoretically unbreakable encryption. With the exponential growth in data traffic and the increasing need for secure communication in backbone fiber networks, integrating high-bit-rate multiplexing techniques into QKD systems can enhance their efficiency and scalability. Problem: Traditional QKD systems face limitations in terms of data rate and network scalability, particularly in high-capacity optical communication networks. As data demands

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Wang, Hua, Yongli Zhao, and Avishek Nag. "Quantum-Key-Distribution (QKD) Networks Enabled by Software-Defined Networks (SDN)." Applied Sciences 9, no. 10 (2019): 2081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9102081.

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As an important support for quantum communication, quantum key distribution (QKD) networks have achieved a relatively mature level of development, and they face higher requirements for multi-user end-to-end networking capabilities. Thus, QKD networks need an effective management plane to control and coordinate with the QKD resources. As a promising technology, software defined networking (SDN) can separate the control and management of QKD networks from the actual forwarding of the quantum keys. This paper systematically introduces QKD networks enabled by SDN, by elaborating on its overall arc

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Li, Xinying, Yongli Zhao, Avishek Nag, Xiaosong Yu, and Jie Zhang. "Key-Recycling Strategies in Quantum-Key-Distribution Networks." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (2020): 3734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10113734.

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Quantum-key-distribution (QKD) networks can provide absolutely secure keys for the entire communication system in theory. At present, the key-distribution rate is relatively low, and the key-distribution rate decreases exponentially as the distribution distance increases. The trusted-relay scheme commonly used in existing QKD networks achieves the purpose of extending the security distance by consuming additional keys. Since the channel is unreliable, the key-relay process will accumulate system errors to a certain extent, increasing the probability of key-relay failure. In some high-bit-error

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Hearne, Shane, Jerry Horgan, Noureddine Boujnah, and Deirdre Kilbane. "Wavelength Selection for Satellite Quantum Key Distribution." Applied Sciences 15, no. 3 (2025): 1308. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031308.

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Current distance limitations of quantum key distribution (QKD) over fibre optic networks suggest that satellite (free-space optical) QKD networks will be required to enable global quantum communications. However, the operational availability of these systems is limited by background noise and strong attenuation caused by turbulence and adverse weather conditions. Using the decoy-state BB84 QKD protocol, we evaluate the secret key rate for a range of wavelengths, receiver sizes and initial beam waists through a variety of atmospheric conditions. We combine filtering techniques, adaptive optics,

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Stanley, M., Y. Gui, D. Unnikrishnan, S. R. G. Hall, and I. Fatadin. "Recent Progress in Quantum Key Distribution Network Deployments and Standards." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2416, no. 1 (2022): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2416/1/012001.

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Abstract Quantum key distribution (QKD) provides in principle unconditional security of key sharing based on the laws of physics only. In the last decade, several experimental and commercial QKD networks have been built and operated worldwide. Demonstrational applications of QKD in financial institutions, government networks, and critical infrastructures such as the power grid have been initially explored. However, large-scale deployment and full-scale commercialization of QKD networks still faces some technological and standardisation challenges. In this paper, recent developments and in-fiel

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Pedone, Ignazio, and Antonio Lioy. "Quantum Key Distribution in Kubernetes Clusters." Future Internet 14, no. 6 (2022): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi14060160.

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Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) represents a reasonable countermeasure to the advent of Quantum Computing and its impact on current public-key cryptography. So far, considerable efforts have been devoted to investigate possible application scenarios for QKD in several domains such as Cloud Computing and NFV. This paper extends a previous work whose main objective was to propose a new software stack, the Quantum Software Stack (QSS), to integrate QKD into software-defined infrastructures. The contribution of this paper is twofold: enhancing the previous work adding functionalities to the first v

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., Neeraj, and Anita Singhrova. "Quantum Key Distribution-based Techniques in IoT." Scientific Temper 14, no. 03 (2023): 1008–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.58414/scientifictemper.2023.14.3.69.

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Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a cryptographic technique that creates a secure channel of communication between two parties by applying the ideas of quantum physics. QKD ensures the confidentiality and integrity of data transmission by providing a unique key that the intended recipient can only access. Secure communication has become paramount with the proliferation of IoT (Internet of Things) devices. IoT devices have confined computational power and storage, making them vulnerable to attacks. QKD provides a safe and efficient solution for securing communication between IoT devices. This p

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Li, Zhenhua, Tianqi Dou, Yuheng Xie, et al. "Asymmetric Protocols for Mode Pairing Quantum Key Distribution with Finite-Key Analysis." Entropy 27, no. 7 (2025): 737. https://doi.org/10.3390/e27070737.

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The mode pairing quantum key distribution (MP-QKD) protocol has attracted considerable attention for its capability to ensure high secure key rates over long distances without requiring global phase locking. However, ensuring symmetric channels for the MP-QKD protocol is challenging in practical quantum communication networks. Previous studies on the asymmetric MP-QKD protocol have relied on ideal decoy state assumptions and infinite-key analysis, which are unattainable for real-world deployment. In this paper, we conduct a security analysis of the asymmetric MP-QKD protocol with the finite-ke

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Wang, Jing, and Bernardo A. Huberman. "An Overview on Deployment Strategies for Global Quantum Key Distribution Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (April 25, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9927255.

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We present a comprehensive literature review and comparative study on the deployment strategies of quantum key distribution (QKD) networks for global coverage. The state-of-the-art deployment strategies, including terrestrial QKD via optical fibers, free-space QKD via ground-based fixed links and ground-to-air dynamic links, and satellite QKD, are reviewed and compared in terms of channel loss, interference, distance limit, connection topology, and deployment cost. Selection criteria and deployment strategies are developed to enable a global coverage of QKD networks from intercontinental, long

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Wang, Jing, and Bernardo A. Huberman. "An Overview on Deployment Strategies for Global Quantum Key Distribution Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (April 25, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9927255.

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We present a comprehensive literature review and comparative study on the deployment strategies of quantum key distribution (QKD) networks for global coverage. The state-of-the-art deployment strategies, including terrestrial QKD via optical fibers, free-space QKD via ground-based fixed links and ground-to-air dynamic links, and satellite QKD, are reviewed and compared in terms of channel loss, interference, distance limit, connection topology, and deployment cost. Selection criteria and deployment strategies are developed to enable a global coverage of QKD networks from intercontinental, long

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Tsai, Chia-Wei, Chun-Wei Yang, Jason Lin, Yao-Chung Chang, and Ruay-Shiung Chang. "Quantum Key Distribution Networks: Challenges and Future Research Issues in Security." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (2021): 3767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11093767.

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A quantum key distribution (QKD) network is proposed to allow QKD protocols to be the infrastructure of the Internet for distributing unconditional security keys instead of existing public-key cryptography based on computationally complex mathematical problems. Numerous countries and research institutes have invested enormous resources to execute correlation studies on QKD networks. Thus, in this study, we surveyed existing QKD network studies and practical field experiments to summarize the research results (e.g., type and architecture of QKD networks, key generating rate, maximum communicati

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Wang, Jing, and Bernardo A. Huberman. "Deployment Strategies for the Global Coverage of Quantum Key Distribution Network." Revista Abierta de Informática Aplicada 6, no. 1 (2022): 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.59471/raia20229.

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We present a comprehensive literature review and comparative study on the deployment strategies of quantum key distribution (QKD) networks for global coverage. The state-of-the-art deployment strategies, including terrestrial QKD via optical fibers, free-space QKD via ground-based fixed links and ground-to-air dynamic links, as well as satellite QKD, are reviewed and compared in terms of channel loss, interference, distance limit, connection topology, and deployment cost. Selection criteria and deployment strategies are developed to enable a global coverage of QKD networks from intercontinenta

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Lizama-Perez, Luis Adrián, and J. M. López-Romero. "Loop-Back Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) for Secure and Scalable Multi-Node Quantum Networks." Symmetry 17, no. 4 (2025): 521. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17040521.

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Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a cornerstone of secure communication in the quantum era, yet most existing protocols are designed for point-to-point transmission, limiting their scalability in networked environments. In this work, we introduce Loop-Back QKD, a novel QKD protocol that supports both two-party linear configurations and scalable multiuser ring topologies. By leveraging a structured turn-based mechanism and bidirectional pulse propagation, the protocol enables efficient key distribution while reducing the quantum bit error rate (QBER) through a multi-pulse approach. Unlike trust

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Edwards, Andrew, Yee Wei Law, Ronald Mulinde, and Jill Slay. "Evaluation of Quantum Key Distribution for Secure Satellite-integrated IoT Networks." International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security 18, no. 1 (2023): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/iccws.18.1.982.

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There has been a dramatic increase in the number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and their applications. Furthermore, there is a growing impetus to integrate IoT networks on a global scale, using satellites to expand the range of IoT connectivity into geographically remote areas. Ensuring the security of satellite backhaul for IoT networks is thus of paramount importance. The steady advance of quantum computing in recent years threatens to nullify classical cryptographic approaches based on assumptions of computational hardness, motivating the need for post-quantum cryptography. Quantum co

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Bae, Sunghyun, and Seok-Tae Koh. "Optical Link Design for Quantum Key Distribution-Integrated Optical Access Networks." Photonics 12, no. 5 (2025): 418. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12050418.

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To achieve commercial scalability, fiber-based quantum key distribution (QKD) systems must be integrated into existing optical communication infrastructures, rather than deployed exclusively on dedicated dark fibers. Integrating QKD into optical access networks (OANs) would be particularly advantageous, as these networks provide direct connectivity to end users for whom security is critical. Such integration can address the inherent security vulnerabilities in current OANs, which are primarily based on time-division multiplexing passive optical networks (TDM-PONs). However, integrating QKD int

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Motaharifar, Mobin, Mahmood Hasani, and Hassan Kaatuzian. "A Survey on Continuous Variable Quantum Key Distribution for Secure Data Transmission: Toward the Future of Secured Quantum-Networks." Quantum Information & Computation 25, no. 2 (2025): 175–94. https://doi.org/10.2478/qic-2025-0009.

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Abstract Quantum key distribution (QKD) represents a cornerstone of secure communication in the quantum era. While discrete-variable QKD (DV-QKD) protocols were historically the first to demonstrate secure key exchange, continuous-variable QKD (CV-QKD) has emerged as a more practical alternative due to its seamless compatibility with current telecommunications infrastructure. CV-QKD relies on coherent and squeezed states of light, offering significant advantages for integration into modern optical networks. This review comprehensively explores the theoretical underpinnings, technological advan

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Wu, Xiaoliang, Bo Zhang, Gong Chen, and Dong Jin. "A Scalable Quantum Key Distribution Network Testbed Using Parallel Discrete-Event Simulation." ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation 32, no. 2 (2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3490029.

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Quantum key distribution (QKD) has been promoted as a means for secure communications. Although QKD has been widely implemented in many urban fiber networks, the large-scale deployment of QKD remains challenging. Today, researchers extensively conduct simulation-based evaluations for their designs and applications of large-scale QKD networks for cost efficiency. However, the existing discrete-event simulators offer models for QKD hardware and protocols based on sequential event execution, which limits the scale of the experiments. In this work, we explore parallel simulation of QKD networks to

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Paglierani, Pietro, Amir Hossein Fahim Raouf, Konstantinos Pelekanakis, Roberto Petroccia, João Alves, and Murat Uysal. "A Primer on Underwater Quantum Key Distribution." Quantum Engineering 2023 (December 23, 2023): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/7185329.

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The growing importance of underwater networks (UNs) in mission-critical activities at sea enforces the need for secure underwater communications (UCs). Classical encryption techniques can be used to achieve secure data exchange in UNs. However, the advent of quantum computing will pose threats to classical cryptography, thus challenging UCs. Currently, underwater cryptosystems mostly adopt symmetric ciphers, which are considered computationally quantum robust but pose the challenge of distributing the secret key upfront. Post-quantum public-key (PQPK) protocols promise to overcome the key dist

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Guo, Yushen, Pengzhi Yin, and Duan Huang. "One-Pixel Attack for Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution Systems." Photonics 10, no. 2 (2023): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10020129.

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Deep neural networks (DNNs) have been employed in continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) systems as attacking detection portions of defense countermeasures. However, the vulnerability of DNNs leaves security loopholes for hacking attacks, for example, adversarial attacks. In this paper, we propose to implement the one-pixel attack in CV-QKD attack detection networks and accomplish the misclassification on a minimum perturbation. This approach is based on the differential evolution, which makes our attack algorithm fool multiple DNNs with the minimal inner information of target n

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LI Siying, ZHU Shun, HU Feifei, et al. "Improved source-correlated quantum key distribution." Acta Physica Sinica 74, no. 14 (2025): 0. https://doi.org/10.7498/aps.74.20250268.

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Quantum key distribution (QKD) offers unconditional security for remote communication based on the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. However, existing QKD with correlated sources protocols suffer from limited tolerance to source correlation, which significantly degrades the key generation rate and restricts the secure transmission distance, thereby limiting their practical deployment. In this work, we propose an improved QKD with correlated sources protocol that overcomes these limitations by discarding the traditional loss-tolerant security framework. Instead, our approach adopts t

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Zhang, Kailu, Jingyang Liu, Huajian Ding, Xingyu Zhou, Chunhui Zhang, and Qin Wang. "Asymmetric Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution through Advantage Distillation." Entropy 25, no. 8 (2023): 1174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25081174.

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Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) completely closes the security loopholes caused by the imperfection of devices at the detection terminal. Commonly, a symmetric MDI-QKD model is widely used in simulations and experiments. This scenario is far from a real quantum network, where the losses of channels connecting each user are quite different. To adapt such a feature, an asymmetric MDI-QKD model is proposed. How to improve the performance of asymmetric MDI-QKD also becomes an important research direction. In this work, an advantage distillation (AD) method is appl

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Zhang, Qin, Yikai Liu, Xiaosong Yu, Yongli Zhao, and Jie Zhang. "Topology-Abstraction-Based Protection Scheme in Quantum Key Distribution Networks with Partially Trusted Relays." Photonics 9, no. 4 (2022): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9040239.

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Quantum key distribution (QKD) can protect the exchange process of confidential information between communicating parties. By using the basic principles of quantum mechanics and combined with “one-time pad” cipher encryption, information can be unconditionally secure. The BB84 protocol first describes the method of transmitting information by photon polarization state, and it expounds the transmission process of services between trusted relays. However, due to the defects of real experimental devices, there are security vulnerabilities in QKD in a real system. The birth of measurement-device-i

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Yu, Xiaosong, Xian Ning, Qingcheng Zhu, et al. "Multi-Dimensional Routing, Wavelength, and Timeslot Allocation (RWTA) in Quantum Key Distribution Optical Networks (QKD-ON)." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (2020): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010348.

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Currently, with the continuous advancement of network and communication technology, the amount of data carried by the optical network is very huge. The security of high-speed and large-capacity information in optical networks has attracted more and more attention. Quantum key distribution (QKD) provides information-theoretic security based on the laws of quantum mechanics. Introducing QKD into an optical network can greatly improve the security of the optical network. In order to reduce the cost of deployment on QKD infrastructure, quantum signals in QKD and classical signals in optical networ

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Pederzolli, Federico, Francescomaria Faticanti, and Domenico Siracusa. "Optimal Design of Practical Quantum Key Distribution Backbones for Securing CoreTransport Networks." Quantum Reports 2, no. 1 (2020): 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quantum2010009.

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We describe two mixed-integer linear programming formulations, one a faster version of a previous proposal, the other a slower but better performing new model, for the design of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) sub-networks dimensioned to secure existing core fiber plants. We exploit existing technologies, including non-quantum repeater nodes and multiple disjoint QKD paths to overcome reach limitations while maintaining security guarantees. We examine the models’ performance using simulations on both synthetic and real topologies, quantifying their time and resulting QKD network cost compared t

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Mohammed. I. Alghamdi. "A Review on Quantum Key Distribution for Wireless Networks: Current Status and Future Prospects." Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis 32, no. 2s (2024): 568–79. https://doi.org/10.52783/cana.v32.2516.

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As wireless networks become increasingly integral to modern communication infrastructures, the need for robust security mechanisms to protect sensitive information has never been more critical. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) presents a revolutionary approach to secure communications by leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics to ensure the theoretical unbreakability of cryptographic keys. This study provides a comprehensive review of the current status of QKD technologies within the context of wireless networks, utilizing secondary data sources to analyze recent advancements, implementat

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Cao, Wen-Fei, Yi-Zheng Zhen, Yu-Lin Zheng, et al. "Open-Destination Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution Network." Entropy 22, no. 10 (2020): 1083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22101083.

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Quantum key distribution (QKD) networks hold promise for sharing secure randomness over multi-partities. Most existing QKD network schemes and demonstrations are based on trusted relays or limited to point-to-point scenario. Here, we propose a flexible and extensible scheme named as open-destination measurement-device-independent QKD network. The scheme enjoys security against untrusted relays and all detector side-channel attacks. Particularly, any users can accomplish key distribution under assistance of others in the network. As an illustration, we show in detail a four-user network where t

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Lizama-Pérez, Luis Adrián, and José Mauricio López-Romero. "Perfect Reconciliation in Quantum Key Distribution with Order-Two Frames." Symmetry 13, no. 9 (2021): 1672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13091672.

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We present an error reconciliation method for Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) that corrects 100% of errors generated in regular binary frames transmitted over a noisy quantum channel regardless of the quantum channel error rate. In a previous investigation, we introduced a novel distillation QKD algorithm whose secret key rate descends linearly with respect to the channel error rate. Now, as the main achievement of this work, we demonstrate an improved algorithm capable of retaining almost all the secret information enclosed in the regular binary frames. Remarkably, this technique increases qua

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Zhao, Tao, Xiaodong Fan, Bowen Dong, Quanhao Niu, and Banghong Guo. "A Resource-Adaptive Routing Scheme with Wavelength Conflicts in Quantum Key Distribution Optical Networks." Entropy 25, no. 5 (2023): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25050732.

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Quantum key distribution (QKD) has great potential in ensuring data security. Deploying QKD-related devices in existing optical fiber networks is a cost-effective way to practically implement QKD. However, QKD optical networks (QKDON) have a low quantum key generation rate and limited wavelength channels for data transmission. The simultaneous arrival of multiple QKD services may also lead to wavelength conflicts in QKDON. Therefore, we propose a resource-adaptive routing scheme (RAWC) with wavelength conflicts to achieve load balancing and efficient utilization of network resources. Focusing

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Manzalini, Antonio, and Michele Amoretti. "End-to-End Entanglement Generation Strategies: Capacity Bounds and Impact on Quantum Key Distribution." Quantum Reports 4, no. 3 (2022): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quantum4030017.

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A first quantum revolution has already brought quantum technologies into our everyday life for decades: in fact, electronics and optics are based on the quantum mechanical principles. Today, a second quantum revolution is underway, leveraging the quantum principles of superposition, entanglement and measurement, which were not fully exploited yet. International innovation activities and standardization bodies have identified four main application areas for quantum technologies and services: quantum secure communications, quantum computing, quantum simulation, and quantum sensing and metrology.

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Devi Rahmayanti. "Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) as a Wireless Telecommunications Security Solution." Jurnal Informatika Dan Tekonologi Komputer (JITEK) 5, no. 1 (2025): 10–33. https://doi.org/10.55606/jitek.v5i1.5765.

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The purpose of this research is to analyze and explore quantum theorems as a wireless telecommunications security solution in the future. This study uses a quantitative approach through simulation and performance analysis of QKD systems in wireless channels, by combining literature studies and comparative analysis between QKD and PQC. Meanwhile, the wireless communication simulation model, using the QKD protocol and PQC algorithm, with Free Space Optics (FSO), WiFi, and LiFi-based network scenarios. The simulation was carried out using MATLAB. This study is based on QKD, which uses BB84 and CV

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Chen, Liquan, Ziyan Zhang, Mengnan Zhao, Kunliang Yu, and Suhui Liu. "APR-QKDN: A Quantum Key Distribution Network Routing Scheme Based on Application Priority Ranking." Entropy 24, no. 11 (2022): 1519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24111519.

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As the foundation of quantum secure communication, the quantum key distribution (QKD) network is impossible to construct by using the operation mechanism of traditional networks. In the meantime, most of the existing QKD network routing schemes do not fit some specific quantum key practicality scenarios. Aiming at the special scenario of high concurrency and large differences in application requirements, we propose a new quantum key distribution network routing scheme based on application priority ranking (APR-QKDN). Firstly, the proposed APR-QKDN scheme comprehensively uses the application’s

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POPPE, A., M. PEEV, and O. MAURHART. "OUTLINE OF THE SECOQC QUANTUM-KEY-DISTRIBUTION NETWORK IN VIENNA." International Journal of Quantum Information 06, no. 02 (2008): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749908003529.

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A quantum key distribution (QKD) network is currently being implemented in Vienna by integrating seven QKD-link devices that connect five subsidiaries of Siemens Austria. We give an architectural overview of the network and present the enabling QKD technologies, as well as the novel QKD network protocols.

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Dong, Hua, Yaqi Song, and Li Yang. "Wide Area Key Distribution Network Based on a Quantum Key Distribution System." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (2019): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061073.

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The point-to-point quantum key distribution (QKD) system is limited by the transmission distance. So, the wide area QKD network with multiple endpoints is the research focus of this study. The relay-node scenario and key relay protocols provide the solutions to the QKD network. The early key relay protocols require the relay nodes to be reliable. Once the relay nodes become compromised, the whole network is insecure. In this paper, we extend the chain structure of the public-XOR(exclusive OR)-key scheme with two endpoints to the complex network with multiple endpoints. The relay nodes in our s

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Kodukhov, Aleksei D., Valeria A. Pastushenko, Nikita S. Kirsanov, Dmitry A. Kronberg, Markus Pflitsch, and Valerii M. Vinokur. "Boosting Quantum Key Distribution via the End-to-End Loss Control." Cryptography 7, no. 3 (2023): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryptography7030038.

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With the rise of quantum technologies, data security increasingly relies on quantum cryptography and its most notable application, quantum key distribution (QKD). Yet, current technological limitations, in particular, the unavailability of quantum repeaters, cause relatively low key distribution rates in practical QKD implementations. Here, we demonstrate a remarkable improvement in the QKD performance using end-to-end line tomography for the wide class of relevant protocols. Our approach is based on the real-time detection of interventions in the transmission channel, enabling an adaptive res

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Yu, Huicun, Bangying Tang, Haolin Ding, et al. "Airborne Quantum Key Distribution Performance Analysis under Supersonic Boundary Layer." Entropy 25, no. 3 (2023): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25030472.

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Airborne quantum key distribution (QKD) that can synergize with terrestrial networks and quantum satellite nodes is expected to provide flexible and relay links for the large-scale integrated communication network. However, the photon transmission rate would be randomly reduced, owing to the random distributed boundary layer that surrounding to the surface of the aircraft when the flight speed larger than Mach 0.3. Here, we investigate the airborne QKD performance with the BL effects. Furthermore, we take experimental data of supersonic BL into the model and compare the airborne QKD performanc

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Sekga, Comfort, and Mhlambululi Mafu. "Tripartite Quantum Key Distribution Implemented with Imperfect Sources." Optics 3, no. 3 (2022): 191–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/opt3030019.

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Multipartite quantum key distribution (QKD) is a promising area of quantum networks that provides unconditional secret keys among multiple parties, enabling only legitimate users to decrypt the encrypted message. However, security proofs of existing multipartite QKD typically assume perfect state preparation devices of legitimate users and neglect the relative rotation of reference frames. These presumptions are, nevertheless, very difficult to meet in practice, and thus the security of current multipartite QKD implementations is not guaranteed. By combining the idea of a loss tolerant techniq

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Kiktenko, Evgeniy O., Andrey Tayduganov, and Aleksey K. Fedorov. "Routing Algorithm Within the Multiple Non-Overlapping Paths’ Approach for Quantum Key Distribution Networks." Entropy 26, no. 12 (2024): 1102. https://doi.org/10.3390/e26121102.

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We develop a novel key routing algorithm for quantum key distribution (QKD) networks that utilizes a distribution of keys between remote nodes, i.e., not directly connected by a QKD link, through multiple non-overlapping paths. This approach focuses on the security of a QKD network by minimizing potential vulnerabilities associated with individual trusted nodes. The algorithm ensures a balanced allocation of the workload across the QKD network links, while aiming for the target key generation rate between directly connected and remote nodes. We present the results of testing the algorithm on t

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Guo, Mingxuan, Yuan Cao, Jiali Zhu, et al. "Topology Abstraction-Based Routing Scheme for Secret-Key Provisioning in Hybrid GEO/LEO Quantum Satellite Networks." Entropy 25, no. 7 (2023): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25071047.

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Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a promising technique to resist the threat against quantum computers. However, the high loss of quantum signals over a long-distance optical fiber is an obstacle for QKD in the intercontinental domain. In this context, the quantum satellite network is preferred over the terrestrial quantum optical network. Due to the mobility of satellites, the satellite topology is dynamic in the quantum satellite network, which remains a challenge for routing. In hybrid geostationary-earth-orbit (GEO)/low-earth-orbit (LEO) quantum satellite networks, the lack of an efficient

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Brauer, Max, Rafael J. Vicente, Jaime S. Buruaga, et al. "Linking QKD Testbeds across Europe." Entropy 26, no. 2 (2024): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e26020123.

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Quantum-key-distribution (QKD) networks are gaining importance and it has become necessary to analyze the most appropriate methods for their long-distance interconnection. In this paper, four different methods of interconnecting remote QKD networks are proposed. The methods are used to link three different QKD testbeds in Europe, located in Berlin, Madrid, and Poznan. Although long-distance QKD links are only emulated, the methods used can serve as a blueprint for the secure interconnection of distant QKD networks in the future. Specifically, the presented approaches combine, in a transparent

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Ali, Sellami, and Benlahcene Djaouida. "Strengthening the security of end-to-end communication in photonic networks." STUDIES IN ENGINEERING AND EXACT SCIENCES 5, no. 2 (2024): e5437. http://dx.doi.org/10.54021/seesv5n2-010.

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The burgeoning Internet and Internet-of-Things (IoT) sectors necessitate robust cryptographic methods to ensure data security, integrity, and authentication over unsecured networks. Traditional public key cryptography, reliant on computationally hard problems, faces threats from quantum computing advancements. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) presents a solution through the generation of unconditionally secure cryptographic keys using quantum mechanics. This paper explores the enhancement of QKD protocols to establish secure end-to-end communication in photonic networks. The proposed method invo

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A. Nahi, Hayder, Akmam Majed Mousa, Ebtehal Akeel Hamed, et al. "Quantum Key Distribution For Enabling Secure Network Function Vitalization Orchestration Over A Network." Data and Metadata 4 (February 14, 2025): 202. https://doi.org/10.56294/dm2025202.

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Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) provides an state-of-the-art solution that work toward to enhance security of network and performance contrast to conventional systems. This paper focal point on the utilize of QKD to authorize secure orchestration and authorize network functions virtualization (NFV). The QKD-based solution is contrast with presenting solutions utilizing applying science and security KPIs.The outcomes display that the QKD solution exceed conventional solutions, with throughput stretch out 250 Mbit/s contrast to 150 Mbit/s, and response time of 4 ms versus 10 ms. The bit error rat

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Okey, Ogobuchi Daniel, Siti Sarah Maidin, Renata Lopes Rosa, et al. "Quantum Key Distribution Protocol Selector Based on Machine Learning for Next-Generation Networks." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (2022): 15901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315901.

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In next-generation networks, including the sixth generation (6G), a large number of computing devices can communicate with ultra-low latency. By implication, 6G capabilities present a massive benefit for the Internet of Things (IoT), considering a wide range of application domains. However, some security concerns in the IoT involving authentication and encryption protocols are currently under investigation. Thus, mechanisms implementing quantum communications in IoT devices have been explored to offer improved security. Algorithmic solutions that enable better quantum key distribution (QKD) se

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Neto Mendes, Pedro, Paulo André, and Emmanuel Zambrini Cruzeiro. "Simple portable quantum key distribution for science outreach." American Journal of Physics 93, no. 1 (2025): 69–77. https://doi.org/10.1119/5.0204077.

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Quantum key distribution (QKD) has become an essential technology in the realm of secure communication, with applications ranging from secure data transmission to quantum networks. This paper presents a simple, compact, and cost-effective setup for undergraduate tutorial demonstrations of QKD. It relies on using weak coherent pulses, which can be readily produced using an attenuated laser. The system employs the simplified three-state BB84 protocol in free space, with states encoded using linear polarization. Polarization encoding can be done passively or actively, depending on the budget avai

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Shelar, Pooja Ashok, Parikshit Narendra Mahalle, Gitanjali Rahul Shinde, and Namrata N. Wasatkar. "Enhanced Quantum Key Distribution Algorithm for Underwater Optical Wireless Sensor Network." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 11, no. 7s (2023): 392–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i7s.7015.

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The research aims to develop an attack-free underwater optical communication channel at a distance of 50 meters. In this work, we have emphasized the importance of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) in Naval and many other applications. An in-detail study of the Benette Brassard QKD protocol proposed in 1984 [BB84] is done with its implementation. Then as the next step, we analyzed the drawbacks of BB84 and the necessity of QKD in Underwater Optical Wireless Sensor Networks [UO-WSN]. As a solution, to identified problems, we have proposed the Enhanced BB84 protocol (EBB84) with considerations of i

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Cao, Yuan, Yongli Zhao, Yu Wu, Xiaosong Yu, and Jie Zhang. "Time-Scheduled Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) Over WDM Networks." Journal of Lightwave Technology 36, no. 16 (2018): 3382–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2018.2834949.

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Cao, Yuan, Yongli Zhao, Jianquan Wang, Xiaosong Yu, Zhangchao Ma, and Jie Zhang. "Cost-Efficient Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) Over WDM Networks." Journal of Optical Communications and Networking 11, no. 6 (2019): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jocn.11.000285.

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Gomathy, K., K. S. Mohanasathiya, and K. Gomathy. "Security Challenges in Quantum Key Distribution and Robust Cryptographic Methods for Wireless Body Sensor Networks: A Comprehensive Survey." Journal of Neonatal Surgery 14, no. 7S (2025): 515–28. https://doi.org/10.52783/jns.v14.2447.

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Wireless Body Sensor Networks (WBSNs) and Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) provide distinct yet interrelated possibilities and challenges in the quickly changing field of network safety. This review explores the safety concerns that come with quantum key distribution (QKD), emphasizing problems like quantum surveillance, protocol weaknesses, and the necessity of workable application solutions. Simultaneously, it examines the strong cryptographic techniques necessary to protect Wireless Body Sensor Networks, which are becoming increasingly important in applications related to individual tracking

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