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Journal articles on the topic 'Quantum-Limited Noise'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 16 July 2025

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1

Stevenson, Andrew J., Malcolm B. Gray, Hans-A. Bachor, and David E. McClelland. "Quantum-noise-limited interferometric phase measurements." Applied Optics 32, no. 19 (1993): 3481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.32.003481.

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2

Khanal, Bikram, and Pablo Rivas. "A Modified Depolarization Approach for Efficient Quantum Machine Learning." Mathematics 12, no. 9 (2024): 1385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math12091385.

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Quantum Computing in the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era has shown promising applications in machine learning, optimization, and cryptography. Despite these progresses, challenges persist due to system noise, errors, and decoherence. These system noises complicate the simulation of quantum systems. The depolarization channel is a standard tool for simulating a quantum system’s noise. However, modeling such noise for practical applications is computationally expensive when we have limited hardware resources, as is the case in the NISQ era. This work proposes a modified representation for a single-qubit depolarization channel. Our modified channel uses two Kraus operators based only on X and Z Pauli matrices. Our approach reduces the computational complexity from six to four matrix multiplications per channel execution. Experiments on a Quantum Machine Learning (QML) model on the Iris dataset across various circuit depths and depolarization rates validate that our approach maintains the model’s accuracy while improving efficiency. This simplified noise model enables more scalable simulations of quantum circuits under depolarization, advancing capabilities in the NISQ era.

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3

Taubman, Matthew S., Howard Wiseman, David E. McClelland, and Hans-A. Bachor. "Intensity feedback effects on quantum-limited noise." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 12, no. 10 (1995): 1792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.12.001792.

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4

Long, D. A., A. J. Fleisher, S. Wójtewicz, and J. T. Hodges. "Quantum-noise-limited cavity ring-down spectroscopy." Applied Physics B 115, no. 2 (2014): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-014-5808-z.

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5

Cronenberger, S., and D. Scalbert. "Quantum limited heterodyne detection of spin noise." Review of Scientific Instruments 87, no. 9 (2016): 093111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4962863.

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6

Rut, Grzegorz, and Adam Rycerz. "Quantum-limited shot noise and quantum interference in graphene-based Corbino disk." Philosophical Magazine 95, no. 5-6 (2014): 599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786435.2014.974712.

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7

Jian, B., P. Dubé, and A. A. Madej. "Quantum projection noise limited stability of a88Sr+ atomic clock." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 723 (June 2016): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/723/1/012023.

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8

Mauranyapin, Nicolas P., Lars S. Madsen, Larnii Booth, et al. "Quantum noise limited nanoparticle detection with exposed-core fiber." Optics Express 27, no. 13 (2019): 18601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.27.018601.

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9

Chah, C. L., A. K. Katsaggelos, and A. V. Sahakian. "Linear-quadratic noise-smoothing filters for quantum-limited images." IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4, no. 9 (1995): 1328–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/83.413179.

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10

J, Jaganpradeep, Rajalakshmi J, Arun Antony V, and Priya T. "EVOLUTIONARY AGENTS WITH QUANTUM BASED NANO-ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT DESIGN FOR ELECTRONIC-PHOTONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS." ICTACT Journal on Microelectronics 10, no. 2 (2024): 1769–75. https://doi.org/10.21917/ijme.2024.0306.

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Integrating quantum technology with CMOS offers advancements in manufacturing, assembly, and performance of quantum photonic devices. Traditional quantum detectors with macroscopic interconnects suffer from limited bandwidth and performance due to capacitance constraints and discrete component integration. We developed a quantum noise–limited monolithic electronic-photonic evolutionary agent with a quantum circuit detector, fabricated using a 250-nanometer bipolar CMOS process. The device’s footprint is 80 µm by 220 µm, and it integrates photonics and electronics on a single chip. The detector exhibits a 15.3 GHz 3-dB bandwidth with a maximum shot noise clearance of 12 dB and extends shot noise clearance up to 26.5 GHz, measured with a 9-dB-mW power local oscillator. The integration approach reduces capacitance limitations and surpasses the performance of traditional macroscopic quantum detectors.

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11

Bialkowski, Stephen E. "Overcoming the Multiplex Disadvantage by Using Maximum-Likelihood Inversion." Applied Spectroscopy 52, no. 4 (1998): 591–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702981943923.

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A maximum-likelihood estimator, derived under quantum-noise-limited measurement conditions, is used to obtain wavenumber-or-dered spectra produced by a model Michelson interferometer. The estimator is tested on a number of synthetic interferograms, and results are compared to similar spectra obtained by using the Fourier (cosine) transform. It is found that the maximum-likelihood inversion method does not result in white noise in the spectrum estimate when the spectrum is sparse. It thus may be used to circumvent the main disadvantage in multiplexed spectrometer measurements using quantum-noise-limited detectors for emission-based measurements. It is also found that maximum-likelihood inversion methods can be used to obtain spectrum estimates with greater peak-width resolution than those found by using Fourier transforms. The methods produce optical spectrum estimates that are relatively free of artifacts associated with the Fourier transform. The method is extended to include measurements with both quantum noise and additive white noise. Results obtained by using the quantum-noise-limited and normal noise maximum-likelihood spectrum estimation methods suggest that both the multiplex-disadvantage and the Gibbs phenomenon effects may be reduced by limiting the parameter space. The main problem with the maximum-likelihood method is the relatively long times required to obtain spectrum estimates.

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12

Wang, Shumei, Pengao Xu, Ruicheng Song, Peiyao Li, and Hongyang Ma. "Development of High Performance Quantum Image Algorithm on Constrained Least Squares Filtering Computation." Entropy 22, no. 11 (2020): 1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22111207.

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Recent development of computer technology may lead to the quantum image algorithms becoming a hotspot. Quantum information and computation give some advantages to our quantum image algorithms, which deal with the limited problems that cannot be solved by the original classical image algorithm. Image processing cry out for applications of quantum image. Most works on quantum images are theoretical or sometimes even unpolished, although real-world experiments in quantum computer have begun and are multiplying. However, just as the development of computer technology helped to drive the Technology Revolution, a new quantum image algorithm on constrained least squares filtering computation was proposed from quantum mechanics, quantum information, and extremely powerful computer. A quantum image representation model is introduced to construct an image model, which is then used for image processing. Prior knowledge is employed in order to reconstruct or estimate the point spread function, and a non-degenerate estimate is obtained based on the opposite processing. The fuzzy function against noises is solved using the optimal measure of smoothness. On the constraint condition, determine the minimum criterion function and estimate the original image function. For some motion blurs and some kinds of noise pollutions, such as Gaussian noises, the proposed algorithm is able to yield better recovery results. Additionally, it should be noted that, when there is a noise attack with very low noise intensity, the model based on the constrained least squares filtering can still deliver good recovery results, with strong robustness. Subsequently, discuss the simulation analysis of the complexity of implementing quantum circuits and image filtering, and demonstrate that the algorithm has a good effect on fuzzy recovery, when the noise density is small.

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13

Sekatski, Pavel, Michalis Skotiniotis, Janek Kołodyński, and Wolfgang Dür. "Quantum metrology with full and fast quantum control." Quantum 1 (September 6, 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2017-09-06-27.

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We establish general limits on how precise a parameter, e.g. frequency or the strength of a magnetic field, can be estimated with the aid of full and fast quantum control. We consider uncorrelated noisy evolutions of N qubits and show that fast control allows to fully restore the Heisenberg scaling (~1/N^2) for all rank-one Pauli noise except dephasing. For all other types of noise the asymptotic quantum enhancement is unavoidably limited to a constant-factor improvement over the standard quantum limit (~1/N) even when allowing for the full power of fast control. The latter holds both in the single-shot and infinitely-many repetitions scenarios. However, even in this case allowing for fast quantum control helps to increase the improvement factor. Furthermore, for frequency estimation with finite resource we show how a parallel scheme utilizing any fixed number of entangled qubits but no fast quantum control can be outperformed by a simple, easily implementable, sequential scheme which only requires entanglement between one sensing and one auxiliary qubit.

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14

Jiang, Leaf A., Matthew E. Grein, Erich P. Ippen, Cameron McNeilage, Jesse Searls, and Hiroyuki Yokoyama. "Quantum-limited noise performance of a mode-locked laser diode." Optics Letters 27, no. 1 (2002): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.27.000049.

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15

Seitz, P. "Quantum-Noise Limited Distance Resolution of Optical Range Imaging Techniques." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 55, no. 8 (2008): 2368–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2008.918231.

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16

Awschalom, D. D., J. R. Rozen, M. B. Ketchen, et al. "Low‐noise modular microsusceptometer using nearly quantum limited dc SQUIDs." Applied Physics Letters 53, no. 21 (1988): 2108–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.100291.

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17

Jia, J. Y., T. M. Wang, Y. H. Zhang, W. Z. Shen, and H. Schneider. "High-Temperature Photon-Noise-Limited Performance Terahertz Quantum-Well Photodetectors." IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology 5, no. 5 (2015): 715–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tthz.2015.2453632.

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18

Marhic, M. E. "Quantum-limited noise figure of networks of linear optical elements." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 30, no. 6 (2013): 1462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.30.001462.

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19

Schlatter, A., B. Rudin, S. C. Zeller, et al. "Nearly quantum-noise-limited timing jitter from miniature Er:Yb:glass lasers." Optics Letters 30, no. 12 (2005): 1536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.30.001536.

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20

Hao, Ming Rui, Yao Yang, Shuai Zhang, Wen Zhong Shen, Harald Schneider, and Hui Chun Liu. "Near-room-temperature photon-noise-limited quantum well infrared photodetector." Laser & Photonics Reviews 8, no. 2 (2014): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lpor.201300147.

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21

Hassibi, Arjang, Sina Zahedi, Reza Navid, Robert W. Dutton, and Thomas H. Lee. "Biological shot-noise and quantum-limited signal-to-noise ratio in affinity-based biosensors." Journal of Applied Physics 97, no. 8 (2005): 084701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1861970.

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22

Kotukh, Y. V., G. Z. Khalimov, M. V. Korobchynskyi, and I. Y. Dzhura. "Analysis of the limitations of quantum computing in cryptoanalysis problems." Radiotekhnika, no. 220 (April 10, 2025): 92–101. https://doi.org/10.30837/rt.2025.1.220.08.

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The NISQ era is a transitional phase in the development of quantum computing with a limited number of qubits and high noise levels. In response to the limitations, specialized algorithms have been developed, such as the variational quantum eigenvalue algorithm (VQE) for modeling molecular structures, and QAOA for solving combinatorial optimization problems. To reduce the impact of noise on the calculations, effective strategies are used: randomized compilation (RC) and zero-noise extrapolation (ZNE). Hybrid quantum-classical approaches are also being developed that combine quantum generation with classical optimization and processing methods. Potential areas of application of NISQ technologies include the optimization of logistics problems, financial modeling, and supply chain optimization. In cryptography, NISQ devices stimulate the development of quantum-resistant encryption algorithms. The main challenges remain the limited scalability of systems and the problem of noise in quantum computing. The search for new architectures, including topological qubits and "glass" chips for a more stable environment, continues. An important trend is the gradual transition to the era of fully fault-tolerant quantum computers (FTQC), expected in the period 2025-2029. Unlike NISQ, which focuses on noise reduction methods, FTQC implements full quantum error correction (QEC). Quantum computing has transformed from an academic discipline into a field with a clear commercial strategy. Despite current limitations, existing achievements open up real opportunities for the applied use of quantum computing in cryptography. The analysis of mathematical criteria of different eras of quantum computing development has implications for solving cryptanalytic problems, transforming the understanding of the time frames and methodological approaches to overcoming cryptographic protection of classical cryptosystems.

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23

Lang, Kuo Chen, and Hui Kang Teng. "Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier Performance with Optical Balanced Detection." Advanced Materials Research 684 (April 2013): 600–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.684.600.

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A double sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) achieved by optical balanced detection (OBD) approach with single photo-receiver instead of two is experimentally demonstrated. The OBD not only rejects common mode noises, it also enables the interferometer operating at dark fringe to achieve quantum noise limited (QNL) phase detection.

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24

Silver, Daniel, Tirthak Patel, and Devesh Tiwari. "QUILT: Effective Multi-Class Classification on Quantum Computers Using an Ensemble of Diverse Quantum Classifiers." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 8 (2022): 8324–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i8.20807.

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Quantum computers can theoretically have significant acceleration over classical computers; but, the near-future era of quantum computing is limited due to small number of qubits that are also error prone. QUILT is a framework for performing multi-class classification task designed to work effectively on current error-prone quantum computers. QUILT is evaluated with real quantum machines as well as with projected noise levels as quantum machines become more noise free. QUILT demonstrates up to 85% multi-class classification accuracy with the MNIST dataset on a five-qubit system.

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25

Locher, David F., Lorenzo Cardarelli, and Markus Müller. "Quantum Error Correction with Quantum Autoencoders." Quantum 7 (March 9, 2023): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2023-03-09-942.

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Active quantum error correction is a central ingredient to achieve robust quantum processors. In this paper we investigate the potential of quantum machine learning for quantum error correction in a quantum memory. Specifically, we demonstrate how quantum neural networks, in the form of quantum autoencoders, can be trained to learn optimal strategies for active detection and correction of errors, including spatially correlated computational errors as well as qubit losses. We highlight that the denoising capabilities of quantum autoencoders are not limited to the protection of specific states but extend to the entire logical codespace. We also show that quantum neural networks can be used to discover new logical encodings that are optimally adapted to the underlying noise. Moreover, we find that, even in the presence of moderate noise in the quantum autoencoders themselves, they may still be successfully used to perform beneficial quantum error correction and thereby extend the lifetime of a logical qubit.

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26

Martin Ciurana, F., G. Colangelo, Robert J. Sewell, and Morgan W. Mitchell. "Real-time shot-noise-limited differential photodetection for atomic quantum control." Optics Letters 41, no. 13 (2016): 2946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.41.002946.

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27

Carlisle, Clinton B., David E. Cooper, and Horst Preier. "Quantum noise-limited FM spectroscopy with a lead-salt diode laser." Applied Optics 28, no. 13 (1989): 2567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.28.002567.

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28

Fujimaki, N., K. Gotoh, T. Imamura, and S. Hasuo. "Thermal‐noise‐limited performance in single‐chip superconducting quantum interference devices." Journal of Applied Physics 71, no. 12 (1992): 6182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.350428.

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29

Prochnow, O., R. Paschotta, E. Benkler, et al. "Quantum-limited noise performance of a femtosecond all-fiber ytterbium laser." Optics Express 17, no. 18 (2009): 15525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.17.015525.

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30

Svore, K. M., D. P. DiVincenzo, and B. M. Terhal. "Noise threshold for a fault-tolerant two-dimensional lattice architecture." Quantum Information and Computation 7, no. 4 (2007): 297–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic7.4-2.

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We consider a model of quantum computation in which the set of operations is limited to nearest-neighbor interactions on a 2D lattice. We model movement of qubits with noisy \SWAP\ operations. For this architecture we design a fault-tolerant coding scheme using the concatenated $[[7,1,3]]$ Steane code. Our scheme is potentially applicable to ion-trap and solid-state quantum technologies. We calculate a lower bound on the noise threshold for our local model using a detailed failure probability analysis. We obtain a threshold of $1.85 \times 10^{-5}$ for the local setting, where memory error rates are one-tenth of the failure rates of gates, measurement, and preparation steps. For the analogous nonlocal setting, we obtain a noise threshold of $3.61 \times 10^{-5}$. Our results thus show that the additional \SWAP\ operations required to move qubits in the local model affect the noise threshold only moderately.

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31

Schuhmacher, Julian, Guglielmo Mazzola, Francesco Tacchino, et al. "Extending the reach of quantum computing for materials science with machine learning potentials." AIP Advances 12, no. 11 (2022): 115321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0099469.

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Solving electronic structure problems represents a promising field of applications for quantum computers. Currently, much effort is spent in devising and optimizing quantum algorithms for near-term quantum processors, with the aim of outperforming classical counterparts on selected problem instances using limited quantum resources. These methods are still expected to feature a runtime preventing quantum simulations of large scale and bulk systems. In this work, we propose a strategy to extend the scope of quantum computational methods to large scale simulations using a machine learning potential trained on quantum simulation data. The challenge of applying machine learning potentials in today’s quantum setting arises from the several sources of noise affecting the quantum computations of electronic energies and forces. We investigate the trainability of a machine learning potential selecting various sources of noise: statistical, optimization, and hardware noise. Finally, we construct the first machine learning potential from data computed on actual IBM Quantum processors for a hydrogen molecule. This already would allow us to perform arbitrarily long and stable molecular dynamics simulations, outperforming all current quantum approaches to molecular dynamics and structure optimization.

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32

Werle, Peter, Franz Slemr, Manfred Gehrtz, and Christof Bräuchle. "Wideband noise characteristics of a lead-salt diode laser: possibility of quantum noise limited TDLAS performance." Applied Optics 28, no. 9 (1989): 1638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.28.001638.

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33

Haase, J. F., A. Smirne, S. F. Huelga, J. Kołodynski, and R. Demkowicz-Dobrzanski. "Precision Limits in Quantum Metrology with Open Quantum Systems." Quantum Measurements and Quantum Metrology 5, no. 1 (2016): 13–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/qmetro-2018-0002.

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Abstract The laws of quantum mechanics allow to perform measurements whose precision supersedes results predicted by classical parameter estimation theory. That is, the precision bound imposed by the central limit theorem in the estimation of a broad class of parameters, like atomic frequencies in spectroscopy or external magnetic field in magnetometry, can be overcomewhen using quantum probes. Environmental noise, however, generally alters the ultimate precision that can be achieved in the estimation of an unknown parameter. This tutorial reviews recent theoretical work aimed at obtaining general precision bounds in the presence of an environment.We adopt a complementary approach,wherewe first analyze the problem within the general framework of describing the quantum systems in terms of quantum dynamical maps and then relate this abstract formalism to a microscopic description of the system’s dissipative time evolution.We will show that although some forms of noise do render quantum systems standard quantum limited, precision beyond classical bounds is still possible in the presence of different forms of local environmental fluctuations.

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34

Lumholt, O., J. H. Povlsen, K. Schusler, et al. "Quantum limited noise figure operation of high gain erbium doped fiber amplifiers." Journal of Lightwave Technology 11, no. 8 (1993): 1344–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/50.254094.

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35

Guo, Xiaomin, Xuyang Wang, Yongmin Li, and Kuanshou Zhang. "Quantum noise limited tunable single-frequency Nd:YLF/LBO laser at 5265 nm." Applied Optics 48, no. 33 (2009): 6475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.48.006475.

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36

Duncan, M. D., R. Mahon, L. L. Tankersley, and J. Reintjes. "Low-light-level, quantum-noise-limited amplification in a stimulated Raman amplifier." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 9, no. 11 (1992): 2107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.9.002107.

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37

Chatterjee, Avimita, Subrata Das, and Swaroop Ghosh. "Q-Pandora Unboxed: Characterizing Resilience of Quantum Error Correction Codes Under Biased Noise." Applied Sciences 15, no. 8 (2025): 4555. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15084555.

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Quantum error correction codes (QECCs) are essential for reliable quantum computing as they protect quantum states against noise and errors. Limited research has explored the resilience of QECCs to biased noise, critical for selecting optimal codes. We examine how different noise types impact QECCs, considering the varying susceptibility of quantum systems to specific errors. Our goal is to identify opportunities to minimize the resources—or overhead—needed for effective error correction. We conduct a detailed study on two QECCs—rotated and unrotated surface codes—under various noise models using simulations. Rotated surface codes generally perform better due to their simplicity and lower qubit overhead. They exceed the noise threshold of current quantum processors, making them more effective at lower error rates. This study highlights a hierarchy in surface code implementation based on resource demand, consistently observed across both code types. Our analysis ranks the code-capacity model as the most pessimistic and the circuit-level model as the most realistic, mapping error thresholds that show surface code advantages. Additionally, higher code distances improve performance without excessively increasing qubit overhead. Tailoring surface codes to align with the target logical error rate and the biased physical error profile is crucial for optimizing reliability and resource use.

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38

Cai, Zhenyu. "Quantum Error Mitigation using Symmetry Expansion." Quantum 5 (September 21, 2021): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-09-21-548.

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Even with the recent rapid developments in quantum hardware, noise remains the biggest challenge for the practical applications of any near-term quantum devices. Full quantum error correction cannot be implemented in these devices due to their limited scale. Therefore instead of relying on engineered code symmetry, symmetry verification was developed which uses the inherent symmetry within the physical problem we try to solve. In this article, we develop a general framework named symmetry expansion which provides a wide spectrum of symmetry-based error mitigation schemes beyond symmetry verification, enabling us to achieve different balances between the estimation bias and the sampling cost of the scheme. We show that certain symmetry expansion schemes can achieve a smaller estimation bias than symmetry verification through cancellation between the biases due to the detectable and undetectable noise components. A practical way to search for such a small-bias scheme is introduced. By numerically simulating the Fermi-Hubbard model for energy estimation, the small-bias symmetry expansion we found can achieve an estimation bias 6 to 9 times below what is achievable by symmetry verification when the average number of circuit errors is between 1 to 2. The corresponding sampling cost for random shot noise reduction is just 2 to 6 times higher than symmetry verification. Beyond symmetries inherent to the physical problem, our formalism is also applicable to engineered symmetries. For example, the recent scheme for exponential error suppression using multiple noisy copies of the quantum device is just a special case of symmetry expansion using the permutation symmetry among the copies.

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39

Foltynowicz, Aleksandra, Ticijana Ban, Piotr Masłowski, Florian Adler, and Jun Ye. "Quantum-Noise-Limited Optical Frequency Comb Spectroscopy." Physical Review Letters 107, no. 23 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.107.233002.

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40

Wasilewski, W., K. Jensen, H. Krauter, J. J. Renema, M. V. Balabas, and E. S. Polzik. "Quantum Noise Limited and Entanglement-Assisted Magnetometry." Physical Review Letters 104, no. 13 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.104.133601.

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41

Zhu, Jiankai, Luming Wang, Jiaqi Wu, et al. "Achieving 1.2 fm/√Hz Displacement Sensitivity with Laser Interferometry in 2D Nanomechanical Resonators: Pathways towards Quantum-Noise-Limited Measurement at Room Temperature." Chinese Physics Letters, February 16, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/40/3/038102.

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Abstract Laser interferometry is an important technique for ultrasensitive detection of motion and displacement. In this work we push the limit of laser interferometry through noise optimization and device engineering. We reduce the contribution of other noises from 92.6% to 62.4%, demonstrating the possibility towards quantum-noise-limited measurement. Using noise thermometry, we quantify the laser heating effect and determine the range of laser power values for room temperature measurements. With detailed analysis and optimization of signal transduction, we achieve 1.2 fm/√Hz displacement measurement sensitivity at room temperature in two-dimensional (2D) CaNb2O6 nanomechanical resonators, the best value reported to date among all resonators based on 2D materials. Our work demonstrates an effective pathway towards quantum-noise-limited measurement at room temperature.

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42

Shcherbatenko, M. L., M. S. Elezov, G. N. Goltsman, and D. V. Sych. "Sub-shot-noise-limited fiber-optic quantum receiver." Physical Review A 101, no. 3 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.101.032306.

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43

Bishof, M., X. Zhang, M. J. Martin, and Jun Ye. "Optical Spectrum Analyzer with Quantum-Limited Noise Floor." Physical Review Letters 111, no. 9 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.111.093604.

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44

Shi, Haowei, Zaijun Chen, Scott E. Fraser, Mengjie Yu, Zheshen Zhang, and Quntao Zhuang. "Entanglement-enhanced dual-comb spectroscopy." npj Quantum Information 9, no. 1 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41534-023-00758-w.

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AbstractDual-comb interferometry harnesses the interference of two laser frequency combs to provide unprecedented capability in spectroscopy applications. In the past decade, the state-of-the-art systems have reached a point where the signal-to-noise ratio per unit acquisition time is fundamentally limited by shot noise from vacuum fluctuations. To address the issue, we propose an entanglement-enhanced dual-comb spectroscopy protocol that leverages quantum resources to significantly improve the signal-to-noise ratio performance. To analyze the performance of real systems, we develop a quantum model of dual-comb spectroscopy that takes practical noises into consideration. Based on this model, we propose quantum combs with side-band entanglement around each comb lines to suppress the shot noise in heterodyne detection. Our results show significant quantum advantages in the uW to mW power range, making this technique particularly attractive for biological and chemical sensing applications. Furthermore, the quantum comb can be engineered using nonlinear optics and promises near-term experimentation.

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45

Li, Jian, Chong-Qiang Ye, and Wang Zhuo. "Collective Noise-resistant Multi-party Semi-quantum Secret Sharing Protocols." Physica Scripta, August 12, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ad6e32.

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Abstract Semi-quantum secret sharing facilitates the sharing of private data between quantum users and ``classical'' users with limited quantum capabilities, thereby lowering the barrier to utilizing quantum technology. However, most current semi-quantum secret sharing protocols are confined to ideal environments and two-party scenarios. In this paper, we design two collective noise-resistant multi-party semi-quantum secret sharing protocols based on decoherence-free states to address potential noise interference during transmission. These protocols use decoherence-free states as information carriers for data interaction and exhibit strong resilience to both internal and external threats. We also conduct simulation experiments using IBM Qiskit to verify the stability and feasibility of the protocols in the noisy environments. The results of these experiments underscore the robustness of the protocols, particularly in the presence of collective noise. Compared with previous related protocols, our protocols have advantages in noise resistance and applicability to multi-party scenarios. Therefore, the proposed protocols may be more in line with the secret sharing needs of actual environments.

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Li, Haochen, Kaimin Zheng, Rui Ge, et al. "Noise-tolerant LiDAR approaching the standard quantum-limited precision." Light: Science & Applications 14, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-01790-5.

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Abstract Quantum-inspired imaging techniques have been proven to be effective for LiDAR with the advances of single photon detectors and computational algorithms. However, due to the disturbance of background noise and the varies of signal in outdoor environment, the performance of LiDAR is still far from its ultimate limit set by the quantum fluctuations of coherent probe light. In this work, we propose and demonstrate a LiDAR from the detection perspective for approaching the standard quantum-limited performance. The photon numbers of echo signals are recorded by a photon-number-resolving detector and applied to overcome heavy background noise through an active photon number filter in the LiDAR. It can approach the standard quantum limit in intensity estimation in a wide photon-flux range, and achieve a Fisher information of only 0.04 dB less than the quantum Fisher information when the mean signal photon number is 10. Experimentally, a noise-free target reconstruction and imaging is demonstrated in the daytime by the proposed LiDAR. It also performs better in reflectivity resolution when taking only 1/1000 of the measurements based on on/off detection. This work provides a fundamental strategy for constructing a LiDAR to quickly extract targets and identify materials in complex environments, which is important for intelligent agents such as autonomous vehicles.

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Gu, Yanwu, Wei-Feng Zhuang, Xudan Chai, and Dong E. Liu. "Benchmarking universal quantum gates via channel spectrum." Nature Communications 14, no. 1 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-41598-8.

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AbstractNoise remains the major obstacle to scalable quantum computation. Quantum benchmarking provides key information on noise properties and is an important step for developing more advanced quantum processors. However, current benchmarking methods are either limited to a specific subset of quantum gates or cannot directly describe the performance of the individual target gate. To overcome these limitations, we propose channel spectrum benchmarking (CSB), a method to infer the noise properties of the target gate, including process fidelity, stochastic fidelity, and some unitary parameters, from the eigenvalues of its noisy channel. Our CSB method is insensitive to state-preparation and measurement errors, and importantly, can benchmark universal gates and is scalable to many-qubit systems. Unlike standard randomized schemes, CSB can provide direct noise information for both target native gates and circuit fragments, allowing benchmarking and calibration of global entangling gates and frequently used modules in quantum algorithms like Trotterized Hamiltonian evolution operator in quantum simulation.

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Wang, Jue, Haosen Shi, Günter Steinmeyer, et al. "CW‐Seeded Parametric Combs with Quantum‐Limited Phase Noise." Laser & Photonics Reviews, July 27, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202400324.

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AbstractOptical frequency combs have revolutionized frequency metrology and spectroscopic measurements, enabling the most precise measurements of all physical quantities. However, precision frequency metrology heavily relies on mode‐locked laser combs, which are only directly available for a few selected near‐infrared wavelength ranges. Recently, a strong tendency emerged for combs in the mid‐infrared molecular fingerprint region. To this end, several methods for wavelength conversion have been proposed and demonstrated, which nevertheless cost a degradation of coherence properties. Here a first approach is presented toward measuring resulting phase noise fluctuations, exploiting the temporal resolution of the dispersive temporal interferometry (DTI) technique for experimentally unveiling the carrier‐envelope phase dynamics of a cw‐seeded femtosecond optical parametric amplifier (OPA). Particularly, it is experimentally demonstrated for the first time that unexpectedly low seed power levels suffice to exceed vacuum fluctuations by more than an order of magnitude, resulting in pulse‐to‐pulse phase fluctuations of 82 mrad at rather moderate cw seed levels of 8 mW. Additionally, a formula is provided that allows exact prediction of the experimentally observed noise levels. This study therefore provides new insight into the role of vacuum fluctuations in OPAs, which open up an avenue for coherent dual‐comb systems in the mid‐infrared and beyond.

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Canonici, Ettore, Stefano Martina, Riccardo Mengoni, Daniele Ottaviani, and Filippo Caruso. "Machine Learning based Noise Characterization and Correction on Neutral Atoms NISQ Devices." Advanced Quantum Technologies, November 10, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qute.202300192.

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AbstractNeutral atoms devices represent a promising technology using optical tweezers to geometrically arrange atoms and modulated laser pulses to control their quantum states. They are exploited as noisy intermediate‐scale quantum (NISQ) processors. Indeed, like all real quantum devices, they are affected by noise introducing errors in the computation. Therefore, it is important to understand and characterize the noise sources and possibly to correct them. Here, two machine‐learning based approaches are proposed respectively to estimate the noise parameters and to mitigate their effects using only measurements of the final quantum state. Our analysis is then tested on a real neutral atom platform, comparing our predictions with a priori estimated parameters. It turns out that increasing the number of atoms is less effective than using more measurements on a smaller scale. The agreement is not always good but this may be due to the limited amount of real data that are obtained from a still under development device. Finally, reinforcement learning is employed to design a pulse that mitigates the noise effects. Our machine learning‐based approach is espected to be very useful for the noise benchmarking of NISQ processors and, more in general, of real quantum technologies.

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Dumont, Vincent, Jiaxing Ma, Eamon Egan, and Jack C. Sankey. "High-power quantum-limited 35 MHz photodiode and classical laser noise suppression." Review of Scientific Instruments 94, no. 12 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0170826.

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To benefit high-power interferometry and the creation of low-noise light sources, we develop a simple lead-compensated photodetector enabling quantum-limited readout from 0.3 to 10 mW and 10 kΩ gain from 85 Hz to 35 MHz, with a noise equivalent power of 9 pW/Hz. Feeding the detector output back to an intensity modulator, we suppress the classical amplitude noise of a commercial 1550 nm fiber laser to the shot noise limit over a bandwidth of 700 Hz–200 kHz, observing no degradation to its (nominally ∼100 Hz) linewidth.

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